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<span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kulintang_ensemble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulintang_ensemble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kulintang ensemble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulintang_ensemble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_with_the_opposite_sex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_with_the_opposite_sex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Interactions with the opposite sex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_the_opposite_sex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Contest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signaling_and_the_supernatural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signaling_and_the_supernatural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Signaling and the supernatural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signaling_and_the_supernatural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_agung_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_agung_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Similar agung instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Similar_agung_instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Similar agung instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Similar_agung_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kulintang_ensembles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulintang_ensembles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kulintang ensembles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulintang_ensembles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_agung_ensembles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_agung_ensembles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In agung ensembles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_agung_ensembles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indonesian-Philippine traditional musical instrument</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the musical instrument. For the volcano, see <a href="/wiki/Mount_Agung" title="Mount Agung">Mount Agung</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Agung_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Agung (disambiguation)">Agung (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Agung</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agung_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Agung_08.jpg/250px-Agung_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Agung_08.jpg/375px-Agung_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Agung_08.jpg/500px-Agung_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> Idiophone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">111.241.2<br />(Sets of gongs)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>agung</b> is a set of two wide-rimmed, vertically suspended <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gongs</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_people" title="Maguindanao people">Maguindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranao" class="mw-redirect" title="Maranao">Maranao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tausug_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tausug people">Tausug people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> as a supportive instrument in <a href="/wiki/Kulintang" title="Kulintang">kulintang ensembles</a>. The agung is also ubiquitous among other groups found in <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> as an integral part of the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#In_agung_ensembles">agung orchestra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agung&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agung_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Agung_02.jpg/230px-Agung_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Agung_02.jpg/345px-Agung_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Agung_02.jpg/460px-Agung_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The agung. The left gong is the <i>pangandungan</i>, used for basic beats. The right gong is the <i>panentekan</i>, which complements the pangandungan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The agung is a large, heavy, wide-rimmed gong shaped like a kettle gong. of the agung produces a <a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)" title="Bass (sound)">bass</a> sound in the kulintang orchestra and weighs between 13 and 16 pounds, but it is possible to find agungs weigh as low as 5 pounds or as high as 20 or 30 pounds each, depending on the metal (<a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>) used to produce them. </p><p>Though their diameters are smaller than the gandingan's, at roughly 22 inches (560 mm) to 24 inches (610 mm) in length, they have a much deeper turned-in <i>takilidan</i> (rim) than the latter, with a width of 12 to 13 inches (330 mm) including the knob.<sup id="cite_ref-Hila_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hila-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spark_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spark-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aga_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aga-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dria_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dria-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garfias_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfias-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Otto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scholz_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Danny_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danny-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benitez_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benitez-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cadar1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadar1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jager_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jager-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hans1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yoshitaka_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshitaka-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are hung vertically above the floor at or a bit below the waist line, suspended by ropes fastened to structures like strong tree limb, beam of a house, ceiling, or gong stand.<sup id="cite_ref-Aga_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aga-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dria_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dria-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garfias_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfias-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scholz_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Danny_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danny-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cadar1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadar1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The larger, lower pitched gong of the two is called the <i>pangandungan</i> by the Maguindanao and the <i>p'nanggisa-an</i> by the Maranao. Played on the musician's right, it provides the main part, which it predominantly played on the accents of the rhythmic structure. </p><p>The smaller, higher pitched gong, the thicker of the two, is called the <i>panentekan</i> by the Maguindanao and the <i>p'malsan</i> or <i>pumalsan</i> by the Maranao. Found on the player's left, it is mainly played on the weaker double and triple beats of the rhythmic structure, in counterpoint to the pangandungan's part.