(IUCr) Crystallography Journals Online

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <link rel="icon" href="https://journals.iucr.org/favicon.ico" type="image/svg+xml" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>(IUCr) Crystallography Journals Online</title> <link rel="schema.DC" href="//purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <meta name="copyright" content="© International Union of Crystallography 2024" /> <meta name="DC.title" content="Crystallography Journals Online"/> <meta name="DC.contributor" content="" /> <meta name="DC.coverage" content="" /> <meta name="DC.relation" content="" /> <meta name="DC.date" content="2024-07-24"/> <meta name="DC.publisher" content="International Union of Crystallography" /> <meta name="DC.rights" content="© International Union of Crystallography 2024" /> <meta name="DC.source" content="//journals.iucr.org/index.html" /> <meta name="DC.type" content="text" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="IUCr" /> <meta name="DC.language" content="EN" /> <meta name="DC.format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.description" content="Crystallography and related science Journals Online"/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="Acta Cryst."/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="crystallography"/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="X-ray"/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="neutron"/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="synchrotron radiation"/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="diffraction"/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="physics"/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="chemistry"/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="biology"/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="molecular structures"/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="IUCr"/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="journals"/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="Acta Crystallographica"/> <meta name="DC.subject" content="..."/> <meta name="keywords" content="Acta Cryst.; crystallography; X-ray; neutron; synchrotron radiation; diffraction; physics; chemistry; biology; molecular structures; IUCr; journals; Acta Crystallographica; ..."/> <meta name="citation.keywords" content="Acta Cryst.; crystallography; X-ray; neutron; synchrotron radiation; diffraction; physics; chemistry; biology; molecular structures; IUCr; journals; Acta Crystallographica; ..."/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//code.jquery.com/ui/1.10.0/themes/base/jquery-ui.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/style/debugging.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/style/iustyle1.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/style/iustyle2.css" media="all and (min-width: 20px)" />     <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/style/iustyleprint.css" media="print"/> <script src="https://journals.iucr.org/javascript/analytics.js"></script> </head> <body><div id="jpage_gen"><div id="header"> <div id="hd_top"> <div id="hd_icon"><table id="hd_icon_all" class="layout"><tr><td> <div style="width:70px;height:60px;margin:1em;"> <div style="float:left;margin:1px;"><a href="/a/"><img class="hd_minilogoblockicon" style="width:20px;height:20px" src="/logos/jicons/a_36x36.png" /></a></div> <div style="float:left;margin:1px;"><a href="/b/"><img class="hd_minilogoblockicon" style="width:20px;height:20px" src="/logos/jicons/b_36x36.png" /></a></div> <div style="float:left;margin:1px;"><a href="/c/"><img class="hd_minilogoblockicon" style="width:20px;height:20px" src="/logos/jicons/c_36x36.png" /></a></div> <div style="float:left;margin:1px;"><a href="/d/"><img class="hd_minilogoblockicon" style="width:20px;height:20px" src="/logos/jicons/d_36x36.png" /></a></div> <div style="float:left;margin:1px;"><a href="/e/"><img class="hd_minilogoblockicon" style="width:20px;height:20px" src="/logos/jicons/e_36x36.png" /></a></div> <div style="float:left;margin:1px;"><a href="/f/"><img class="hd_minilogoblockicon" style="width:20px;height:20px" src="/logos/jicons/f_36x36.png" /></a></div> <div style="float:left;margin:1px;"><a href="/j/"><img class="hd_minilogoblockicon" style="width:20px;height:20px" src="/logos/jicons/j_36x36.png" /></a></div> <div style="float:left;margin:1px;"><a href="/s/"><img class="hd_minilogoblockicon" style="width:20px;height:20px" src="/logos/jicons/s_36x36.png" /></a></div> <div style="float:left;margin:1px;"><a href="/m/"><img class="hd_minilogoblockicon" style="width:20px;height:20px" src="/logos/jicons/m_36x36.png" /></a></div> </div> </td><td> <span