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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_and_obligations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rights and obligations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights_and_obligations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_of_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_of_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification of cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exceptions_to_orderly_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptions_to_orderly_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exceptions to orderly succession</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exceptions_to_orderly_succession-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exceptions to orderly succession subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exceptions_to_orderly_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Republic of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kampuchea/Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kampuchea/Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Kampuchea/Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kampuchea/Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire/Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire/Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Ottoman Empire/Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire/Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_the_Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union_and_the_Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Soviet Union and the Russian Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_the_Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Agreement_on_Succession_Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Agreement_on_Succession_Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.1</span> <span>The Agreement on Succession Issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Agreement_on_Succession_Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Succession of states: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachfolgestaat" title="Nachfolgestaat – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nachfolgestaat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81" title="الدول الخلف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدول الخلف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="রাষ্ট্রীয় উত্তরাধিকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাষ্ট্রীয় উত্তরাধিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Правоприемственост на държави – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Правоприемственост на държави" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successi%C3%B3_d%27estats" title="Successió d'estats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Successió d'estats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1stupnick%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t" title="Nástupnický stát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nástupnický stát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachfolgestaat" title="Nachfolgestaat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nachfolgestaat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riigi_%C3%B5igusj%C3%A4rglus" title="Riigi õigusjärglus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riigi õigusjärglus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucesi%C3%B3n_de_Estados" title="Sucesión de Estados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sucesión de Estados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دولت جانشین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت جانشین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_d%27%C3%89tats" title="Succession d'États – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Succession d'États" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%B9%EA%B3%84" title="국가승계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가승계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պետությունների իրավահաջորդություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պետությունների իրավահաջորդություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="राज्य का उत्तराधिकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राज्य का उत्तराधिकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukcesija_dr%C5%BEava" title="Sukcesija država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sukcesija država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suksesi_negara" title="Suksesi negara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suksesi negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successione_di_Stati" title="Successione di Stati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Successione di Stati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsts_p%C4%93ctec%C4%ABba" title="Valsts pēctecība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valsts pēctecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_de_Stat" title="Succession de Stat – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Succession de Stat" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അനുഗതരാഷ്ട്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനുഗതരാഷ്ട്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggantian_negara" title="Penggantian negara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penggantian negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statenopvolging" title="Statenopvolging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Statenopvolging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%99%E6%89%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="継承国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="継承国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukcesja_pa%C5%84stwa" title="Sukcesja państwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sukcesja państwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucess%C3%A3o_de_Estados" title="Sucessão de Estados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sucessão de Estados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_succesor" title="Stat succesor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat succesor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Правопреемство государств – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правопреемство государств" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Држава-континуитета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Држава-континуитета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtioseuraanto" title="Valtioseuraanto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valtioseuraanto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&diff=prev&oldid=875075903" title="Succession of states" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&oldid=1260416550" title="Succession of states">Latest revision as of 17:14, 30 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit" title="Succession of states">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-30T17:14:11Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&undoafter=875075903&undo=1260416550" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Pizzigs" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Pizzigs" data-mw-revid="1260416550"><bdi>Pizzigs</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Pizzigs" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Pizzigs">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Pizzigs" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Pizzigs">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>2,474</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><span class="comment mw-comment-none">No edit summary</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(228 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Short description|Process of transferring roles and responsibilities as states and their boundaries change}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>'''Succession of states''' is a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[political philosophy|theory]] and practice</del> in [[international relations]] regarding <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''successor states''. A</del> '''successor state''' <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is</del> a [[sovereign state]] over a territory and populace that was previously under the sovereignty of another state. The theory has its <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">root</del> in 19th-century [[diplomacy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lawyersnjurists.com/article/40377/the-term-state-succession-under-international-law-signifies-the-transmission-of-the-rights-and-obligations-of-one-state-to-another-in-consequence-of-territorial-sovereignty.html |title=The Term State Succession Under International Law Signifies The Transmission of The Rights and Obligations of One State to Another in Consequence of Territorial Sovereignty |website=The Lawyers & Jurists |date=2013-09-09 |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">accessdate</del>=2017-08-06 |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">deadurl</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">yes</del> |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archiveurl</del>=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806182721/http://www.lawyersnjurists.com/article/40377/the-term-state-succession-under-international-law-signifies-the-transmission-of-the-rights-and-obligations-of-one-state-to-another-in-consequence-of-territorial-sovereignty.html |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archivedate</del>=2017-08-06<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |df=</del> }}</ref> A successor state often acquires a new [[international legal personality]], which is distinct from a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>continuing state<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>, also known as a continuator, which despite <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">change</del> to its borders retains the same legal personality and possess all its existing rights and obligations (such as a [[rump state]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=James|title=The Creation of States in International Law|year=2006|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=9780199228423|pages=667–72}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''Succession of states''' is a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">concept</ins> in [[international relations]] regarding <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a</ins> '''successor state''' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that has become</ins> a [[sovereign state]] over a territory <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</ins>and populace<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</ins> that was previously under the sovereignty of another state. The theory has its <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">roots</ins> in 19th-century [[diplomacy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lawyersnjurists.com/article/40377/the-term-state-succession-under-international-law-signifies-the-transmission-of-the-rights-and-obligations-of-one-state-to-another-in-consequence-of-territorial-sovereignty.html |title=The Term State Succession Under International Law Signifies The Transmission of The Rights and Obligations of One State to Another in Consequence of Territorial Sovereignty |website=The Lawyers & Jurists |date=2013-09-09 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">access-date</ins>=2017-08-06 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">url-status</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dead</ins> |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archive-url</ins>=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806182721/http://www.lawyersnjurists.com/article/40377/the-term-state-succession-under-international-law-signifies-the-transmission-of-the-rights-and-obligations-of-one-state-to-another-in-consequence-of-territorial-sovereignty.html |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archive-date</ins>=2017-08-06 }}</ref> A successor state often acquires a new [[international legal personality]], which is distinct from a continuing state, also known as a continuator<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> or historical heir</ins>, which despite <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">changes</ins> to its borders retains the same legal personality and possess all its existing rights and obligations (such as a [[rump state]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=James|title=The Creation of States in International Law|year=2006|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=9780199228423|pages=667–72}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>==<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Partial and universal state succession<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>==Partial and universal state succession==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>A state<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> succession can be characterized as either being ''universal'' or ''partial''. A universal state succession occurs when one state is completely extinguished and its sovereignty is replaced by that of one or more successor states. A partial state succession occurs when the state continues to exist after it has lost control of a part of its territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheir.org/kinds-of-state-succession.html |title=Kinds of State Succession<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |author=|date=</del> |website=www.sheir.org |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">deadurl</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">no</del> |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archiveurl</del>=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807023508/http://www.sheir.org/kinds-of-state-succession.html |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archivedate</del>=2017-08-07<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|df=</del>}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>A state succession can be characterized as either being ''universal'' or ''partial''. A universal state succession occurs when one state is completely extinguished and its sovereignty is replaced by that of one or more successor states. A partial state succession occurs when the state continues to exist after it has lost control of a part of its territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheir.org/kinds-of-state-succession.html |title=Kinds of State Succession |website=www.sheir.org |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">url-status</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">live</ins> |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archive-url</ins>=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807023508/http://www.sheir.org/kinds-of-state-succession.html |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archive-date</ins>=2017-08-07}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>An example of a partial state succession is the case of the split of [[Bangladesh]] from <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Pakistan<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]],</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">there</del> was no challenge to Pakistan's claim to continue to exist and to retain its membership of the United Nations: it was a continuator and not a successor. Bangladesh eventually was recognized as a new state: it was a successor and had to apply for UN membership.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>An example of a partial state succession is the case of the split of [[Bangladesh]] from Pakistan<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There</ins> was no challenge to Pakistan's claim to continue to exist and to retain its membership of the United Nations: it was a continuator and not a successor. Bangladesh eventually was recognized as a new state: it was a successor and had to apply for UN membership.