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfias_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfias-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scholz_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Danny_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danny-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cadar1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadar1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cadar2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadar2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amin_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agung&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars seem to agree that the origins of the <i>agung</i> are in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, noting that the word <i>agung/agong</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <i>agong</i> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> <i>ageng</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cadar1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadar1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further evidence of this comes from a British explorer, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Forrest_(navigator)" title="Thomas Forrest (navigator)">Thomas Forrest</a>, who in the 1770s wrote Filipinos were "fond of musical gongs which came from <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cheribon</a> on <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and have round knobs on them".<sup id="cite_ref-Forrest_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forrest-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agung&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agung_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Agung_07.JPG/220px-Agung_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Agung_07.JPG/330px-Agung_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Agung_07.JPG/440px-Agung_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>An agung player demonstrating the new technique of katinengka with his beater.</figcaption></figure> <p>The agung is usually performed while standing beside the instrument, holding the upper edge of its <a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">flange</a> between the thumb and other fingers with the left hand while striking the knob with the right hand. The mallets, called <i>balu</i>, are made from short sticks about half a foot in length and padded with soft but tough material such as rubber at one end. Using these balus, players handle the agung similar to the way a brass tom-tom is played.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hila_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hila-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aga_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aga-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dria_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dria-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garfias_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfias-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cadar1_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadar1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yoshitaka_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshitaka-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of solid, fast decaying sounds are produced using dampening techniques. The desired effect is produced after striking the knob, by leaving one's hand or knee or the mallets themselves on it.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfias_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfias-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cadar1_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadar1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jager_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jager-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When one player is using two gongs, the assistant holding the lower-pitched gong positions it at an angle and dampens its surface using their hands. </p><p>Recently, new ways of handling the agung have emerged, including grasping a portion of the boss rather than the flange to dampen or using regular strokes upon the busel while striking the surrounding gong surface with the opposite, wooden end of the beater. The latter technique, called <i>katinengka</i>, is used by downriver musicians to produce metallic sounds during kulintang performances.<sup id="cite_ref-Benitez_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benitez-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different combinations of players, gongs and mallets can be used for playing the agung: two players with each assigned their own gong or just one. When playing alone, the agung player could either play both gongs with the player holding the higher-pitched gongs face-to-face,<sup id="cite_ref-Scholz_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Danny_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danny-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the lower one held at an angle by an assistant for stability,<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or just one gong. The latter style, common among downriver Maguindanaos in Simuay, who consider this style an old one, uses only the higher-pitch gong for it, unlike the lower-pitched gong, is considered the lead gong, therefore having primary importance. An example of this is when single gong agungs are used during a tagunggo piece.<sup id="cite_ref-Benitez_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benitez-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of mallets used by the player could also vary as well. For most occasions, only one mallet is used but for other techniques, the player could use two mallets, one in each hand. An even more interesting technique uses only one balu but requires the player to play the agung in reverse order of pitches. Called patuy,<sup id="cite_ref-Danny_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danny-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this technique and the one with two mallets are normally reserved only for competition and exhibition instances.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agung&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agung_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Agung_04.jpg/220px-Agung_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Agung_04.jpg/330px-Agung_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Agung_04.jpg/440px-Agung_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>Playing the agung as part of the kulintang ensemble</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kulintang_ensemble">Kulintang ensemble</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agung&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kulintang ensemble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main use for the agung in Maguindanao and Maranao society is as a supportive/accompanying instrument of an orthodox kulintang ensemble. Using basic patterns and interlocking rhythms, a player would use the agung to complement the melody played by the kulintang.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfias_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfias-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scholz_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zonia_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zonia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patterns players use are normally considered freer than either the babendil or the dabakan; players could manipulate the patterns freely as long as they conform, reaffirm,<sup id="cite_ref-Scholz_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reinforce and even generate the rhythmic mode of the piece.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshitaka_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshitaka-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of the patterns themselves may vary depending on how they fit into the melodic improvisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Cadar2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadar2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapid style is useful especially during exhibition of playing skills.