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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Torres–Banks languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres-Banks-Sprachen" title="Torres-Banks-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Torres-Banks-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_torres-banks" title="Lenguas torres-banks – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas torres-banks" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_a_Torres%E2%80%93Banks" title="Sasao a Torres–Banks – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao a Torres–Banks" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_torres-banks" title="Línguas torres-banks – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas torres-banks" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torres-Banks_languages&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres-Banks languages">Torres-Banks languages</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of related Oceanic languages in northern Vanuatu</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: pink;">Torres–Banks</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Islands" title="Torres Islands">Torres Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banks_Islands" title="Banks Islands">Banks Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torba_Province" title="Torba Province">Torba Province</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern Oceanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="North-Central Vanuatu languages">North-Central Vanuatu</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North Vanuatu</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Torres–Banks</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Torres%E2%80%93Banks_language" title="Proto-Torres–Banks language">Proto-Torres-Banks</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/torr1262">torr1262</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Torres–Banks languages</b> form a <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(linguistics)" title="Linkage (linguistics)">linkage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern Oceanic languages</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Islands" title="Torres Islands">Torres Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banks_Islands" title="Banks Islands">Banks Islands</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torres%E2%80%93Banks_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>François (2011) recognizes 17 languages spoken by 9,400 people in 50 villages, including 16 living (3 of which are moribund) and one extinct language.<sup id="cite_ref-Francois-2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francois-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 17 languages, ranked from northwest to southeast, are:<sup id="cite_ref-Francois-2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francois-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 181">: 181 </span></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Number of speakers</th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> code</th> <th>Island(s) spoken </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiw_language" title="Hiw language">Hiw</a></td> <td>280</td> <td>[hiw]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiw_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiw Island">Hiw</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lo-Toga_language" title="Lo-Toga language">Lo-Toga</a></td> <td>580</td> <td>[lht]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tegua" title="Tegua">Tegua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lo_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lo Island">Lo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toga_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Toga Island">Toga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lehali_language" title="Lehali language">Lehali</a></td> <td>200</td> <td>[tql]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ureparapara" title="Ureparapara">Ureparapara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language" title="Löyöp language">Löyöp</a></td> <td>240</td> <td>[urr]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ureparapara" title="Ureparapara">Ureparapara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Volow_language" title="Volow language">Volow</a></td> <td>extinct</td> <td>[mlv]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mota_Lava" title="Mota Lava">Mota Lava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mwotlap_language" title="Mwotlap language">Mwotlap</a></td> <td>2100</td> <td>[mlv]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mota_Lava" title="Mota Lava">Mota Lava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lemerig_language" title="Lemerig language">Lemerig</a></td> <td>2 (moribund)</td> <td>[lrz]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanua_Lava" title="Vanua Lava">Vanua Lava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vera%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera'a language">Vera'a</a></td> <td>500</td> <td>[vra]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanua_Lava" title="Vanua Lava">Vanua Lava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language" title="Vurës language">Vurës</a></td> <td>2000</td> <td>[msn]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanua_Lava" title="Vanua Lava">Vanua Lava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mwesen_language" title="Mwesen language">Mwesen</a></td> <td>10 (moribund)</td> <td>[msn]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanua_Lava" title="Vanua Lava">Vanua Lava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a></td> <td>750</td> <td>[mtt]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mota_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mota Island">Mota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nume_language" title="Nume language">Nume</a></td> <td>700</td> <td>[tgs]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaua" title="Gaua">Gaua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorig_language" title="Dorig language">Dorig</a></td> <td>300</td> <td>[wwo]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaua" title="Gaua">Gaua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Koro language (Vanuatu)">Koro</a></td> <td>250</td> <td>[krf]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaua" title="Gaua">Gaua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olrat_language" title="Olrat language">Olrat</a></td> <td>3 (moribund)</td> <td>[olr]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaua" title="Gaua">Gaua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakon_language" title="Lakon language">Lakon</a></td> <td>800</td> <td>[lkn]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaua" title="Gaua">Gaua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mwerlap_language" title="Mwerlap language">Mwerlap</a></td> <td>1100</td> <td>[mrm]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merelava" title="Merelava">Merelava</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_studies">Comparative studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torres%E2%80%93Banks_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparative studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A. François has published several studies comparing various features of the Torres–Banks languages: </p> <ul><li><a href="#vowels">François (2005)</a>: Inventories of vowel systems, and their historical development;</li> <li><a href="#articles">François (2007)</a>: Systems of noun articles, and their historical development;</li> <li><a href="#aorist">François (2009)</a>: How several languages grammaticalized a set of light personal pronouns into markers for “aorist” aspect;</li> <li><a href="#ecology">François (2011)</a>: How Torres–Banks languages tend to show structural isomorphism, yet lexical diversity;</li> <li><a href="#etymology">François (2013)</a>: Etymological reconstruction of spiritual terms in Torres–Banks languages;</li> <li><a href="#updown">François (2015)</a>: Systems of geocentric space directionals, and their historical development;</li> <li><a href="#pronouns">François (2016)</a>: Historical morphology of personal pronouns.</li></ul> <p><a href="#IJSL">François (2012)</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistic</a> study of the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogical_structure_of_the_Torres–Banks_linkage"><span id="Genealogical_structure_of_the_Torres.E2.80.93Banks_linkage"></span>Genealogical structure of the Torres–Banks linkage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torres%E2%80%93Banks_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genealogical structure of the Torres–Banks linkage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The internal structure of the Torres–Banks linkage was assessed based on the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">Comparative method</a>, and presented in the framework of <a href="/wiki/Historical_glottometry" title="Historical glottometry">historical glottometry</a> (<a href="#linkage">François 2014</a>, <a href="#slp">2017</a>; <a href="#kf">Kalyan & François 2018</a>). </p><p><a href="#kf">Kalyan & François (2018: 81)</a> identified the following best-supported subgroups (in decreasing order of genealogical closeness): </p> <ul><li>Mwotlap – Volow</li> <li>Hiw – Lo-Toga</li> <li>Vurës – Mwesen</li> <li>Lemerig – Vera'a</li> <li>Koro – Olrat – Lakon</li> <li>Dorig – Koro – Olrat – Lakon</li> <li>Olrat – Lakon</li> <li>Lehali – Löyöp – Mwotlap – Volow</li> <li>15 Banks languages together <small>(Lehali – Löyöp – Mwotlap – Volow – Lemerig – Vera'a – Vurës – Mwesen – Mota – Nume – Dorig – Koro – Olrat – Lakon – Mwerlap)</small></li></ul> <p>It is possible that the strict common ancestor of any two members of the Torres–Banks linkage is <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic_language" title="Proto-Oceanic language">Proto-Oceanic</a> itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Francois-2011_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francois-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188">: 188 </span></sup> Evidence of this is found in the irregular preservation of final consonants in <a href="/wiki/Lakon_language" title="Lakon language">Lakon</a> (via a now-lost <a href="/wiki/Paragoge" title="Paragoge">paragogic</a> vowel) in some words, consonants which were lost in most other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-vowels_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowels-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Francois-2011_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francois-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 200">: 200 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-language">Proto-language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torres%E2%80%93Banks_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proto-language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Torres%E2%80%93Banks_language" title="Proto-Torres–Banks language">Proto-Torres–Banks language</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Protolanguage" class="mw-redirect" title="Protolanguage">common ancestor</a> of all Torres-Banks languages is called <a href="/wiki/Proto-Torres%E2%80%93Banks_language" title="Proto-Torres–Banks language">Proto-Torres–Banks</a>, viewed here as a mutually-intelligible chain of dialects within the Torres and Banks islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Francois-2011_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francois-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torres%E2%80%93Banks_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Francois-2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Francois-2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francois-2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francois-2011_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francois-2011_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francois-2011_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ecology">François (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vowels-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vowels_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#vowels">François (2005: 479-481)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torres%E2%80%93Banks_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Codrington" title="Robert Henry Codrington">Codrington, Robert Henry</a> (1885). <i>The Melanesian Languages</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/melanesianlangua00codruoft">full text from the Internet Archive</a>).