class="hd_maintitle"><a href="//journals.iucr.org" style="color: #666; font-weight: 600;">IUCr Journals</a></span><span class="hd_subtitle"><br/><a href="//journals.iucr.org" style="color: #666;">CRYSTALLOGRAPHY JOURNALS ONLINE</a></span> </td></tr></table> </div> <div id="hd_right"> <div id="hd_mlink"> <a class="hd_blink" id="hd_cjoi" title="Crystallography Journals Online" href="//journals.iucr.org"><img alt="Journals Logo" src="//journals.iucr.org/logos/iucr_journals_logo_spaces.png" height="20"/></a> <a class="hd_blink" id="hd_iucr" title="International Union of Crystallography" href="https://www.iucr.org">IUCr</a> <a class="hd_blink" id="hd_it" title="International Tables" href="https://it.iucr.org">IT</a> <a class="hd_blink" id="hd_wdc" title="World Directory of Crystallographers" href="https://wdc.iucr.org">WDC</a> </div> <form id="hd_search_form" class="inputWrap" action="//scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/full_search" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8"> <div id="hd_search"> <label for="hd_words">search IUCr Journals</label><input type="text" name="words" value="" id="hd_words" title="Search IUCr Journals" /> <input type="submit" name="Action" value="GO" id="hd_go" /> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div id="hd_navigate"><a class="hd_navlink" href="/index.html">home </a> <a class="hd_navlink" href="/services/submit_general.html">submit </a> <a class="hd_navlink" href="/services/subscriberservices.html">subscribe </a> <a class="hd_navlink" href="/services/openaccess.html">open access </a> </div> <div id="hd_navigatesmall"> <div class="hd_navigatetitle hide"> <img src="/logos/arrows/smarrr_white.png" alt="" class=""/><img src="/logos/arrows/smarrd_white.png" alt="" class="hide"/>menu</div> <div class="sitelink hide"><a class="hd_navlink" href="/index.html">home </a> <a class="hd_navlink" href="/services/submit_general.html">submit </a> <a class="hd_navlink" href="/services/subscriberservices.html">subscribe </a> <a class="hd_navlink" href="/services/openaccess.html">open access </a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="pagebody"> <div class="layout_cjo_standard"> <div id="main" style=""><div style="text-align:center;"> <div class="jnl_logo_container"> <div class="jnl_logo"> <table class="layout"><tbody><tr><td> <a href="/a/"><img class="jnl_logo_img" src="/logos/jicons/a_96x112.png" /></a> </td><td> <div class="jnl_logo_textbox"> <p class="jnl_logo_title"><a href="/a/">FOUNDATIONS<br/>ADVANCES</a></p> <div class="hr"></div> <p class="jnl_logo_links"><a href="/a/issues/current/">CURRENT ISSUE</a> | <a href="/a/services/submit.html">SUBMIT</a></p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="jnl_logo"> <table class="layout"><tbody><tr><td> <a href="/b/"><img class="jnl_logo_img" src="/logos/jicons/b_96x112.png" /></a> </td><td> <div class="jnl_logo_textbox"> <p class="jnl_logo_title"><a href="/b/">STRUCTURAL SCIENCE<br/>CRYSTAL ENGINEERING<br/>MATERIALS</a></p> <div class="hr"></div> <p class="jnl_logo_links"><a href="/b/issues/current/">CURRENT ISSUE</a> | <a href="/b/services/submit.html">SUBMIT</a></p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="jnl_logo"> <table class="layout"><tbody><tr><td> <a href="/c/"><img class="jnl_logo_img" src="/logos/jicons/c_96x112.png" /></a> </td><td> <div class="jnl_logo_textbox"> <p class="jnl_logo_title"><a href="/c/">STRUCTURAL<br/>CHEMISTRY</a></p> <div class="hr"></div> <p class="jnl_logo_links"><a href="/c/issues/current/">CURRENT ISSUE</a> | <a href="/c/services/submit.html">SUBMIT</a></p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="jnl_logo"> <table class="layout"><tbody><tr><td> <a href="/d/"><img class="jnl_logo_img" src="/logos/jicons/d_96x112.png" /></a> </td><td> <div class="jnl_logo_textbox"> <p class="jnl_logo_title"><a href="/d/">STRUCTURAL<br/>BIOLOGY</a></p> <div class="hr"></div> <p class="jnl_logo_links"><a href="/d/issues/current/">CURRENT ISSUE</a> | <a href="/d/services/submit.html">SUBMIT</a></p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="jnl_logo"> <table class="layout"><tbody><tr><td> <a href="/e/"><img class="jnl_logo_img" src="/logos/jicons/e_96x112.png" /></a> </td><td> <div class="jnl_logo_textbox"> <p class="jnl_logo_title"><a href="/e/">CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC<br/>COMMUNICATIONS</a></p> <div class="hr"></div> <p class="jnl_logo_links"><a href="/e/issues/current/">CURRENT ISSUE</a> | <a href="/e/services/submit.html">SUBMIT</a></p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="jnl_logo"> <table class="layout"><tbody><tr><td> <a href="/f/"><img