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>An example of a universal state succession is the dissolution of [[Czechoslovakia]]. Neither part claimed any continuity: both the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] were new successor states.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>An example of a universal state succession is the dissolution of [[Czechoslovakia]]. Neither part claimed any continuity: both the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] were new successor states.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form (''i.e.'', not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case is the [[German Democratic Republic]] ([[East Germany]]), which was completely abolished after the [[German reunification]]. Modern Germany is a continuation of the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] and not a successor state.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_12_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_9_0_lhs"></a>==<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Rights and obligations<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> of successor states </del>==</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Consequent upon the acquisition of [[International legal personality|international personality]], the difficult matter of succession to treaty rights and obligations arises.<ref name="Stevens 1966">''Commonwealth and Colonial Law'' by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 267.</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Succession may refer to the transfer of rights, obligations, and/or property from a previously well-established ''prior'' state (the predecessor state) to the new one (the successor state). Transfer of rights, obligations, and property can include overseas assets ([[diplomatic mission|embassies]], [[foreign-exchange reserves|monetary reserves]], [[museum]] artifacts), participation in [[treaty|treaties]], membership in [[international organization|international organizations]], and [[debt|debts]]. Often a state chooses piecemeal whether or not it wants to be considered the successor state. </div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_9_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_12_0_rhs"></a>==Rights and obligations==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>A special case arises, however, when the [[predecessor state]] was signatory to a [[human rights]] treaty, since it would be desirable to hold the successor state accountable to the terms of that treaty, regardless of the successor state's desires. [[Daniel Patrick O'Connelll]] wrote, "Practice is tending towards a de facto succession to at least those conventions which have a humanitarian aim."<ref>D.P. O'Connell, ''The Law of State Succession'', 1956, p. 435</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Consequent upon the acquisition of [[international legal personality]], the difficult matter of succession to treaty rights and obligations arises.<ref>{{cite book|last = Roberts-Wray|first = K.|date = 1966|title = Commonwealth and Colonial Law|location = London|publisher = Stevens & Sons|oclc = 499240836|page = 267}}</ref> Succession may refer to the transfer of rights, obligations, or property from a previously well-established predecessor state to its successor state, and can include overseas assets such as [[diplomatic missions]], [[foreign-exchange reserves]], and museum artifacts; and participation in treaties in force at the date of succession or [[international organization]]s. In an attempt to codify the rules of succession of states, the [[1978 Vienna Convention]] entered into force on November&nbsp;6, 1996.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Vienna Convention of succession of States in respect of treaties|url = https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXIII-2&chapter=23|journal =United Nations Treaty Series|volume = 1946|issue = 33356|pages = 3–188|date = Nov 1996}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties ===</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In an attempt to codify the rules of succession of states, the [[Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties]] was drafted in 1978. It [[enter into force|entered into force]] on November 6, 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXIII-2&chapter=23&clang=_en|title=Vienna Convention on succession of States in respect of treaties|date=2009-01-13|accessdate=2018-06-26|publisher=[[United Nations Treaty Series]]}}</ref> Only 22 states are currently parties to the convention.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Population and nationality ===</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>A difficult question is what the consequences are for the inhabitants of a territory undergoing state succession. If the succession is partial, the inhabitants can become nationals of a state whose territory they reside outside of. If the succession is universal, they can become [[statelessness|stateless]], as the state that they held citizenship to ceases to exist. O'Connell wrote:</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><blockquote>In the first place, there is considerable disagreement as to the manner in which change of nationality may be brought about. One school of thought asserts that the nationality of inhabitants of absorbed territory is automatically changed at the moment of the substitution of the one State for the other. A second option considers that the inhabitants in question acquire the nationality of the successor state only by an express or tacit submission to the new sovereign. The more recent and widely accepted theory regards nationality as a matter solely of domestic jurisdiction, and contends that the successor State has a discretion as to the manner in which it extends its nationality to the inhabitants of territory which it acquires.<ref>D. P. O'Connell, ''The Law of State Succession'', 1956, p. 245</ref></blockquote></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Other scholars disagree and instead claim that the population is [[naturalized]] and receives citizenship of the new state. Charles Hyde wrote:</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><blockquote>Whenever a State acquires from another part of its territory, the inhabitants of the area transferred, who were nationals of the former sovereign, are, in the absence of an agreement collectively naturalized.<ref>Charles Hyde, ''II INTERNATIONAL LAW 1090'', 1945</ref></blockquote></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Ian Brownlie]] wrote:</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><blockquote>the evidence is overwhelmingly in support of the view that the population follows the change of sovereignty in matters of nationality<ref>Ian Brownlie, "The Relations of Nationality in Public International Law", 39 ''The British Yearbook of International Law'', 284, 1963</ref></blockquote></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Rudolf Graupner wrote:</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><blockquote>Most treaties on international law asserts that territorial change effects "automatically" a change of the nationality concerned unless there be special stipulations in the respective treaties. Which people are affected is often in dispute, but the people who are actually concerned are said to become automatically nationals of the successor State, i.e. they lose the old and immediately acquire the new nationality through the very act of annexation, cession, etc. Mostly, the existence of a rule of international law to that effect is assumed.<ref>Rudolf Graupner, "Nationality and State Succession General Principles of the Effect of Territorial Changes on Individuals in International Law". {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512004807/https://www.jstor.org/stable/743190?seq=1 |date=2018-05-12 }}, 1945, p. 89. {{jstor|743190}}.</ref></blockquote></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Classification of cases==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Classification of cases==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In their application to the acquisition of independence, distinctions should be drawn between different cases though the line of demarcation is not always clear:<ref name="Stevens 1966"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In their application to the acquisition of independence, distinctions should be drawn between different cases though the line of demarcation is not always clear:<ref name="Stevens 1966"<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">>''Commonwealth and Colonial Law'' by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. P. 267.<</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ref</ins>></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* Bilateral and multilateral treaties necessarily give rise to different considerations.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* Bilateral and multilateral treaties necessarily give rise to different considerations.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* There are ''real'' treaties and ''personal'' treaties. Real treaties affect the territory itself, such as boundary agreements or the grant of transit rights, which can <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">continuing</del> irrespective of the personality of the state. The new state must take over the country in the condition in which it finds it, as the parent state cannot give more than it possesses. Such treaties can be described as "treaties creating purely local obligations."<ref name="Stevens 1966"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* There are ''real'' treaties and ''personal'' treaties. Real treaties affect the territory itself, such as boundary agreements or the grant of transit rights, which can <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">continue</ins> irrespective of the personality of the state. The new state must take over the country in the condition in which it finds it, as the parent state cannot give more than it possesses. Such treaties can be described as "treaties creating purely local obligations."<ref name="Stevens 1966"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Exceptions to orderly succession==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Exceptions to orderly succession==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>There are several recent examples where succession of states, as described above, has not been entirely adhered to. This is mostly a list of the exceptions that have occurred since the creation of the United Nations in 1945. In previous historical periods, the exceptions would be too many to list.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>There are several recent examples where<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> a</ins> succession of states, as described above, has not been entirely adhered to. This is mostly a list of the exceptions that have occurred since the creation of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>United Nations<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> in 1945. In previous historical periods, the exceptions would be too many to list.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Afghanistan===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Afghanistan===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Afghan conflict}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The [[Taliban]] state in [[Afghanistan]] (the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]) became the ''de facto'' government of nearly all the country in the mid-1990s, but the [[Northern Alliance|Afghan Northern Alliance]] was still recognised by many nations and retained the UN seat.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The [[Taliban]] state in [[Afghanistan]] (the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]) became the ''de facto'' government of nearly all the country in the mid-1990s, but the [[Northern Alliance|Afghan Northern Alliance]] was still recognised by many nations and retained the [[Afghanistan and the United Nations|UN seat]]. In 2021, the Taliban again [[2021 Taliban offensive|took power]], but {{As of|2022|August|alt=as of 25 August 2022,}} it does not have the Afghanistan UN seat, which is still held by the [[National Resistance Front of Afghanistan|National Resistance Front]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawi |first=Akmal |date=2022-08-25 |title=UN Security Council Stumbles on Taliban Travel Waiver |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/un-security-council-stumbles-on-taliban-travel-waiver-/6716997.html |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===China===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===China===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{See also|Two Chinas|Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|Exclusive mandate#Mainland China and Taiwan|Political status of Taiwan}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) was established in 1949 in [[Mainland China]], claiming "succession" from the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] (ROC). However, the succession of the PRC as the state of "China" was not initially recognized by many states because of Cold War politics and because the ROC continued to exist on the island of [[Taiwan (island)|Taiwan]] and other islands, such as [[Penghu]], [[Kinmen]], [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]], [[Pratas Islands|Pratas]] and [[Taiping Island|Taiping]]. Despite this situation, the ROC in [[Taiwan]] maintained their membership as "China" in the [[United Nations]], and a permanent seat on the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]]. However, the PRC was granted the seat of "China" in the [[United Nations]] and Security Council in 1971, in place of the ROC whose recognition was withdrawn and the representatives it had sent were expelled as unlawful representatives of China. This was done through the adoption of [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|General Assembly Resolution 2758]]. {{As of|2014}}, the PRC exercises sovereignty over [[mainland China]], while the ROC continues to be unrecognised by the United Nations but exercises sovereignty over the [[Taiwan Area]], with both claiming they are the sole legitimate government of both the mainland and Taiwan. The ROC also claims borderlands unclaimed by the PRC, most notably ([[Outer Mongolia|Outer]]) [[Mongolia]].</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) was established in 1949 in [[mainland China]] and claimed succession from the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC). The ROC's [[free area of the Republic of China|territory]] was reduced to mainly the [[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]], who took control from [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] in 1945, although it continues to claim control of the mainland. At the start of the [[Cold War]] the PRC was [[Diplomatic recognition|recognized]] by few states; the ROC continued to represent "China" in the [[United Nations]] and hold the [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent seat on the UN Security Council]]. In 1971, the PRC replaced the ROC in the UN through [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|General Assembly Resolution 2758]]; this followed a trend of greater recognition for the PRC at the expense of the ROC. Although the resolution makes no mention of [[Political Status of Taiwan|Taiwan]], the ROC continues to be unrepresented within the United Nations but exercises sovereignty over the [[Free area of the Republic of China|Taiwan Area]]. In addition to the Chinese mainland, the ROC also claims borderlands unclaimed by the PRC, most notably [[Outer Mongolia]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In [[History of China|Chinese history]], periods of prolonged political division and dynastic transition saw the existence of more than one claimant to "China" at the same time.