<sup id="cite_ref-Benitez_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benitez-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among both the Maguindanao and the Maranao, the agung embodies all that is masculine and thus the agung is traditionally considered a masculine instrument. To be considered a good player, one must possess strength, stamina (playing extremely fast tempos with no mistakes) and endurance. Players must also exhibit improvisation skills for different patterns to be considered as having quality musicianship—lest the audience considers the patterns played repetitions and mundane.<sup id="cite_ref-Aga_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aga-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scholz_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Danny_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danny-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cadar1_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadar1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yoshitaka_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshitaka-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cadar2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadar2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the highly skilled nature required for playing the agung, it is not uncommon to see agung players have friendly rivalries during a performance,<sup id="cite_ref-Garfias_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfias-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using tricks in an attempt to throw others off-beat.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholz_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, if the p’nanggisa's elaborations are so elusive that the p’mals has a hard time ornamenting or if the reversed happens and the p’mals ornaments to the point the p’nanggisa's performance is engulfed, the player that cannot keep up is usually embarrassed,<sup id="cite_ref-Cadar2_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadar2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the butt of jokes.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholz_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally agung players switch off after each piece, but during instances like this where one player cannot handle the part being played, players either remain at their gongs or switch during the performance. It is also possible for agung players to switch places with the dabakan after two pieces. Even though the players compete, they still understand they are a single entity, closely accompanying the melody,<sup id="cite_ref-Cadar2_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadar2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> employ different variations without destroying the music's basic patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfias_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfias-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactions_with_the_opposite_sex">Interactions with the opposite sex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agung&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interactions with the opposite sex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agung_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Agung_11.jpg/220px-Agung_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Agung_11.jpg/330px-Agung_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Agung_11.jpg/440px-Agung_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>An agung played during a contest by a Magui Moro Master Artist using two balus.</figcaption></figure> <p>There was also a secondary motive for men, especially young males, for learning the agung: the ability to interact with young, unmarried women. Both Maranao and Maguindanao cultures traditionally adhere to Islamic customs which prohibit dating or causal conversation between the opposite sexes (unless married to or related to by blood)<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshitaka_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshitaka-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore performances such as kulintang music provided the opportunity for such a connection.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Maguindanao, the rhythmic modes of duyog and sinulog a kamamatuan allowed agung players to serenade the young, unmarried women on the kulintang.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholz_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidto, the other rhythmic mode, could also be used but players rarely use this for serenading since the kulintang player is usually an older woman.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshitaka_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshitaka-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contest">Contest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agung&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The latter mode actually is reserved specifically for solo agung contest. Unlike other Southern Filipino groups who participate in group contest, the Maguindanao are unique in that they also hold solo agung contest<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to find out who in the community is the best papagagung (expert agung player).<sup id="cite_ref-Danny_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danny-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidto is prefect for such contest since the agung is often the focus of attention, the focal point during the ensemble during this mode.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholz_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Players normally perform two or more versions<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshitaka_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshitaka-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> playing the three types of techniques discussed above.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signaling_and_the_supernatural">Signaling and the supernatural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agung&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Signaling and the supernatural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than its use in the kulintang ensemble, the agung also had other non-ensemble uses among the Maguindanao and Maranao. The agung has been used to warn others of impending danger, announcing the time of day and other important occasions. For instance, long ago the sultan would beat the agung repeatedly to announce the onset of a meeting or during the fasting month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadhan">Ramadhan</a>, the agung would ring either at three in the morning to indicate the signal to eat (sawl) or at sunset, to mark the end for fasting that day. And supposedly due to the deep, loud sound the agung produces, people believed that it possessed supernatural powers. For instance, during an earthquake, the locals of Maguindanao would strike the agung in a fast, loud rhythm called baru-baru, believing its vibrations would either lessen or even halt the jolt of an earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aga_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aga-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dria_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dria-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_agung_instruments">Similar agung instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agung&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Similar agung instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kulintang_ensembles">Kulintang ensembles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agung&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kulintang ensembles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a>, the kulintang orchestra uses not two but three low-sounding agungs, which serve as accompaniment in Tausug, Samal and Yakan ensembles. For the Tausug and Samal, the largest of the agungs with a wide turned-in rim is called the <i>tunggalan</i> or <i>tamak </i>, which provides slow, regular beats, similar to the Maguindanaon pangandungan and Maranao p’nanggisa-an. The smaller pair of agungs, the <i>duahan</i>, syncopate with the tunggalan/tamak. These are further classified: the wider-rimmed duahan is called the <i>pulakan</i> and the narrower one is called the <i>huhugan</i> or <i>buahan</i> by the Tausug and <i>bua</i> by the Samal.