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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preamble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preamble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Preamble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preamble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_institutions_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_institutions_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Government institutions and practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_institutions_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_lawmaking_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_lawmaking_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Shared lawmaking power</span> </div> </a> <ul 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aria-controls="toc-Principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judicial_review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Judicial review</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_block" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_block"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Constitutional block</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_block-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles_of_the_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_of_the_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Principles of the Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles_of_the_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_French_constitutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_French_constitutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Timeline of French constitutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_French_constitutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="دستور فرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دستور فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa_Konstitusiyas%C4%B1" title="Fransa Konstitusiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransa Konstitusiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конституция на Франция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конституция на Франция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3_francesa_de_1958" title="Constitució francesa de 1958 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constitució francesa de 1958" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_franske_forfatning_af_4._oktober_1958" title="Den franske forfatning af 4. oktober 1958 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den franske forfatning af 4. oktober 1958" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verfassung_der_F%C3%BCnften_Franz%C3%B6sischen_Republik" title="Verfassung der Fünften Französischen Republik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verfassung der Fünften Französischen Republik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_francesa_de_1958" title="Constitución francesa de 1958 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constitución francesa de 1958" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_konstitucio_de_1958" title="Franca konstitucio de 1958 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franca konstitucio de 1958" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958ko_Frantziako_Konstituzioa" title="1958ko Frantziako Konstituzioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1958ko Frantziako Konstituzioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_fran%C3%A7aise_du_4_octobre_1958" title="Constitution française du 4 octobre 1958 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constitution française du 4 octobre 1958" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunreacht_na_Fraince" title="Bunreacht na Fraince – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bunreacht na Fraince" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_francesa_de_1958" title="Constitución francesa de 1958 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Constitución francesa de 1958" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95" title="프랑스 헌법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스 헌법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="फ्रांस का संविधान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रांस का संविधान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitusi_Prancis" title="Konstitusi Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konstitusi Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costituzione_francese_del_1958" title="Costituzione francese del 1958 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costituzione francese del 1958" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="חוקת צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקת צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzijos_konstitucija" title="Prancūzijos konstitucija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzijos konstitucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciaorsz%C3%A1g_alkotm%C3%A1nya" title="Franciaország alkotmánya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Franciaország alkotmánya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Францын Үндсэн хууль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Францын Үндсэн хууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franse_grondwet" title="Franse grondwet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Franse grondwet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="フランス共和国憲法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス共和国憲法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitucion_francesa_de_1958" title="Constitucion francesa de 1958 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Constitucion francesa de 1958" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstytucja_Francji" title="Konstytucja Francji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstytucja Francji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Constituição da França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constituição da França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitu%C8%9Bia_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Constituția Franței – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Constituția Franței" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Конституция Франции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституция Франции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushtetuta_e_Franc%C3%ABs" title="Kushtetuta e Francës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kushtetuta e Francës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustav_Francuske" title="Ustav Francuske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ustav Francuske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranskan_perustuslaki_(1958)" title="Ranskan perustuslaki (1958) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranskan perustuslaki (1958)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrikes_statsskick" title="Frankrikes statsskick – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frankrikes statsskick" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="รัฐธรรมนูญแห่งสาธารณรัฐฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐธรรมนูญแห่งสาธารณรัฐฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Конституція Франції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конституція Франції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Principles, institutions and law of political governance in France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the current constitution. For a more general article, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_constitutions_of_France" title="List of constitutions of France">List of constitutions of France</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Constitution of Republic of France</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> Constitution française du 4 octobre 1958</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">28 September 1958<span class="noprint">; 66 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1958-09-28</span>)</span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Effective_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective date">Date effective</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 1958<span class="noprint">; 66 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1958-10-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Government structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Government branch">Branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Three (executive, legislative and judiciary)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">Chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of France">Two</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Executive_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive government">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Council of Ministers</a> responsible to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>; <br /> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime minister</a> as head of government</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/High_Court_(France)" title="High Court (France)">High Court</a> is established for presidential Impeachment purposes; an extra-judicial body, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">Constitutional Council</a>, reviews the constitutionality of laws; no other part of the court system is referenced.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">Electoral college</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No, but senate elections mandated to be indirect</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last amended</th><td class="infobox-data">2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Supersedes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="French Constitution of 1946">French Constitution of 1946</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Fifth_French_Republic" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Fifth French Republic">Constitution of the Fifth French Republic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Fifth_French_Republic_(unamended)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Fifth French Republic (unamended)">Constitution of the Fifth French Republic (unamended)</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_France" title="Category:Politics of France">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/125px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/188px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/250px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></i></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_France" title="List of presidents of France">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche!" class="mw-redirect" title="La République En Marche!">LREM</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_France" title="List of prime ministers of France">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Les_R%C3%A9publicains" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Républicains">LR</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnier_government" title="Barnier government">Barnier</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>: <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (France)">Membership</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of France">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%ABl_Braun-Pivet" title="Yaël Braun-Pivet">Yaël Braun-Pivet</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France" title="List of presidents of the Senate of France">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Larcher" title="Gérard Larcher">Gérard Larcher</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_French_Parliament" title="Congress