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id="toc-Periodic_table_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodic_table_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Periodic table distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodic_table_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alloys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Categories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Categories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ferrous_and_non-ferrous_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferrous_and_non-ferrous_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ferrous and non-ferrous metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferrous_and_non-ferrous_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brittle_elemental_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brittle_elemental_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Brittle elemental metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brittle_elemental_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refractory_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refractory_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Refractory metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refractory_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>White metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_and_light_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_and_light_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Heavy and light metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_and_light_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Base,_noble,_and_precious_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base,_noble,_and_precious_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Base, noble, and precious metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base,_noble,_and_precious_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valve_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valve_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Valve metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valve_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metallic_ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallic_ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Metallic ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallic_ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metallic_polymers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallic_polymers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Metallic polymers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallic_polymers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Half_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Half_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Half metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Half_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semimetal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semimetal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Semimetal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semimetal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifecycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifecycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lifecycle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lifecycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lifecycle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lifecycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abundance_and_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abundance_and_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Abundance and occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abundance_and_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Extraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Recycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>The Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_metallic_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_metallic_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Light metallic elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_metallic_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_age_of_steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_age_of_steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>The age of steel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_age_of_steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_last_stable_metallic_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_last_stable_metallic_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>The last stable metallic elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_last_stable_metallic_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Post-World War II developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Superalloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superalloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.1</span> <span>Superalloys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superalloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcurium_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcurium_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.2</span> <span>Transcurium metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcurium_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulk_metallic_glasses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulk_metallic_glasses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.3</span> <span>Bulk metallic glasses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulk_metallic_glasses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shape-memory_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape-memory_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.4</span> <span>Shape-memory alloys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-memory_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quasicrystalline_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quasicrystalline_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.5</span> <span>Quasicrystalline alloys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quasicrystalline_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complex_metallic_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex_metallic_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.6</span> <span>Complex metallic alloys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex_metallic_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-entropy_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-entropy_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.7</span> <span>High-entropy alloys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-entropy_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MAX_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MAX_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.8</span> <span>MAX phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MAX_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Metal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 164 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaal" title="Metaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalle" title="Metalle – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Metalle" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="فلز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2" title="Մետաղ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մետաղ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalu" title="Metalu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Metalu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="ধাতু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ধাতু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepoti" title="Kuarepoti – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepoti" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="فیلیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="ধাতু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধাতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim-sio%CC%8Dk" title="Kim-sio̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kim-sio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Металдар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Металдар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Металы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Металы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мэтал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэтал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoi" title="Metoi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Metoi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Металсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Металсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovy" title="Kovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbi" title="Simbi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Simbi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metel" title="Metel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Metel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="فيليز – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيليز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalle" title="Metalle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metalle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallid" title="Metallid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metallid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Μέταλλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέταλλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C3%A2l" title="Metâl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Metâl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кшнипонат – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кшнипонат" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalo" title="Metalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="فلز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaatu" title="Dhaatu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dhaatu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tal" title="Métal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotal" title="Miotal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miotal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatailt" title="Meatailt – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Meatailt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Маьхалаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Маьхалаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="金屬 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="金屬" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="فلز – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فلز" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81" title="ધાતુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ધાતુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AEm-su%CC%8Dk" title="Kîm-su̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kîm-su̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="금속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98arfe" title="Ƙarfe – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƙarfe" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2" title="Մետաղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետաղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="धातु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धातु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovine" title="Kovine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kovine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalo" title="Metalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo" title="Metallo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Metallo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalle" title="Metalle – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Metalle" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B3%D1%8A%C3%A6%D1%80" title="Згъæр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Згъæр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-metal" title="I-metal – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-metal" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkimbi" title="Inkimbi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inkimbi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lmur" title="Málmur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málmur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo" title="Metallo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metallo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%AA" title="מתכת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתכת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Logam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%C9%A9%C9%A3l%C9%A9m_n%C9%A9%C9%A3y%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Ñɩɣlɩm nɩɣyʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñɩɣlɩm nɩɣyʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9" title="ಲೋಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೋಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლითონები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლითონები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="داتھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="داتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Металдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Металдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metali" title="Metali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Metali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Кӧртулов – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кӧртулов" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tal" title="Métal – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Métal" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanza" title="Kanza – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kanza" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Металл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Металл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallum" title="Metallum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metallum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C4%81li" title="Metāli – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metāli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalai" title="Metalai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaal" title="Metaal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Metaal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinme" title="jinme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9mek" title="Fémek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fémek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Метал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaly" title="Metaly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Metaly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="ലോഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="धातू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धातू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86" title="معدن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معدن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Logam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Logam" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k" title="Gĭng-sṳ̆k – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gĭng-sṳ̆k" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Металл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Металл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="သတ္တု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတ္တု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakumea" title="Kakumea – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kakumea" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaal" title="Metaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaal" title="Metaal – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Metaal" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="धातु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="धातु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="धातु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="धातु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ta" title="Méta – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Méta" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%81" title="ଧାତୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଧାତୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiila" title="Sibiila – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sibiila" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallar" title="Metallar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metallar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਧਾਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دھات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دھات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="သတ္တု – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သတ္တု" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="فلز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فلز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metale" title="Metale – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metale" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27illay" title="Q'illay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Ков – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ков" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Металлы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Металлы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Метал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalet" title="Metalet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metalet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitallu" title="Mitallu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mitallu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%84" title="ලෝහ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලෝහ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov" title="Kov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovina" title="Kovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="کانزا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانزا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Logam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalli" title="Metalli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metalli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உலோகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலோகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asin" title="Asin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="లోహాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లోహాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0" title="โลหะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลหะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%B1%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Металлдар – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Металлдар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Метали – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метали" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دھات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دھات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مېتال – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مېتال" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta%C5%82i" title="Metałi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Metałi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i" title="Kim loại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kim loại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="金屬 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="金屬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="金属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C" title="מעטאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעטאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B9%CC%81t%C3%A0l%C3%AC" title="Mẹ́tàlì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mẹ́tàlì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="金屬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="金屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals" title="Metals – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Metals" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alata" title="Alata – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Alata" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about metallic materials. For the musical genre, see <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal music</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Metal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Metal (disambiguation)">Metal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3197" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a>, shown here as fragments and a 1 cm<sup>3</sup> cube, is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> that is a metal.