class="jnl_logo_img" src="/logos/jicons/f_96x112.png" /></a> </td><td> <div class="jnl_logo_textbox"> <p class="jnl_logo_title"><a href="/f/">STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY<br/>COMMUNICATIONS</a></p> <div class="hr"></div> <p class="jnl_logo_links"><a href="/f/issues/current/">CURRENT ISSUE</a> | <a href="/f/services/submit.html">SUBMIT</a></p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="jnl_logo"> <table class="layout"><tbody><tr><td> <a href="/j/"><img class="jnl_logo_img" src="/logos/jicons/j_96x112.png" /></a> </td><td> <div class="jnl_logo_textbox"> <p class="jnl_logo_title"><a href="/j/">JOURNAL OF<br/>APPLIED<br/>CRYSTALLOGRAPHY</a></p> <div class="hr"></div> <p class="jnl_logo_links"><a href="/j/issues/current/">CURRENT ISSUE</a> | <a href="/j/services/submit.html">SUBMIT</a></p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="jnl_logo"> <table class="layout"><tbody><tr><td> <a href="/s/"><img class="jnl_logo_img" src="/logos/jicons/s_96x112.png" /></a> </td><td> <div class="jnl_logo_textbox"> <p class="jnl_logo_title"><a href="/s/">JOURNAL OF<br/>SYNCHROTRON<br/>RADIATION</a></p> <div class="hr"></div> <p class="jnl_logo_links"><a href="/s/issues/current/">CURRENT ISSUE</a> | <a href="/s/services/submit.html">SUBMIT</a></p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="jnl_logo"> <table class="layout"><tbody><tr><td> <a href="/m/"><img class="jnl_logo_img" src="/logos/jicons/m_96x112.png" /></a> </td><td> <div class="jnl_logo_textbox"> <p class="jnl_logo_title"><a href="/m/">IUCrJ</a></p> <div class="hr"></div> <p class="jnl_logo_links"><a href="/m/issues/current/">CURRENT ISSUE</a> | <a href="/m/services/submit.html">SUBMIT</a></p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="jnl_logo"> <table class="layout"><tbody><tr><td> <a href="/x/"><img class="jnl_logo_img" src="/logos/jicons/x_96x112.png" /></a> </td><td> <div class="jnl_logo_textbox"> <p class="jnl_logo_title"><a href="/x/">IUCrData</a></p> <div class="hr"></div> <p class="jnl_logo_links"><a href="/x/issues/current/">CURRENT ISSUE</a> | <a href="/x/services/submit.html">SUBMIT</a></p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div><div class="clear"></div> <div id="home_hl"></div> <div class="clear"></div>  <script type="text/javascript">$('#IUCr_projects').innerfade({ speed: 'slow', timeout: 4000, type: 'sequence', containerheight: '254px' });</script> <div style="width:-webkit-calc((100% - 5em) - 5px);width:-moz-calc((100% - 5em) - 5px);width:calc((100% - 5em) - 5px);"> <div width="100%"> <div style="width: 100%; position: relative; z-index: 0; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;max-width:900px; margin: 1em 0 1em 0;" id="IUCr_rotor"><div style="left: 0px; top: 0px; overflow: visible; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; z-index: -999998; position: absolute;border-radius:5px;" class="backstretch"><a href="https://journals.iucr.org/special_issues/2024/ML/"><img src="https://journals.iucr.org/logos/AI1.png" style="position: absolute; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: medium none; width: 100%; max-height: none; max-width: 900px; z-index: -999999; left: 0px; top: 0px;"/></a> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* function onLoad() { var foo = ''; } function onResize() { var bar = ''; } */ /*! Backstretch - v2.0.4 - 2013-06-19 * https://srobbin.com/jquery-plugins/backstretch/ * Copyright (c) 2013 Scott Robbin; Licensed MIT */ /* Modified 2013-10-22 (bm) to add hyperlinks to images -- look for lines containing "IUCr" */ ;(function ($, window, undefined) { 'use strict'; /* PLUGIN DEFINITION * ========================= */ $.fn.backstretch = function (images, options) { // We need at least one image or method name if (images === undefined || images.length === 0) { $.error("No images were supplied for Backstretch"); } /* * Scroll the page one pixel to get the right window height on iOS * Pretty harmless for everyone else */ if ($(window).scrollTop() === 0 ) { window.scrollTo(0, 0); } return this.each(function () { var $this = $(this) , obj = $this.data('backstretch'); // Do we already have an instance attached to this element? if (obj) { // Is this a method they're trying to execute? if (typeof images == 'string' && typeof obj[images] == 'function') { // Call the method obj[images](options); // No need to do anything further return; } // Merge the old options with the new options = $.extend(obj.options, options); // Remove the old instance obj.destroy(true); } obj = new Backstretch(this, images, options); $this.data('backstretch', obj); }); }; // If no element is supplied, we'll attach to body $.backstretch = function (images, options) { // Return the instance return $('body') .backstretch(images, options) .data('backstretch'); }; // Custom selector $.expr[':'].backstretch = function(elem) { return $(elem).data('backstretch') !