of the French Parliament">Congress of the French Parliament</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">Constitutional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil d'État (France)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Audit of France">Court of Audit</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Cour_de_Justice_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" title="Cour de Justice de la République">Cour de Justice de la République</a></i></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Regions</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan regions</a></b></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas regions</a></b></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country</a></b></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Departments</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_France" title="Referendums in France">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_elections_in_France" title="Legislative elections in France">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="French senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_France" title="Municipal elections in France">Municipal</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Africa_relations" title="France–Africa relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Americas_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Americas relations">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Asia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Asia relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_and_the_United_Nations" title="France and the United Nations">France and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_alliances_of_France" title="Foreign alliances of France">Foreign alliances</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs</a></div></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism_in_France" title="Centrism in France">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_political_scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French political scandals">Political scandals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_France" title="Template:Politics of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_France" title="Template talk:Politics of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The current <b>Constitution of France</b> was adopted on 4 October 1958. It is typically called the <b>Constitution of the Fifth Republic</b> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: la Constitution de la Cinquième République)</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it replaced the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Fourth_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Fourth Republic">Constitution of the Fourth Republic</a> of 1946 with the exception of the preamble per a <a href="/wiki/Decision_71-44_DC_of_16_July_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision 71-44 DC of 16 July 1971">1971 decision</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of France">Constitutional Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current Constitution regards the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#France" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, democracy, social welfare, and indivisibility as core principles of the French state.<sup id="cite_ref-Conseil-const_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conseil-const-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> was the main driving force in introducing the new constitution and inaugurating the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a>, while the text was drafted by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Michel Debré</a>. Since then, the constitution has been <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendments_under_the_French_Fifth_Republic" title="Constitutional amendments under the French Fifth Republic">amended</a> twenty-five times, <a href="/wiki/French_constitutional_law_of_23_July_2008" title="French constitutional law of 23 July 2008">through 2024</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preamble">Preamble</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preamble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The preamble of the constitution recalls the <i><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></i> from 1789 and establishes <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> as <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">a secular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> country, deriving its <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> from the people. </p><p>Since 2005 it includes the ten articles of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Environment" title="Charter for the Environment">Charter for the Environment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_institutions_and_practices">Government institutions and practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government institutions and practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French Constitution established a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> system of government, with two competing readings.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On one hand, the executive branch has both a <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president of the republic</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">prime minister</a>, which is commonly seen in <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary systems">parliamentary systems</a> with a symbolic president and a prime minister who directs the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reading is supported by Articles 5 and 21 of the Constitution, which respectively states that the president is a Guardian of the State and of the Constitution, while the prime minister has the power to decide on Government's actions and policies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a> is very weak for a parliamentary system.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament has a limited legislative competence: article 34 of the Constitution lists domains exclusive to parliamentary legislation, but the remaining domains are left to the executive's regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president also has the crucial powers to call a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> and to dissolve the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Parliament may make a vote of no confidence on the government, since 1962 a majority in the National Assembly has supported the Government.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles de Gaulle, the first president of the Fifth Republic, was instrumental in the adoption of the new constitution, as he was called back from retirement and narrowly avoided a coup resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Gaulle always supported the second interpretation of the constitution, in favor of a powerful president.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first socialist president, François Mitterrand, elected in 1981, also supported this interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1986, elections have from time to time resulted in Parliaments with a majority that did not support the president.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such periods as known in France as <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation</a>, where a president appoints a prime minister from the new parliamentary majority.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During cohabitation, besides powers reserved to the president by the Constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all other government powers would be exercised by the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, the Constitution was amended by shortening the president's term of office from seven years to five, coinciding with the term of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment means the presidential election would take place around the parliamentary election, making it more likely to have winners who agree with one another and make cohabitation less likely.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution provides for the election of the president and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of France">Parliament</a>, the selection of the Government, the powers of each and the relations between them.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ensures judicial authority and creates a High Court (a never-as-yet-convened court for trying the Government),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">Constitutional Council</a> (an innovation of the Fifth Republic),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an Economic and Social Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_lawmaking_power">Shared lawmaking power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shared lawmaking power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A unique feature of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic is that it establishes a shared law-making power between two branches of government, the legislative branch, where such powers resided in previous constitutions, and the executive branch headed by the president and his appointed prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200637_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200637-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parliament has the fundamental responsibility for passing legislation in the Fifth Republic. There are two Houses of Parliament, the National Assembly and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a>. The Assembly is directly elected, and the more important, and has primary power in passing legislation; the Senate can delay, but ultimately not block it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200642_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200642-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the prime minister is the executive branch's liaison with Parliament; <a href="/wiki/Article_49_of_the_French_Constitution" title="Article 49 of the French Constitution">Article 49</a> says they must pledge this role. This is weaker than the constitutions of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Third French Republic">Third</a> or <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Fourth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Fourth French Republic">Fourth</a> republics, where the government could not be installed until Parliament had received the pledge from the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicksonHübner19948–9_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicksonHübner19948–9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unique aspect in the Fifth Republic is in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_21_of_the_French_Constitution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Article 21 of the French Constitution (page does not exist)">Article 21</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_21_de_la_Constitution_de_la_Cinqui%C3%A8me_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Article 21 de la Constitution de la Cinquième République française">fr</a>]</sup>, where the prime minister has the power to make legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200637_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200637-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another unique feature in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_38_of_the_French_Constitution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Article 38 of the French Constitution (page does not exist)">Article 38</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_38_de_la_Constitution_de_la_Cinqui%C3%A8me_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Article 38 de la Constitution de la Cinquième République française">fr</a>]</sup>, the Parliament can <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_delegation_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legislative delegation in France (page does not exist)">temporarily delegate</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation_l%C3%A9gislative" class="extiw" title="fr:Délégation législative">fr</a>]</sup> a portion of its constitutional law-making power to the government to enable rapid consummation of urgent legislation, by passing an enabling law of legislative delegation called a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">loi d'habilitation</i></span> ("enabling law").