<ref name="History1">{{cite book|last1=Graff|first1=David|last2=Higham|first2=Robin|title=A Military History of China|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKpj1YfXfHEC&q=chinese+history+divided+many+states+many+periods&pg=PA39|page=39|publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=9780813140674}}</ref> China was politically divided during several sustained periods historically, with two or more states simultaneously existing on territories associated with "China" and claiming to represent "China". Examples include the [[Three Kingdoms]], [[Sixteen Kingdoms]], [[Northern and Southern dynasties]], [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period|Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]] periods, [[Warlord Era]] and the [[Chinese Soviet Republic]] among others. Just as the PRC and the ROC formally claim [[Exclusive mandate#Mainland China and Taiwan|exclusive mandate]] over the entirety of China,<ref name="Sovereignty1">{{cite book|last1=Sarmento|first1=Clara|title=Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the 21st Century?|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvcYBwAAQBAJ&q=people%27s+republic+of+china+controls+mainland+china+hong+kong+macau&pg=PA127|page=127|publisher=Cambridge Scholars |isbn=9781443808682}}</ref><ref name="Sovereignty2">{{cite book|last1=Hudson|first1=Christopher|title=The China Handbook|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hm63AwAAQBAJ&q=prc+and+roc+legitimacy&pg=PA59|page=59|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134269662}}</ref><ref name="Sovereignty3">{{cite book|author1-link=Shelley Rigger|last1=Rigger|first1=Shelley|title=Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Reform|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiiEAgAAQBAJ&q=roc+limited+to+taiwan&pg=PA60|page=60|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134692972}}</ref> historical Chinese dynasties that existed during periods of sustained political disunity often claimed exclusive Chinese politico-cultural orthodoxy at the expense of others.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_36_2_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_33_0_lhs"></a>===Ireland===</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_36_4_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_35_0_lhs"></a>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ireland</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(state)</del>|Ireland]], then called the [[Irish Free State]], seceded from the [[United Kingdom]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</del> 1922. The new state took the view that when a new state comes into being after formerly being part of an older state, its acceptance of treaty relationships established by the older state is a matter for the new state to determine by express declaration, or by conduct in the case of each individual treaty.<ref name="Stevens 1966"/> In practice, however, the Irish regarded the commercial and administrative treaties of the United Kingdom previously applying to the territory of the Irish Free State as remaining in force.<ref name="Stevens 1966"/></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>During [[Dynastic cycle|dynastic transitions]], it was rare for one dynasty to end abruptly and transition smoothly to a new one, resulting in the existence of more than one entity claiming to be "China".<ref name="History2">{{cite book|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Endymion|title=Chinese History: A Manual|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&q=chinese+dynastic+name+guohao&pg=PA13|page=14|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center |isbn=9780674002494}}</ref> For instance, during the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Ming–Qing transition]], the [[Ming dynasty]] existed alongside the [[Qing dynasty]] (or Predynastic Qing) for a period before 1644. The predecessor of the Qing dynasty, the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]], was established in 1616 and ruled over [[Northeast China]] whilst the Ming dynasty ruled over [[China proper]].<ref name="History3">{{cite book|last1=Perkins|first1=Dorothy|title=Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMQeAgAAQBAJ&q=qing+dynasty+later+jin&pg=PA1|page=1|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135935627}}</ref> Following the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|fall of the Ming dynasty]] in 1644, remnants of the [[House of Zhu|Ming imperial family]], whose regime is known in historiography as the [[Southern Ming|Southern Ming dynasty]], continued to rule parts of southern China until 1662.<ref name="History4">{{cite book|last1=Di Cosmo|first1=Nicola|title=The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&q=southern+ming&pg=PA1|page=1|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135789558}}</ref> Multiple ephemeral regimes also existed during this period, including the [[Shun dynasty|Shun]] and [[Xi dynasty|Xi]] dynasties on [[mainland China]], and the Ming loyalist [[Kingdom of Tungning]] on Taiwan.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_33_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_36_2_rhs"></a>===<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Republic of </ins>Ireland===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Irish War of Independence}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_35_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_36_4_rhs"></a>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Republic</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of Ireland</ins>|Ireland]], then called the [[Irish Free State]], seceded from the [[United Kingdom]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">under the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] of</ins> 1922. The new state took the view that when a new state comes into being after formerly being part of an older state, its acceptance of treaty relationships established by the older state is a matter for the new state to determine by express declaration, or by conduct in the case of each individual treaty.<ref name="Stevens 1966"<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>/> In practice, however, the Irish regarded the commercial and administrative treaties of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>United Kingdom<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> of Great Britain and Ireland]]</ins> previously applying to the territory of the Irish Free State as remaining in force.<ref name="Stevens 1966"<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Israel===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Israel===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|1947–1949 Palestine war}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Israel<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del> took the view that, by virtue of its<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> declaration of</del> [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|independence in 1948]], a new international personality was created and that it started with a clean slate and was bound only by such of the former international obligations affecting the territory as Israel might accept.<ref name="Stevens 1966"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Israel took the view that, by virtue of its [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">declaration of </ins>independence in 1948]], a new international personality<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> from [[Mandatory Palestine]]</ins> was created<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> and that it started with a clean slate<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> and was bound only by such of the former international obligations affecting the territory as Israel might accept.<ref name="Stevens 1966"<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Kampuchea/Cambodia===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Kampuchea/Cambodia===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Cambodian Civil War}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>When<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> the</del> [[Democratic Kampuchea]] led by [[Pol Pot]] was militarily displaced by the [[Vietnam]]ese-backed [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], the country's [[United Nations]] seat was held by Democratic Kampuchea for many years.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>When [[Democratic Kampuchea]] led by [[Pol Pot]] was militarily displaced by the [[Vietnam]]ese-backed [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], the country's [[United Nations]] seat was held by Democratic Kampuchea for many years<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. It is now held by the [[Cambodia|Kingdom of Cambodia]]</ins>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>==<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Korea<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>Korea<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Korean conflict}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>An important tenet of the modern state of [[Republic of Korea]] that [[Korean Empire]]'s incorporation into the [[Empire of Japan]] from 1910 to 1945 constituted an illegal occupation. In 1919 when [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] was formed it claimed continuity directly from their pre-1910 status. In 1948 when modern [[Republic of Korea]] was formed it claimed that it is identical with [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] and the Provisional Govenment successed [[Korean Empire]].<ref>http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A60078976</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>When the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] was formed in 1919, it claimed continuity directly from Korea's pre-1910 status. When the modern [[Republic of Korea]] was formed in 1948, it claimed that it was identical to [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] and that the Provisional Government succeeded the [[Korean Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A60078976 | title=Riss 통합검색 - 국내학술지논문 상세보기}}</ref> An important tenet of the modern state of [[Republic of Korea]] is that the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korean Empire's incorporation into the Empire of Japan]] from 1910 to 1945 is internationally recognized as an illegal occupation.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>South Korea <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resume</del> membership to international <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">organisation</del> such as [[Universal Postal Union]] and re-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">affirm</del> pre-1910 treaties still in force.<ref>https://news.joins.com/article/2062840</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>South Korea <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resumed</ins> membership to international <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">organizations</ins> such as<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> the</ins> [[Universal Postal Union]] and re-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">affirmed that</ins> pre-1910 treaties<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> were</ins> still in force.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Cite web | url=</ins>https://news.joins.com/article/2062840<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | title=대한제국 국제조악 효력확인| date=1986-08-04}}</ins></ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>North Korea also regards [[Korean Empire]]'s incorporation into the [[Empire of Japan]] from 1910 to 1945 constituted an illegal occupation.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Ottoman Empire/Turkey===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Ottoman Empire/Turkey===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>There is some debate over whether the modern [[Republic of Turkey]] is a continuing state to the [[Ottoman Empire]] or a successor.<ref>{{cite journal<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8350310</del>|title=Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?|first=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">EMRE</del>|last=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ÖKTEM</del>|year=2011|volume=24|number=3|pages=561–583|journal=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Leiden Journal of International Law<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">deadurl</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">no</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archiveurl</del>=https://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">web</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archive</del>.org/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">web/20151017172010/http:/</del>/journals<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.cambridge.org</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8350310|archivedate=2015</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">17|df=</del>}}</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> The two entities fought on opposing sides in the [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–23), and even briefly co-existed as separate administrative units (whilst at war with one another): Turkey with its capital in [[Ankara]] and the Ottoman Empire from [[Istanbul]], but this type of scenario is also common in [[civil war]]s. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nationalist</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">faction</del>, led by [[Mustafa Kemal]] who defected from the Ottoman <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">army</del>, established the modern republic as a nation<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>state (or new government regime) by defeating the opposing elements in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">independence</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">war</del>. There remains debate whether the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Turkish War of Independence</del> was a war of independence, or a civil war that led to a regime change.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>There is some debate over whether the modern [[Republic of Turkey]] is a continuing state to the [[Ottoman Empire]] or a successor.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?|first=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Emre</ins>|last=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Öktem</ins>|year=2011|volume=24|number=3|pages=561–583|journal=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>Leiden Journal of International Law<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">doi</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10.1017/S0922156511000252 </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s2cid</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">145773201| url= </ins>https://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cambridge</ins>.org/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">core</ins>/journals/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">leiden-journal-of-international-law</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">article/turkey</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">successor</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or-continuing-state-of-the-ottoman-empire/B3512009F20CED7173E9D27E37A5EE83#</ins>}}</ref> The two entities fought on opposing sides in the [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–23), and even briefly co-existed as separate administrative units (whilst at war with one another): Turkey with its capital in<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Angora (now</ins> [[Ankara]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</ins> and the Ottoman Empire from<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> [[Ottoman Constantinople|Constantinople]] (now</ins> [[Istanbul]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</ins>, but this type of scenario is also common in [[civil war]]s. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Turkish</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">National Movement]]</ins>, led by [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|</ins>Mustafa Kemal]] who defected from the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Ottoman <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Army (1861–1922)|Ottoman Army]]</ins>, established the modern republic as a nation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>state (or <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Government of the Grand National Assembly|</ins>new government regime<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>) by defeating the opposing elements in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Turkish</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">War of Independence]]</ins>. There remains debate<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> about</ins> whether the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">conflict</ins> was a war of independence, or a civil war that led to a regime change.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The question of state succession is relevant to the issue of [[Armenian genocide reparations]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dumberry |first1=Patrick |title=Is Turkey the 'Continuing' State of the Ottoman Empire Under International Law? |journal=Netherlands International Law Review |date=2012 |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=235–262 |doi=10.1017/S0165070X12000162|s2cid=143692430 }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Pakistan===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Pakistan===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When</del> Pakistan <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">became</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">independent</del> it claimed that it was automatically a member of the [[United Nations]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as</del> [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">British India]] had been a [[India and the </del>United Nations<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|founding</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">member of the United Nations</del>]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> despite its colonial status. The United Nations Secretariat</del> however expressed the following opinion:<ref name="Stevens 1966"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">After [[Dominion of</ins> Pakistan<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|Pakistan]]</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Partition of India|created in 1947]],</ins> it claimed that it was automatically a member of the [[United Nations]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The</ins> [[United Nations <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Secretariat</ins>]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> however<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> expressed the following opinion:<ref name="Stevens 1966"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">quote</del>|From the viewpoint of International Law, the situation is one in which part of an existing State breaks off and becomes a new State. On this analysis there is no change in the international status of India; it continues as a State with all treaty rights and obligations, and consequently with all rights and obligations of membership in the United Nations. The territory which breaks off—Pakistan—will be a new State. It will not have the treaty rights and obligations of the old State and will not, of course, have membership in the United Nations. In International Law the situation is analogous to the separation of the Irish Free State from Britain, and Belgium from the Netherlands. In these cases the portion which separated was considered a new State, and the remaining portion continued as an existing State with all the rights and duties which it had before.}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blockquote</ins>|From the viewpoint of International Law, the situation is one in which part of an existing State breaks off and becomes a new State. On this analysis there is no change in the international status of India; it continues as a State with all treaty rights and obligations, and consequently with all rights and obligations of membership in the United Nations. The territory which breaks off—Pakistan—will be a new State. It will not have the treaty rights and obligations of the old State and will not, of course, have membership in the United Nations. In International Law<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> the situation is analogous to the separation of the Irish Free State from Britain, and Belgium from the Netherlands. In these cases the portion which separated was considered a new State, and the remaining portion continued as an existing State with all the rights and duties which it had before.}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>===Soviet Union===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>===Soviet Union<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> and the Russian Federation</ins>===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Dissolution of the Soviet Union}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>International convention since the end of the [[Cold War]] has come to distinguish two distinct circumstances where such privileges are sought by such a successor state, in only the first of which may such successor states assume the name or privileged international position of their predecessor. The first set of circumstances arose at the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution]] of the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR) in 1991. One of this federation's constituent republics, the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] has declared itself to be "the continuator state of the USSR" on the grounds that it contained 51% of the population of the USSR and 77% of its territory. In consequence, [[Russia and the United Nations|Russia]] agreed that it would acquire the USSR's seat as a permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bühler|first=Konrad G. |title=State Succession and Membership in International Organizations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA161 |series=Legal Aspects of International Organization Series|volume=Volume 38 |year=2001 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=9789041115539|pages=161–4}}</ref> This was also accepted by the rest of the former states of the USSR; in a letter dated 24 December 1991, Boris Yeltsin, at the time President of the Russian Federation, informed the Secretary-General that the membership of the Soviet Union in the Security Council and all other United Nations organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|title=Member States of the United Nations - Russia*|publisher=the United Nations|accessdate=28 December 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|archivedate=30 December 2013|df=}}</ref> All Soviet embassies became Russian embassies.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The [[Soviet Union]] (USSR) [[dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved in 1991]], which together with its [[Ukrainian SSR]] and [[Byelorussian SSR]] as separate [[United Nations members]], co-founded the [[United Nations]] in 1945. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Soviet Union - Russian SFSR.svg|thumb|The Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union in 1956–1991|left|260px]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_69_5_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_68_0_lhs"></a><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">On</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hand,</del> the [[Baltic states]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">represent</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a special case</del>. An important tenet of the modern states of [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]] is that their incorporation into the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Soviet Union<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del> from 1940 to 1991 constituted an illegal occupation. In 1991 when each Baltic state regained their independence [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">State</del> continuity of the Baltic states|they claimed continuity]] directly from their pre-1940 status. Many other states share this view, and as such, these states were not considered either predecessor or successor states of the Soviet Union. As a consequence, the Baltic states were able to simply re-establish diplomatic relations with countries, re-affirm pre-1940 treaties still in force, and resume membership <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to</del> international <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">organisations</del>.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bühler|first=Konrad G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA177 |title=State Succession and Membership in International Organizations |series=Legal Aspects of International Organization Series |volume=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Volume </del>38|year=2001|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=9789041115539|pages=177–9}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The [[Russian Federation]] succeeded to [[Soviet Union and the United Nations|the Soviet Union's United Nations membership]], including its [[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent membership]] on the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] of the United Nations. Russia accounted for more than 75% of the Soviet Union's economy, the majority of its population and 75% of its land mass; in addition, the [[history of the Soviet Union]] began in Russia with the [[October Revolution]] in 1917 in [[Petrograd]]. If there was to be a successor to the Soviet seat on the Security Council among the former Soviet republics, these factors made Russia seem a logical choice.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bühler |first=Konrad G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA161 |title=State Succession and Membership in International Organizations |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=9789041115539 |series=Legal Aspects of International Organization Series |volume=38 |pages=158–64}}</ref> In a letter dated 24 December 1991, the Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]] informed the Secretary-General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other United Nations organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the nine [[Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States|member countries]] of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|title=Member States of the United Nations - Russia*|publisher=the United Nations|access-date=28 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> All Soviet embassies became Russian embassies.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Ukraine]], the successor state of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (legally<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 August 2023|title=Ukraine is the legal successor of the Ukrainian People's Republic|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/columns/2023/08/22/163058/|access-date=22 August 2023|website=[[Istorychna Pravda]] |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>) being one of the founding members of the Soviet Union, has not recognized the exclusive Russian claims to succession of the Soviet Union and claimed such status for [[Ukraine]] as well, which was stated in Articles 7 and 8 of [[Law on the Succession of Ukraine]] issued in 1991. After independence, Ukraine has continued to pursue claims against the Russian Federation in foreign courts, seeking to recover its share of the foreign property that was formerly owned by the Soviet Union.<ref>[[On Legal Succession of Ukraine]], Articles 7 and 8.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1543-12|title=Про правонаступництво України|website=Zakon.rada.gov.ua|access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/3320798-razdel-sssr-rf-obsudyt-nulevoi-varyant-dolhov-sssr-esly-ukrayna-kompensyruet-20-mlrd-dolha|title=Раздел СССР. РФ обсудит нулевой вариант долгов СССР, если Украина компенсирует $20 млрд долга‏|website=Korrespondent.net}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_68_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_69_5_rhs"></a><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">special</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">case</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for</ins> the [[Baltic states]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">had</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">existed</ins>. An important tenet of the modern states of [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]] is that their incorporation into the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1991 constituted an <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Occupation of the Baltic states|</ins>illegal occupation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. In 1991 when each Baltic state regained their independence [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">state</ins> continuity of the Baltic states|they claimed continuity]] directly from their pre-1940 status. Many other states share this view, and as such, these states were not considered either predecessor or successor states of the Soviet Union. As a consequence, the Baltic states were able to simply re-establish diplomatic relations with countries, re-affirm pre-1940 treaties still in force, and resume membership <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</ins> international <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">organizations</ins>.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bühler|first=Konrad G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA177 |title=State Succession and Membership in International Organizations |series=Legal Aspects of International Organization Series |volume=38|year=2001|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=9789041115539|pages=177–9}}</ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> A similar situation applies to the [[Transcaucasia|Caucasus countries]] of [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], which claimed continuity of the pre-1921 republics before being conquered by the [[Red Army]] as well as Ukraine, which as mentioned above, is the ''de facto'' successor to the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] that was founded in 1917 before its [[Sovietization]] in 1919 (see [[Soviet–Ukrainian War]]).</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Yugoslavia===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Yugoslavia===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Breakup of Yugoslavia}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>After four of the six constituent republics of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] [[Secession|seceded]] in 1991 and 1992, the [[rump state]], renamed the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], stated it was the continuation of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">state</del> of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Yugoslavia—against</del> the objections of the newly independent republics.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> Representatives from [[Belgrade]] continued to hold the original Yugoslavian UN seat—however, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>United States<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del> refused to recognize it. The remaining territory of the federation was less than half of the population and territory of the former federation.