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Cunningham – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leland E. Cunningham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Cunningham" title="Leland Cunningham – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leland Cunningham" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Erskin_Cunningham" title="Leland Erskin Cunningham – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leland Erskin Cunningham" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a 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<p><b>Leland Erskin Cunningham</b> (February 10, 1904, in <a href="/wiki/Wiscasset,_Maine" title="Wiscasset, Maine">Wiscasset, Maine</a> – May 31, 1989, in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_California" title="Richmond, California">Richmond, California</a>) was an American <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discoverer_of_minor_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoverer of minor planets">discoverer of minor planets</a>. In a career spanning 50 years, he became an authority on orbit theory and on precise measurements of the orbits of comets, planets, satellites, and space probes. He was also an early authority on electronic digital computers and assisted in their construction and use in orbit calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-springer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_career">Professional career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Cunningham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Professional career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cunningham began his career as an assistant to astronomer <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lawrence_Whipple" title="Fred Lawrence Whipple">Fred Whipple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. In this capacity, he became a driving force in using automated calculating methods for computing celestial orbits. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Cunningham joined the <a href="/wiki/Ballistics_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistics Research Laboratory">Ballistics Research Laboratory</a> (BRL) at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_Maryland" title="Aberdeen, Maryland">Aberdeen, Maryland</a>, putting his expertise in number crunching toward the war effort. The computational needs of the BRL revolved around the compilation of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> firing tables and bombing tables and employed a number of methods, <a href="/wiki/Human_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Human computer">human</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital</a>; the backlog of computation jobs was so overwhelming that a satellite computation center was opened at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moore_School_of_Electrical_Engineering" title="Moore School of Electrical Engineering">Moore School of Electrical Engineering</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and improved methods of automated computation were sought. Cunningham was present at the June 1943 meeting at which <a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">John Mauchly</a>, and Lt. <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a> proposed the construction of the <a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>; the program was agreed upon the same day. Initial plans for the machine called for it to have a precision of 5 decimal digits, but Cunningham's input compelled the inventors to design it with a precision of 10 decimal digits. </p><p>From 1945 to 1946, Cunningham served on the BRL's Computations Committee at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Grounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen Proving Grounds">Aberdeen Proving Grounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, a group established as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ballistics_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistics Research Laboratory">Ballistics Research Laboratory</a> to prepare the <a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a> for utilization following its completion the Moore School; the other Computations Committee members were <a href="/wiki/Haskell_Curry" title="Haskell Curry">Haskell Curry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Henry_Lehmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Derrick Henry Lehmer">Derrick Henry Lehmer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Alt_(mathematician)" title="Franz Alt (mathematician)">Franz Alt</a>. His duties included supervision of the laboratory's shop of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> punched card calculating equipment, which was busy calculating ballistics trajectories, and writing sample problem specifications for <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">benchmarking</a> the ENIAC. </p><p>In 1946, Cunningham followed Lehmer to <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a> where the latter was a professor, joining the Department of Astronomy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (a department that had 10 members in 1964–1965), and at one point serving as the department's chair. With Lehmer, Cunningham planned the construction of the California Digital Computer (<a href="/wiki/CALDIC" title="CALDIC">CALDIC</a>). </p><p>Working with the <a href="/wiki/Leuschner_Observatory" title="Leuschner Observatory">Leuschner Observatory</a> in the 1950s and 1960s, Cunningham performed and published calculations of the orbits of <a href="/wiki/Comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Comets">comets</a>. In particular, he showed that <a href="/wiki/Comet_Pereyra" title="Comet Pereyra">Comet Pereyra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet_Ikeya-Seki" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Ikeya-Seki">Comet Ikeya-Seki</a> were <a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">sungrazers</a> similar to comets seen in 1668, 1843, 1880, and 1882. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_honors">Death and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Cunningham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Death and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cunningham died on May 31, 1989, at the age of 85. The minor planet <a href="/wiki/1754_Cunningham" title="1754 Cunningham">1754 Cunningham</a> was named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-springer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Cunningham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers#L._E._Cunningham" title="List of minor planet discoverers">List of minor planet discoverers § L. E. Cunningham</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Cunningham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MPC-Discoverers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC-Discoverers_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html">"Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Center</i>. June 20, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426060445/https://minorplanetcenter.net//iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=Minor+Planet+Discoverers+%28by+number%29&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fiau%2Flists%2FMPDiscsNum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Cunningham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-springer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-springer_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-springer_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmadel2007" class="citation book cs1">Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1754) Cunningham". <i>Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1754) Cunningham</i>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_1755">10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1755</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3"><bdi>978-3-540-00238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%281754%29+Cunningham&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names+%E2%80%93+%281754%29+Cunningham&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_1755&rft.isbn=978-3-540-00238-3&rft.aulast=Schmadel&rft.aufirst=Lutz+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Cunningham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Cunningham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=hb7c6007sj&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00008&toc.depth=1&toc.id=">Cunningham on the site of the University of California</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrosch1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Grosch" title="Herb Grosch">Grosch, Herbert R.J.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/computer.html"><i>Computer: Bit Slices From a Life</i></a>. Third Millennium Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88733-085-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88733-085-8"><bdi>978-0-88733-085-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer%3A+Bit+Slices+From+a+Life&rft.pub=Third+Millennium+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88733-085-8&rft.aulast=Grosch&rft.aufirst=Herbert+R.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Facis%2Fhistory%2Fcomputer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Cunningham" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leland_Cunningham&oldid=1245746222">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leland_Cunningham&oldid=1245746222</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1904_births" title="Category:1904 births">1904 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1989_deaths" title="Category:1989 deaths">1989 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_astronomers" title="Category:20th-century American astronomers">20th-century American astronomers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discoverers_of_minor_planets" title="Category:Discoverers of minor planets">Discoverers of minor planets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discoveries_by_Leland_E._Cunningham" title="Category:Discoveries by Leland E. 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