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicksonHübner19948–9_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicksonHübner19948–9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Article 21, a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">loi d'habilitation</i></span> may be issued by Parliament upon request of the government to temporarily delegate Parliament's constitutional law-making power to the government in a specifically defined subject area and for a specific length of time. While in effect, Parliament is blocked from issuing statutes in that area, and the government is permitted to draw up <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ordonnances</i></span> that normally would be beyond their remit. The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ordonnance</i></span> comes into effect immediately, but must be ratified by Parliament before the end of the period or it expires. Until ratification, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ordonnance</i></span> has the same status as a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">réglement</i></span> (regulation), and can therefor be challenged by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State">Council of State</a>; but after ratification, it takes on the same status as a statute (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">loi</i></span>), and can no longer be challenged. In practice, there have been 23 such <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">lois d'habilitation</i></span> from 1960 to 1990, with effective periods from one month to three and a half years, resulting in 150 <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ordonnances</i></span>. About a third of them were subsequently ratified by Parliament. The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">loi d'habilitation</i></span> is a new constitutional feature, not present in earlier constitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicksonHübner19948–9_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicksonHübner19948–9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">French <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="fr" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:D%C3%A9claration_des_Droits_de_l%E2%80%99Homme_et_du_Citoyen_de_1789" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen de 1789">Declaration of the Rights of Man</a></b> (in French)</div></div></div> </div> <p>Power sharing was unique in being part of the constitution in the Fifth Republic, but the practice was not recent. The determination that Parliament has responsibility for the law goes back to article 6 of the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man">Declaration of the Rights of Man</a> of 1789, and the role of the executive branch was only to execute it. In theory, Parliament would specify general laws, and the executive could only make regulations about how to apply the laws to day-to-day situations. In practice, this turned out differently, as Parliament on its own initiative sometimes passed acts delegating to the executive the right to alter or void acts of Parliament, called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">décrets-lois</i></span>. This practice slowly found its way into the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200669_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200669-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>'s <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Constitutional Act of 25 February 1874</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Supported by EJV-2006 p.69, but cannot find corroboration elsewhere that such a law even exists. Not a mixup with art. 1 of the Constitutional Act of 25 February 1875, which is about the Senate. (October 2023)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="To confirm the 25 Feb 1874 act (October 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> explicitly forbade the Parliament to delegate its responsibility, within five years this was ignored and had occurred several times. In 1939, in the runup to the Second World War, Parliament gave the government the power to enact decrees to protect the country. This practice became entrenched after the war, despite the fact that Article 13 of the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="French Constitution of 1946">1946 Constitution</a> of the newly founded Fourth Republic expressly forbade it.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the reason for this, was a lot of squabbling among numerous small political parties in Parliament, who were unable to agree on anything and were ineffective in passing legislation. This became especially problematic in the 1950s, as the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Crisis">crisis in Algeria</a> began to heat up, and Parliament was unable to deal with it. Charles de Gaulle, a private citizen at the time, realized that the way out was to have a more powerful executive and a weaker Parliament; when he was finally invited to form a new government in 1958 and write a constitution, his ideas were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Fifth_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Fifth Republic">Constitution of the Fifth Republic</a>, including the legislative power sharing defined in Articles 21 and 38.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200669–70_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200669–70-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the original version of Article 37, everything that was not reserved to the legislative domain in article was of a regulatory character (i.e., under control of the executive branch), although that clause was removed later. Since 1982, the legislative domain expanded, and since the landmark 1971 decision of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">Constitutional Council</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> additional sources were defined as part of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_block_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional block (France)">constitutional block</a>, such as the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the 1946 constitutional preamble, which were henceforth part of the legislative domain. and after further reforms in 1996, the legislative domain has more power than was originally thought in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200670-72_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200670-72-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaties_and_the_EU">Treaties and the EU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treaties and the EU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It enables the ratification of international treaties<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those associated with the European Union. It is unclear whether the wording, especially the reserves of reciprocity, is compatible with <a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">European Union law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amendment">Amendment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution also sets out methods for its own amendment: a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> (article 11) or a parliamentary process with presidential consent. The normal procedure of constitutional amendment is that the amendment must be adopted in identical terms by both houses of Parliament and then must be adopted by a simple majority in a referendum or by a three-fifths supermajority of the <a href="/wiki/French_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="French Congress">French Congress</a>, a joint session of both houses of Parliament (article 89). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Constitution_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Constitution of France">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Constitution+of+France%22">"Constitution of France"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Constitution+of+France%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Constitution+of+France%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Constitution+of+France%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Constitution+of+France%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Constitution+of+France%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_review">Judicial review</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judicial review"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 1971, though executive, administrative and judicial decisions had to comply with the general principles of law (<a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> derived from law and the practice of law in general), there were no such restrictions on legislation. It was assumed that unelected judges and other appointees should not be able to overrule laws voted for by the directly elected French parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_block">Constitutional block</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Constitutional block"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1175006351">.mw-parser-output .constitutional-block-body{width:24em}.mw-parser-output .constitutional-block-above{font-weight:500;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .constitutional-block-content{font-weight:500;font-size:105%}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile constitutional-block-body"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title constitutional-block-title"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_block_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional block (France)">Constitutional block</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above constitutional-block-above"> <i>(<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_de_constitutionnalit%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Bloc de constitutionnalité">Bloc de constitutionnalité</a>)</i></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content constitutional-block-content"> <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="French Constitution">French Constitution of 1958</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content constitutional-block-content"> <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1958#Preamble" class="mw-redirect" title="French Constitution of 1958">Preamble to the 1958 French Constitution</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content constitutional-block-content"> <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content constitutional-block-content"> <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_27_October_1946#Preamble" title="French Constitution of 27 October 1946">Preamble to the 1946 French Constitution</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content constitutional-block-content"> <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_principles_recognized_by_the_laws_of_the_Republic" title="Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic">Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content