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> In 1992 the [[Security Council]] on September<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 19</del> ([[United Nations Security Council Resolution 777|Resolution 777]]) and the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] on<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> September</del> 22, decided to refuse to allow the new federation to sit in the General Assembly under the name of "Yugoslavia" on the theory that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Dissolution of Yugoslavia|</del>had dissolved<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later renamed [[Serbia and Montenegro]]) was admitted as a new member to the United Nations <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</del> 2000; in 2006, [[Montenegro]] declared independence and [[Serbia]] continued to hold the federation's seat. Additionally, [[Kosovo]] [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declared independence in 2008]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>After four of the six constituent republics of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] [[Secession|seceded]] in 1991 and 1992, the [[rump state]], renamed the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], stated it was the continuation of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Socialist Federal Republic</ins> of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Yugoslavia]]—against</ins> the objections of the newly independent republics. Representatives from [[Belgrade]] continued to hold the original Yugoslavian UN seat—however, the United States refused to recognize it. The remaining territory of the federation was less than half of the population and territory of the former federation. In 1992 the [[Security Council]] on<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 19</ins> September ([[United Nations Security Council Resolution 777|Resolution 777]]) and the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] on 22<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> September</ins>, decided to refuse to allow the new federation to sit in the General Assembly under the name of "Yugoslavia" on the theory that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had dissolved. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later renamed [[Serbia and Montenegro]]) was admitted as a new member to the United Nations <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on 1 November</ins> 2000; in<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> May</ins> 2006, [[Montenegro]] declared independence and [[Serbia]] continued to hold the federation's seat. Additionally, [[Kosovo]] [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declared independence in<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> February</ins> 2008]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>====The Agreement on Succession Issues====</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{main|Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The first negotiations on succession issues of the former Socialist Yugoslavia began in 1992 within the framework of the ''Working Group on Succession Issues'' of the [[Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia|Peace Conference on Yugoslavia]].<ref name="Stahn">{{cite journal |last=Stahn |first=Carsten |date=2002 |title=The Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2693933 |journal=[[The American Journal of International Law]] |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=379–397 |doi=10.2307/2693933 |jstor=2693933 |s2cid=144987205 }}</ref> The agreement was initially prevented by the insistence of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that it was the exclusive legal and political continuation of Socialist Yugoslavia as well as the owner of all state property owned by the earlier socialist federal government, and that it was willing to renounce a part of it only as an act of goodwill.<ref name="Stahn"/> The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia interpreted the breakup of Yugoslavia as a process of serial secessions and not as a complete dismemberment of the earlier state, an interpretation rejected by the other former Yugoslav republics.<ref name="Stahn"/> The [[Badinter Arbitration Committee]] recommended a division of assets and liabilities based on principle of [[Equity (economics)|equity]], referring to the 1983 ''Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debt'' (a convention not in force which at the time was signed by only six states, including SRF Yugoslavia).<ref name="Stahn"/> This proposal was unacceptable to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which therefore motivated the [[International Monetary Fund]] to develop an alternative key model which considered the economic power of republics and their contribution to the federal budget, which was accepted by all.<ref name="Stahn"/> The key determined participation of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with 36.52%, Croatia with 28.49%, Slovenia 16.39%, Bosnia and Herzegovina with 13.20% and Macedonia with 5.20%.<ref name="Stahn"/> An agreement was also reached on gold and other reserves at the [[Bank for International Settlements]], but the final conclusion was postponed by the beginning of the [[Kosovo War]].<ref name="Stahn"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>After the end of the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]] followed next year by the [[overthrow of Slobodan Milošević]], the successor states concluded their agreement. In 2001, with the support of the international community, five countries ([[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia – today [[North Macedonia]] — and the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] – today [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]]) signed the ''Agreement on Succession Issues'' which conclusively confirmed that five sovereign equal successor states were formed upon the dissolution of the former SFR Yugoslavia.<ref name="GOV.SI">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.si/en/registries/projects/sfry-succession/ |title=SFRY Succession |publisher=[[Government of Slovenia]]; Government Communication Office |access-date=8 January 2021 }}</ref> It entered into force on 2 June 2004, when the last successor state ratified it.<ref name="GOV.SI"/> The agreement was signed as an umbrella agreement which included annexes on diplomatic and consular properties, financial assets and liabilities, archives, pensions, other rights, interests and liabilities as well as private properties and acquired rights.<ref name="Stahn"/> At the subsequent dissolution of the state union of [[Serbia and Montenegro]] (one of the five successor states), the two countries agreed on Serbian sole succession of rights and obligations of their federation.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Examples==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Examples==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [[Serbia]], successor state to the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (earlier claim to [[SFR Yugoslavia]] succession dropped in 2000)</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Diadochi]], the successors to [[Alexander the Great]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Russian</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Federation</del>]], successor state to the [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Soviet</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Union</del>]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The</ins> [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Iran|Islamic</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Republic of Iran</ins>]], successor state to the [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pahlavi dynasty|Imperial State of</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Iran</ins>]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The</del> [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Republic of Indonesia</del>]], the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">current successor</del> state <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</del> the [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dutch East</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Indies</del>]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sudan</ins>]], the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reduced</ins> state <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">after</ins> the<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> creation of</ins> [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">South</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sudan</ins>]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[List of predecessors of sovereign states in Africa|Predecessors of sovereign states in Africa]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[List of predecessors of sovereign states in Africa|Predecessors of sovereign states in Africa]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[List of predecessors of sovereign states in Asia|Predecessors of sovereign states in Asia]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[List of predecessors of sovereign states in Asia|Predecessors of sovereign states in Asia]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 96:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 101:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[International law]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[International law]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* ''[[Translatio imperii]]''</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* ''[[Translatio imperii]]''</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Universal history]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Assyrian continuity]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[State continuity of the Baltic states]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[State continuity of the Baltic states]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Timeline of historical geopolitical changes]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Timeline of historical geopolitical changes]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [[Peaceful transition of power]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [[Odious debt]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [[Rump state]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==References==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==References==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 106:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 112:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Bibliography==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Bibliography==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*Burgenthal/Doehring/Kokott: ''Grundzüge des Völkerrechts'', 2. Auflage, Heidelberg 2000 {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">de</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">icon</del>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>Burgenthal/Doehring/Kokott: ''Grundzüge des Völkerrechts'', 2. Auflage, Heidelberg 2000 {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lang|de</ins>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==External links==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==External links==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181700/http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol7/No4/art1-05.html European Journal of International Law – State Succession in Respect of Human Rights Treaties]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181700/http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol7/No4/art1-05.html European Journal of International Law – State Succession in Respect of Human Rights Treaties]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* Wilfried Fiedler: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311010452/http://www.jura.uni-sb.de/projekte/Bibliothek/texte/FIEDLER2.HTML ''Der Zeitfaktor im Recht der Staatensukzession''], in: Staat und Recht. Festschrift für Günther Winkler, Wien, 1997. P. 217–236. {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">de</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">icon</del>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* Wilfried Fiedler: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311010452/http://www.jura.uni-sb.de/projekte/Bibliothek/texte/FIEDLER2.HTML ''Der Zeitfaktor im Recht der Staatensukzession''], in: Staat und Recht. Festschrift für Günther Winkler, Wien, 1997. P. 217–236. {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lang|de</ins>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* Wilfried Fiedler: [http://www.jura.uni-sb.de/FB/LS/Fiedler/Fiedler/Aufsaetze/kriele.html#Heading4 ''Staatensukzession und Menschenrechte''], in: B. Ziemske u.a. (Hrsg.), Festschrift für Martin Kriele, München 1997. P. 1371–1391 {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">de</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">icon</del>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* Wilfried Fiedler: [http://www.jura.uni-sb.de/FB/LS/Fiedler/Fiedler/Aufsaetze/kriele.html#Heading4 ''Staatensukzession und Menschenrechte''], in: B. Ziemske u.a. (Hrsg.), Festschrift für Martin Kriele, München 1997. P. 1371–1391 {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lang|de</ins>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4512b6dd4.pdf Draft Articles on Nationality of Natural Persons in relation to the Succession of States with commentaries (1999)]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4512b6dd4.pdf Draft Articles on Nationality of Natural Persons in relation to the Succession of States with commentaries (1999)]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* {{cite journal|author=Öktem, Emre|title=Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?|journal=[[Leiden Journal of International Law]]|volume=24|issue=3|date=September 2011|pages=561–583|doi=10.1017/S0922156511000252|s2cid=145773201}} - Published online on 5 August 2011</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Authority control}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{DEFAULTSORT:Succession Of States}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{DEFAULTSORT:Succession Of States}}</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 17:14, 30 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of transferring roles and responsibilities as states and their boundaries change</div> <p><b>Succession of states</b> is a concept in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> regarding a <b>successor state</b> that has become a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> over a territory (and populace) that was previously under the sovereignty of another state. The theory has its roots in 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A successor state often acquires a new <a href="/wiki/International_legal_personality" title="International legal personality">international legal personality</a>, which is distinct from a continuing state, also known as a continuator or historical heir, which despite changes to its borders retains the same legal personality and possess all its existing rights and obligations (such as a <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partial_and_universal_state_succession">Partial and universal state succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Partial and universal state succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A state succession can be characterized as either being <i>universal</i> or <i>partial</i>. A universal state succession occurs when one state is completely extinguished and its sovereignty is replaced by that of one or more successor states. A partial state succession occurs when the state continues to exist after it has lost control of a part of its territory.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of a partial state succession is the case of the split of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> from Pakistan. There was no challenge to Pakistan's claim to continue to exist and to retain its membership of the United Nations: it was a continuator and not a successor. Bangladesh eventually was recognized as a new state: it was a successor and had to apply for UN membership. </p><p>An example of a universal state succession is the dissolution of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. Neither part claimed any continuity: both the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> were new successor states. </p><p>There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form (<i>i.e.