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauce_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A metal gravy boat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sauce_boat.jpg/220px-Sauce_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sauce_boat.jpg/330px-Sauce_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sauce_boat.jpg/440px-Sauce_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>Metal in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Gravy_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravy boat">gravy boat</a> made from stainless steel, an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> largely composed of iron, chromium and nickel</figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Periodic table forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#Detailed_table" title="Periodic table">18-column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#The_long-_or_32-column_table" title="Periodic table">32-column</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternative</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>and<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">extended</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>forms</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">Periodic table history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">D. Mendeleev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Discovery of elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asia</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">Systematic element names</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></b></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By periodic table structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a> (1–18)</b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 1 element"><span title="Group 1 — hydrogen group, all s¹ elements">1</span></a> (<a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal"><span title="Part of group 1: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr — lithium family, s¹ metals" class="nowrap"><i>alkali metals</i></span></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal"><span title="Group 2: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra — beryllium group, s² metals" class="nowrap">2 <i>(alkaline earth metals)</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element"><span title="Group 3: Sc, Y… — scandium group, s² d¹ metals">3</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element"><span title="Group 4: Ti, Zr, Hf, Rf — titanium and analogs, transition metals with 4 valence electrons">4</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element"><span title="Group 5: V, Nb, Ta, Db — vanadium and analogs, transition metals with 5 valence electrons">5</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element"><span title="Group 6: Cr, Mo, W, Sg — chromium and analogs, transition metals with 6 valence electrons">6</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element"><span title="Group 7: Mn, Tc, Re, Bh — manganese and analogs, transition metals with 7 valence electrons">7</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element"><span title="Group 8: Fe, Ru, Os, Hs — iron and analogs, transition metals with 8 valence electrons">8</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element"><span title="Group 9: Co, Rh, Ir, Mt — cobalt and analogs, transition metals with 9 valence electrons">9</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element"><span title="Group 10: Ni, Pd, Pt, Ds — nickel and analogs, transition metals with 10 valence electrons">10</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element"><span title="Group 11: Cu, Ag, Au, Rg — coinage metals, transition metals with 11 valence electrons">11</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element"><span title="Group 12: Zn, Cd, Hg, Cn — zinc group, s² d¹⁰ metals">12</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group"><span title="Group 13: B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Nh — boron group, s² p¹ elements">13</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group"><span title="Group 14: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl — carbon group, s² p² elements">14</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen"><span title="Group 15: N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Mc — nitrogen group, s² p³ elements" class="nowrap">15 <i>(pnictogens)</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen"><span title="Group 16: O, S, Se, Te, Po, Lv — oxygen group, s² p⁴ elements" class="nowrap">16 <i>(chalcogens)</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen"><span title="Group 17: F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts — fluorine group, s² p⁵ elements" class="nowrap">17 <i>(halogens)</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas"><span title="Group 18: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Og — elements having a complete valence shell" class="nowrap">18 <i>(noble gases)</i></span></a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a> (1–7, ...)</b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element"><span title="Period 1: H, He, Z = 1–2">1</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element"><span title="Period 2: Li … Ne, Z = 3–10">2</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element"><span title="Period 3: Na … Ar, Z = 11–18">3</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element"><span title="Period 4: K … Kr, Z = 19–36">4</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element"><span title="Period 5: Rb … Xe, Z = 37–54">5</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element"><span title="Period 6: Cs … Rn, Z = 55–86">6</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element"><span title="Period 7: Fr … Og, Z = 87–118">7</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table"><span title="Periods 8+: Z = 119 …: Afbau, Fricke, and Pyykkö models">8+</span></a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a> (s, p, d, f, ...)</b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">Atomic orbitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallic classification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metals</a></b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">dividing metals and nonmetals</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">nonmetal halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">Light metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">Main-group elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium</a> elements</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">trans-</a> actinides</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></b></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">List of chemical elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">by abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in human body</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">by atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">by isotope stability</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">by symbol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties of elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass" title="Relative atomic mass">Relative atomic mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">configuration</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Allen_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Pauling_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Pauling</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Data pages for elements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">affinity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li>Heat <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">capacity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">of fusion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li>Thermal <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">conductivity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#eeeeff;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry Portal</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>metal</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μέταλλον">μέταλλον</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>métallon</i></span>)</i> 'mine, quarry, metal') is a <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">material</a> that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">electricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">heat</a> relatively well. These properties are all associated with having electrons available at the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_level" title="Fermi level">Fermi level</a>, as against nonmetallic materials which do not.<sup id="cite_ref-Kittel-2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kittel-2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Chpt 8 & 19">: Chpt 8 & 19 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft-1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: Chpt 7 & 8">: Chpt 7 & 8 </span></sup> Metals are typically <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> (can be drawn into wires) and <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a> (they can be hammered into thin sheets).<sup id="cite_ref-Callister-1997_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callister-1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A metal may be a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>; an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>; or a molecular compound such as <a href="/wiki/Polythiazyl" title="Polythiazyl">polymeric sulfur nitride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general science of metals is called <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, a subtopic of <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>; aspects of the electronic and thermal properties are also within the scope of <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">condensed matter physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">solid-state chemistry</a>, it is a <a href="/wiki/Multidisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidisciplinary">multidisciplinary</a> topic. In colloquial use materials such as steel alloys are referred to as metals, while others such as polymers, wood or ceramics are <a href="/wiki/Nonmetallic_material" title="Nonmetallic material">nonmetallic materials</a>. </p><p>A metal conducts electricity at a temperature of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Delocalized_electron" title="Delocalized electron">delocalized</a> states at the Fermi energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kittel-2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kittel-2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft-1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many elements and compounds become metallic under high pressures, for example, <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> gradually becomes a metal at a pressure of between 40 and 170 thousand times <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> becomes a nonmetal at pressure of just under two million times atmospheric pressure, and at even higher pressures it is expected to become a metal again. </p><p>When discussing the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> and some chemical properties the term metal is often used to denote those elements which in pure form and at standard conditions are metals in the sense of electrical conduction mentioned above. The related term metallic may also be used for types of <a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">dopant</a> atoms or alloying elements. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> metal refers to all chemical elements in a star that are heavier than <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. In this sense the first four "metals" collecting in stellar cores through nucleosynthesis are <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>. A star <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fuses</a> lighter atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium, into heavier atoms over its lifetime. The <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metallicity</a> of an astronomical object is the proportion of its matter made up of the heavier chemical elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strength and resilience of some metals has led to their frequent use in, for example, high-rise building and bridge <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, as well as most vehicles, many <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">home appliances</a>, tools, pipes, and railroad tracks. <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a> were historically used as <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coinage</a>, but in the modern era, <a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">coinage metals</a> have extended to at least 23 of the chemical elements.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also extensive use of multi-element metals such as <a href="/wiki/Titanium_nitride" title="Titanium nitride">titanium nitride</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stampfl-2001_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stampfl-2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_semiconductor" title="Degenerate semiconductor">degenerate semiconductors</a> in the semiconductor industry. </p><p>The history of refined metals is thought to begin with the use of copper about 11,000 years ago. Gold, silver, iron (as meteoric iron), lead, and brass were likewise in use before the first known appearance of bronze in the fifth millennium BCE. Subsequent developments include the production of early forms of steel; the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>—the first <a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">light metal</a>—in 1809; the rise of modern <a href="/wiki/Alloy_steel" title="Alloy steel">alloy steels</a>; and, since the end of World War II, the development of more sophisticated alloys. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form_and_structure">Form and structure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallium_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gallium crystals on a table" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/220px-Gallium_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/330px-Gallium_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/440px-Gallium_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> crystals</figcaption></figure> <p>Most metals are shiny and <a href="/wiki/Lustrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Lustrous">lustrous</a>, at least when polished, or fractured. Sheets of metal thicker than a few <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometres</a> appear opaque, but <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a> transmits green light. This is due to the freely moving electrons which reflect light.<sup id="cite_ref-Kittel-2018_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kittel-2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft-1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most elemental metals have higher <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">densities</a> than <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">nonmetals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-morty_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morty-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is a wide variation in their densities, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> being the least dense (0.534 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> (22.59 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) the most dense. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">6d transition metals</a> are expected to be denser than osmium, but their known isotopes are too unstable for bulk production to be possible<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnesium, aluminium and titanium are <a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">light metals</a> of significant commercial importance. Their respective densities of 1.7, 2.7, and 4.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> can be compared to those of the older structural metals, like iron at 7.9 and copper at 8.9 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The most common lightweight metals are <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">aluminium</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_alloy" title="Magnesium alloy">magnesium</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alloys. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ductility.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ductility.svg/220px-Ductility.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ductility.svg/330px-Ductility.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ductility.svg/440px-Ductility.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption>Schematic appearance of round metal bars after tensile testing.<br /> (a) Brittle fracture<br /> (b) Ductile fracture<br /> (c) Completely ductile fracture</figcaption></figure> <p>Metals are typically malleable and ductile, deforming under stress without <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">cleaving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-morty_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morty-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nondirectional nature of metallic bonding contributes to the ductility of most metallic solids, where the <a href="/wiki/Peierls_stress" title="Peierls stress">Peierls stress</a> is relatively low allowing for <a href="/wiki/Dislocation" title="Dislocation">dislocation</a> motion, and there are also many combinations of planes and directions for <a href="/wiki/Plastic_Deformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic Deformation">plastic deformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weertman-1992_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weertman-1992-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their having close packed arrangements of atoms the <a href="/wiki/Burgers_vector" title="Burgers vector">Burgers vector</a> of the dislocations are fairly small, which also means that the energy needed to produce one is small.<sup id="cite_ref-Callister-1997_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callister-1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weertman-1992_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weertman-1992-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, in an ionic compound like table salt the Burgers vectors are much larger and the energy to move a dislocation is far higher.<sup id="cite_ref-Callister-1997_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callister-1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reversible <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)" title="Deformation (engineering)">elastic deformation</a> in metals can be described well by <a href="/wiki/Hooke%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooke's Law">Hooke's Law</a> for the restoring forces, where the <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">stress</a> is linearly proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deformation (mechanics)">strain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A temperature change may lead to the movement of <a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_defect" title="Crystallographic defect">structural defects</a> in the metal such as <a href="/wiki/Grain_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain boundaries">grain boundaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vacancy_defect" title="Vacancy defect">point vacancies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dislocations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dislocations">line and screw dislocations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stacking_fault" title="Stacking fault">stacking faults</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">twins</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Crystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline">crystalline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">non-crystalline</a> metals. Internal <a href="/wiki/Slip_(materials_science)" title="Slip (materials science)">slip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">metal fatigue</a> may also ensue.