</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="vowels" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Fran%C3%A7ois_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre François (linguist)">François, Alexandre</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_VowelsNorthernVanuatu_OL44-2.pdf">"Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>, <b>44</b> (2): 443–504, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2005.0034">10.1353/ol.2005.0034</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Unraveling+the+history+of+the+vowels+of+seventeen+northern+Vanuatu+languages&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=443-504&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.2005.0034&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarama.huma-num.fr%2Fdata%2FAlexFrancois_VowelsNorthernVanuatu_OL44-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres%E2%80%93Banks+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="articles" class="citation cs2">—— (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2007_Articles-Vanuatu_Crowley-volume.pdf">"Noun articles in Torres and Banks languages: Conservation and innovation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Siegel, Jeff; Lynch, John; Eades, Diana (eds.), <i>Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley</i>, Creole Language Library 30, Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 313–326</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noun+articles+in+Torres+and+Banks+languages%3A+Conservation+and+innovation&rft.btitle=Language+Description%2C+History+and+Development%3A+Linguistic+indulgence+in+memory+of+Terry+Crowley&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Creole+Language+Library+30&rft.pages=313-326&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarama.huma-num.fr%2Fdata%2FAlexFrancois_2007_Articles-Vanuatu_Crowley-volume.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres%E2%80%93Banks+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="aorist" class="citation cs2">—— (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2009_Aorist-pronouns_Festschrift-Blust.pdf">"Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Pawley, Andrew; Adelaar, Alexander (eds.), <i>Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust</i>, vol. 601, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 179–195</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Verbal+aspect+and+personal+pronouns%3A+The+history+of+aorist+markers+in+north+Vanuatu&rft.btitle=Austronesian+historical+linguistics+and+culture+history%3A+A+festschrift+for+Bob+Blust&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=179-195&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarama.huma-num.fr%2Fdata%2FAlexFrancois_2009_Aorist-pronouns_Festschrift-Blust.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres%E2%80%93Banks+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ecology" class="citation cs2">—— (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2011_JHL1-2_Social-ecology_Vanuatu.pdf">"Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of Historical Linguistics</i>, <b>1</b> (2): 175–246, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjhl.1.2.03fra">10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F29283">1885/29283</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Social+ecology+and+language+history+in+the+northern+Vanuatu+linkage%3A+A+tale+of+divergence+and+convergence&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-246&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F29283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjhl.1.2.03fra&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarama.huma-num.fr%2Fdata%2FAlexFrancois_2011_JHL1-2_Social-ecology_Vanuatu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres%E2%80%93Banks+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="IJSL" class="citation cs2">—— (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2012_NorthVanuatuSocioling_IJSL.pdf">"The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> (214): 85–110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl-2012-0022">10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=The+dynamics+of+linguistic+diversity%3A+Egalitarian+multilingualism+and+power+imbalance+among+northern+Vanuatu+languages&rft.issue=214&rft.pages=85-110&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2012-0022&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarama.huma-num.fr%2Fdata%2FAlexFrancois_2012_NorthVanuatuSocioling_IJSL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres%E2%80%93Banks+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="etymology" class="citation cs2">—— (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2013_Shadows-of-bygone-lives-The-histories-of-spiritual-words-in-northern-Vanuatu.pdf">"Shadows of bygone lives: The histories of spiritual words in northern Vanuatu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Mailhammer, Robert (ed.), <i>Lexical and structural etymology: Beyond word histories</i>, Studies in Language Change, vol. 11, Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton, pp. 185–244, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-058-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-058-1"><bdi>978-1-61451-058-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shadows+of+bygone+lives%3A+The+histories+of+spiritual+words+in+northern+Vanuatu&rft.btitle=Lexical+and+structural+etymology%3A+Beyond+word+histories&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Studies+in+Language+Change&rft.pages=185-244&rft.pub=DeGruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-058-1&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarama.huma-num.fr%2Fdata%2FAlexFrancois_2013_Shadows-of-bygone-lives-The-histories-of-spiritual-words-in-northern-Vanuatu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres%E2%80%93Banks+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="linkage" class="citation cs2">—— (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00874726/">"Trees, Waves and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification"</a>, in Bowern, Claire; Evans, Bethwyn (eds.), <i>The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics</i>, London: Routledge, pp. 161–189, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41552-789-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41552-789-7"><bdi>978-0-41552-789-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trees%2C+Waves+and+Linkages%3A+Models+of+Language+Diversification&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Historical+Linguistics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=161-189&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-41552-789-7&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00874726%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres%E2%80%93Banks+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="updown" class="citation book cs1">—— (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2015_North-Vanuatu-space-directionals.pdf">"The ins and outs of <i>up</i> and <i>down</i>: Disentangling the nine geocentric space systems of Torres and Banks languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Alexandre François; Sébastien Lacrampe; Michael Franjieh; Stefan Schnell (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1885/14819"><i>The languages of Vanuatu: Unity and diversity</i></a>. Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics. pp. 137–195. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F14819">1885/14819</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922185-23-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922185-23-5"><bdi>978-1-922185-23-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+ins+and+outs+of+up+and+down%3A+Disentangling+the+nine+geocentric+space+systems+of+Torres+and+Banks+languages&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+Vanuatu%3A+Unity+and+diversity&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Studies+in+the+Languages+of+Island+Melanesia&rft.pages=137-195&rft.pub=Asia-Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F14819&rft.isbn=978-1-922185-23-5&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarama.huma-num.fr%2Fdata%2FAlexFrancois_2015_North-Vanuatu-space-directionals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres%E2%80%93Banks+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pronouns" class="citation cs2">—— (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2016_History-personal-pronouns_north-Vanuatu_s.pdf">"The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Pozdniakov, Konstantin (ed.), <i>Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles</i>, Faits de Langues, vol. 47, Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 25–60</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+historical+morphology+of+personal+pronouns+in+northern+Vanuatu&rft.btitle=Comparatisme+et+reconstruction+%3A+tendances+actuelles&rft.place=Bern&rft.series=Faits+de+Langues&rft.pages=25-60&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarama.huma-num.fr%2Fdata%2FAlexFrancois_2016_History-personal-pronouns_north-Vanuatu_s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres%E2%80%93Banks+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="slp" class="citation book cs1">—— (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2017_Modele-diffusionniste_MSLP-24.pdf">"Méthode comparative et chaînages linguistiques: Pour un modèle diffusionniste en généalogie des langues"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Jean-Léo Léonard (ed.). <i>Diffusion : implantation, affinités, convergence</i>. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. Louvain: Peeters. pp. 43–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9thode+comparative+et+cha%C3%AEnages+linguistiques%3A+Pour+un+mod%C3%A8le+diffusionniste+en+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie+des+langues&rft.btitle=Diffusion+%3A+implantation%2C+affinit%C3%A9s%2C+convergence&rft.place=Louvain&rft.series=M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+Linguistique+de+Paris&rft.pages=43-82&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarama.huma-num.fr%2Fdata%2FAlexFrancois_2017_Modele-diffusionniste_MSLP-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres%E2%80%93Banks+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="kf" class="citation cs2">Kalyan, Siva; François, Alexandre (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/Kalyan-Francois_2018_Freeing-Comparative-Method-from-Tree-model_print.pdf">"Freeing the Comparative Method from the tree model: A framework for Historical Glottometry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Kikusawa, Ritsuko; Reid, Laurie (eds.), <i>Let's talk about trees: Tackling Problems in Representing Phylogenic Relationships among Languages</i>, Senri Ethnological Studies, 98, Ōsaka: National Museum of Ethnology, pp. 59–89</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freeing+the+Comparative+Method+from+the+tree+model%3A+A+framework+for+Historical+Glottometry&rft.btitle=Let%27s+talk+about+trees%3A+Tackling+Problems+in+Representing+Phylogenic+Relationships+among+Languages&rft.place=%C5%8Csaka&rft.series=Senri+Ethnological+Studies%2C+98&rft.pages=59-89&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Ethnology&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Kalyan&rft.aufirst=Siva&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois%2C+Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarama.huma-num.fr%2Fdata%2FKalyan-Francois_2018_Freeing-Comparative-Method-from-Tree-model_print.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres%E2%80%93Banks+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ray" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Herbert_Ray" title="Sidney Herbert Ray">Ray, Sidney Herbert</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h9tkAwAAQBAJ"><i>A Comparative Study of the Melanesian Island Languages</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. xvi+598. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107682023" title="Special:BookSources/9781107682023"><bdi>9781107682023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Melanesian+Island+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=xvi%2B598&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.isbn=9781107682023&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Sidney+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh9tkAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres%E2%80%93Banks+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torres%E2%80%93Banks_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/AF-field.htm">Map and information on the 17 Torres & Banks languages</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_Oceanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern Oceanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_Oceanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern Oceanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North<br />Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torres-Banks_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres-Banks languages">Torres–Banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiw_language" title="Hiw language">Hiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-Toga_language" title="Lo-Toga language">Lo-Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehali_language" title="Lehali language">Lehali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language" title="Löyöp language">Löyöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwotlap_language" title="Mwotlap language">Mwotlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volow_language" title="Volow language">Volow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemerig_language" title="Lemerig language">Lemerig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera'a