== undefined; }; /* DEFAULTS * ========================= */ $.fn.backstretch.defaults = { centeredX: true // Should we center the image on the X axis? , centeredY: true // Should we center the image on the Y axis? , duration: 5000 // Amount of time in between slides (if slideshow) , fade: 2000 // Speed of fade transition between slides }; /* STYLES * * Baked-in styles that we'll apply to our elements. * In an effort to keep the plugin simple, these are not exposed as options. * That said, anyone can override these in their own stylesheet. * ========================= */ var styles = { wrap: { left: 0 , top: 0 , overflow: 'visible' , margin: 0 , padding: 0 // , height: '100%' // , width: '100%' , zIndex: -999999 } , img: { position: 'absolute' , display: 'none' , margin: 0 , padding: 0 , border: 'none' , width: 'auto' , height: 'auto' , maxHeight: 'none' , maxWidth: 'none' , zIndex: -999999 } }; var IUCr_links = new Array(); // here we will store the hyperlinks /* CLASS DEFINITION * ========================= */ var Backstretch = function (container, images, links, options) { // IUCr added links this.options = $.extend({}, $.fn.backstretch.defaults, options || {}); /* In its simplest form, we allow Backstretch to be called on an image path. * e.g. $.backstretch('/path/to/image.jpg') * So, we need to turn this back into an array. */ this.images = $.isArray(images) ? images : [images]; this.links = $.isArray(links) ? links : [links]; // IUCr added links // Preload links - added by IUCr $.each(this.links, function (i) { IUCr_links[i] = this; }); // Preload images $.each(this.images, function () { $('<img />')[0].src = this; }); // Convenience reference to know if the container is body. this.isBody = container === document.body; /* We're keeping track of a few different elements * * Container: the element that Backstretch was called on. * Wrap: a DIV that we place the image into, so we can hide the overflow. * Root: Convenience reference to help calculate the correct height. */ this.$container = $(container); this.$root = this.isBody ? supportsFixedPosition ? $(window) : $(document) : this.$container; // Don't create a new wrap if one already exists (from a previous instance of Backstretch) var $existing = this.$container.children(".backstretch").first(); this.$wrap = $existing.length ? $existing : $('<div class="backstretch"></div>').css(styles.wrap).appendTo(this.$container); // Non-body elements need some style adjustments if (!this.isBody) { // If the container is statically positioned, we need to make it relative, // and if no zIndex is defined, we should set it to zero. var position = this.$container.css('position') , zIndex = this.$container.css('zIndex'); this.$container.css({ position: position === 'static' ? 'relative' : position , zIndex: zIndex === 'auto' ? 0 : zIndex , background: 'none' }); // Needs a higher z-index this.$wrap.css({zIndex: -999998}); } // Fixed or absolute positioning? this.$wrap.css({ position: this.isBody && supportsFixedPosition ? 'fixed' : 'absolute' }); // Set the first image this.index = 0; this.show(this.index); // Listen for resize $(window).on('resize.backstretch', $.proxy(this.resize, this)) .on('orientationchange.backstretch', $.proxy(function () { // Need to do this in order to get the right window height if (this.isBody && window.pageYOffset === 0) { window.scrollTo(0, 1); this.resize(); } }, this)); }; /* PUBLIC METHODS * ========================= */ Backstretch.prototype = { resize: function () { try { var bgCSS = {left: 0, top: 0} , rootWidth = this.isBody ? this.$root.width() : this.$root.innerWidth() , bgWidth = rootWidth , rootHeight = this.isBody ? ( window.innerHeight ? window.innerHeight : this.$root.height() ) : this.$root.innerHeight() , bgHeight = bgWidth / this.$img.data('ratio') , bgOffset; // Make adjustments based on image ratio /* if (bgHeight >= rootHeight) { bgOffset = (bgHeight - rootHeight) / 2; if(this.options.centeredY) { bgCSS.top = '-' + bgOffset + 'px'; } } else { bgHeight = rootHeight; bgWidth = bgHeight * this.$img.data('ratio'); bgOffset = (bgWidth - rootWidth) / 2; if(this.options.centeredX) { bgCSS.left = '-' + bgOffset + 'px'; } } */ this.$container.css({height: bgHeight}); // added by IUCr this.$wrap.css({width: rootWidth, height: bgHeight}) .find('img:not(.deleteable)').css({width: bgWidth, height: bgHeight}).css(bgCSS); } catch(err) { // IE7 seems to trigger resize before the image is loaded. // This try/catch block is a hack to let it fail gracefully. } return this; } // Show the slide at a certain position , show: function (newIndex) { // Validate index if (Math.abs(newIndex) > this.images.length - 1) { return; } // Vars var self = this , oldImage = self.