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshitaka_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshitaka-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maceda1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maceda1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maceda2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maceda2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_agung_ensembles">In agung ensembles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agung&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In agung ensembles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karatung_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Karatung_02.jpg/240px-Karatung_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Karatung_02.jpg/360px-Karatung_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Karatung_02.jpg/480px-Karatung_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Tiruray agung ensemble, called a karatung, demonstrated at <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University" title="San Francisco State University">San Francisco State University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Agungs also play a major role in agung orchestras—ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held,<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> knobbed gongs which act as drones without any accompanying melodic instrument like a kulintang.<sup id="cite_ref-Maceda1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maceda1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Criselda_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Criselda-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such orchestras are prevalent among Indigenous Philippine groups (Bagobo,<sup id="cite_ref-Baes_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilaan,<sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bukidon, <a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunó'o language">Hanunoo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hila_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hila-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Servano_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Servano-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magsaka, Manabo, <a href="/wiki/Mangyan_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangyan peoples">Mangyan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hila_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hila-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Palawan</a>, Subanun, <a href="/wiki/Suludnon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Suludnon people">Suludnon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tboli_people" title="Tboli people">T’boli</a>, Tagakaolu, <a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagbanwa people">Tagbanwa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hila_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hila-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Tiruray),<sup id="cite_ref-Maceda1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maceda1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regions in <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a>, Modang, <a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a>) and Sabah and Sarawak in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a>, Kajan, Kayan), places where agung orchestras take precedence over kulintang-like orchestras. The composition and tuning of these orchestras vary widely from one group to another.<sup id="cite_ref-Maceda1_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maceda1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matusky_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matusky-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the Hanunoo of Mindoro have a small agung ensemble consisting of only two light gongs played by two musicians on the floor in a simple duple rhythm<sup id="cite_ref-Hila_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hila-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Servano_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Servano-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Manobo have an ensemble (called an <i>ahong</i>) consisting of 10 small agungs hung vertically on a triangular frame. It includes three musicians: one standing up, playing the melody, and the rest sitting. The ahong is divided by purpose, with the higher-pitched gongs (<i>kaantuhan</i>) carrying the melody, three to four lower-pitched gongs (<i>gandingan</i>) playing melodic <a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">ostinato</a> figures, and the lowest-pitched gong (<i>bandil</i>) setting the tempo.<sup id="cite_ref-Lydia_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lydia-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karatung_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Karatung_01.jpg/220px-Karatung_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Karatung_01.jpg/330px-Karatung_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Karatung_01.jpg/440px-Karatung_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An antique bronze karatung set</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tiruray call their agung ensemble a <i>kelo-agung</i>, <i>kalatong</i>, or <i>karatung</i>. It is made up of five shallow bossed gongs of graduating size, each played by one person. The smallest, the <i>segaron</i>, is used as the lead instrument, providing a steady beat.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Criselda_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Criselda-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Manobo <i>sagabong</i> ensemble follows a similar format, consisting of five small gongs, each held by one musician playing a unique pattern with rubber mallets, interlocking with other parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Lydia_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lydia-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The T’boli and Palawan have similar agung ensembles: the T’boli ensemble is composed of three to four agungs with two to three of them collectively called <i>semagi</i> which play variations, and the other agung, <i>tang</i>, providing a steady beat. The Palawan call their ensemble, composed of four gongs, a <i>basal</i>. It includes one to two large humped, low-sounding agungs and a pair of smaller humped, higher-pitched <i>sanangs</i> which produce metallic sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Maceda1_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maceda1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Juan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hans2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Englis_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Englis-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Subanon also have an agung ensemble similar to the Tiruray karatung, called a <i>gagung sua</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benitez_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benitez-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Bagabo and the B’laan refer to their agung ensemble as a <i>tagunggo</i>, a set of eight metal gongs suspended on a harness, which is played by two, three, or more people. Seven of the smaller-sized gongs produce a running melody with the eighth, largest gong playing syncopation with the other gongs to produce a particular rhythm.