language">Vera’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language" title="Vurës language">Vurës</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwesen_language" title="Mwesen language">Mwesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nume_language" title="Nume language">Nume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorig_language" title="Dorig language">Dorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Koro language (Vanuatu)">Koro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olrat_language" title="Olrat language">Olrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakon_language" title="Lakon language">Lakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwerlap_language" title="Mwerlap language">Mwerlap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maewo–Ambae–<br />North Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungwadia_language" title="Sungwadia language">Sun̄wadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterara language">Sun̄wadaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetora_language" title="Baetora language">Baetora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duidui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duidui language">Duidui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ambae_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Ambae language">Northeast Ambae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_language" title="Raga language">Raga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ske_language" title="Ske language">Ske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apma_language" title="Apma language">Apma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa language">Sa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_languages" title="Espiritu Santo languages">Espiritu Santo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cumberland_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Cumberland language">Cape Cumberland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nokuku_language" title="Nokuku language">Nokuku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolomako_language" title="Tolomako language">Tolomako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusi_language" title="Wusi language">Wusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akei_language" title="Akei language">Akei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasiriki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasiriki language">Tasiriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangoa_language" title="Tangoa language">Tangoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araki_language" title="Araki language">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiale_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiale language">Tiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Merei language">Merei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiai_language" title="Kiai language">Kiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%CC%88av%CC%88ea_language" class="mw-redirect" title="M̈av̈ea language">M̈av̈ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutuba_language" title="Tutuba language">Tutuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aore_language" title="Aore language">Aore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamambo_language" title="Tamambo language">Tamambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores_language" title="Mores language">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark Bay language">Shark Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakao_language" title="Sakao language">Sakao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear<br />Southern<br />Oceanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Malakula_language" title="Northeast Malakula language">Northeast Malakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vao_language" title="Vao language">Vao</a></li> <li>Vovo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpotovoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpotovoro language">Mpotovoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirak language">Dirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malua_Bay_language" title="Malua Bay language">Malua Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%27%C3%ABnen_Taut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="V'ënen Taut language">V’ënen Taut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_language" title="Tape language">Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larevat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Larevat language">Larevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve%27ei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve'ei language">Neve’ei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naman language">Naman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navava_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Navava language">Navava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevwervwer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevwervwer language">Nevwervwer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unua_language" title="Unua language">Unua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangkumu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkumu language">Pangkumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banam_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banam Bay language">Banam Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulua_language" title="Aulua language">Aulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendamboi_language" title="Lendamboi language">Lendamboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasarian_language" title="Nasarian language">Nasarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axamb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Axamb language">Axamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avok_language" title="Avok language">Avok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskelynes_language" title="Maskelynes language">Maskelynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sandwich_language" title="Port Sandwich language">Port Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinesip_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinesip language">Sinesip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naha%27ai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha'ai language">Naha’ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninde_language" title="Ninde language">Ninde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ambrym_language" title="North Ambrym