constitutional-block-content"> <a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Environment" title="Charter for the Environment">Charter for the Environment</a></td> </tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information (in French): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_block&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional block (page does not exist)">Constitutional block</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_de_constitutionnalit%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Bloc de constitutionnalité">fr</a>]</sup></div> <p>One of the cornerstones of the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic was the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">Constitutional Council</a>, composing of nine justices, who oversaw the constitutionality of legislation (treaties, statutes, regulations), ensured election and referendum oversight, and arbitrated legislative disputes between the President and National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed a broader trend during post-war Europe to establish specialized judiciary tribunals to serve as a bulwark against unconstitutional legislative activities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Council was quite limited in its power under de Gaulle’s presidency and was only decisive when it erroneously upheld a popular referendum to streamline the popular presidential election via the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/1969_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 French constitutional referendum">de Gaulle’s resignation in 1969</a>, the Council entertained greater judicial power and discretion upon adjudicating in the consequential political crisis. The staunch Gaullist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a> was elected as de Gaulle’s replacement. He faced a political crisis when his Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Jacques Chaban-Delmas</a> pressured the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> into banning the radical <a href="/wiki/Gauche_prol%C3%A9tarienne" title="Gauche prolétarienne">Proletarian Left (La gauche prolétarienne)</a> twice, which he deemed a threat to the public order and national security. This led to opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">French Senate</a>, whose president appealed to the Constitutional Council.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequently, in 1971, the Constitutional Council ruled its landmark decision <a href="/wiki/Decision_71-44_DC_of_16_July_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision 71-44 DC of 16 July 1971">71-44 DC</a>, better known as the 1971 Freedom of Association Decision.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such, the Council broke precedent by striking down legislation that allegedly violated the right to freedom of association, thereby fostering the “Constitutional Block.”<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Block consisted of the 1958 Constitution, explicit standards (<a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_27_October_1946" title="French Constitution of 27 October 1946">the Preamble to the Constitution of the Fourth Republic or 1946 Constitution</a>), and implicit standards (the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_principles_of_the_Republic_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental principles of the Republic (France)">fundamental principles of the Republic</a>—indivisibility, secularism, democracy, equal opportunity). Thus, according to the Council, the actions taken violated the collective principles of the Constitutional Block. Prior to the 1971 Freedom of Association Decision, the Council could only verify laws under the explicit textual stipulation of the 1958 Constitution. Since the 1971 decision, the Constitutional Court obtained an enhanced role in judicial review by having a broader constitutional basis to review alleged legislative breaches, curbing the goal of <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullists</a> from 1958 of maintaining a strong executive. Since the ruling, the Constitutional Council has added the <a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Environment" title="Charter for the Environment">2004 Charter of the Environment</a> to France’s Constitutional Block, demonstrating France’s newfound tenacity in judicial review.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principles_of_the_Republic">Principles of the Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Principles of the Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22French+constitution%22+basic+principles+1958">"French constitution" basic principles 1958</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22French+constitution%22+basic+principles+1958+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22French+constitution%22+basic+principles+1958&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22French+constitution%22+basic+principles+1958+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22French+constitution%22+basic+principles+1958">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22French+constitution%22+basic+principles+1958&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Constitution are written the principles of the French Republic:<sup id="cite_ref-Conseil-const_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conseil-const-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">Social welfare</a>, which means that everybody must be able to access free public services and be helped when needed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">Laïcité</a>, which means that the churches are separated from the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">State</a> and the freedom from religion is protected.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>, which means that the Parliament and the Government are elected by the people.</li> <li>Indivisibility, which means that the French people are united in a single <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> country with one language, the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>, and all people are equal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amendments">Amendments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on amendments: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendments_under_the_Fifth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional amendments under the Fifth French Republic">Constitutional amendments under the Fifth French Republic</a></div> <p>The Constitution, in Article 89, has an amending formula. First, a constitutional bill must be approved by both houses of Parliament. Then, the bill must either be approved by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of France">Congress</a>, a special joint session of both houses, or submitted to a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>. </p><p>In 1962, Charles de Gaulle proposed that the president be elected by direct suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He bypassed the amendment procedure by directly sending a constitutional amendment to referendum (article 11). The Art. 11 procedure was envisioned as a procedure for proposing legislation, including changing the organization of constitutional institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1962_French_presidential_election_referendum" title="1962 French presidential election referendum">1962 referendum</a> was approved by 62% of the vote but only 46% of registered voters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment permitted the establishment of a popularly-elected presidency, which would otherwise have been vetoed by the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-DN_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The referendum was highly controversial at the time, but the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of France">Constitutional Council</a> ruled that it can only review legislative acts for unconstitutionality, not executive acts; since the referendum was proposed by the executive, it was unreviewable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since a referendum expressed the will of the sovereign people, the Council ruled that the amendment had been adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars had regarded the amendment as a post hoc manifestation of the constituent power, which is the inherent power of the people to bypass an existing constitution to adopt a new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 11 was used for constitutional changes for the second and final time in <a href="/wiki/1969_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 French constitutional referendum">1969</a>, but the "No" prevailed, causing Charles de Gaulle to resign from the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-DN_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 July 2008, Parliament passed constitutional reforms championed by President <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> by a margin of two votes. The changes, when finalized, introduced a consecutive two-term limit for the presidency, gave Parliament a veto over some presidential appointments, ended government control over Parliament's committee system, allowed Parliament to set its own agenda, allowed the president to address Parliament in-session and ended the president's right of collective pardon. (See <a href="/wiki/French_constitutional_law_of_23_July_2008" title="French constitutional law of 23 July 2008">French constitutional law of 23 July 2008</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_21_July_2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_21_July_2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 March 2024, Parliament amended Article 34 in a 780 to 72 vote. This amendment made France, as of passage, the only nation to guarantee the right to an abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-ap-abortion_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-abortion-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment describes abortion as a "guaranteed freedom";<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-abortion_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-abortion-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Yugoslavia included similar measures in 1974 guaranteeing the right to "decide on having children", the French amendment is the first to explicitly guarantee abortion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_French_constitutions">Timeline of French constitutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Timeline of French constitutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg/910px-Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg.png" decoding="async" width="910" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg/1365px-Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg/1820px-Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4843" data-file-height="932" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_49_of_the_French_Constitution" title="Article 49 of the French Constitution">Article 49 of the French Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="French Constitutional Council">French Constitutional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Republic (France)">Fifth Republic (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a>, which succeeded the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_system_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Political system of France">Government of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity_in_France" title="Parliamentary immunity in France">Parliamentary immunity in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_principles_of_French_law" title="General principles of French law">General principles of French law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bayeux_speeches#Second_Bayeux_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bayeux speeches">De Gaulle's 1946 Bayeux speech</a>, in which he outlined his vision of the constitution</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The National Assembly alone votes Statutes. It cannot delegate this power." —French Constitution of 27 October 1946, Article 13.