<sup id="cite_ref-Baes_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Manabo also have an agung ensemble similar to the tagunggo, called a <i>tagungguan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lydia_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lydia-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kadazan-Dusun, located on the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, refer to their agung ensemble as a <i>tawag</i> or <i>bandil</i>, which consists of six to seven large gongs in shoreline groups and 7–8 large gongs for those in interior valleys. In southwestern <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> agung ensembles consist of nine large gongs divided into four groups (<i>taway</i>, <i>puum</i>, <i>bandil</i>, and <i>sanang</i>), while among the <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> of Sawarak, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, Kalimantan, agung ensembles are smaller in comparison. Such ensembles can either perform alone or with one or two drums, played with the hands or wooden sticks, as accompaniment. They play either <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homophonic" class="extiw" title="wikt:homophonic">homophonically</a> or in an interlocking fashion with the gongs. These agung orchestras often perform at many types of social events, including agriculture rituals, weddings, victory celebrations, curing rites, rituals for the dead, entertainment for visitors, and other community rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Maceda1_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maceda1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Criselda_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Criselda-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matusky_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matusky-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lydia_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lydia-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agung&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Philip-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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"Utom: Summoning the Spirit: Music in the T'boli Heartland." <i><a href="/wiki/Yearbook_for_Traditional_Music" title="Yearbook for Traditional Music">Yearbook for Traditional Music</a></i>, 30(1998): 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Englis-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Englis_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Englis, Francisco. "Philippines: Musique des hautes -terres Palawan (Palawan Highland Music)." Asian Music Vol. 25. No. ½. 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">Aerophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">Akordeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluang" title="Saluang">Saluang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suling" title="Suling">Suling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuriding" title="Kuriding">Kuriding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">Chordophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cak_(instrument)" title="Cak (instrument)">Cak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cekuntrung" title="Cekuntrung">Cekuntrung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuk_(instrument)" title="Cuk (instrument)">Cuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanb%C5%ABs" title="Qanbūs">Gambus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasapi" title="Hasapi">Hasapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kacapi" title="Kacapi">Kacapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongahyan" title="Kongahyan">Kongahyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">Rebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasando" title="Sasando">Sasando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapeh" title="Sapeh">Sapeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idiophone" title="Idiophone">Idiophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babendil" title="Babendil">Babendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonang" title="Bonang">Bonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calung" title="Calung">Calung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambang_(instrument)" title="Gambang (instrument)">Gambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsa" title="Gangsa">Gangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genggong" title="Genggong">Genggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gend%C3%A8r" title="Gendèr">Gendèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">Gong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gong_ageng" title="Gong ageng">Gong ageng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karinding" title="Karinding">Karinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kecer" title="Kecer">Kecer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemanak" title="Kemanak">Kemanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempul" title="Kempul">Kempul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempyang_and_ketuk" title="Kempyang and ketuk">Kempyang and ketuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenong" title="Kenong">Kenong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepyak" title="Kepyak">Kepyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubing" title="Kubing">Kubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reyong" title="Reyong">Reyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saron_(instrument)" title="Saron (instrument)">Saron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siter" title="Siter">Siter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slenthem" title="Slenthem">Slenthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slentho" title="Slentho">Slentho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tamborin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugal" title="Ugal">Ugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Membranophone" title="Membranophone">Membranophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendang_beleq" title="Gendang beleq">Gendang beleq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordang_sambilan" title="Gordang sambilan">Gordang sambilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendang" title="Kendang">Kendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kompang" title="Kompang">Kompang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebana" title="Rebana">Rebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwas" title="Mirwas">Marawis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan#Instruments" title="Gamelan">List of gamelan instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gamelan_varieties" title="List of gamelan varieties">List of gamelan varieties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_traditional_Malaysian_musical_instruments_by_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Traditional_musical_instruments_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Traditional musical instruments of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Traditional_musical_instruments_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Traditional musical instruments of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional_musical_instruments_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional musical instruments of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_traditional_Malaysian_musical_instruments_by_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">List of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Malaysian_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Malaysian musical instruments">traditional Malaysian musical instruments</a> by classification</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Malay_Gamelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Gamelan">Gamelan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kulintang" title="Kulintang">Kulintangan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Talempong" title="Talempong">Caklempong</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">Aerophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">Accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li>Nafiri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suling" title="Suling">Seruling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehnai" title="Shehnai">Serunai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompoton" title="Sompoton">Sompoton</a></li> <li>Turali</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">Chordophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Biola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krem_(instrument)" title="Krem (instrument)">Kreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambus">Gambus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Gitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">Rebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapeh" title="Sapeh">Sapeh</a></li> <li>Sundatang</li> <li>Tongkungon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbang" title="Umbang">Umbang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idiophone" title="Idiophone">Idiophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulintang" title="Kulintang">Kulintangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togunggak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Togunggak (page does not exist)">Togunggak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Membranophone" title="Membranophone">Membranophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendang" title="Kendang">Gendang/Tontog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebana" title="Rebana">Kompang/Rebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwas" title="Mirwas">Marwas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_instruments_of_the_Southern_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:S_Filipino_instruments" title="Template:S Filipino instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:S_Filipino_instruments" title="Template talk:S Filipino instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:S_Filipino_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:S Filipino instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_instruments_of_the_Southern_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Traditional instruments of the Southern Philippines</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_kulintang_ensemble" title="Maguindanao kulintang ensemble"><i>Maguindanao kulintang</i> <br />ensemble</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulintang" title="Kulintang">Kulintang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandingan" title="Gandingan">Gandingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babendil" title="Babendil">Babendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabakan" title="Dabakan">Dabakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (non-ensemble) <br />instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulintang_a_kayo" title="Kulintang a kayo">Kulintang a kayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandingan_a_Kayo" title="Gandingan a Kayo">Gandingan a Kayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulintang_a_tiniok" title="Kulintang a tiniok">Kulintang a tiniok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubing" title="Kubing">Kubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luntang" title="Luntang">Luntang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agung_a_tamlang" title="Agung a tamlang">Agung a tamlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagul" title="Kagul">Kagul </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palendag" title="Palendag">Palendag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumpong" title="Tumpong">Tumpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suling" title="Suling">Suling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutiyapi" title="Kutiyapi">Kutiyapi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Percussion_instruments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Percussion_instruments" title="Template:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Percussion_instruments" title="Template talk:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Percussion_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Percussion_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_percussion_instruments" title="List of percussion instruments">List of percussion instruments</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_percussion_instruments_by_type" title="List of percussion instruments by type">List of percussion instruments by type</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pitched_percussion_instrument" title="Pitched percussion instrument">Pitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Keyboard_percussion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_percussion_instrument" title="Keyboard percussion instrument">Keyboard percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotales" title="Crotales">Crotales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubaphone" title="Tubaphone">Tubaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">Vibraphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handpan" title="Handpan">Handpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unpitched_percussion_instrument" title="Unpitched percussion instrument">Unpitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhr%C3%A1n" title="Bodhrán">Bodhrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongos">Bongos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabasa" title="Cabasa">Cabasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n" title="Cajón">Cajón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">Castanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">Claves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">Conga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">Cymbals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">Djembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">Maracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_tree" title="Mark tree">Mark tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">Taiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong#Chau_gong_(tam-tam)" title="Gong">Tam-tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_blocks" title="Temple blocks">Temple blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbales" title="Timbales">Timbales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_(instrument)" title="Woodblock (instrument)">Wood block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic percussion">Electronic percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">Electronic drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Octapad" title="Roland Octapad">Octapad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_percussion" title="Marching percussion">Marching percussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_ensemble" title="Front ensemble">Front ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_percussion_ensemble" title="Indoor percussion ensemble">Indoor percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_section" title="Percussion section">Percussion section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_ensemble" title="Percussion ensemble">Percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_circle" title="Drum circle">Drum circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_percussion_instruments" title="Classification of percussion instruments">Classification of percussion instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_stick" title="Drum stick">Drum stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">Percussion mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cymbal_manufacturers" title="List of cymbal manufacturers">List of cymbal manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drum_manufacturers" title="List of drum manufacturers">List of drum manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marimba_manufacturers" title="List of marimba manufacturers">List of marimba manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphone_manufacturers" title="List of vibraphone manufacturers">List of vibraphone manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timpani_manufacturers" title="List of timpani manufacturers">List of timpani manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agung&oldid=1176226400">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agung&oldid=1176226400</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agung" title="Category:Agung">Agung</a></li><li><a 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