$wrap.find('img').addClass('deleteable') , oldLink = self.$wrap.find('a').addClass('deleteable') // added by IUCr , evtOptions = { relatedTarget: self.$container[0] }; // Trigger the "before" event self.$container.trigger($.Event('backstretch.before', evtOptions), [self, newIndex]); // Set the new index this.index = newIndex; // Pause the slideshow clearInterval(self.interval); // New image self.$img = $('<img />') .css(styles.img) .bind('load', function (e) { var imgWidth = this.width || $(e.target).width() , imgHeight = this.height || $(e.target).height(); // Save the ratio $(this).data('ratio', imgWidth / imgHeight); // Show the image, then delete the old one // "speed" option has been deprecated, but we want backwards compatibilty $(this).fadeIn(self.options.speed || self.options.fade, function () { oldImage.remove(); oldLink.remove(); // added by IUCr // Resume the slideshow if (!self.paused) { self.cycle(); } // Trigger the "after" and "show" events // "show" is being deprecated $(['after', 'show']).each(function () { self.$container.trigger($.Event('backstretch.' + this, evtOptions), [self, newIndex]); }); }); // Resize self.resize(); }) .appendTo(self.$wrap); // Hack for IE img onload event self.$img.attr('src', self.images[newIndex]); self.$img.wrap($("<a/>").attr("href", IUCr_links[newIndex])) return self; } , next: function () { // Next slide return this.show(this.index < this.images.length - 1 ? this.index + 1 : 0); } , prev: function () { // Previous slide return this.show(this.index === 0 ? this.images.length - 1 : this.index - 1); } , pause: function () { // Pause the slideshow this.paused = true; return this; } , resume: function () { // Resume the slideshow this.paused = false; this.next(); return this; } , cycle: function () { // Start/resume the slideshow if(this.images.length > 1) { // Clear the interval, just in case clearInterval(this.interval); this.interval = setInterval($.proxy(function () { // Check for paused slideshow if (!this.paused) { this.next(); } }, this), this.options.duration); } return this; } , destroy: function (preserveBackground) { // Stop the resize events $(window).off('resize.backstretch orientationchange.backstretch'); // Clear the interval clearInterval(this.interval); // Remove Backstretch if(!preserveBackground) { this.$wrap.remove(); } this.$container.removeData('backstretch'); } }; /* SUPPORTS FIXED POSITION? * * Based on code from jQuery Mobile 1.1.0 * https://jquerymobile.com/ * * In a nutshell, we need to figure out if fixed positioning is supported. * Unfortunately, this is very difficult to do on iOS, and usually involves * injecting content, scrolling the page, etc.. It's ugly. * jQuery Mobile uses this workaround. It's not ideal, but works. * * Modified to detect IE6 * ========================= */ var supportsFixedPosition = (function () { var ua = navigator.userAgent , platform = navigator.platform // Rendering engine is Webkit, and capture major version , wkmatch = ua.match( /AppleWebKit\/([0-9]+)/ ) , wkversion = !!wkmatch && wkmatch[ 1 ] , ffmatch = ua.match( /Fennec\/([0-9]+)/ ) , ffversion = !!ffmatch && ffmatch[ 1 ] , operammobilematch = ua.match( /Opera Mobi\/([0-9]+)/ ) , omversion = !!operammobilematch && operammobilematch[ 1 ] , iematch = ua.match( /MSIE ([0-9]+)/ ) , ieversion = !!iematch && iematch[ 1 ]; return !( // iOS 4.3 and older : Platform is iPhone/Pad/Touch and Webkit version is less than 534 (ios5) ((platform.indexOf( "iPhone" ) > -1 || platform.indexOf( "iPad" ) > -1 || platform.indexOf( "iPod" ) > -1 ) && wkversion && wkversion < 534) || // Opera Mini (window.operamini && ({}).toString.call( window.operamini ) === "[object OperaMini]") || (operammobilematch && omversion < 7458) || //Android lte 2.1: Platform is Android and Webkit version is less than 533 (Android 2.2) (ua.indexOf( "Android" ) > -1 && wkversion && wkversion < 533) || // Firefox Mobile before 6.0 - (ffversion && ffversion < 6) || // WebOS less than 3 ("palmGetResource" in window && wkversion && wkversion < 534) || // MeeGo (ua.indexOf( "MeeGo" ) > -1 && ua.indexOf( "NokiaBrowser/8.5.0" ) > -1) || // IE6 (ieversion && ieversion <= 6) ); }()); }(jQuery, window)); $('#IUCr_rotor').backstretch([ "https://journals.iucr.org/logos/AI1.png", "https://journals.iucr.org/logos/AI2.png", "https://journals.iucr.org/logos/AI3.png" ], [ , "https://journals.iucr.org/special_issues/2024/ML/", "https://journals.iucr.org/special_issues/2024/ML/", "https://journals.iucr.org/special_issues/2024/ANNs/" ], {duration: 