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/la-constitution-de-la-cinquieme-republique">"Élysée Palace"</a>. <i>Official website of the President of France</i>. 20 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+President+of+France&rft.atitle=%C3%89lys%C3%A9e+Palace&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elysee.fr%2Fla-presidence%2Fla-constitution-de-la-cinquieme-republique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegifrance" class="citation web cs1">République française; Secrétariat général du gouvernement (19 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr">"Légifrance Le service public de la diffusion du droit"</a> [The public service for dissemination of the law]. <i>Légifrance</i>. Direction de l'information légale et administrative. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/cons/id/CONSTEXT000017665605">Const. Council dec. 71-44 DC of 16 July 1971</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2270-8987">2270-8987</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/867599055">867599055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%C3%A9gifrance&rft.atitle=L%C3%A9gifrance+Le+service+public+de+la+diffusion+du+droit&rft.pages=Const.+Council+dec.+71-44+DC+of+16+July+1971&rft.date=2022-10-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867599055&rft.issn=2270-8987&rft.au=R%C3%A9publique+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.au=Secr%C3%A9tariat+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+du+gouvernement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conseil-const-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conseil-const_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conseil-const_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/le-bloc-de-constitutionnalite/texte-integral-de-la-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958-en-vigueur">https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/le-bloc-de-constitutionnalite/texte-integral-de-la-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958-en-vigueur</a> | website = Conseil Constitutionnelle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/francais/la-constitution/les-revisions-constitutionnelles/les-revisions-constitutionnelles.5075.html">"Les révisions constitutionnelles"</a>. <i>Conseil Constitutionnel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conseil+Constitutionnel&rft.atitle=Les+r%C3%A9visions+constitutionnelles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conseil-constitutionnel.fr%2Fconseil-constitutionnel%2Ffrancais%2Fla-constitution%2Fles-revisions-constitutionnelles%2Fles-revisions-constitutionnelles.5075.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellBoyronWhittaker2008" class="citation book cs1">Bell, John; Boyron, Sophie; Whittaker, Simon (27 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541393.001.0001/acprof-9780199541393"><i>Principles of French Law</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199541393.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541393.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954139-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954139-3"><bdi>978-0-19-954139-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+French+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199541393.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954139-3&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Boyron%2C+Sophie&rft.au=Whittaker%2C+Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199541393.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199541393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_Vicki_C.2014" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Vicki C. (2014). <i>Comparative constitutional law</i>. Tushnet, Mark V., 1945- (Third ed.). St. Paul, MN: Foundation Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59941-594-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59941-594-9"><bdi>978-1-59941-594-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/887207632">887207632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+constitutional+law&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+MN&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Foundation+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F887207632&rft.isbn=978-1-59941-594-9&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Vicki+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. articles 5, 12, 19, and 64, on the role of the President of the Republic, the right to dissolve the National Assembly, the personal powers of the President, and the power to appoint three members of the Conseil constitutionnel, among whom is its president.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see article 68 of the constitution</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200637-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200637_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200637_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliottJeanpierreVernon2006">Elliott, Jeanpierre & Vernon 2006</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200642-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200642_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliottJeanpierreVernon2006">Elliott, Jeanpierre & Vernon 2006</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicksonHübner19948–9-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicksonHübner19948–9_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicksonHübner19948–9_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicksonHübner19948–9_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDicksonHübner1994">Dickson & Hübner 1994</a>, p. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200669-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200669_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliottJeanpierreVernon2006">Elliott, Jeanpierre & Vernon 2006</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200669–70-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200669–70_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliottJeanpierreVernon2006">Elliott, Jeanpierre & Vernon 2006</a>, p. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200670-72-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliottJeanpierreVernon200670-72_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliottJeanpierreVernon2006">Elliott, Jeanpierre & Vernon 2006</a>, p. 70-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International treaties enter into domestic legal system by law which, according to the French Constitution (Article 55), has above-the-primary rank: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuonomo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Buonomo, Giampiero (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801002834/http://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89382051">"Incompatibilità tra parlamento italiano ed europeo: le "contraddizioni" costituzionali e i paletti ai consiglieri regionali"</a>. <i>Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89382051">the original</a> on 1 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diritto%26Giustizia+Edizione+Online&rft.atitle=Incompatibilit%C3%A0+tra+parlamento+italiano+ed+europeo%3A+le+%22contraddizioni%22+costituzionali+e+i+paletti+ai+consiglieri+regionali&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Buonomo&rft.aufirst=Giampiero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fprojects%23%21%2Fproject%2F89382051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/landing/3">"Constitutional Council | Conseil constitutionnel"</a>. <i>www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Council+%7C+Conseil+constitutionnel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conseil-constitutionnel.fr%2Fen%2Flanding%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.venice.coe.int/SACJF/2006_02_Venice_Strasbourg/report_mazak.htm">"Ján Mazák"</a>. <i>www.venice.coe.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.venice.coe.int&rft.atitle=J%C3%A1n+Maz%C3%A1k&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.venice.coe.int%2FSACJF%2F2006_02_Venice_Strasbourg%2Freport_mazak.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,874518,00.html">"France: The Referendum: De Gaulle Has as Good as Won"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 26 October 1962. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=France%3A+The+Referendum%3A+De+Gaulle+Has+as+Good+as+Won&rft.date=1962-10-26&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C874518%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGow_Calabresi" class="citation web cs1">Gow Calabresi, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/39903/chapter/340151204">"The History and Growth of Judicial Review: The G-20 Civil Law Countries"</a>. <i>academic.oup.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190075736.003.0007">10.1093/oso/9780190075736.003.0007</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academic.oup.com&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Growth+of+Judicial+Review%3A+The+G-20+Civil+Law+Countries&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190075736.003.0007&rft.aulast=Gow+Calabresi&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F39903%2Fchapter%2F340151204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/decision/1971/7144DC.htm">"Decision no. 71-44 DC of 16 July 1971 | Conseil constitutionnel"</a>. <i>www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr&rft.atitle=Decision+no.+71-44+DC+of+16+July+1971+%7C+Conseil+constitutionnel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conseil-constitutionnel.fr%2Fen%2Fdecision%2F1971%2F7144DC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cjel.law.columbia.edu/print/1996/law-history-and-memory-republican-moments-and-the-legitimacy-of-constitutional-review-in-france/">"Law, History, and Memory: "Republican Moments" and the Legitimacy of Constitutional Review in France – Columbia Journal of European Law"</a>. <i>cjel.law.columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cjel.law.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Law%2C+History%2C+and+Memory%3A+%22Republican+Moments%22+and+the+Legitimacy+of+Constitutional+Review+in+France+%E2%80%93+Columbia+Journal+of+European+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcjel.law.columbia.edu%2Fprint%2F1996%2Flaw-history-and-memory-republican-moments-and-the-legitimacy-of-constitutional-review-in-france%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elysee.fr/en/french-presidency/the-charter-for-the-environment">"The Charter for the Environment"</a>. <i>elysee.fr</i>. 16 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elysee.fr&rft.atitle=The+Charter+for+the+Environment&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elysee.fr%2Fen%2Ffrench-presidency%2Fthe-charter-for-the-environment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DN-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DN_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DN_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Dieter Nohlen</a> & Philip Stöver (2010) <i>Elections in Europe: A data handbook</i>, p674 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7">978-3-8329-5609-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See C. cons. 6 Nov. 1962, <i>Election du Président de la République</i>, Rec. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_21_July_2008-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_21_July_2008_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7517505.stm">"France backs constitution reform"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 21 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=France+backs+constitution+reform&rft.date=2008-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7517505.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap-abortion-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ap-abortion_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurkGarriga2024" class="citation news cs1">Surk, Barbara; Garriga, Nicolas (4 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/france-abortion-right-constitution-parliament-vote-versailles-d6ce4fb3a6a7288033f58235b65f570e">"France becomes the only country to explicitly guarantee abortion as a constitutional right"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. The Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=France+becomes+the+only+country+to+explicitly+guarantee+abortion+as+a+constitutional+right&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.aulast=Surk&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Garriga%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Ffrance-abortion-right-constitution-parliament-vote-versailles-d6ce4fb3a6a7288033f58235b65f570e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-abortion-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-abortion_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2024" class="citation news cs1">Porter, Catherine (4 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/04/world/europe/france-abortion-rights-constitution.html">"French Lawmakers Enshrine Access to Abortion in Constitution"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=French+Lawmakers+Enshrine+Access+to+Abortion+in+Constitution&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F03%2F04%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ffrance-abortion-rights-constitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Works cited</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicksonHübner1994" class="citation book cs1">Dickson, Brice; Hübner, Ulrich (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Introduction_to_French_Law.html?id=9mYvAQAAIAAJ"><i>Introduction to French law</i></a>. London: Pitman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780273601401" title="Special:BookSources/9780273601401"><bdi>9780273601401</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3479836">3479836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+French+law&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pitman&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3479836&rft.isbn=9780273601401&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Brice&rft.au=H%C3%BCbner%2C+Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FIntroduction_to_French_Law.html%3Fid%3D9mYvAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span><br /></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliottJeanpierreVernon2006" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Catherine; Jeanpierre, Eric; Vernon, Catherine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jbv4LGjJ0BwC"><i>French Legal System</i></a> (Second ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson/Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-1161-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-1161-3"><bdi>978-1-4058-1161-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70107160">70107160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Legal+System&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Pearson%2FLongman&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70107160&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-1161-3&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Jeanpierre%2C+Eric&rft.au=Vernon%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJbv4LGjJ0BwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span><br /></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707153306/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jopdf/common/jo_pdf.jsp?numJO=0&dateJO=19581005&numTexte=&pageDebut=09151&pageFin=09173">"Constitution"</a>. <i>Journal Officiel de la République Française</i> (in French): 9151–9173. 5 October 1958. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jopdf/common/jo_pdf.jsp?numJO=0&dateJO=19581005&numTexte=&pageDebut=09151&pageFin=09173">the original</a> on 7 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Officiel+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=Constitution&rft.pages=9151-9173&rft.date=1958-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Fjopdf%2Fcommon%2Fjo_pdf.jsp%3FnumJO%3D0%26dateJO%3D19581005%26numTexte%3D%26pageDebut%3D09151%26pageFin%3D09173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhevontian1979" class="citation thesis cs1">Ghevontian, Richard (1979). <i>L'élaboration de la Constitution de la V<sup>e</sup> République</i> (Th. Etat). Aix-en-Provence.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=L%27%C3%A9laboration+de+la+Constitution+de+la+V%3Csup%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E+R%C3%A9publique&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Ghevontian&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hoffmann, Stanley H. (1959). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/i-the-final-text-and-its-prospects/D85AA879589E7DF7D8A55534DB7DA40E">The French Constitution of 1958 – I. The Final Text and its Prospects</a>". <i>American Political Science Review</i> <b>53</b> (2): 332–357.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamot2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jamot, Didier (2019). <i>Annuaire des engagements internationaux ayant fait l'objet d'une loi d'autorisation sous la Ve République</i>. Logiques juridiques (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-3431-6237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-3431-6237-9"><bdi>978-2-3431-6237-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annuaire+des+engagements+internationaux+ayant+fait+l%27objet+d%27une+loi+d%27autorisation+sous+la+Ve+R%C3%A9publique&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Logiques+juridiques&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-2-3431-6237-9&rft.aulast=Jamot&rft.aufirst=Didier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivaSandrine_Giummarra2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oliva, Éric; Sandrine Giummarra (2011). <i>Droit constitutionnel</i>. Aide-mémoire (in French) (7 ed.). Paris: Sirey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-247-10965-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-247-10965-4"><bdi>978-2-247-10965-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Droit+constitutionnel&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Aide-m%C3%A9moire&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Sirey&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-247-10965-4&rft.aulast=Oliva&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft.au=Sandrine+Giummarra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Frédéric Monera, <i>L'idée de République et la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel</i> – Paris : L.G.D.J., 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fnac.com/Shelf/article.asp?PRID=1601897&Mn=2&Ra=-1&To=0&Nu=2&Fr=3">[1]</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923201826/http://www.lgdj.fr/rech_rapide.php?_Sess=c22f5de9dee93f9554d169596caad970&_Mots=monera&_TypeCode=">[2]</a>.</li> <li>Martin A. Rogoff, "French Constitutional Law: Cases and Materials" – Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 2010.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cap-press.com/books/isbn/9781594606540/French+Constitutional+Law">[3]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogoff" class="citation web cs1">Rogoff, Martin A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juspoliticum.com/article/Fifty-years-of-constitutional-evolution-in-France-The-2008-amendments-and-beyond-373.html">"Fifty years of constitutional evolution in France: The 2008 amendments and beyond"</a>. <i>Jus Politicum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jus+Politicum&rft.atitle=Fifty+years+of+constitutional+evolution+in+France%3A+The+2008+amendments+and+beyond&rft.aulast=Rogoff&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjuspoliticum.com%2Farticle%2FFifty-years-of-constitutional-evolution-in-France-The-2008-amendments-and-beyond-373.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wahl, Nicholas (1959). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/ii-the-initial-draft-and-its-origins/92D479973A8C263D5135FB6243FC9D21">The French Constitution of 1958 – II. The Initial Draft and its Origins</a>". <i>American Political Science Review</i> <b>53</b> (2): 358–382.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_France&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">French <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="fr" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Constitutions françaises">Constitutions françaises</a></b> (in French)</div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Droit-francais/Constitution">"La Constitution"</a>. <i>Légifrance</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%C3%A9gifrance&rft.atitle=La+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FDroit-francais%2FConstitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/sites/default/files/as/root/bank_mm/anglais/constiution_anglais_oct2009.pdf">"Constitution of October 4, 1958"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+October+4%2C+1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conseil-constitutionnel.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fas%2Froot%2Fbank_mm%2Fanglais%2Fconstiution_anglais_oct2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span> (in English)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/francais/la-constitution/la-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958/texte-integral-de-la-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958-en-vigueur.5074.html">"Texte intégral de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 en vigueur"</a>. <i>Conseil Constitutionnel</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conseil+Constitutionnel&rft.atitle=Texte+int%C3%A9gral+de+la+Constitution+du+4+octobre+1958+en+vigueur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conseil-constitutionnel.fr%2Fconseil-constitutionnel%2Ffrancais%2Fla-constitution%2Fla-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958%2Ftexte-integral-de-la-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958-en-vigueur.5074.