<sup id="cite_ref-Callister-1997_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callister-1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weertman-1992_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weertman-1992-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The atoms of simple metallic substances are often in one of three common <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structures</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc), <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc), and <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close-packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close-packed">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp). In bcc, each atom is positioned at the center of a cube of eight others. In fcc and hcp, each atom is surrounded by twelve others, but the stacking of the layers differs. Some metals adopt different structures depending on the temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Body-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 2-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. chromium, iron, and tungsten"><img alt="Body-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 2-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. chromium, iron, and tungsten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/116px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/174px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/231px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="949" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Body-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 2-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. chromium, iron, and tungsten</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Face-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 4-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. aluminum, copper, and gold"><img alt="Face-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 4-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. aluminum, copper, and gold" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/116px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/175px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/232px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1002" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Face-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 4-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. aluminum, copper, and gold</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, with a 6-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. titanium, cobalt, and zinc"><img alt="Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, with a 6-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. titanium, cobalt, and zinc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/135px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/203px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/270px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, with a 6-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. titanium, cobalt, and zinc</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V87_D113_Arrangement_of_atoms_in_a_rock_salt_crystal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Arrangement of atoms in a rock salt crystal such as TiN"><img alt="Arrangement of atoms in a rock salt crystal such as TiN" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PSM_V87_D113_Arrangement_of_atoms_in_a_rock_salt_crystal.png/135px-PSM_V87_D113_Arrangement_of_atoms_in_a_rock_salt_crystal.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PSM_V87_D113_Arrangement_of_atoms_in_a_rock_salt_crystal.png/203px-PSM_V87_D113_Arrangement_of_atoms_in_a_rock_salt_crystal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PSM_V87_D113_Arrangement_of_atoms_in_a_rock_salt_crystal.png/270px-PSM_V87_D113_Arrangement_of_atoms_in_a_rock_salt_crystal.png 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arrangement of atoms in a rock salt crystal such as TiN</div> </li> </ul> <p>Many other metals with different elements have more complicated structures, such as <a href="/wiki/Rock-salt_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock-salt structure">rock-salt structure</a> in <a href="/wiki/Titanium_nitride" title="Titanium nitride">titanium nitride</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perovskite_(structure)" title="Perovskite (structure)">perovskite (structure)</a> in some nickelates.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_and_thermal">Electrical and thermal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Band_filling_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Band_filling_diagram.svg/300px-Band_filling_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Band_filling_diagram.svg/450px-Band_filling_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Band_filling_diagram.svg/600px-Band_filling_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption> The energy states available to electrons in different kinds of solids at <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">thermodynamic equilibrium</a>. <div style="height:5px;font-size:1px;"> </div> Here, height is energy while width is the <a href="/wiki/Density_of_states" title="Density of states">density of available states</a> for a certain energy in the material listed. The shading follows the <a href="/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac_statistics" title="Fermi–Dirac statistics">Fermi–Dirac distribution</a> (<b>black</b>=all states filled, <b>white</b>=no state filled). <div style="height:5px;font-size:1px;"> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Fermi_level" title="Fermi level">Fermi level</a> <i>E</i><sub>F</sub> is the energy level at which the electrons are in a position to interact with energy levels above them. In metals and <a href="/wiki/Semimetal" title="Semimetal">semimetals</a> the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_level" title="Fermi level">Fermi level</a> <i>E</i><sub>F</sub> lies inside at least one band of energy states. <div style="height:6px;font-size:1px;"> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a> the Fermi level is inside a <a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">band gap</a>; however, in semiconductors the bands are near enough to the Fermi level to be <a href="/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac_statistics" title="Fermi–Dirac statistics">thermally populated</a> with electrons or <a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">holes</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>The electronic structure of metals means they are relatively good <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">conductors of electricity</a>. The electrons all have different <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momenta</a>, which average to zero when there is no external <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>. When a voltage is applied some move a little faster in a given direction, some a little slower so there is a net <a href="/wiki/Drift_velocity" title="Drift velocity">drift velocity</a> which leads to an electric current.<sup id="cite_ref-Kittel-2018_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kittel-2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft-1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This involves small changes in which <a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">wavefunctions</a> the electrons are in, changing to those with the higher momenta. <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> dictates that one can only have one electron in a given state, the <a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore there have to be empty <a href="/wiki/Delocalized_electron" title="Delocalized electron">delocalized electron</a> states (with the higher momenta) available at the highest occupied energies as sketched in the Figure. In a semiconductor like silicon or a nonmetal like <a href="/wiki/Strontium_titanate" title="Strontium titanate">strontium titanate</a> there is an energy gap between the highest filled states of the electrons and the lowest unfilled, so no accessible states with slightly higher momenta. Consequently, semiconductors and nonmetals are poor conductors, although they can carry some current when doped with elements that introduce additional partially occupied energy states at higher temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Solymar-2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solymar-2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elemental metals have electrical conductivity values of from 6.9 × 10<sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">S</a>/cm for <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> to 6.3 × 10<sup>5</sup> S/cm for <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>. In contrast, a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconducting</a> metalloid such as <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> has an electrical conductivity 1.5 × 10<sup>−6</sup> S/cm. With one exception, metallic elements reduce their electrical conductivity when heated. <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> increases its electrical conductivity when heated in the temperature range of around −175 to +125 °C, with anomalously large thermal expansion coefficient and a phase change from monoclinic to face-centered cubic near 100  °C.<sup id="cite_ref-HeckerPlutonium_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeckerPlutonium-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that this and comparable behavior in transuranic elements is due to more complex relativistic and spin interactions which are not captured in simple models.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TiN_DOS.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/TiN_DOS.tif/lossy-page1-250px-TiN_DOS.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/TiN_DOS.tif/lossy-page1-375px-TiN_DOS.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/TiN_DOS.tif/lossy-page1-500px-TiN_DOS.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="1633" /></a><figcaption>Density of states of TiN, with the occupied states shaded in blue and the Fermi level at the x origin. All the states, as well as those associated with the Ti and N atoms are shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>All of the metallic alloys as well as conducting ceramics and polymers are metals by the same definition; for instance <a href="/wiki/Titanium_nitride" title="Titanium nitride">titanium nitride</a> has delocalized states at the Fermi level. They have electrical conductivities similar to those of elemental metals. Liquid forms are also metallic conductors or electricity, for instance <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. In normal conditions no gases are metallic conductors. However, a <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma (physics)</a> is a metallic conductor and the charged particles in a plasma have many properties in common with those of electrons in elemental metals, particularly for white dwarf stars.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metals are relatively good <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">conductors of heat</a>, which in metals is transported mainly by the conduction electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-bassani_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bassani-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At higher temperatures the electrons can occupy slightly higher energy levels given by <a href="/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac_statistics" title="Fermi–Dirac statistics">Fermi–Dirac statistics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft-1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solymar-2004_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solymar-2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have slightly higher momenta (<a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a>) and can pass on thermal energy. The empirical <a href="/wiki/Wiedemann%E2%80%93Franz_law" title="Wiedemann–Franz law">Wiedemann–Franz law</a> states that in many metals the ratio between thermal and electrical conductivities is proportional to temperature, with a proportionality constant that is roughly the same for all metals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft-1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery_Demonstration_Unit_-_DPLA_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Battery demonstration unit for conducting polymers built by nobel laureate Alan MacDiarmid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Battery_Demonstration_Unit_-_DPLA_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Battery_Demonstration_Unit_-_DPLA_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Battery_Demonstration_Unit_-_DPLA_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Battery_Demonstration_Unit_-_DPLA_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Battery_Demonstration_Unit_-_DPLA_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Battery_Demonstration_Unit_-_DPLA_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3464" data-file-height="3773" /></a><figcaption>Battery demonstration unit for conducting polymers built by nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The contribution of a metal's electrons to its heat capacity and thermal conductivity, and the electrical conductivity of the metal itself can be approximately calculated from the <a href="/wiki/Free_electron_model" title="Free electron model">free electron model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft-1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this does not take into account the detailed structure of the metal's ion lattice. Taking into account the positive potential caused by the arrangement of the ion cores enables consideration of the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_band_structure" title="Electronic band structure">electronic band structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">binding energy</a> of a metal. Various models are applicable, the simplest being the <a href="/wiki/Nearly_free_electron_model" title="Nearly free electron model">nearly free electron model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft-1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern methods such as <a href="/wiki/Density_functional_theory" title="Density functional theory">density functional theory</a> are typically used.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3></div> <p>The elements which form metals usually form <a href="/wiki/Cations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cations">cations</a> through electron loss.<sup id="cite_ref-morty_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morty-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most will react with oxygen in the air to form <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> over various timescales (<a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> burns in seconds while iron <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rusts</a> over years) which depend upon whether the native oxide forms a <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation layer</a> that acts as a <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_barrier" title="Diffusion barrier">diffusion barrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some others, like <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, do not react with the atmosphere at all; gold can form compounds where it gains an electron (aurides, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Caesium_auride" title="Caesium auride">caesium auride</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> of elemental metals are often <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a>. However, oxides with very high <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> such as CrO<sub>3</sub>, Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, and OsO<sub>4</sub> often have strictly acidic reactions; and oxides of the less electropositive metals such as BeO, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and PbO, can display both basic and acidic properties. The latter are termed <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a> oxides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periodic_table_distribution">Periodic table distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div> <p>The elements that form exclusively metallic structures under ordinary conditions are shown in yellow on the periodic table below. The remaining elements either form <a href="/wiki/Network_covalent_bonding" title="Network covalent bonding">covalent network</a> structures (light blue), molecular covalent structures (dark blue), or remain as single atoms (violet).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astatine (At), francium (Fr), and the elements from fermium (Fm) onwards are shown in gray because they are extremely radioactive and have never been produced in bulk. Theoretical and experimental evidence suggests that these uninvestigated elements should be metals,<sup id="cite_ref-Siekierski_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siekierski-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for oganesson (Og) which DFT calculations indicate would be a semiconductor.<sup id="cite_ref-semiconductor_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semiconductor-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="collapsible uncollapsed" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="table-layout:fixed; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; max-width:1300px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(simple_substance_bonding)" title="Template:Periodic table (simple substance bonding)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(simple_substance_bonding)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (simple substance bonding)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(simple_substance_bonding)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (simple substance bonding)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Bonding of simple substances in the periodic table</div> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e8e8e8"> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <th colspan="14"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table group">Group</a> → </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; line-height:110%;">↓ <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table period">Period</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H , hydrogen" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block">H</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, helium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e0b0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, lithium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Be, beryllium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B , boron" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block">B</span></a></span> </td> <td title="C , carbon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a></span> </td> <td title="N , nitrogen" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block">N</span></a></span> </td> <td title="O , oxygen" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block">O</span></a></span> </td> <td title="F , fluorine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block">F</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ne, neon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e0b0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, sodium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mg, magnesium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, aluminium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Si, silicon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a></span> </td> <td title="P , phosphorus" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block">P</span></a></span> </td> <td title="S , sulfur" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block">S</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cl, chlorine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ar, argon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e0b0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K , potassium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block">K</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ca, calcium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, scandium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ti, titanium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a></span> </td> <td title="V , vanadium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block">V</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cr, chromium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mn, manganese" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fe, iron" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Co, cobalt" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ni, nickel" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cu, copper" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zn, zinc" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ga, gallium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ge, germanium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a></span> </td> <td title="As, arsenic" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block">As</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Se, selenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Br, bromine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Kr, krypton" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e0b0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, rubidium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sr, strontium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y , yttrium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zr, zirconium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nb, niobium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mo, molybdenum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tc, technetium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ru, ruthenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rh, rhodium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pd, palladium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ag, silver" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cd, cadmium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="In, indium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sn, tin" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sb, antimony" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Te, tellurium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a></span> </td> <td title="I , iodine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block">I</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Xe, xenon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e0b0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, caesium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ba, barium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a></span> </td> <td title="La, lanthanum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ce, cerium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pr, praseodymium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nd, neodymium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pm, promethium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sm, samarium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Eu, europium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Gd, gadolinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tb, terbium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Dy, dysprosium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ho, holmium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Er, erbium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tm, thulium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Yb, ytterbium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lu, lutetium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hf, hafnium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ta, tantalum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a></span> </td> <td title="W , tungsten" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block">W</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Re, rhenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Os, osmium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ir, iridium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pt, platinum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Au, gold" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hg, mercury" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tl, thallium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pb, lead" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bi, bismuth" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Po, polonium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a></span> </td> <td title="At, astatine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block">At</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rn, radon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e0b0e6; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, francium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ra, radium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ac, actinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Th, thorium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pa, protactinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a></span> </td> <td title="U , uranium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Np, neptunium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pu, plutonium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Am, americium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cm, curium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bk, berkelium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cf, californium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Es, einsteinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fm, fermium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Md, mendelevium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a></span> </td> <td title="No, nobelium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lr, lawrencium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rf, rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Db, dubnium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sg, seaborgium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bh, bohrium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hs, hassium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mt, meitnerium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ds, darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rg, roentgenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cn, copernicium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nh, nihonium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fl, flerovium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mc, moscovium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lv, livermorium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ts, tennessine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Og, oganesson" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:50%;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <p><span style="display: inline-block;"> <span style="display: inline-block; width:*; background:#eee8aa"><a href="/wiki/Metallic_bonding" title="Metallic bonding">Metallic</a></span> <span style="display: inline-block; width:*; background:#b0e0e6"><a href="/wiki/Network_covalent_bonding" title="Network covalent bonding">Network covalent</a></span> <span style="display: inline-block; width:*; background:#b0c0e6">Molecular <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent</a></span> <span style="display: inline-block; width:*; background:#e0b0e6">Single atoms</span> <span style="display: inline-block; width:*; padding:0 0.5em; background:#e8e8e8">Unknown</span> </span><span style="display: inline-block;"><b>Background color</b> shows bonding of simple substances in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>. If there are several, the most stable allotrope is considered.</span> </p> </div> </div> <p>The situation changes with pressure: at extremely high pressures, all elements (and indeed all substances) are expected to metallize.<sup id="cite_ref-Siekierski_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siekierski-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arsenic (As) has both a stable metallic allotrope and a metastable semiconducting allotrope at standard conditions. A similar situation affects carbon (C): <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> is metallic, but <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> is not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alloys">Alloys</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">Alloy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigs_and_Bars_of_Babbitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three bars of babbitt metal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pigs_and_Bars_of_Babbitt.jpg/220px-Pigs_and_Bars_of_Babbitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pigs_and_Bars_of_Babbitt.jpg/330px-Pigs_and_Bars_of_Babbitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pigs_and_Bars_of_Babbitt.jpg/440px-Pigs_and_Bars_of_Babbitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Samples of <a href="/wiki/Babbitt_(alloy)" title="Babbitt (alloy)">babbitt metal</a>, an alloy of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, used in bearings to reduce friction</figcaption></figure> <p>In the context of metals, an alloy is a substance having metallic properties which is composed of two or more <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a>. Often at least one of these is a metallic element; the term "alloy" is sometimes used more generally as in <a href="/wiki/Silicon%E2%80%93germanium" title="Silicon–germanium">silicon–germanium</a> alloys. An alloy may have a variable or fixed composition. For example, gold and silver form an alloy in which the proportions of gold or silver can be varied; titanium and silicon form an alloy <a href="/wiki/Titanium_disilicide" title="Titanium disilicide">TiSi<sub>2</sub></a> in which the ratio of the two components is fixed (also known as an <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetallic compound">intermetallic compound</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_Lenssinck_-_Formula_I_Racing_Horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A metal sculpture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Willem_Lenssinck_-_Formula_I_Racing_Horse.jpg/150px-Willem_Lenssinck_-_Formula_I_Racing_Horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Willem_Lenssinck_-_Formula_I_Racing_Horse.jpg/225px-Willem_Lenssinck_-_Formula_I_Racing_Horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Willem_Lenssinck_-_Formula_I_Racing_Horse.jpg/300px-Willem_Lenssinck_-_Formula_I_Racing_Horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>A sculpture cast in <a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">nickel silver</a>—an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc that looks like silver</figcaption></figure> <p>Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle, or chemically reactive for practical use. Combining different ratios of metals and other elements in alloys modifies the properties to produce desirable characteristics, for instance more ductile, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have a more desirable color and luster. Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tool_steel" title="Tool steel">tool steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alloy_steel" title="Alloy steel">alloy steel</a>) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low-, mid-, and high-carbon steels, with increasing carbon levels reducing ductility and toughness. The addition of <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> will produce cast irons, while the addition of <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> to carbon steels (more than 10%) results in stainless steels with enhanced corrosion resistance. </p><p>Other significant metallic alloys are those of <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>. Copper alloys have been known since prehistory—<a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> gave the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> its name—and have many applications today, most importantly in electrical wiring. The alloys of the other three metals have been developed relatively recently; due to their chemical reactivity they need <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolytic</a> extraction processes. The alloys of aluminum, titanium, and magnesium are valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios; magnesium can also provide <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_shielding" title="Electromagnetic shielding">electromagnetic shielding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratio is more important than material cost, such as in aerospace and some automotive applications.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a>, may contain more than ten elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2></div> <p>Metals can be categorised by their composition, physical or chemical properties. Categories described in the subsections below include <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">ferrous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-ferrous_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-ferrous metals">non-ferrous</a> metals; brittle metals and <a href="/wiki/Refractory_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractory metal">refractory metals</a>; white metals; <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">light</a> metals; <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious</a> metals as well as both metallic <a href="#Ceramic_metals">ceramics</a> and <a href="#Polymer_metals">polymers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferrous_and_non-ferrous_metals">Ferrous and non-ferrous metals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Ferrous metallurgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-ferrous_metal" title="Non-ferrous metal">Non-ferrous metal</a></div> <p>The term "ferrous" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> word meaning "containing iron". This can include pure iron, such as <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a>, or an alloy such as <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. Ferrous metals are often <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetic</a>, but not exclusively. Non-ferrous metals and alloys lack appreciable amounts of iron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brittle_elemental_metal">Brittle elemental metal</h3></div> <p>While nearly all elemental metals are malleable or ductile, a few—beryllium, chromium, manganese, gallium, and bismuth—are brittle.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arsenic and antimony, if admitted as metals, are brittle. Low values of the ratio of bulk <a href="/wiki/Elastic_modulus" title="Elastic modulus">elastic modulus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">shear modulus</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugh%27s_criterion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pugh's criterion (page does not exist)">Pugh's criterion</a>) are indicative of intrinsic brittleness.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A material is brittle if it is hard for dislocations to move, which is often associated with large <a href="/wiki/Burgers_vector" title="Burgers vector">Burgers vectors</a> and only a limited number of slip planes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refractory_metal">Refractory metal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Refractory_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractory metal">Refractory metal</a></div> <p>A refractory metal is a metal that is very resistant to heat and wear. Which metals belong to this category varies; the most common definition includes niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and rhenium as well as their alloys. They all have melting points above 2000 °C, and a high <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a> at room temperature. Several compounds such as titanium nitride are also described as refractory metals. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Niobium crystals and a 1 cm3 anodized niobium cube for comparison"><img alt="Niobium crystals and a 1 cm3 anodized niobium cube for comparison" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/165px-Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/248px-Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5356" data-file-height="3229" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Niobium crystals and a 1 cm<sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Anodizing" title="Anodizing">anodized</a> niobium cube for comparison</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macro_Photographs_of_3D_Print_of_NASA_Meatball_-_Made_out_of_GRX-810,_an_Oxide_Dispersion_Strengthened_(ODS)_High_Temperature_Alloy_(GRC-2023-C-02309).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3D print of NASA meatball, made out of GRX-810, an oxide dispersion strengthened high temperature alloy"><img alt="3D print of NASA meatball, made out of GRX-810, an oxide dispersion strengthened high temperature alloy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Macro_Photographs_of_3D_Print_of_NASA_Meatball_-_Made_out_of_GRX-810%2C_an_Oxide_Dispersion_Strengthened_%28ODS%29_High_Temperature_Alloy_%28GRC-2023-C-02309%29.jpg/165px-Macro_Photographs_of_3D_Print_of_NASA_Meatball_-_Made_out_of_GRX-810%2C_an_Oxide_Dispersion_Strengthened_%28ODS%29_High_Temperature_Alloy_%28GRC-2023-C-02309%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Macro_Photographs_of_3D_Print_of_NASA_Meatball_-_Made_out_of_GRX-810%2C_an_Oxide_Dispersion_Strengthened_%28ODS%29_High_Temperature_Alloy_%28GRC-2023-C-02309%29.jpg/248px-Macro_Photographs_of_3D_Print_of_NASA_Meatball_-_Made_out_of_GRX-810%2C_an_Oxide_Dispersion_Strengthened_%28ODS%29_High_Temperature_Alloy_%28GRC-2023-C-02309%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Macro_Photographs_of_3D_Print_of_NASA_Meatball_-_Made_out_of_GRX-810%2C_an_Oxide_Dispersion_Strengthened_%28ODS%29_High_Temperature_Alloy_%28GRC-2023-C-02309%29.jpg/330px-Macro_Photographs_of_3D_Print_of_NASA_Meatball_-_Made_out_of_GRX-810%2C_an_Oxide_Dispersion_Strengthened_%28ODS%29_High_Temperature_Alloy_%28GRC-2023-C-02309%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3D print of NASA meatball, made out of GRX-810, an oxide dispersion strengthened high temperature alloy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhenium single crystal, a remelted bar, and a 1 cm3 rhenium cube for comparison"><img alt="Rhenium single crystal, a remelted bar, and a 1 cm3 rhenium cube for comparison" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/165px-Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/248px-Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4848" data-file-height="3052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhenium single crystal, a remelted bar, and a 1 cm<sup>3</sup> rhenium cube for comparison</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium_nitride_TiN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Titanium nitride powder"><img alt="Titanium nitride powder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Titanium_nitride_TiN.jpg/165px-Titanium_nitride_TiN.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Titanium_nitride_TiN.jpg/248px-Titanium_nitride_TiN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Titanium_nitride_TiN.jpg/330px-Titanium_nitride_TiN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2646" data-file-height="2106" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Titanium nitride powder</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_metal">White metal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_metal" title="White metal">White metal</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/White_metal" title="White metal">white metal</a> is any of a range of white-colored alloys with relatively low melting points used mainly for decorative purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, the fine art trade uses the term "white metal" in auction catalogues to describe foreign silver items which do not carry British Assay Office marks,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but which are nonetheless understood to be silver and are priced accordingly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_and_light_metals">Heavy and light metals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Light metals">Light metals</a></div> <p>A heavy metal is any relatively dense metal, either single element or multielement.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> alloys are light metals of significant commercial importance.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their densities of 1.7, 2.7 and 4.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> range from 19 to 56% of the densities of other structural metals,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (7.9) and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> (8.9) and their alloys. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Base,_noble,_and_precious_metals"><span id="Base.2C_noble.2C_and_precious_metals"></span>Base, noble, and precious metals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metal</a></div> <p>The term <i>base metal</i> refers to a metal that is easily <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidized</a> or <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corroded</a>, such as reacting easily with dilute <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> (HCl) to form a metal chloride and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>. The term is normally used for the elements, and examples include iron, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and zinc. Copper is considered a base metal as it is oxidized relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rhodium powder, a rhodium cylinder, and a rhodium pellet in a row" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg/220px-Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg/330px-Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg/440px-Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5280" data-file-height="2704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metal</a>, shown here as 1 g of powder, a 1 g pressed cylinder, and a 1 g pellet</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metal</a> (also for elements) is commonly used in opposition to <i>base metal</i>. Noble metals are less reactive, resistant to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike most <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metals</a>. They tend to be precious metals, often due to perceived rarity. Examples include gold, platinum, silver, <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>, iridium, and palladium. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a>, the term base metal is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metal</a>, that is, those of high economic value.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most coins today are made of base metals with <a href="/wiki/Fiat_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat currency">low intrinsic value</a>; in the past, coins frequently derived their value primarily from their <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metal</a> content; <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> each have an <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a> currency code. Currently they have industrial uses such as platinum and palladium in <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converters" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalytic converters">catalytic converters</a>, are used in <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> and also a role as investments and a <a href="/wiki/Store_of_value" title="Store of value">store of value</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palladium and platinum, as of summer 2024, were valued at slightly less than half the price of gold, while silver is substantially less expensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valve_metals">Valve metals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valve_metals" title="Valve metals">Valve metals</a></div> <p>In electrochemistry, a valve metal is a metal which passes current in only one direction due to the formation of any insulating oxide later.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallic_ceramics">Metallic ceramics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium_nitride_coating_90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Titanium_nitride_coating_90.jpg/220px-Titanium_nitride_coating_90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Titanium_nitride_coating_90.jpg/330px-Titanium_nitride_coating_90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Titanium_nitride_coating_90.jpg/440px-Titanium_nitride_coating_90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>TiN coated drill bit</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many ceramic compounds which have metallic electrical conduction, but are not simple combinations of metallic elements. (They are not the same as <a href="/wiki/Cermet" title="Cermet">cermets</a> which are composites of a non-conducting ceramic and a conducting metal.) One set, the transition metal nitrides has significant ionic character to the bonding, so can be classified as both ceramics and metals.<sup id="cite_ref-Stampfl-2001_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stampfl-2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have partially filled states at the Fermi level<sup id="cite_ref-Stampfl-2001_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stampfl-2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so are good thermal and electrical conductors, and there is often significant charge transfer from the transition metal atoms to the nitrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-Stampfl-2001_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stampfl-2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike most elemental metals, ceramic metals are often not particularly ductile. Their uses are widespread, for instance <a href="/wiki/Titanium_nitride" title="Titanium nitride">titanium nitride</a> finds use in orthopedic devices<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a wear resistant coating.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases their utility depends upon there being effective deposition methods so they can be used as thin film coatings.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallic_polymers">Metallic polymers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conducting_polymers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Conducting_polymers.svg/220px-Conducting_polymers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Conducting_polymers.svg/330px-Conducting_polymers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Conducting_polymers.svg/440px-Conducting_polymers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Several of the conducting polymers<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conductive_polymer" title="Conductive polymer">Conductive polymer</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conductive_metal%E2%88%92organic_frameworks" title="Conductive metal−organic frameworks">Conductive metal−organic frameworks</a></div> <p>There are many polymers which have metallic electrical conduction,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically associated with extended aromatic components such as in the polymers indicated in the Figure. The conduction of the aromatic regions is similar to that of graphite, so is highly directional.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Half_metal">Half metal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Half-metal" title="Half-metal">Half-metal</a></div> <p>A <b>half-metal</b> is any substance that acts as a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> of one <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> orientation, but as an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulator</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> to those of the opposite spin. They were first described in 1983, as an explanation for the electrical properties of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Heusler_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Heusler alloy">Heusler alloys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although all half-metals are <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Ferrimagnetism" title="Ferrimagnetism">ferrimagnetic</a>), most ferromagnets are not half-metals. Many of the known examples of half-metals are <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Heusler_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Heusler alloy">Heusler alloys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semimetal">Semimetal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Semimetal" title="Semimetal">Semimetal</a></div> <p>A <b>semimetal</b> is a material with a small energy overlap between the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction">conduction</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_band_structure" title="Electronic band structure">band</a> and the top of the <a href="/wiki/Valence_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence band">valence band</a>, but they do not overlap in <a href="/wiki/Momentum_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Momentum space">momentum space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike a regular metal, semimetals have charge carriers of both types (holes and electrons), although the charge carriers typically occur in much smaller numbers than in a real metal. In this respect they resemble <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_semiconductor" title="Degenerate semiconductor">degenerate semiconductors</a>. This explains why the electrical properties of semimetals are partway between those of metals and <a href="/wiki/Semiconductors" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductors">semiconductors</a>. There are additional types, in particular <a href="/wiki/Weyl_semimetal" title="Weyl semimetal">Weyl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dirac_semi-metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirac semi-metal">Dirac semimetals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classic elemental semimetallic elements are <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, α-<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> (gray tin) and <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>. There are also <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mercury_telluride" title="Mercury telluride">mercury telluride</a> (HgTe),<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some <a href="/wiki/Conductive_polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductive polymers">conductive polymers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifecycle">Lifecycle</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></div> <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" border="0" style="font-size:90%; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; text-align:center; padding:2px; background:#f8f8f8; float:right; margin-left:20px; max-width: 485px; margin-bottom:5px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="20" style="background:#d8d8d8"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045256916">.mw-parser-output .navbar-header{text-align:center;position:relative;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbar-header .navbar{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:0 5px}</style><div class="navbar-header">Metals in the Earth's crust:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(metal_abundance_in_Earth_crust)" title="Template:Periodic table (metal abundance in Earth crust)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(metal_abundance_in_Earth_crust)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (metal abundance in Earth crust)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(metal_abundance_in_Earth_crust)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (metal abundance in Earth crust)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="20" style="background:#d8d8d8">abundance and main occurrence or source, by weight<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 1">1</a> </th> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="17"> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 2">2</a> </th> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black" colspan="11"> </td> <td style="background:##f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid ##f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 3">3</a> </th> <td style="background:#a6d2ff; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6d2ff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black" colspan="4"> </td> <td style="background:#a6d2ff; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 4">4</a> </th> <td style="background:#a6d2ff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6d2ff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6d2ff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 5">5</a> </th> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff;; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px dashed black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px dashed black; border-top:1px dashed black; border-right:1px dashed black; border-bottom:1px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px dashed black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"> I </a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="5%"><a href="/wiki/Period_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 6">6</a> </th> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffff;; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px dashed black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px dashed black; border-top:1px dashed black; border-right:1px dashed black; border-bottom:1px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px dashed black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 7">7</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right: 1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom: 1px solid black"> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px dashed black; border-right: 1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom: 1px solid black"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right: 1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom: 1px solid black"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right: 1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom: 1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right: 1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom: 1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right: 1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom: 1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="18" style="border-right:1px solid black;"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="line-height:0.4em; background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid black"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:8px" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 10px;text-align:left; font-size:90%" colspan="20"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a6d2ff; color:black;"> </span>  Most abundant (up to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004820000000000000♠"></span>82<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span> ppm)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 10px;text-align:left; font-size:90%" colspan="20"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a6ffff; color:black;"> </span>  Abundant (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠"></span>100</span>–<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002999000000000000♠"></span>999</span> ppm)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 10px;text-align:left; font-size:90%" colspan="20"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a6ffa6; color:black;"> </span>  Uncommon (1–99 ppm)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 10px;text-align:left; font-size:90%" colspan="20"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffa6; color:black;"> </span>  Rare (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998100000000000000♠"></span>0.01</span>–<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999990000000000000♠"></span>0.99</span> ppm)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 10px;text-align:left; font-size:90%" colspan="20"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd2a6; color:black;"> </span>  Very rare (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996100000000000000♠"></span>0.0001</span>–<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997990000000000000♠"></span>0.0099</span> ppm)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 10px;text-align:left; font-size:90%" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20" style="text-align:left; padding-left: 10px;">Metals left of the dividing line occur (or are sourced) mainly as <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification#Lithophile_elements" title="Goldschmidt classification">lithophiles</a>; those to the right, as <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification#Chalcophile_elements" title="Goldschmidt classification">chalcophiles</a> except gold (a <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification#Siderophile_elements" title="Goldschmidt classification">siderophile</a>) and tin (a lithophile). </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Metallic elements up to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_peak" title="Iron peak">vicinity of iron</a> (in the periodic table) are largely made via <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</a>. In this process, lighter elements from hydrogen to <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> undergo successive <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion</a> reactions inside stars, releasing light and heat and forming heavier elements with higher atomic numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heavier elements are not usually formed this way since fusion reactions involving such nuclei would consume rather than release energy.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, they are largely synthesised (from elements with a lower atomic number) by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a>, with the two main modes of this repetitive capture being the <a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a> and the <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a>. In the s-process ("s" stands for "slow"), singular captures are separated by years or decades, allowing the less stable nuclei to <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in the r-process ("rapid"), captures happen faster than nuclei can decay. Therefore, the s-process takes a more-or-less clear path: for example, stable cadmium-110 nuclei are successively bombarded by free neutrons inside a star until they form cadmium-115 nuclei which are unstable and decay to form indium-115 (which is nearly stable, with a half-life <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004300000000000000♠"></span>30<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span> times the age of the universe). These nuclei capture neutrons and form indium-116, which is unstable, and decays to form tin-116, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, there is no such path in the r-process. The s-process stops at bismuth due to the short half-lives of the next two elements, polonium and astatine, which decay to bismuth or lead. The r-process is so fast it can skip this zone of instability and go on to create heavier elements such as <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> and uranium.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metals condense in planets as a result of stellar evolution and destruction processes. Stars lose much of their mass when it is <a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass_loss" title="Stellar mass loss">ejected</a> late in their lifetimes, and sometimes thereafter as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a> merger,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby increasing the abundance of elements heavier than helium in the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>. When gravitational attraction causes this matter to coalesce and collapse <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">new stars and planets are formed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abundance_and_occurrence">Abundance and occurrence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance of the chemical elements</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diaspore-Margarite-rare-09-05b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sample of diaspore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Diaspore-Margarite-rare-09-05b.jpg/220px-Diaspore-Margarite-rare-09-05b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Diaspore-Margarite-rare-09-05b.jpg/330px-Diaspore-Margarite-rare-09-05b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Diaspore-Margarite-rare-09-05b.jpg/440px-Diaspore-Margarite-rare-09-05b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>A sample of <a href="/wiki/Diaspore" title="Diaspore">diaspore</a>, an aluminum oxide hydroxide mineral, α-AlO(OH)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> is made of approximately 25% of metallic elements by weight, of which 80% are light metals such as sodium, magnesium, and aluminium. Despite the overall scarcity of some heavier metals such as copper, they can become concentrated in economically extractable quantities as a result of mountain building, erosion, or other geological processes. </p><p>Metallic elements are primarily found as lithophiles (rock-loving) or chalcophiles (ore-loving). Lithophile elements are mainly the s-block elements, the more reactive of the d-block elements, and the f-block elements. They have a strong affinity for oxygen and mostly exist as relatively low-density silicate minerals. Chalcophile elements are mainly the less reactive d-block elements, and the period 4–6 p-block metals. They are usually found in (insoluble) sulfide minerals. Being denser than the lithophiles, hence sinking lower into the crust at the time of its solidification, the chalcophiles tend to be less abundant than the lithophiles. </p><p>On the other hand, gold is a siderophile, or iron-loving element. It does not readily form compounds with either oxygen or sulfur. At the time of the Earth's formation, and as the most noble (inert) of metallic elements, gold sank into the core due to its tendency to form high-density metallic alloys. Consequently, it is relatively rare. Some other (less) noble ones—molybdenum, rhenium, the platinum group metals (ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum), germanium, and tin—can be counted as siderophiles but only in terms of their primary occurrence in the Earth (core, mantle, and crust), rather the crust. These otherwise occur in the crust, in small quantities, chiefly as chalcophiles (less so in their native form).