700, fade: 400, centeredY: false}); </script> </div> </div> </div>  <div style="border: 1pt solid #b0b0b0;padding: 12px;border-radius:5px;margin-top:1em;max-width:876px;"><h3 style="font-size:14pt;color: #666;margin-top: 8pt;margin-bottom: -10pt;">IUCr Congress collection</h3><br /><h3 style="font-size:12pt;color: #666;margin-top: 2pt;">Celebrating the 75th Anniversary of the IUCr</h3><a href="https://journals.iucr.org/special_issues/2023/iucr2023/"><img style="vertical-align: text-top; max-width: 90%; width: auto; max-height: 250px;" src="https://journals.iucr.org/special_issues/2023/iucr2023/graphics/coverill.gif" /></a><div class="bhl_list_link" style="margin-top: 0em;"><a href="https://journals.iucr.org/special_issues/2023/iucr2023/" class="bhl_more" target="_blank">View collection</a></div> </div> </div> <h3>Articles from IUCr Journals</h3> <div id="latest" class="lt_"><div id="latest_small"> <div class="latest"><div class="artlisthead"><img src="/logos/arrows/smarrr.png" alt="" class="hide" /><img src="/logos/arrows/smarrd.png" alt="" />latest articles</div><div id="slate" class="artlist"><div class="loading"><img src="/logos/load.gif" alt="loading" /></div></div></div> <div class="latest"><div class="artlisthead closed"><img src="/logos/arrows/smarrr.png" alt="" /><img src="/logos/arrows/smarrd.png" alt="" class="hide" />most read</div><div id="sread" class="artlist hide"><div class="loading"><img src="/logos/load.gif" alt="loading" /></div></div></div> <div class="latest"><div class="artlisthead closed"><img src="/logos/arrows/smarrr.png" alt="" /><img src="/logos/arrows/smarrd.png" alt="" class="hide" />most cited</div><div id="scited" class="artlist hide"><div class="loading"><img src="/logos/load.gif" alt="loading" /></div></div></div> <div class="latest"><div class="artlisthead closed"><img src="/logos/arrows/smarrr.png" alt="" /><img src="/logos/arrows/smarrd.png" alt="" class="hide" />highlighted articles</div><div id="shigh" class="artlist hide"><div class="loading"><img src="/logos/load.gif" alt="loading" /></div></div></div> </div> <div id="tabs" class="tabber"><div id="tlate" class="tabbertab" title="latest articles"> <div class="loading"><img src="/logos/load.gif" alt="loading" /></div> </div> <div id="tread" class="tabbertab" title="most read"> <div class="loading"><img src="/logos/load.gif" alt="loading" /></div> </div>  <div id="tcited" class="tabbertab" title="most cited"> <div class="loading"><img src="/logos/load.gif" alt="loading" /></div> </div>  <div id="thigh" class="tabbertab" title="highlighted articles"> <div class="loading"><img src="/logos/load.gif" alt="loading" /></div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <div id="side"><div class="side_box"> <div style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 100%; max-width: 365px; min-width: 75px; border-radius: 5px; border: 1pt solid #b0b0b0; "> <a target="_blank" href="https://journals.iucr.org/services/specialissues.html" title="IUCr2026 collection"><img style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 100%; max-width: 300px; min-width: 75px;border-radius: 5px;" src="https://journals.iucr.org/logos/IUCr2026sidebar.gif" alt="IUCr2026 collection" /></a> </div> </div><style> .side_box_border { padding:0px; border:1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 4px; margin-top: .75em; margin-bottom: .75em; } .side_box_titlebar { border-top-left-radius:4px; border-top-right-radius:4px; background:#eee; background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(#eee), to(#ccc)); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #eee, #ccc); /* For Chrome and Safari */ background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #eee, #ccc); /* For old Fx (3.6 to 15) */ background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #eee, #ccc); /* For pre-releases of IE 10*/ background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #eee, #ccc); /* For old Opera (11.1 to 12.0) */ background: linear-gradient(top, #eee, #ccc); margin:0; padding:.5em; color:#c32a2d; font-weight:600; } .side_box_content { padding:1em; } .side_box_content h2 { margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; } .side_box_content p { margin-top:.5em; } </style> <div class="side_box_border" style="max-width:365px;"> <div class="side_box_titlebar">IUCr outreach activities</div> <div class="side_box_content"> <p>Besides publishing top-quality research, the <a href="https://www.iucr.org" title="IUCr home page"><span style="color:#c32a2d;">IUCr</span></a> is committed to a series of outreach activities.