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/constitution-of-4-october-1958">"Constitution of 4 October 1958"</a>. <i>Conseil Constitutionnel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conseil+Constitutionnel&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+4+October+1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conseil-constitutionnel.fr%2Fen%2Fconstitution-of-4-october-1958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_27_October_1946" title="French Constitution of 27 October 1946">Constitution of the Fourth Republic</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions of France</a><br />Constitution of the Fifth Republic </b><br />1958 - Present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">-</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_France" title="Template:Constitutions of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutions_of_France" title="Template talk:Constitutions of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_constitutions_of_France" title="List of constitutions of France">Constitutions of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Cabinet_of_Louis_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Cabinet of Louis XVI">Constitutional Cabinet</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">1791</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">1st Republic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1793" title="French Constitution of 1793">1793 (Year I)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">1795 (Year III)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">1799 (Year VIII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_X" title="Constitution of the Year X">1802 (Year X)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">1st Empire</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_XII" title="Constitution of the Year XII">1804 (Year XII)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1814" title="Charter of 1814">1814</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1815" title="Charter of 1815">1815</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1830" title="Charter of 1830">1830</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">2nd Republic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1848" title="French Constitution of 1848">1848</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">2nd Empire</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1852" title="French Constitution of 1852">1852</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">3rd Republic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_constitutional_laws_of_1875" title="French constitutional laws of 1875">1875</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">French State</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">1940</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">GPRF</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_27_October_1946" title="French Constitution of 27 October 1946">1946</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">4th Republic</a></b></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1958</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">5th Republic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendments_under_the_French_Fifth_Republic" title="Constitutional amendments under the French Fifth Republic">amendments</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_fran%C3%A7aise_de_1958_avec_l%E2%80%99ensemble_de_ses_modifications" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution française de 1958 avec l’ensemble de ses modifications">full text</a> <small>(in French)</small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Constitutional_block">Constitutional<br />block</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_27_October_1946#Preamble" title="French Constitution of 27 October 1946">Preamble to the 1946 French Constitution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French Constitution of 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Environment" title="Charter for the Environment">Charter for the Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_principles_recognized_by_the_laws_of_the_Republic" title="Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic">Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_France" title="Referendums in France">Constitutional<br />referendums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1793_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1793 French constitutional referendum">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795_French_referendums" title="1795 French referendums">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1800 French constitutional referendum">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1802 French constitutional referendum">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1804 French constitutional referendum">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1815 French constitutional referendum">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1851 French constitutional referendum">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_French_Second_Empire_referendum" title="1852 French Second Empire referendum">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1870 French constitutional referendum">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1945 French constitutional referendum">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1946_French_constitutional_referendum" title="May 1946 French constitutional referendum">1946 (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1946_French_constitutional_referendum" title="October 1946 French constitutional referendum">1946 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 French constitutional referendum">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_French_constitutional_referendum" title="2000 French constitutional referendum">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituent<br />assemblies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Constituent_Assembly_of_1848&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Constituent Assembly of 1848 (page does not exist)">1848</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_constituante_(Deuxi%C3%A8me_R%C3%A9publique)" class="extiw" title="fr:Assemblée nationale constituante (Deuxième République)">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(1871)" title="National Assembly (1871)">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Constituent_Assembly_of_1945&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Constituent Assembly of 1945 (page does not exist)">1945</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_constituante_de_1945" class="extiw" title="fr:Assemblée constituante de 1945">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Constituent_Assembly_of_1946&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Constituent Assembly of 1946 (page does not exist)">1946</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_constituante_de_1946" class="extiw" title="fr:Assemblée constituante de 1946">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutional <br />laws      </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1872 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9veneuc_law" title="Tréveneuc law">Tréveneuc law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_constitutional_laws_of_1875" title="French constitutional laws of 1875">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_2_November_1945" title="Constitutional law of 2 November 1945">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_3_June_1958&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Law of 3 June 1958 (page does not exist)">1958 (Jun)</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_constitutionnelle_du_3_juin_1958" class="extiw" title="fr:Loi constitutionnelle du 3 juin 1958">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_4_October_1958&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Law of 4 October 1958 (page does not exist)">1958 (Oct)</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_du_4_octobre_1958" class="extiw" title="fr:Constitution du 4 octobre 1958">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_1968&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Law of 1968 (page does not exist)">1968</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_constitutionnelle_de_1867" class="extiw" title="fr:Loi constitutionnelle de 1867">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Law of 1982 (page does not exist)">1982</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_constitutionnelle_de_1982" class="extiw" title="fr:Loi constitutionnelle de 1982">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_1992&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Law of 1992 (page does not exist)">1992</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_constitutionnelle_du_25_juin_1992" class="extiw" title="fr:Loi constitutionnelle du 25 juin 1992">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Law of 2003 (page does not exist)">2003</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_constitutionnelle_du_28_mars_2003" class="extiw" title="fr:Loi constitutionnelle du 28 mars 2003">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_constitutional_law_of_23_July_2008" title="French constitutional law of 23 July 2008">2008</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hierarchy_of_norms_in_French_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hierarchy_of_norms_in_French_law" title="Template:Hierarchy of norms in French law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Hierarchy_of_norms_in_French_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Hierarchy of norms in French law (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hierarchy_of_norms_in_French_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hierarchy of norms in French law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hierarchy_of_norms_in_French_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_norms#France" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchy of norms">Hierarchy of norms in French law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_block_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional block (France)"> Constitutional block</a><br /><span style="font-weight:3; font-size:smaller; padding-left:1.4em"><i>Bloc de constitutionnalité</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution of 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_of_the_French_Constitution_of_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Preamble of the French Constitution of 1946">Preamble of the French Constitution of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Environment" title="Charter for the Environment">Charter for the Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_principles_recognized_by_the_laws_of_the_Republic" title="Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic">Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_having_constitutional_status&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principles having constitutional status (page does not exist)">Principles having constitutional status</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principes_%C3%A0_valeur_constitutionnelle" class="extiw" title="fr:Principes à valeur constitutionnelle">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Objective_of_constitutional_value&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Objective of constitutional value (page does not exist)">Objective of constitutional value</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectif_de_valeur_constitutionnelle" class="extiw" title="fr:Objectif de valeur constitutionnelle">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kelsen%27s_pyramid" title="Kelsen's pyramid"><img alt="Kelsen's pyramid of norms: a triangle or pyramid with administrative actions at the bottom, the Constitution at the apex, and several levels in between" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pyramide_des_normes.png/300px-Pyramide_des_normes.