</i>, not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case is the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>), which was completely abolished after the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>. Modern Germany is a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> and not a successor state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rights_and_obligations">Rights and obligations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rights and obligations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consequent upon the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/International_legal_personality" title="International legal personality">international legal personality</a>, the difficult matter of succession to treaty rights and obligations arises.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Succession may refer to the transfer of rights, obligations, or property from a previously well-established predecessor state to its successor state, and can include overseas assets such as <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions">diplomatic missions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign-exchange reserves">foreign-exchange reserves</a>, and museum artifacts; and participation in treaties in force at the date of succession or <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a>. In an attempt to codify the rules of succession of states, the <a href="/wiki/1978_Vienna_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 Vienna Convention">1978 Vienna Convention</a> entered into force on November 6, 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_cases">Classification of cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification of cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In their application to the acquisition of independence, distinctions should be drawn between different cases though the line of demarcation is not always clear:<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_1966_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bilateral and multilateral treaties necessarily give rise to different considerations.</li> <li>There are <i>real</i> treaties and <i>personal</i> treaties. Real treaties affect the territory itself, such as boundary agreements or the grant of transit rights, which can continue irrespective of the personality of the state. The new state must take over the country in the condition in which it finds it, as the parent state cannot give more than it possesses. Such treaties can be described as "treaties creating purely local obligations."<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_1966_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exceptions_to_orderly_succession">Exceptions to orderly succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exceptions to orderly succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several recent examples where a succession of states, as described above, has not been entirely adhered to. This is mostly a list of the exceptions that have occurred since the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1945. In previous historical periods, the exceptions would be too many to list. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> state in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a>) became the <i>de facto</i> government of nearly all the country in the mid-1990s, but the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Afghan Northern Alliance</a> was still recognised by many nations and retained the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_and_the_United_Nations" title="Afghanistan and the United Nations">UN seat</a>. In 2021, the Taliban again <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">took power</a>, but as of 25 August 2022,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it does not have the Afghanistan UN seat, which is still held by the <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan" title="National Resistance Front of Afghanistan">National Resistance Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Two_Chinas" title="Two Chinas">Two Chinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate#Mainland_China_and_Taiwan" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate § Mainland China and Taiwan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) was established in 1949 in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> and claimed succession from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (ROC). The ROC's <a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">territory</a> was reduced to mainly the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">island of Taiwan</a>, who took control from <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> in 1945, although it continues to claim control of the mainland. At the start of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> the PRC was <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">recognized</a> by few states; the ROC continued to represent "China" in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and hold the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent seat on the UN Security Council</a>. In 1971, the PRC replaced the ROC in the UN through <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758">General Assembly Resolution 2758</a>; this followed a trend of greater recognition for the PRC at the expense of the ROC. Although the resolution makes no mention of <a href="/wiki/Political_Status_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Status of Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the ROC continues to be unrepresented within the United Nations but exercises sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan Area</a>. In addition to the Chinese mainland, the ROC also claims borderlands unclaimed by the PRC, most notably <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a>, periods of prolonged political division and dynastic transition saw the existence of more than one claimant to "China" at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-History1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China was politically divided during several sustained periods historically, with two or more states simultaneously existing on territories associated with "China" and claiming to represent "China". Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a> periods, <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> among others. Just as the PRC and the ROC formally claim <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate#Mainland_China_and_Taiwan" title="Exclusive mandate">exclusive mandate</a> over the entirety of China,<sup id="cite_ref-Sovereignty1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sovereignty1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sovereignty2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sovereignty2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sovereignty3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sovereignty3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historical Chinese dynasties that existed during periods of sustained political disunity often claimed exclusive Chinese politico-cultural orthodoxy at the expense of others. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_cycle" title="Dynastic cycle">dynastic transitions</a>, it was rare for one dynasty to end abruptly and transition smoothly to a new one, resulting in the existence of more than one entity claiming to be "China".<sup id="cite_ref-History2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, during the <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Ming–Qing transition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> existed alongside the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (or Predynastic Qing) for a period before 1644. The predecessor of the Qing dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin dynasty</a>, was established in 1616 and ruled over <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a> whilst the Ming dynasty ruled over <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">fall of the Ming dynasty</a> in 1644, remnants of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Zhu" title="House of Zhu">Ming imperial family</a>, whose regime is known in historiography as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming dynasty</a>, continued to rule parts of southern China until 1662.<sup id="cite_ref-History4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple ephemeral regimes also existed during this period, including the <a href="/wiki/Shun_dynasty" title="Shun dynasty">Shun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xi_dynasty" title="Xi dynasty">Xi</a> dynasties on <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, and the Ming loyalist <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a> on Taiwan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Ireland">Republic of Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Republic of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, then called the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, seceded from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> of 1922. The new state took the view that when a new state comes into being after formerly being part of an older state, its acceptance of treaty relationships established by the older state is a matter for the new state to determine by express declaration, or by conduct in the case of each individual treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_1966_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, however, the Irish regarded the commercial and administrative treaties of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> previously applying to the territory of the Irish Free State as remaining in force.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_1966_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a></div> <p>Israel took the view that, by virtue of its <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">declaration of independence in 1948</a>, a new international personality from <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> was created, and that it started with a clean slate, and was bound only by such of the former international obligations affecting the territory as Israel might accept.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_1966_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kampuchea/Cambodia"><span id="Kampuchea.2FCambodia"></span>Kampuchea/Cambodia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kampuchea/Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> was militarily displaced by the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a>-backed <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a>, the country's <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> seat was held by Democratic Kampuchea for many years. It is now held by the <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Kingdom of Cambodia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> was formed in 1919, it claimed continuity directly from Korea's pre-1910 status. When the modern <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a> was formed in 1948, it claimed that it was identical to <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> and that the Provisional Government succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important tenet of the modern state of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a> is that the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korean Empire's incorporation into the Empire of Japan</a> from 1910 to 1945 is internationally recognized as an illegal occupation. </p><p>South Korea resumed membership to international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a> and re-affirmed that pre-1910 treaties were still in force.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire/Turkey"><span id="Ottoman_Empire.2FTurkey"></span>Ottoman Empire/Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire/Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <p>There is some debate over whether the modern <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> is a continuing state to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> or a successor.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two entities fought on opposing sides in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> (1919–23), and even briefly co-existed as separate administrative units (whilst at war with one another): Turkey with its capital in Angora (now <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>) and the Ottoman Empire from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>), but this type of scenario is also common in <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil wars</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a> who defected from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman Army</a>, established the modern republic as a nation-state (or <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">new government regime</a>) by defeating the opposing elements in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>. There remains debate about whether the conflict was a war of independence, or a civil war that led to a regime change. </p><p>The question of state succession is relevant to the issue of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_reparations" title="Armenian genocide reparations">Armenian genocide reparations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> was <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">created in 1947</a>, it claimed that it was automatically a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a>, however, expressed the following opinion:<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_1966_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From the viewpoint of International Law, the situation is one in which part of an existing State breaks off and becomes a new State. On this analysis there is no change in the international status of India; it continues as a State with all treaty rights and obligations, and consequently with all rights and obligations of membership in the United Nations. The territory which breaks off—Pakistan—will be a new State. It will not have the treaty rights and obligations of the old State and will not, of course, have membership in the United Nations. In International Law, the situation is analogous to the separation of the Irish Free State from Britain, and Belgium from the Netherlands. In these cases the portion which separated was considered a new State, and the remaining portion continued as an existing State with all the rights and duties which it had before.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union_and_the_Russian_Federation">Soviet Union and the Russian Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Soviet Union and the Russian Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR) <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolved in 1991</a>, which together with its <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a> as separate <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_members" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations members">United Nations members</a>, co-founded the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1945. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg/260px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg/390px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg/520px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>The Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union in 1956–1991</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> succeeded to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="Soviet Union and the United Nations">the Soviet Union's United Nations membership</a>, including its <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent membership</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> of the United Nations. Russia accounted for more than 75% of the Soviet Union's economy, the majority of its population and 75% of its land mass; in addition, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">history of the Soviet Union</a> began in Russia with the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in 1917 in <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>. If there was to be a successor to the Soviet seat on the Security Council among the former Soviet republics, these factors made Russia seem a logical choice.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter dated 24 December 1991, the Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> informed the Secretary-General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other United Nations organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the nine <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States">member countries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Soviet embassies became Russian embassies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the successor state of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (legally<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) being one of the founding members of the Soviet Union, has not recognized the exclusive Russian claims to succession of the Soviet Union and claimed such status for <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> as well, which was stated in Articles 7 and 8 of <a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Succession_of_Ukraine" title="Law on the Succession of Ukraine">Law on the Succession of Ukraine</a> issued in 1991. After independence, Ukraine has continued to pursue claims against the Russian Federation in foreign courts, seeking to recover its share of the foreign property that was formerly owned by the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A special case for the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> had existed. An important tenet of the modern states of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> is that their incorporation into the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1991 constituted an <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">illegal occupation</a>. In 1991 when each Baltic state regained their independence <a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">they claimed continuity</a> directly from their pre-1940 status. Many other states share this view, and as such, these states were not considered either predecessor or successor states of the Soviet Union. As a consequence, the Baltic states were able to simply re-establish diplomatic relations with countries, re-affirm pre-1940 treaties still in force, and resume membership in international organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar situation applies to the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Caucasus countries</a> of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, which claimed continuity of the pre-1921 republics before being conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> as well as Ukraine, which as mentioned above, is the <i>de facto</i> successor to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> that was founded in 1917 before its <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a> in 1919 (see <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet–Ukrainian War">Soviet–Ukrainian War</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div> <p>After four of the six constituent republics of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">seceded</a> in 1991 and 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a>, renamed the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, stated it was the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>—against the objections of the newly independent republics. Representatives from <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> continued to hold the original Yugoslavian UN seat—however, the United States refused to recognize it. The remaining territory of the federation was less than half of the population and territory of the former federation. In 1992 the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a> on 19 September (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_777" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 777">Resolution 777</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> on 22 September, decided to refuse to allow the new federation to sit in the General Assembly under the name of "Yugoslavia" on the theory that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had dissolved. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later renamed <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a>) was admitted as a new member to the United Nations on 1 November 2000; in May 2006, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> declared independence and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> continued to hold the federation's seat. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">declared independence in February 2008</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Agreement_on_Succession_Issues">The Agreement on Succession Issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Agreement on Succession Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Succession_Issues_of_the_Former_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></div> <p>The first negotiations on succession issues of the former Socialist Yugoslavia began in 1992 within the framework of the <i>Working Group on Succession Issues</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahn_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement was initially prevented by the insistence of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that it was the exclusive legal and political continuation of Socialist Yugoslavia as well as the owner of all state property owned by the earlier socialist federal government, and that it was willing to renounce a part of it only as an act of goodwill.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahn_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia interpreted the breakup of Yugoslavia as a process of serial secessions and not as a complete dismemberment of the earlier state, an interpretation rejected by the other former Yugoslav republics.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahn_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Badinter_Arbitration_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Badinter Arbitration Committee">Badinter Arbitration Committee</a> recommended a division of assets and liabilities based on principle of <a href="/wiki/Equity_(economics)" title="Equity (economics)">equity</a>, referring to the 1983 <i>Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debt</i> (a convention not in force which at the time was signed by only six states, including SRF Yugoslavia).<sup id="cite_ref-Stahn_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal was unacceptable to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which therefore motivated the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> to develop an alternative key model which considered the economic power of republics and their contribution to the federal budget, which was accepted by all.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahn_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key determined participation of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with 36.52%, Croatia with 28.49%, Slovenia 16.39%, Bosnia and Herzegovina with 13.20% and Macedonia with 5.20%.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahn_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An agreement was also reached on gold and other reserves at the <a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a>, but the final conclusion was postponed by the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahn_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of the <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a> followed next year by the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a>, the successor states concluded their agreement. In 2001, with the support of the international community, five countries (<a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia – today <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> – today <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>) signed the <i>Agreement on Succession Issues</i> which conclusively confirmed that five sovereign equal successor states were formed upon the dissolution of the former SFR Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-GOV.SI_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOV.SI-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It entered into force on 2 June 2004, when the last successor state ratified it.<sup id="cite_ref-GOV.SI_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOV.SI-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement was signed as an umbrella agreement which included annexes on diplomatic and consular properties, financial assets and liabilities, archives, pensions, other rights, interests and liabilities as well as private properties and acquired rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahn_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the subsequent dissolution of the state union of <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> (one of the five successor states), the two countries agreed on Serbian sole succession of rights and obligations of their federation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, successor state to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (earlier claim to <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> succession dropped in 2000)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, successor state to the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Imperial State of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, the reduced state after the creation of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Africa" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Africa">Predecessors of sovereign states in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Asia" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Asia">Predecessors of sovereign states in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_North_America" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in North America">Predecessors of sovereign states in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_South_America" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in South America">Predecessors of sovereign states in South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Oceania" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Oceania">Predecessors of sovereign states in Oceania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_history" title="Comparative history">Comparative history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Succession_of_States_in_respect_of_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties">Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">State continuity of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historical_geopolitical_changes" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of historical geopolitical changes">Timeline of historical geopolitical changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">Peaceful transition of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odious_debt" title="Odious debt">Odious debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">Rump state</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806182721/http://www.lawyersnjurists.com/article/40377/the-term-state-succession-under-international-law-signifies-the-transmission-of-the-rights-and-obligations-of-one-state-to-another-in-consequence-of-territorial-sovereignty.html">"The Term State Succession Under International Law Signifies The Transmission of The Rights and Obligations of One State to Another in Consequence of Territorial Sovereignty"</a>. <i>The Lawyers & Jurists</i>. 2013-09-09. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawyersnjurists.com/article/40377/the-term-state-succession-under-international-law-signifies-the-transmission-of-the-rights-and-obligations-of-one-state-to-another-in-consequence-of-territorial-sovereignty.html">the original</a> on 2017-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lawyers+%26+Jurists&rft.atitle=The+Term+State+Succession+Under+International+Law+Signifies+The+Transmission+of+The+Rights+and+Obligations+of+One+State+to+Another+in+Consequence+of+Territorial+Sovereignty&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawyersnjurists.com%2Farticle%2F40377%2Fthe-term-state-succession-under-international-law-signifies-the-transmission-of-the-rights-and-obligations-of-one-state-to-another-in-consequence-of-territorial-sovereignty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2006" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, James (2006). <i>The Creation of States in International Law</i>. Clarendon Press. pp. 667–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199228423" title="Special:BookSources/9780199228423"><bdi>9780199228423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+States+in+International+Law&rft.pages=667-72&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199228423&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheir.org/kinds-of-state-succession.html">"Kinds of State Succession"</a>. <i>www.sheir.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807023508/http://www.sheir.org/kinds-of-state-succession.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sheir.org&rft.atitle=Kinds+of+State+Succession&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheir.org%2Fkinds-of-state-succession.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts-Wray1966" class="citation book cs1">Roberts-Wray, K. (1966). <i>Commonwealth and Colonial Law</i>. London: Stevens & Sons. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/499240836">499240836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+and+Colonial+Law&rft.place=London&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Stevens+%26+Sons&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F499240836&rft.aulast=Roberts-Wray&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXIII-2&chapter=23">"Vienna Convention of succession of States in respect of treaties"</a>. <i>United Nations Treaty Series</i>. <b>1946</b> (33356): 3–188. Nov 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Series&rft.atitle=Vienna+Convention+of+succession+of+States+in+respect+of+treaties&rft.volume=1946&rft.issue=33356&rft.pages=3-188&rft.date=1996-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXXIII-2%26chapter%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens_1966-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_1966_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_1966_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_1966_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_1966_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_1966_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_1966_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Commonwealth and Colonial Law</i> by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Roberts-Wray" title="Kenneth Roberts-Wray">Kenneth Roberts-Wray</a>, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawi2022" class="citation web cs1">Dawi, Akmal (2022-08-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/un-security-council-stumbles-on-taliban-travel-waiver-/6716997.html">"UN Security Council Stumbles on Taliban Travel Waiver"</a>. <i>VOA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University Press of Kentucky. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813140674" title="Special:BookSources/9780813140674"><bdi>9780813140674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+China&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780813140674&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Higham%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwKpj1YfXfHEC%26q%3Dchinese%2Bhistory%2Bdivided%2Bmany%2Bstates%2Bmany%2Bperiods%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sovereignty1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sovereignty1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarmento2009" class="citation book cs1">Sarmento, Clara (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VvcYBwAAQBAJ&q=people%27s+republic+of+china+controls+mainland+china+hong+kong+macau&pg=PA127"><i>Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the 21st Century?</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443808682" title="Special:BookSources/9781443808682"><bdi>9781443808682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastwards+%2F+Westwards%3A+Which+Direction+for+Gender+Studies+in+the+21st+Century%3F&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781443808682&rft.aulast=Sarmento&rft.aufirst=Clara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVvcYBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpeople%2527s%2Brepublic%2Bof%2Bchina%2Bcontrols%2Bmainland%2Bchina%2Bhong%2Bkong%2Bmacau%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sovereignty2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sovereignty2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2014" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Christopher (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hm63AwAAQBAJ&q=prc+and+roc+legitimacy&pg=PA59"><i>The China Handbook</i></a>. Routledge. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134269662" title="Special:BookSources/9781134269662"><bdi>9781134269662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+China+Handbook&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781134269662&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhm63AwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dprc%2Band%2Broc%2Blegitimacy%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sovereignty3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sovereignty3_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigger2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Rigger" title="Shelley Rigger">Rigger, Shelley</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiiEAgAAQBAJ&q=roc+limited+to+taiwan&pg=PA60"><i>Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Reform</i></a>. Routledge. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134692972" title="Special:BookSources/9781134692972"><bdi>9781134692972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+Taiwan%3A+Voting+for+Reform&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134692972&rft.aulast=Rigger&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhiiEAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Droc%2Blimited%2Bto%2Btaiwan%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&q=chinese+dynastic+name+guohao&pg=PA13"><i>Chinese History: A Manual</i></a>. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674002494" title="Special:BookSources/9780674002494"><bdi>9780674002494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+Manual&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ+Asia+Center&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780674002494&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERnrQq0bsPYC%26q%3Dchinese%2Bdynastic%2Bname%2Bguohao%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History3_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2013" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Dorothy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMQeAgAAQBAJ&q=qing+dynasty+later+jin&pg=PA1"><i>Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135935627" title="Special:BookSources/9781135935627"><bdi>9781135935627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+China%3A+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135935627&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMQeAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dqing%2Bdynasty%2Blater%2Bjin%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History4-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History4_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Cosmo2007" class="citation book cs1">Di Cosmo, Nicola (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&q=southern+ming&pg=PA1"><i>The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135789558" title="Special:BookSources/9781135789558"><bdi>9781135789558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+a+Manchu+Soldier+in+Seventeenth-Century+China%3A+%22My+Service+in+the+Army%22%2C+by+Dzengseo&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781135789558&rft.aulast=Di+Cosmo&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8piRAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsouthern%2Bming%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A60078976">"Riss 통합검색 - 국내학술지논문 상세보기"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Riss+%ED%86%B5%ED%95%A9%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89+-+%EA%B5%AD%EB%82%B4%ED%95%99%EC%88%A0%EC%A7%80%EB%85%BC%EB%AC%B8+%EC%83%81%EC%84%B8%EB%B3%B4%EA%B8%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riss.kr%2Flink%3Fid%3DA60078976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.joins.com/article/2062840">"대한제국 국제조악 효력확인"</a>. 1986-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD+%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%85+%ED%9A%A8%EB%A0%A5%ED%99%95%EC%9D%B8&rft.date=1986-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.joins.com%2Farticle%2F2062840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖktem2011" class="citation journal cs1">Öktem, Emre (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/turkey-successor-or-continuing-state-of-the-ottoman-empire/B3512009F20CED7173E9D27E37A5EE83#">"Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?"</a>. <i>Leiden Journal of International Law</i>. <b>24</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 561–583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0922156511000252">10.1017/S0922156511000252</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145773201">145773201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leiden+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Turkey%3A+Successor+or+Continuing+State+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=561-583&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0922156511000252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145773201%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=%C3%96ktem&rft.aufirst=Emre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fleiden-journal-of-international-law%2Farticle%2Fturkey-successor-or-continuing-state-of-the-ottoman-empire%2FB3512009F20CED7173E9D27E37A5EE83%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumberry2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dumberry, Patrick (2012). "Is Turkey the 'Continuing' State of the Ottoman Empire Under International Law?". <i>Netherlands International Law Review</i>. <b>59</b> (2): 235–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0165070X12000162">10.1017/S0165070X12000162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143692430">143692430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Netherlands+International+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Is+Turkey+the+%27Continuing%27+State+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+Under+International+Law%3F&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-262&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0165070X12000162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143692430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dumberry&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml">Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBühler2001" class="citation book cs1">Bühler, Konrad G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA161"><i>State Succession and Membership in International Organizations</i></a>. Legal Aspects of International Organization Series. Vol. 38. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 158–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041115539" title="Special:BookSources/9789041115539"><bdi>9789041115539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Succession+and+Membership+in+International+Organizations&rft.series=Legal+Aspects+of+International+Organization+Series&rft.pages=158-64&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789041115539&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=Konrad+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTy7NAG1Jl-8C%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml">"Member States of the United Nations - Russia*"</a>. the United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml">the original</a> on 30 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+States+of+the+United+Nations+-+Russia%2A&rft.pub=the+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fmembers%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istpravda.com.ua/columns/2023/08/22/163058/">"Ukraine is the legal successor of the Ukrainian People's Republic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Istorychna_Pravda" title="Istorychna Pravda">Istorychna Pravda</a></i> (in Ukrainian). 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Istorychna+Pravda&rft.atitle=Ukraine+is+the+legal+successor+of+the+Ukrainian+People%27s+Republic&rft.date=2023-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istpravda.com.ua%2Fcolumns%2F2023%2F08%2F22%2F163058%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/On_Legal_Succession_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="On Legal Succession of Ukraine">On Legal Succession of Ukraine</a>, Articles 7 and 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1543-12">"Про правонаступництво України"</a>. <i>Zakon.rada.gov.ua</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zakon.rada.gov.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzakon.rada.gov.ua%2Fgo%2F1543-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/3320798-razdel-sssr-rf-obsudyt-nulevoi-varyant-dolhov-sssr-esly-ukrayna-kompensyruet-20-mlrd-dolha">"Раздел СССР. РФ обсудит нулевой вариант долгов СССР, если Украина компенсирует $20 млрд долга‏"</a>. <i>Korrespondent.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korrespondent.net&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%2C+%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%82+%2420+%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%80%D0%B4+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%E2%80%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkorrespondent.net%2Fukraine%2Fpolitics%2F3320798-razdel-sssr-rf-obsudyt-nulevoi-varyant-dolhov-sssr-esly-ukrayna-kompensyruet-20-mlrd-dolha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBühler2001" class="citation book cs1">Bühler, Konrad G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA177"><i>State Succession and Membership in International Organizations</i></a>. Legal Aspects of International Organization Series. Vol. 38. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 177–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041115539" title="Special:BookSources/9789041115539"><bdi>9789041115539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Succession+and+Membership+in+International+Organizations&rft.series=Legal+Aspects+of+International+Organization+Series&rft.pages=177-9&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789041115539&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=Konrad+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTy7NAG1Jl-8C%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stahn-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stahn_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahn_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahn_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahn_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahn_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahn_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahn_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahn_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahn2002" class="citation journal cs1">Stahn, Carsten (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2693933">"The Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_International_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Journal of International Law">The American Journal of International Law</a></i>. <b>96</b> (2): 379–397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2693933">10.2307/2693933</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2693933">2693933</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144987205">144987205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Agreement+on+Succession+Issues+of+the+Former+Socialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=379-397&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144987205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2693933%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2693933&rft.aulast=Stahn&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2693933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GOV.SI-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GOV.SI_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GOV.SI_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.si/en/registries/projects/sfry-succession/">"SFRY Succession"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Slovenia" title="Government of Slovenia">Government of Slovenia</a>; Government Communication Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SFRY+Succession&rft.pub=Government+of+Slovenia%3B+Government+Communication+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.si%2Fen%2Fregistries%2Fprojects%2Fsfry-succession%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burgenthal/Doehring/Kokott: <i>Grundzüge des Völkerrechts</i>, 2. Auflage, Heidelberg 2000 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succession_of_states&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181700/http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol7/No4/art1-05.html">European Journal of International Law – State Succession in Respect of Human Rights Treaties</a></li> <li>Wilfried Fiedler: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311010452/http://www.jura.uni-sb.de/projekte/Bibliothek/texte/FIEDLER2.HTML"><i>Der Zeitfaktor im Recht der Staatensukzession</i></a>, in: Staat und Recht. Festschrift für Günther Winkler, Wien, 1997. P. 217–236. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Wilfried Fiedler: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jura.uni-sb.de/FB/LS/Fiedler/Fiedler/Aufsaetze/kriele.html#Heading4"><i>Staatensukzession und Menschenrechte</i></a>, in: B. Ziemske u.a. (Hrsg.), Festschrift für Martin Kriele, München 1997. P. 1371–1391 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4512b6dd4.pdf">Draft Articles on Nationality of Natural Persons in relation to the Succession of States with commentaries (1999)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖktem,_Emre2011" class="citation journal cs1">Öktem, Emre (September 2011). "Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Journal_of_International_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leiden Journal of International Law (page does not exist)">Leiden Journal of International Law</a></i>. <b>24</b> (3): 561–583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0922156511000252">10.1017/S0922156511000252</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145773201">145773201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leiden+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Turkey%3A+Successor+or+Continuing+State+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=561-583&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0922156511000252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145773201%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=%C3%96ktem%2C+Emre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuccession+of+states" class="Z3988"></span> - Published online on 5 August 2011</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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