</p> <a href="https://www.iycr2014.org" title="IYCr 2014"><img src="/logos/iycr_logobanner.gif" alt="International Year of Crystallography" style="width: 100%; max-width: 300px; min-width: 75px;" /></a> <p><a href="https://www.iucr.org/iucr/sponsorship/crystallography-in-africa" title="Crystallography in Africa"><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#c32a2d;">Crystallography in Africa initiative</span></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.iucr.org/outreach/crystal-growing-competition" title="IYCr legacy"><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#c32a2d;">Worldwide crystal-growing competition</span></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.iucr.org/iucr/sponsorship" title="IUCr sponsorship"><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#c32a2d;">IUCr sponsorship schemes</span></a></p> <p style="margin-top:1em;"><a href="https://www.iycr2014.org" title="IYCr legacy"><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#c32a2d;">IYCr Legacy</span></a></p> </div> </div><div id="iucrmessages" class="side_box" style="max-width:365px;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius: 4px;"><h4 id="iucrmesshead">News and jobs</h4><div id="iucrmess"><div class="loading"><img src="/logos/load.gif" alt="loading" /></div></div><div id="iucrmessmore"><a href="https://www.iucr.org/news/whats-new">more ...</a></div></div> <div class="side_box" style="max-width:365px;border:1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 4px;"> <div id="fb-root"></div> <script> </script> <div class="fb-page" data-href="https://www.facebook.com/iucr.org" data-width="410" data-height="700" data-small-header="true" data-adapt-container-width="true" data-hide-cover="false" data-show-facepile="true" data-show-posts="true"><div class="fb-xfbml-parse-ignore"><blockquote cite="https://www.facebook.com/iucr.org"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/iucr.org">IUCr (Facebook)</a></blockquote></div></div> </div><div class="side_box" style="max-width:365px;"> <a class="twitter-timeline" data-height="700" href="https://twitter.com/IUCr?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">Tweets by IUCr</a> <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { if (document.cookie.search(/iucr_cookie_prefs\s*=\s*1/i)>-1) return; var ta = document.createElement('script'); ta.type = 'text/javascript'; ta.async = true; ta.src = "https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"; document.body.appendChild(ta); })(); </script> </div><div class="side_box"> <div style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 100%; max-width: 365px; min-width: 75px; border-radius: 5px; border: 1pt solid #b0b0b0; "> <a target="_blank" href="https://journals.iucr.org/special_issues/2023/afca/" title="AfCA collection"><img style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 100%; max-width: 300px; min-width: 75px;border-radius: 5px;" src="https://journals.iucr.org/special_issues/2023/afca/graphics/sidebar.gif" alt="AfCA collection" /></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </div><div id="journalsocialmedia"><table summary="social media" class="socialgen"><tbody><tr><td class="socialtitle">Follow IUCr Journals</td><td class="socialimg"><table summary="formatting" class="button_sgl_table"><tbody><tr><td class="noextraspace"><a href="https://www.iucr.org/people/wdc/ealert"><img src="/logos/mail_24.png" title="Sign up for e-alerts" alt="Sign up for e-alerts" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="slink"><a href="https://www.iucr.org/people/wdc/ealert" title="Sign up for e-alerts">E-alerts</a></td><td class="socialimg"><table summary="formatting" class="button_sgl_table"><tbody><tr><td class="noextraspace"><a href="https://twitter.com/IUCr" target="_blank"><img src="/logos/twitter_24.png" title="Follow IUCr on Twitter" alt="Follow IUCr on Twitter" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="slink"><a href="https://twitter.com/IUCr" title="Follow IUCr on Twitter" target="_blank">Twitter</a></td><td class="socialimg"><table summary="formatting" class="button_sgl_table"><tbody><tr><td class="noextraspace"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/iucr.org" target="_blank"><img src="/logos/facebook_24.png" title="Follow us on facebook" alt="Follow us on facebook" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="slink"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/iucr.org" title="Follow us on facebook" target="_blank">Facebook</a></td><td class="socialimg"><table summary="formatting" class="button_sgl_table"><tbody><tr><td class="noextraspace"><a href="https://journals.iucr.org/services/rss.html"><img src="/logos/rss_24.png" title="Sign up for RSS feeds" alt="Sign up