language">North Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ambrym language">West Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ambrym language">South Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamen_language" title="Lamen language">Lamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierebo_language" title="Bierebo language">Bierebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baki_language" title="Baki language">Baki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkir language">Mkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Bieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakanamanga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakanamanga language">Nakanamanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguna language">Nguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namakir language">Namakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Efate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Efate language">South Efate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erromango</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sie language">Sie / Erromangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorung_language" title="Sorung language">Sorung</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifo language">Ifo</a> (Utaha) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Ura language (Vanuatu)">Ura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tanna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwamera_language" title="Kwamera language">Kwamera (South Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Tanna_language" title="Southwest Tanna language">Southwest Tanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenakel_language" title="Lenakel language">Lenakel (West Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesands_language" title="Whitesands language">Whitesands (East Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tanna_language" title="North Tanna language">North Tanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneityum_language" title="Aneityum language">Aneityum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalties–<br />New Caledonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalty Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaai_language" title="Iaai language">Iaai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Caledonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndrumbea_language" title="Ndrumbea language">Ndrumbea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A8%C3%A8_language" title="Numèè language">Numèè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2c%C3%B9%C3%B9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xârâcùù language">Xârâcùù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2gur%C3%A8_language" title="Xârâgurè language">Xârâgurè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AEr%C3%AE_language" title="Tîrî language">Tîrî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zire_language" title="Zire language">Zire</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%B6_language" title="Arhö language">Arhö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%A2_language" title="Arhâ language">Arhâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neku_language" title="Neku language">Neku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orowe_language" title="Orowe language">Orowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamale_language" title="Vamale language">Vamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveke_language" title="Haveke language">Haveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haeke_language" title="Haeke language">Haeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8muh%C3%AE_language" title="Cèmuhî language">Cèmuhî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwaamei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwaamei language">Pwaamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwapwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwapwa language">Pwapwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwatoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bwatoo">Bwatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmwaveke_language" title="Hmwaveke language">Hmwaveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waamwang_language" title="Waamwang language">Waamwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fw%C3%A2i_language" title="Fwâi language">Fwâi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawe_language" title="Jawe language">Jawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_language" title="Nemi language">Nemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pije_language" title="Pije language">Pije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caac_language" title="Caac language">Caac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumak_language" title="Kumak language">Kumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanga_language" title="Yuanga language">Yuanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%A2layu_language" title="Nyâlayu language">Nyâlayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sumatran*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>North Borneo * <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Melanau–Kajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li>Malayo–Chamic *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages" title="Bungku–Tolaki languages">Bungku–Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages" title="Muna–Buton languages">Muna–Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages" title="Saluan–Banggai languages">Saluan–Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages" title="Tomini–Tolitoli languages">Tomini–Tolitoli</a>*</li> <li>Kaili–Wolio*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_languages" title="Makassar languages">Makassar</a></li> <li>Seko–Badaic*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Sulawesi_languages" title="Northern South Sulawesi languages">Northern South Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei–Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li>Kowiai?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat%E2%80%93South_Halmahera_languages" title="Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">St. Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast Solomonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso-Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vanuatu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South</a></li></ul></li> <li>Loyalties–New Caledonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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