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pyramide_des_normes.png/450px-Pyramide_des_normes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pyramide_des_normes.png/600px-Pyramide_des_normes.png 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1046" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_de_conventionnalit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloc de conventionnalité (page does not exist)">Bloc de conventionnalité</a> </i><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_de_conventionnalit%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Bloc de conventionnalité">fr</a>]</sup><br /><span style="font-weight:3; font-size:smaller">Treaties and international agreements</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">European Union law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_de_l%C3%A9galit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloc de légalité (page does not exist)">Bloc de légalité</a> </i><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_de_l%C3%A9galit%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Bloc de légalité">fr</a>]</sup><br /><span style="font-weight:3; font-size:smaller">parliamentary or governmental laws</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_law_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic law (France)">Organic law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinary_law_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinary law (France) (page does not exist)">Ordinary law</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_ordinaire" class="extiw" title="fr:Loi ordinaire">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordonnance" title="Ordonnance">Ratified <i>ordonnance</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A8glement_autonome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Règlement autonome (page does not exist)">Règlement autonome</a> </i><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8glement_en_droit_fran%C3%A7ais#Les_règlements_autonomes" class="extiw" title="fr:Règlement en droit français">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A8glements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Règlements (page does not exist)">Règlements</a> </i><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8glement_en_droit_fran%C3%A7ais" class="extiw" title="fr:Règlement en droit français">fr</a>]</sup><br /><span style="font-weight:3; font-size:smaller">Executive branch regulations</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordonnance" title="Ordonnance">Unratified <i>ordonnance</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cret" class="mw-redirect" title="Décret">Décret</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9_(French_law)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrêté (French law) (page does not exist)">Arrêté</a> </i><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Arrêté en France">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_acts_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrative acts in France (page does not exist)">Administrative acts</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acte_administratif_unilat%C3%A9ral_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Acte administratif unilatéral en France">fr</a>]</sup><br /><span style="font-weight:3; font-size:smaller">Circulars, directives, etc.</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circulars_in_French_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circulars in French law (page does not exist)">Circulars</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulaire_en_droit_fran%C3%A7ais" class="extiw" title="fr:Circulaire en droit français">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directive_(French_law)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directive (French law) (page does not exist)">Directives</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(droit_administratif)" class="extiw" title="fr:Directive (droit administratif)">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchy of norms">Hierarchy of norms</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%A9rarchie_des_normes" class="extiw" title="fr:Hiérarchie des normes">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_French_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of French law">Sources of French law</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_du_droit" class="extiw" title="fr:Source du droit">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_principles_of_French_law" title="General principles of French law">General principles of French law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="France_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:France_topics" title="Template:France topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:France_topics" title="Template talk:France topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:France_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:France topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="France_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutions_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_Europe" title="Template:Constitutions of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutions_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Constitutions of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitutions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Andorra" title="Constitution of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Austria" title="Constitution of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitution of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia" title="Constitution of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Denmark" title="Constitution of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" title="Constitution of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lithuania" title="Constitution of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Luxembourg" title="Constitution of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malta" title="Constitution of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova" title="Constitution of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Monaco" title="Constitution of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro" title="Constitution of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Macedonia" title="Constitution of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_San_Marino" title="Constitution of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovakia" title="Constitution of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovenia" title="Constitution of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia" title="Constitution of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Ossetia" title="Constitution of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Transnistria" title="Constitution of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_%C3%85land" title="Constitution of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Gibraltar" title="Constitution of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Guernsey" title="Constitution of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jersey" title="Constitution of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_de_Gaulle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Template:Charles de Gaulle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Template talk:Charles de Gaulle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles de Gaulle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_de_Gaulle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_and_terms_of_address_used_for_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="List of names and terms of address used for Charles de Gaulle">Names and terms of address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before WWII</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early life <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Birthplace of Charles de Gaulle">Birthplace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Gaulle_family" title="De Gaulle family">Family</a></li> <li>World War I <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Army_(France)" title="5th Army (France)">5th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dinant" title="Battle of Dinant">Battle of Dinant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Interwar period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Military_Mission_to_Poland" title="French Military Mission to Poland">French Military Mission to Poland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_during_World_War_II" title="Charles de Gaulle during World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of<br />France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Armored_Division_(France,_1940)" title="4th Armored Division (France, 1940)">4th Armored Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montcornet" title="Battle of Montcornet">Battle of Montcornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abbeville" title="Battle of Abbeville">Battle of Abbeville</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Template:Campaignbox Free French">Campaigns</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">CNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">CFLN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference" title="Brazzaville Conference">Brazzaville Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Crisis" title="Levant Crisis">Levant Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis_in_France" title="May 1958 crisis in France">May 1958 crisis</a></li> <li>1958 elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_presidential_election" title="1958 French presidential election">presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_legislative_election" title="1958 French legislative election">legislative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1958 constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">referendum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Presidency of Charles de Gaulle">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Plan" title="Constantine Plan">Constantine Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouchet_Plan" title="Fouchet Plan">Fouchet Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit-Clamart_attack" title="Petit-Clamart attack">1962 assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_French_presidential_election_referendum" title="1962 French presidential election referendum">1962 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Treaty" title="Élysée Treaty">Élysée Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle%27s_trip_to_South_America" title="Charles de Gaulle's trip to South America">Trip to South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">1965 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 French constitutional referendum">1969 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle#Later_life" title="Charles de Gaulle">Later life and death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments and<br />political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches and<br />statements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">Appeal of 18 June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayeux_speeches" title="Bayeux speeches">Bayeux speeches</a></li> <li><i>"<a href="/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre" title="Vive le Québec libre">Vive le Québec libre</a> !"</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_Charles-de-Gaulle" title="Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle">Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenauer-de_Gaulle_Prize" title="Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize">Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth French Republic">Fifth French Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaullist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist Party">Gaullist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="List of things named after Charles de Gaulle">Things named after Charles de Gaulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Resurrection" title="Operation Resurrection">Operation Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Liberation" title="Order of Liberation">Order of Liberation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resistance_Medal" title="Resistance Medal">Resistance Medal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngol" title="Ngol">Ngol</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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