for RSS feeds" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="slink"><a href="https://journals.iucr.org/services/rss.html" title="Sign up for RSS feeds">RSS</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr/> <div id="footersearch"> <form action="//scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/full_search" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8"> <div id="fs_search"> <table summary="search formatting" id="fs_tfooter" class="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td id="fs_tdwords" colspan="2" class="inputWrap"> <label for="fs_words">Search IUCr Journals</label> <input name="words" id="fs_words" title="Search IUCr Journals" type="text" /> </td> <td id="fs_tddoi" colspan="2" class="inputWrap"> <label for="fs_doi">doi</label><input title="doi" name="doi" id="fs_doi" type="text" /> </td> <td id="fs_tdgo" rowspan="2"> <input name="Action" value="GO" id="fs_go" type="submit" /><br /> <a id="fs_advs" href="https://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/full_search" title="advanced search" class="link">Advanced search</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="fs_tdauthor" class="inputWrap"> <label for="fs_authorsearch">Author</label> <input title="author" name="authorsearch" id="fs_authorsearch" size="15" type="text" /> </td> <td id="fs_tdjournalList"> <select id="fs_journalList" name="journalList" class="toright" size="1" onchange="$(this).css('color','#000');$(this).children().css('color','#666');"><option selected="selected" value="">All journals</option> <option value="m">IUCrJ</option> <option value="q">Acta Cryst</option> <option value="a">Acta Cryst A</option> <option value="b">Acta Cryst B</option> <option value="c">Acta Cryst C</option> <option value="d">Acta Cryst D</option> <option value="e">Acta Cryst E</option> <option value="f">Acta Cryst F</option> <option value="j">J Appl Cryst</option> <option value="s">J Synchrotron Rad</option> <option value="x">IUCrData</option> </select> </td> <td id="fs_tdvolume" class="inputWrap"> <label for="fs_volumeselect">volume</label><input title="volume" name="volumeselect" size="6" id="fs_volumeselect" type="text" /> </td> <td id="fs_tdpage" class="inputWrap"> <label for="fs_fpageselect">page</label><input title="page" name="fpageselect" size="4" id="fs_fpageselect" type="text" /> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </form> </div><div id="footer" class=""> <div id="ft_linkbar" class="center"> Copyright © <a href="https://www.iucr.org/" title="International Union of Crystallography">International Union of Crystallography</a><br/> <a href="/" title="Home">Home</a> <a href="/services/contactus.html" title="Contact us">Contact us</a> <a href="/services/siteindex.html" title="Site index">Site index</a> <a href="https://www.iucr.org/" title="About us">About us</a> <a href="/services/organizations.html" title="Partners and site credits">Partners and site credits</a> <a href="/services/help.html" title="Help">Help</a> <a href="/services/termsofuse.html" title="Terms of use">Terms of use</a><a href="/services/privacy.html" title="Privacy and cookies">Privacy and cookies</a> </div> <div id="ft_whoarewe" class="center"> The IUCr is a scientific union serving the interests of crystallographers and other scientists employing crystallographic methods. </div> </div></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.10.3/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script src="/javascript/jquery.dotdotdot.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/javascript/jquery/jquery.validate.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function(){ $("button").click(function(){ $(".mathmode").toggle(); }); }); </script> <script src="/javascript/inputmask-1.1.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/javascript/iucrscripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript">  </script> <script src="/javascript/jquery/tabber-minimized.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript">  </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascript/jquery/jquery.cookie.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascript/reference.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//journals.iucr.org/javascript/subwindow.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascript/contents.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascript/menus.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" src="//publcif.iucr.org/widgets/flot/jquery.flot.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" src="//publcif.iucr.org/orcid/js/citeplot.js?v=2024"></script>  </body>  </html>

CINXE.COM

(IUCr) Crystallography Journals Online