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rotating fluid outer core of the Earth's interior, which is composed mostly of iron, is thought to be the source of Earth's protective magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. If it could be rearranged into a column having a 5 m<sup>2</sup> (54 sq ft) footprint it would have a height of nearly 700 light years. The magnetic field shields the Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind, and cosmic rays that would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere (including the ozone layer that limits the transmission of ultraviolet radiation). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraction">Extraction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">Ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">Extractive metallurgy</a></div> <p>Metallic elements are often extracted from the Earth by mining ores that are rich sources of the requisite elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>. Ores are located by <a href="/wiki/Prospecting" title="Prospecting">prospecting</a> techniques, followed by the exploration and examination of deposits. Mineral sources are generally divided into <a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">surface mines</a>, which are mined by excavation using heavy equipment, and <a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">subsurface mines</a>. In some cases, the sale price of the metal(s) involved make it economically feasible to mine lower concentration sources. </p><p>Once the ore is mined, the elements must be <a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">extracted</a>, usually by chemical or electrolytic reduction. <a href="/wiki/Pyrometallurgy" title="Pyrometallurgy">Pyrometallurgy</a> uses high temperatures to convert ore into raw metals, while <a href="/wiki/Hydrometallurgy" title="Hydrometallurgy">hydrometallurgy</a> employs <a href="/wiki/Aqueous" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous">aqueous</a> chemistry for the same purpose. </p><p>When a metallic ore is an ionic compound, the ore must usually be <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelted</a>—heated with a reducing agent—to extract the pure metal. Many common metals, such as iron, are smelted using <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> as a reducing agent. Some metals, such as aluminum and <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, have no commercially practical reducing agent, and are extracted using <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-losal_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-losal-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">Sulfide</a> ores are not reduced directly to the metal but are roasted in air to convert them to oxides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recycling">Recycling</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CompactedSteelScraps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pile of compacted steel scraps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/CompactedSteelScraps.jpg/220px-CompactedSteelScraps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/CompactedSteelScraps.jpg/330px-CompactedSteelScraps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/CompactedSteelScraps.jpg/440px-CompactedSteelScraps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>A pile of compacted steel scraps, ready for recycling</figcaption></figure> <p>Demand for metals is closely linked to economic growth given their use in infrastructure, construction, manufacturing, and consumer goods. During the 20th century, the variety of metals used in society grew rapidly. Today, the development of major nations, such as China and India, and technological advances, are fueling ever more demand. The result is that mining activities are expanding, and more and more of the world's metal stocks are above ground in use, rather than below ground as unused reserves. An example is the in-use stock of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>. Between 1932 and 1999, copper in use in the U.S. rose from 73 g to 238 g per person.<sup id="cite_ref-unep.org_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unep.org-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metals are inherently recyclable, so in principle, can be used over and over again, minimizing these negative environmental impacts and saving energy. For example, 95% of the energy used to make aluminum from bauxite ore is saved by using recycled material.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Globally, metal recycling is generally low. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/International_Resource_Panel" title="International Resource Panel">International Resource Panel</a>, hosted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> published reports on metal stocks that exist within society<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their recycling rates.<sup id="cite_ref-unep.org_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unep.org-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors of the report observed that the metal stocks in society can serve as huge mines above ground. They warned that the recycling rates of some rare metals used in applications such as mobile phones, battery packs for hybrid cars and fuel cells are so low that unless future end-of-life recycling rates are dramatically stepped up these critical metals will become unavailable for use in modern technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <p>Copper, which occurs in native form, may have been the first metal discovered given its distinctive appearance, heaviness, and malleability. Gold, silver, iron (as meteoric iron), and lead were likewise discovered in prehistory. Forms of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, an alloy of copper and zinc made by concurrently smelting the ores of these metals, originate from this period (although pure zinc was not isolated until the 13th century). The malleability of the solid metals led to the first attempts to craft metal ornaments, tools, and weapons. Meteoric iron containing nickel was discovered from time to time and, in some respects this was superior to any industrial steel manufactured up to the 1880s when alloy steels become prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NatCopper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Native copper"><img alt="Native copper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/165px-NatCopper.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/248px-NatCopper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/330px-NatCopper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Native_metal#Copper" title="Native metal">Native copper</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold-crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold crystals"><img alt="Gold crystals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/165px-Gold-crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/248px-Gold-crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/330px-Gold-crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4788" data-file-height="3102" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold crystals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_crystal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crystalline silver"><img alt="Crystalline silver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Silver_crystal.jpg/165px-Silver_crystal.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Silver_crystal.jpg/248px-Silver_crystal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Silver_crystal.jpg/330px-Silver_crystal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4428" data-file-height="3472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crystalline silver</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Widmanstatten_hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A slice of meteoric iron"><img alt="A slice of meteoric iron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/165px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/248px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/330px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A slice of meteoric iron</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="oxidised lead nodules and 1 cm3 cube"><img alt="Three, dark broccoli shaped clumps of oxidised lead with grossly distended buds, and a cube of lead which has a dull silvery appearance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/165px-Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/248px-Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5260" data-file-height="3341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidised</a> <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a><br />nodules and 1 cm<sup>3</sup> cube</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akan_MHNT.AC.AF.29.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A brass weight (35 g)"><img alt="A brass weight (35 g)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Akan_MHNT.AC.AF.29.jpg/165px-Akan_MHNT.AC.AF.29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Akan_MHNT.AC.AF.29.jpg/248px-Akan_MHNT.AC.AF.29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Akan_MHNT.AC.AF.29.jpg/330px-Akan_MHNT.AC.AF.29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="2040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A brass weight (35 g)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Netuno19b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Netuno19b.jpg/220px-Netuno19b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Netuno19b.jpg/330px-Netuno19b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Netuno19b.jpg/440px-Netuno19b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Artemision_Bronze" title="Artemision Bronze">Artemision Bronze</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing either <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, c. 460 BCE, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. The figure is more than 2 m in height.</figcaption></figure> <p>The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> (an alloy of copper with arsenic or tin) enabled people to create metal objects which were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze tools, weapons, armor, and <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building materials</a> such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone and copper ("<a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>") predecessors. Initially, bronze was made of copper and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> (forming <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic bronze">arsenic bronze</a>) by smelting naturally or artificially mixed ores of copper and arsenic.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> so far known come from the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> in the fifth millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton,_2002_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton,_2002-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only later that <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> was used, becoming the major non-copper ingredient of bronze in the late third millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pure tin itself was first isolated in 1800 BCE by Chinese and Japanese metalworkers. </p><p>Mercury was known to ancient Chinese and Indians before 2000 BCE, and found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BCE. </p><p>The earliest known production of steel, an iron-carbon alloy, is seen in pieces of ironware excavated from an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaman-Kaleh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Kaman-Kalehöyük">Kaman-Kalehöyük</a>) which are nearly 4,000 years old, dating from 1800 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From about 500 BCE sword-makers of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo, Spain</a>, were making early forms of <a href="/wiki/Alloy_steel" title="Alloy steel">alloy steel</a> by adding a mineral called <a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">wolframite</a>, which contained tungsten and manganese, to iron ore (and carbon). The resulting <a href="/wiki/Toledo_steel" title="Toledo steel">Toledo steel</a> came to the attention of Rome when used by Hannibal in the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>. It soon became the basis for the weaponry of Roman legions; such swords were, "stronger in composition than any existing sword and, because… [they] would not break, provided a psychological advantage to the Roman soldier."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">In pre-Columbian America</a>, objects made of <a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">tumbaga</a>, an alloy of copper and gold, started being produced in Panama and Costa Rica between 300 and 500 CE. Small metal sculptures were common and an extensive range of tumbaga (and gold) ornaments comprised the usual regalia of persons of high status. </p><p>At around the same time indigenous Ecuadorians were combining gold with a naturally-occurring platinum alloy containing small amounts of palladium, rhodium, and iridium, to produce miniatures and masks of a white gold-platinum alloy. The metal workers involved heated gold with <a href="/wiki/Grain_(metal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain (metal)">grains</a> of the platinum alloy until the gold melted. After cooling, the resulting conglomeration was hammered and reheated repeatedly until it became homogenous, equivalent to melting all the metals (attaining the melting points of the platinum group metals concerned was beyond the technology of the day).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tin-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A droplet of solidified molten tin"><img alt="A droplet of solidified molten tin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tin-2.jpg/165px-Tin-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tin-2.jpg/248px-Tin-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tin-2.jpg/330px-Tin-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A droplet of solidified molten tin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury being poured into a petri dish"><img alt="A silvery molasses-like liquid being poured into a circular container with a height equivalent to a smaller coin on its edge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/152px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/229px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/304px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1311" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> being<br />poured into a <a href="/wiki/Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">petri dish</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:25_litrai_en_%C3%A9lectrum_repr%C3%A9sentant_un_tr%C3%A9pied_delphien.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electrum, a natural alloy of silver and gold, was often used for making coins. Shown is the Roman god Apollo, and on the obverse, a Delphi tripod (c. 310–305 BCE)."><img alt="Electrum, a natural alloy of silver and gold, was often used for making coins. Shown is the Roman god Apollo, and on the obverse, a Delphi tripod (c. 310–305 BCE)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/25_litrai_en_%C3%A9lectrum_repr%C3%A9sentant_un_tr%C3%A9pied_delphien.jpg/165px-25_litrai_en_%C3%A9lectrum_repr%C3%A9sentant_un_tr%C3%A9pied_delphien.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/25_litrai_en_%C3%A9lectrum_repr%C3%A9sentant_un_tr%C3%A9pied_delphien.jpg/248px-25_litrai_en_%C3%A9lectrum_repr%C3%A9sentant_un_tr%C3%A9pied_delphien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/25_litrai_en_%C3%A9lectrum_repr%C3%A9sentant_un_tr%C3%A9pied_delphien.jpg/330px-25_litrai_en_%C3%A9lectrum_repr%C3%A9sentant_un_tr%C3%A9pied_delphien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="1465" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Electrum, a natural alloy of silver and gold, was often used for making coins. Shown is the Roman god Apollo, and on the obverse, a Delphi tripod (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 310</span>–305 BCE).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Passover_Plate_(4047010755).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A plate made of pewter, an alloy of 85–99% tin and (usually) copper. Pewter was first used around the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East."><img alt="A plate made of pewter, an alloy of 85–99% tin and (usually) copper. Pewter was first used around the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Passover_Plate_%284047010755%29.jpg/157px-Passover_Plate_%284047010755%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Passover_Plate_%284047010755%29.jpg/236px-Passover_Plate_%284047010755%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Passover_Plate_%284047010755%29.jpg/315px-Passover_Plate_%284047010755%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A plate made of <a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">pewter</a>, an alloy of 85–99% tin and (usually) copper. Pewter was first used around the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_del_Oro_-_Tolima_pectoral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pectoral (ornamental breastplate) made of tumbaga, an alloy of gold and copper"><img alt="A pectoral (ornamental breastplate) made of tumbaga, an alloy of gold and copper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Museo_del_Oro_-_Tolima_pectoral.jpg/165px-Museo_del_Oro_-_Tolima_pectoral.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Museo_del_Oro_-_Tolima_pectoral.jpg/248px-Museo_del_Oro_-_Tolima_pectoral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Museo_del_Oro_-_Tolima_pectoral.jpg/330px-Museo_del_Oro_-_Tolima_pectoral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pectoral (ornamental breastplate) made of <a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">tumbaga</a>, an alloy of gold and copper</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: Cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Gold is for the mistress—silver for the maid—<br />Copper for the craftsman cunning at his trade.<br />"Good!" said the Baron, sitting in his hall,<br />"But Iron—Cold Iron—is master of them all." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">from <a href="/wiki/Cold_Iron_(poem)" title="Cold Iron (poem)">Cold Iron</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Arabic and medieval <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a> believed that all metals and matter were composed of the principle of sulfur, the father of all metals and carrying the combustible property, and the principle of mercury, the mother of all metals<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and carrier of the liquidity, fusibility, and volatility properties. These principles were not necessarily the common substances <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> found in most laboratories. This theory reinforced the belief that all metals were destined to become gold in the bowels of the earth through the proper combinations of heat, digestion, time, and elimination of contaminants, all of which could be developed and hastened through the knowledge and methods of alchemy.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arsenic, zinc, antimony, and bismuth became known, although these were at first called semimetals or bastard metals on account of their immalleability. <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> is believed to have been the first to isolate arsenic from a compound in 1250, by heating soap together with <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trisulfide" title="Arsenic trisulfide">arsenic trisulfide</a>. Metallic zinc, which is brittle if impure, was isolated in India by 1300 AD. The first description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the 1540 book <i><a href="/wiki/De_la_pirotechnia" title="De la pirotechnia">De la pirotechnia</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vannoccio_Biringuccio" title="Vannoccio Biringuccio">Vannoccio Biringuccio</a>. Bismuth was described by Agricola in <i><a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium" title="De Natura Fossilium">De Natura Fossilium</a></i> (c. 1546); it had been confused in early times with tin and lead because of its resemblance to those elements. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsen_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsenic, sealed in a container to prevent tarnishing"><img alt="Arsenic, sealed in a container to prevent tarnishing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/165px-Arsen_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/248px-Arsen_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/330px-Arsen_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="255" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arsenic, sealed in a container to prevent tarnishing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zinc fragments and a 1 cm3 cube"><img alt="Zinc fragments and a 1 cm3 cube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/165px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/248px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3138" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zinc fragments and a 1 cm<sup>3</sup> cube</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antimony-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antimony, showing its brilliant lustre"><img alt="Antimony, showing its brilliant lustre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/165px-Antimony-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/248px-Antimony-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/330px-Antimony-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Antimony, showing its brilliant lustre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bismuth in crystalline form, with a very thin oxidation layer, and a 1 cm3 bismuth cube"><img alt="Bismuth in crystalline form, with a very thin oxidation layer, and a 1 cm3 bismuth cube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg/165px-Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg/248px-Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg/330px-Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5176" data-file-height="3519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bismuth in crystalline form, with a very thin oxidation layer, and a 1 cm<sup>3</sup> bismuth cube</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Renaissance">The Renaissance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The title page of De re metallica, which is written in Latin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg/200px-Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg/300px-Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_metallica" title="De re metallica">De re metallica</a></i>, 1555</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platinum_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Platinum_crystals.jpg/200px-Platinum_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Platinum_crystals.jpg/300px-Platinum_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Platinum_crystals.jpg/400px-Platinum_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>Platinum crystals</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HEUraniumC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A disc of uranium being held by gloved hands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HEUraniumC.jpg/200px-HEUraniumC.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HEUraniumC.jpg/300px-HEUraniumC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HEUraniumC.jpg/400px-HEUraniumC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A disc of highly enriched uranium that was recovered from scrap processed at the <a href="/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12 National Security Complex</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerium2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ultrapure cerium under argon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cerium2.jpg/200px-Cerium2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cerium2.jpg/300px-Cerium2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cerium2.jpg/400px-Cerium2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Ultrapure cerium under argon, 1.5 gm</figcaption></figure> <p>The first systematic text on the arts of mining and metallurgy was <a href="/wiki/De_la_pirotechnia" title="De la pirotechnia"><i>De la Pirotechnia</i></a> (1540) by <a href="/wiki/Vannoccio_Biringuccio" title="Vannoccio Biringuccio">Vannoccio Biringuccio</a>, which treats the examination, fusion, and working of metals. </p><p>Sixteen years later, <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/De_Re_Metallica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Re Metallica">De Re Metallica</a></i> in 1556, an account of the profession of mining, metallurgy, and the accessory arts and sciences, an extensive treatise on the chemical industry through the sixteenth century. </p><p>He gave the following description of a metal in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium" title="De Natura Fossilium">De Natura Fossilium</a></i> (1546): </p> <blockquote><div style="font-size:90%"> <p>Metal is a mineral body, by nature either liquid or somewhat hard. The latter may be melted by the heat of the fire, but when it has cooled down again and lost all heat, it becomes hard again and resumes its proper form. In this respect it differs from the stone which melts in the fire, for although the latter regain its hardness, yet it loses its pristine form and properties. </p><p>Traditionally there are six different kinds of metals, namely gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, and lead. There are really others, for <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">quicksilver</a> is a metal, although the Alchemists disagree with us on this subject, and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> is also. The ancient Greek writers seem to have been ignorant of bismuth, wherefore Ammonius rightly states that there are many species of metals, animals, and plants which are unknown to us. <a href="/wiki/Stibium" class="mw-redirect" title="Stibium">Stibium</a> when smelted in the crucible and refined has as much right to be regarded as a proper metal as is accorded to lead by writers. If when smelted, a certain portion be added to tin, a bookseller's alloy is produced from which the type is made that is used by those who print books on paper. </p><p>Each metal has its own form which it preserves when separated from those metals which were mixed with it. Therefore neither <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a> nor Stannum [not meaning our tin] is of itself a real metal, but rather an alloy of two metals. Electrum is an alloy of gold and silver, Stannum of lead and silver. And yet if silver be parted from the electrum, then gold remains and not electrum; if silver be taken away from Stannum, then lead remains and not Stannum. </p><p>Whether brass, however, is found as a native metal or not, cannot be ascertained with any surety. We only know of the artificial brass, which consists of copper tinted with the colour of the mineral <a href="/wiki/Calamine" title="Calamine">calamine</a>. And yet if any should be dug up, it would be a proper metal. Black and white copper seem to be different from the red kind. </p><p>Metal, therefore, is by nature either solid, as I have stated, or fluid, as in the unique case of quicksilver. </p><p>But enough now concerning the simple kinds.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </blockquote> <p>Platinum, the third precious metal after gold and silver, was discovered in Ecuador during the period 1736 to 1744 by the Spanish astronomer Antonio de Ulloa and his colleague the mathematician Jorge Juan y Santacilia. Ulloa was the first person to write a scientific description of the metal, in 1748. </p><p>In 1789, the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth isolated an oxide of uranium, which he thought was the metal itself. Klaproth was subsequently credited as the discoverer of uranium. It was not until 1841, that the French chemist Eugène-Melchior Péligot, prepared the first sample of uranium metal. Henri Becquerel subsequently discovered radioactivity in 1896 using uranium. </p><p>In the 1790s, Joseph Priestley and the Dutch chemist Martinus van Marum observed the effect of metal surfaces on the dehydrogenation of alcohol, a development which subsequently led, in 1831, to the industrial scale synthesis of sulphuric acid using a platinum catalyst. </p><p>In 1803, cerium was the first of the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide metals</a> to be discovered, in Bastnäs, Sweden by Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger, and independently by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in Germany. The lanthanide metals were regarded as oddities until the 1960s when methods were developed to more efficiently separate them from one another. They have subsequently found uses in cell phones, magnets, lasers, lighting, batteries, catalytic converters, and in other applications enabling modern technologies. </p><p>Other metals discovered and prepared during this time were cobalt, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, and chromium; and some of the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a> metals, palladium, osmium, iridium, and rhodium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_metallic_elements">Light metallic elements</h3></div> <p>All elemental metals discovered before 1809 had relatively high densities; their heaviness was regarded as a distinguishing criterion. From 1809 onward, light metals such as sodium, potassium, and strontium were isolated. Their low densities challenged conventional wisdom as to the nature of metals. They behaved chemically as metals however, and were subsequently recognized as such. </p><p>Aluminium was discovered in 1824 but it was not until 1886 that an industrial large-scale production method was developed. Prices of aluminium dropped and aluminium became widely used in jewelry, everyday items, eyeglass frames, optical instruments, tableware, and foil in the 1890s and early 20th century. Aluminium's ability to form hard yet light alloys with other metals provided the metal many uses at the time. During World War I, major governments demanded large shipments of aluminium for light and strong airframes. </p><p>While pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first prepared in 1910 it was not used outside the laboratory until 1932. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union pioneered the use of titanium in military and submarine applications as part of programs related to the Cold War. Starting in the early 1950s, titanium came into use in military aviation, particularly in high-performance jets, starting with aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre" class="mw-redirect" title="F-100 Super Sabre">F-100 Super Sabre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_A-12" title="Lockheed A-12">Lockheed A-12</a> and <a href="/wiki/SR-71" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-71">SR-71</a>. </p><p>Metallic scandium was produced for the first time in 1937. The first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was produced in 1960. Production of aluminium-scandium alloys began in 1971 following a U.S. patent. Aluminium-scandium alloys were also developed in the USSR. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Na_(Sodium).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chunks of sodium"><img alt="Chunks of sodium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg/165px-Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg/248px-Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg/330px-Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chunks of sodium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Potassium-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potassium pearls under paraffin oil. Size of the largest pearl is 0.5 cm."><img alt="Potassium pearls under paraffin oil. Size of the largest pearl is 0.5 cm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Potassium-2.jpg/165px-Potassium-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Potassium-2.jpg/248px-Potassium-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Potassium-2.jpg/330px-Potassium-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Potassium pearls under paraffin oil. Size of the largest pearl is 0.5 cm.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strontium crystals"><img alt="Strontium crystals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg/165px-Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg/248px-Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg/330px-Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5236" data-file-height="3357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Strontium crystals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aluminium chunk, 2.6 grams, 1 x 2 cm"><img alt="Aluminium chunk, 2.6 grams, 1 x 2 cm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/165px-Aluminium-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/248px-Aluminium-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/330px-Aluminium-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="706" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aluminium chunk,<br />2.6 grams, <span class="nowrap">1 x 2 cm</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titan-crystal_bar.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A bar of titanium crystals"><img alt="A bar of titanium crystals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG/165px-Titan-crystal_bar.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG/248px-Titan-crystal_bar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG/330px-Titan-crystal_bar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5572" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bar of titanium crystals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scandium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scandium, including a 1 cm3 cube"><img alt="Scandium, including a 1 cm3 cube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Scandium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/165px-Scandium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Scandium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/248px-Scandium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Scandium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Scandium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scandium, including a 1 cm<sup>3</sup> cube</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_age_of_steel">The age of steel</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allegheny_Ludlum_steel_furnace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Allegheny_Ludlum_steel_furnace.jpg/220px-Allegheny_Ludlum_steel_furnace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Allegheny_Ludlum_steel_furnace.jpg/330px-Allegheny_Ludlum_steel_furnace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Allegheny_Ludlum_steel_furnace.jpg/440px-Allegheny_Ludlum_steel_furnace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3209" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption>White-hot steel pours like water from a 35-ton electric furnace, at the Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation, in <a href="/wiki/Brackenridge,_Pennsylvania" title="Brackenridge, Pennsylvania">Brackenridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern era in <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steelmaking</a> began with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer">Henry Bessemer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a> in 1855, the raw material for which was pig iron. His method let him produce steel in large quantities cheaply, thus <a href="/wiki/Mild_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mild steel">mild steel</a> came to be used for most purposes for which wrought iron was formerly used. The <a href="/wiki/Gilchrist-Thomas_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilchrist-Thomas process">Gilchrist-Thomas process</a> (or <i>basic Bessemer process</i>) was an improvement to the Bessemer process, made by lining the converter with a <a href="/wiki/Basic_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic (chemistry)">basic</a> material to remove phosphorus. </p><p>Due to its high <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> and low cost, steel came to be a major component used in <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machines</a>, appliances, and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a>. </p><p>In 1872, the Englishmen Clark and Woods patented an alloy that would today be considered a <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>. The corrosion resistance of iron-chromium alloys had been recognized in 1821 by French metallurgist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berthier" title="Pierre Berthier">Pierre Berthier</a>. He noted their resistance against attack by some acids and suggested their use in cutlery. Metallurgists of the 19th century were unable to produce the combination of low carbon and high chromium found in most modern stainless steels, and the high-chromium alloys they could produce were too brittle to be practical. It was not until 1912 that the industrialization of stainless steel alloys occurred in England, Germany, and the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_last_stable_metallic_elements">The last stable metallic elements</h3></div> <p>By 1900 three metals with <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic numbers</a> less than lead (#82), the heaviest stable metal, remained to be discovered: elements 71, 72, 75. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">Von Welsbach</a>, in 1906, proved that the old ytterbium also contained a new element (#71), which he named <i>cassiopeium</i>. <a href="/wiki/Georges_Urbain" title="Georges Urbain">Urbain</a> proved this simultaneously, but his samples were very impure and only contained trace quantities of the new element. Despite this, his chosen name <i><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a></i> was adopted. </p><p>In 1908, Ogawa found element 75 in thorianite but assigned it as element 43 instead of 75 and named it <i>nipponium</i>. In 1925 Walter Noddack, Ida Eva Tacke, and Otto Berg announced its separation from gadolinite and gave it the present name, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a></i>. </p><p>Georges Urbain claimed to have found element 72 in rare-earth residues, while Vladimir Vernadsky independently found it in orthite. Neither claim was confirmed due to World War I, and neither could be confirmed later, as the chemistry they reported does not match that now known for <i>hafnium</i>. After the war, in 1922, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon. <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> was thus the last stable element to be discovered, though rhenium was the last to be correctly recognized. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lutetium, including a 1 cm3 cube"><img alt="Lutetium, including a 1 cm3 cube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/165px-Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/248px-Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4594" data-file-height="3149" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lutetium, including a 1 cm<sup>3</sup> cube</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhenium, including a 1 cm3 cube"><img alt="Rhenium, including a 1 cm3 cube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/165px-Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/248px-Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Rhenium_single_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4848" data-file-height="3052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhenium, including a 1 cm<sup>3</sup> cube</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hf-crystal_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hafnium, in the form of a 1.7 kg bar"><img alt="Hafnium, in the form of a 1.7 kg bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hf-crystal_bar.jpg/165px-Hf-crystal_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hf-crystal_bar.jpg/248px-Hf-crystal_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hf-crystal_bar.jpg/330px-Hf-crystal_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5428" data-file-height="1544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hafnium, in the form of a 1.7 kg bar</div> </li> </ul> <p>By the end of World War II scientists had synthesized four post-uranium elements, all of which are radioactive (unstable) metals: neptunium (in 1940), plutonium (1940–41), and curium and americium (1944), representing elements 93 to 96. The first two of these were eventually found in nature as well. Curium and americium were by-products of the Manhattan project, which produced the world's first atomic bomb in 1945. The bomb was based on the nuclear fission of uranium, a metal first thought to have been discovered nearly 150 years earlier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II_developments">Post-World War II developments</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Superalloys">Superalloys</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">Superalloy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84.jpg/220px-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84.jpg/330px-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84.jpg/440px-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3795" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Heat treating superalloy turbine blades</figcaption></figure> <p>Superalloys composed of combinations of Fe, Ni, Co, and Cr, and lesser amounts of W, Mo, Ta, Nb, Ti, and Al were developed shortly after World War II for use in high performance engines, operating at elevated temperatures (above 650 °C (1,200 °F)). They retain most of their strength under these conditions, for prolonged periods, and combine good low-temperature ductility with resistance to corrosion or oxidation. Superalloys can now be found in a wide range of applications including land, maritime, and aerospace turbines, and chemical and petroleum plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transcurium_metals">Transcurium metals</h4></div> <p>The successful development of the atomic bomb at the end of World War II sparked further efforts to synthesize new elements, nearly all of which are, or are expected to be, metals, and all of which are radioactive. It was not until 1949 that element 97 (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a>), next after element 96 (<a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a>), was synthesized by firing alpha particles at an americium target. In 1952, element 100 (<a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a>) was found in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion; hydrogen, a nonmetal, had been identified as an element nearly 200 years earlier. Since 1952, elements 101 (<a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a>) to 118 (<a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a>) have been synthesized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulk_metallic_glasses">Bulk metallic glasses</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metallic_Glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic Glass">Metallic Glass</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metalic_Glas_Vitreloy4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Metalic_Glas_Vitreloy4.jpg/220px-Metalic_Glas_Vitreloy4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Metalic_Glas_Vitreloy4.jpg/330px-Metalic_Glas_Vitreloy4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Metalic_Glas_Vitreloy4.jpg/440px-Metalic_Glas_Vitreloy4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>Metallic Glass Vitreloy4</figcaption></figure> <p>A metallic glass (also known as an amorphous or glassy metal) is a solid metallic material, usually an alloy, with a disordered atomic-scale structure. Most pure and alloyed metals, in their solid state, have atoms arranged in a highly ordered crystalline structure. In contrast these have a non-crystalline glass-like structure. But unlike common glasses, such as window glass, which are typically electrical insulators, amorphous metals have good electrical conductivity. Amorphous metals are produced in several ways, including extremely rapid cooling, physical vapor deposition, solid-state reaction, ion irradiation, and mechanical alloying. The first reported metallic glass was an alloy (Au<sub>75</sub>Si<sub>25</sub>) produced at <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> in 1960. More recently, batches of amorphous steel with three times the strength of conventional steel alloys have been produced. Currently, the most important applications rely on the special magnetic properties of some ferromagnetic metallic glasses. The low magnetization loss is used in high-efficiency transformers. Theft control ID tags and other article surveillance schemes often use metallic glasses because of these magnetic properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shape-memory_alloys">Shape-memory alloys</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shape-memory_alloy" title="Shape-memory alloy">Shape-memory alloy</a></div> <p>A shape-memory alloy (SMA) is an alloy that "remembers" its original shape and when deformed returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated. While the shape memory effect had been first observed in 1932, in an Au-Cd alloy, it was not until 1962, with the accidental discovery of the effect in a Ni-Ti alloy that research began in earnest, and another ten years before commercial applications emerged. SMA's have applications in robotics and automotive, aerospace, and biomedical industries. There is another type of SMA, called a ferromagnetic shape-memory alloy (FSMA), that changes shape under strong magnetic fields. These materials are of interest as the magnetic response tends to be faster and more efficient than temperature-induced responses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quasicrystalline_alloys">Quasicrystalline alloys</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quasicrystal" title="Quasicrystal">Quasicrystal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A metallic regular dodecahedron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg/220px-Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg/330px-Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg/440px-Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>A Ho-Mg-Zn icosahedral quasicrystal formed as a pentagonal <a href="/wiki/Dodecahedron" title="Dodecahedron">dodecahedron</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dual_polyhedron" title="Dual polyhedron">dual</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Icosahedron" title="Icosahedron">icosahedron</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1984, Israeli metallurgist Dan Shechtman found an aluminum-manganese alloy having five-fold symmetry, in breach of crystallographic convention at the time which said that crystalline structures could only have two-, three-, four-, or six-fold symmetry. Due to reservation about the scientific community's reaction, it took him two years to publish the results  for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2011. Since this time, hundreds of quasicrystals have been reported and confirmed. They exist in many metallic alloys (and some polymers). Quasicrystals are found most often in aluminum alloys (Al-Li-Cu, Al-Mn-Si, Al-Ni-Co, Al-Pd-Mn, Al-Cu-Fe, Al-Cu-V, etc.), but numerous other compositions are also known (Cd-Yb, Ti-Zr-Ni, Zn-Mg-Ho, Zn-Mg-Sc, In-Ag-Yb, Pd-U-Si, etc.). <a href="/wiki/Quasicrystal" title="Quasicrystal">Quasicrystals</a> effectively have infinitely large unit cells. <a href="/wiki/Icosahedrite" title="Icosahedrite">Icosahedrite</a> Al<sub>63</sub>Cu<sub>24</sub>Fe<sub>13</sub>, the first quasicrystal found in nature, was discovered in 2009. Most quasicrystals have ceramic-like properties including low electrical conductivity (approaching values seen in insulators) and low thermal conductivity, high hardness, brittleness, and resistance to corrosion, and non-stick properties. Quasicrystals have been used to develop heat insulation, LEDs, diesel engines, and new materials that convert heat to electricity. New applications may take advantage of the low coefficient of friction and the hardness of some quasicrystalline materials, for example embedding particles in plastic to make strong, hard-wearing, low-friction plastic gears. Other potential applications include selective solar absorbers for power conversion, broad-wavelength reflectors, and bone repair and prostheses applications where biocompatibility, low friction, and corrosion resistance are required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Complex_metallic_alloys">Complex metallic alloys</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Complex_metallic_alloy" title="Complex metallic alloy">Complex metallic alloy</a></div> <p>Complex metallic alloys (CMAs) are intermetallic compounds characterized by large unit cells comprising some tens up to thousands of atoms; the presence of well-defined clusters of atoms (frequently with icosahedral symmetry); and partial disorder within their crystalline lattices. They are composed of two or more metallic elements, sometimes with metalloids or <a href="/wiki/Chalcogenides" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcogenides">chalcogenides</a> added. They include, for example, NaCd2, with 348 sodium atoms and 768 cadmium atoms in the unit cell. <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> attempted to describe the structure of NaCd<sub>2</sub> in 1923, but did not succeed until 1955. At first called "giant unit cell crystals", interest in CMAs, as they came to be called, did not pick up until 2002, with the publication of a paper called "Structurally Complex Alloy Phases", given at the <i>8th International Conference on Quasicrystals.</i> Potential applications of CMAs include as heat insulation; solar heating; magnetic refrigerators; using waste heat to generate electricity; and coatings for turbine blades in military engines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-entropy_alloys">High-entropy alloys</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-entropy_alloy" title="High-entropy alloy">High-entropy alloy</a></div> <p>High entropy alloys (HEAs) such as AlLiMgScTi are composed of equal or nearly equal quantities of five or more metals. Compared to conventional alloys with only one or two base metals, HEAs have considerably better strength-to-weight ratios, higher tensile strength, and greater resistance to fracturing, corrosion, and oxidation. Although HEAs were described as early as 1981, significant interest did not develop until the 2010s; they continue to be a focus of research in materials science and engineering because of their desirable properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MAX_phase">MAX phase</h4></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="float:right; margin-left:2em; margin-top:-2em;"> <caption>MAX phase<br />alloy examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">MAX </th> <th scope="col">M </th> <th scope="col">A </th> <th scope="col">X </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Hf<sub>2</sub>SnC </th> <td>Hf</td> <td>Sn</td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ti<sub>4</sub>AlN<sub>3</sub> </th> <td>Ti</td> <td>Al</td> <td>N </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ti<sub>3</sub>SiC<sub>2</sub> </th> <td>Ti</td> <td>Si</td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ti<sub>2</sub>AlC </th> <td>Ti</td> <td>Al</td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Cr<sub>2</sub>AlC<sub>2</sub> </th> <td>Cr</td> <td>Al</td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ti<sub>3</sub>AlC<sub>2</sub> </th> <td>Ti</td> <td>Al</td> <td>C </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MAX_phases" title="MAX phases">MAX phases</a></div> <p>In a Max phase, <b>M</b> is an early transition metal, <b>A</b> is an A group element (mostly group IIIA and IVA, or groups 13 and 14), and <b>X</b> is either carbon or nitrogen. Examples are Hf<sub>2</sub>SnC and Ti<sub>4</sub>AlN<sub>3</sub>. Such alloys have high electrical and thermal conductivity, thermal shock resistance, damage tolerance, machinability, high elastic stiffness, and low thermal expansion coefficients.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be polished to a metallic luster because of their excellent electrical conductivities. During mechanical testing, it has been found that polycrystalline Ti<sub>3</sub>SiC<sub>2</sub> cylinders can be repeatedly compressed at room temperature, up to stresses of 1 GPa, and fully recover upon the removal of the load. Some MAX phases are also highly resistant to chemical attack (e.g. Ti<sub>3</sub>SiC<sub>2</sub>) and high-temperature oxidation in air (Ti<sub>2</sub>AlC, Cr<sub>2</sub>AlC<sub>2</sub>, and Ti<sub>3</sub>AlC<sub>2</sub>). Potential applications for MAX phase alloys include: as tough, machinable, thermal shock-resistant refractories; high-temperature heating elements; coatings for electrical contacts; and neutron irradiation resistant parts for nuclear applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimetal" title="Bimetal">Bimetal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">Ductility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Ferrous metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_theft" title="Metal theft">Metal theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_toxicity" title="Metal toxicity">Metal toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metals_of_antiquity" title="Metals of antiquity">Metals of antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Mineral (nutrient)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymetallic_ore" title="Polymetallic ore">Polymetallic ore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids,_and_nonmetals" class="mw-redirect" title="Properties of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals">Properties of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_steel" title="Structural steel">Structural steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metal</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trace elements having an abundance equalling or much less than one part per trillion (namely <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>) are not shown.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some cases, for example in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Photodisintegration" title="Photodisintegration">high energy gamma rays</a> or in a <a href="/wiki/Rp-process" title="Rp-process">very high temperature hydrogen rich environment</a>, the subject nuclei may experience neutron loss or proton gain resulting in the production of (comparatively rare) <a href="/wiki/P-nuclei" title="P-nuclei">neutron deficient isotopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ejection of matter when two neutron stars collide is attributed to the interaction of their <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal forces</a>, possible crustal disruption, and shock heating (which is what happens if you floor the accelerator in car when the engine is cold).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iron, cobalt, nickel, and tin are also siderophiles from a whole of Earth perspective.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another life-enabling role for iron is as a key constituent of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, which enables the transportation of oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminum, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus, or silicon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Damascus, Syria, blade-smiths forged knives and swords with a distinctive surface pattern composed of swirling patterns of light-etched regions on a nearly black background. These blades had legendary cutting abilities. <a href="/wiki/Wootz" class="mw-redirect" title="Wootz">The iron the smiths were using</a> was sourced from India, and contained one or more carbide-forming elements, such as V, Mo, Cr, Mn, and Nb. Modern analysis of these weapons has shown that these elements supported the catalytic formation of carbon nanotubes, which in turn promoted the formation of <a href="/wiki/Cementite" title="Cementite">cementite</a> (Fe<small>3</small>C) nanowires. The malleability of the carbon nanotubes offset the brittle nature of the cementite, and endowed the resulting steel with a unique combination of strength and flexibility. Knowledge of how to make what came to called <a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a> died out in the eighteenth century possibly due to exhausting ore sources with the right combination of impurities. The techniques involved were not rediscovered until 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In ancient times, lead was regarded as the father of all metals.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>, a later <a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> writer, added the third principle of salt, carrying the nonvolatile and incombustible properties, in his <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus#Philosophy" title="Paracelsus"><i>tria prima</i> doctrine</a>. These theories retained the four classical elements as underlying the composition of sulfur, mercury, and salt.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kittel-2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kittel-2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kittel-2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kittel-2018_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kittel-2018_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKittel2018" class="citation book cs1">Kittel, Charles (2018). <i>Introduction to solid state physics</i>. Paul McEuen (Global edition, [9th edition] ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-45416-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-45416-8"><bdi>978-1-119-45416-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+solid+state+physics&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.edition=Global+edition%2C+%5B9th+edition%5D&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-119-45416-8&rft.aulast=Kittel&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashcroft-1976-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft-1976_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshcroftMermin1976" class="citation book cs1">Ashcroft, Neil W.; Mermin, N. David (1976). <i>Solid state physics</i>. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-083993-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-083993-1"><bdi>978-0-03-083993-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solid+state+physics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-03-083993-1&rft.aulast=Ashcroft&rft.aufirst=Neil+W.&rft.au=Mermin%2C+N.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callister-1997-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Callister-1997_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Callister-1997_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Callister-1997_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Callister-1997_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallister1997" class="citation book cs1">Callister, William D. (1997). <i>Materials science and engineering: an introduction</i> (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-13459-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-13459-6"><bdi>978-0-471-13459-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+science+and+engineering%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-471-13459-6&rft.aulast=Callister&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiang1977" class="citation journal cs1">Chiang, CK (1977). "Transport and optical properties of polythiazyl bromides: (SNBr<sub>0.4</sub>)x". <i>Solid State Communications</i>. <b>23</b> (9): 607–612. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977SSCom..23..607C">1977SSCom..23..607C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0038-1098%2877%2990530-0">10.1016/0038-1098(77)90530-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solid+State+Communications&rft.atitle=Transport+and+optical+properties+of+polythiazyl+bromides%3A+%28SNBr%3Csub%3E0.4%3C%2Fsub%3E%29x&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=607-612&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0038-1098%2877%2990530-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977SSCom..23..607C&rft.aulast=Chiang&rft.aufirst=CK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1998" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, NN; Earnshaw, A (1998). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i>. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 727. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3365-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3365-9"><bdi>978-0-7506-3365-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=727&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-3365-9&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=NN&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutluTheato2021" class="citation book cs1">Mutlu, H; Theato, P (2021). "Polymers with sulfur-nitrogen bonds". In Zhang, X; Theato, P (eds.). <i>Sulfur-Containing Polymers: From Synthesis to Functional Materials</i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 191–234 (191). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-34670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-34670-7"><bdi>978-3-527-34670-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polymers+with+sulfur-nitrogen+bonds&rft.btitle=Sulfur-Containing+Polymers%3A+From+Synthesis+to+Functional+Materials&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pages=191-234+%28191%29&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-527-34670-7&rft.aulast=Mutlu&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Theato%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonezawa2017" class="citation book cs1">Yonezawa, F. (2017). <i>Physics of Metal-Nonmetal Transitions</i>. Amsterdam: IOS Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61499-786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61499-786-3"><bdi>978-1-61499-786-3</bdi></a>. <q>Sir <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Mott">Nevill Mott</a> (1905–1996) wrote a letter to a fellow physicist, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Edwards_(chemist)" title="Peter Edwards (chemist)">Prof. Peter P. Edwards</a>, in which he notes... I've thought a lot about 'What is a metal?' and I think one can only answer the question at <i>T</i> = 0 (the absolute zero of temperature). There a metal conducts and a nonmetal doesn't.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+Metal-Nonmetal+Transitions&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-61499-786-3&rft.aulast=Yonezawa&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation web cs1">Martin, John C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/what-we-learn-from-a-star-s-metal-content">"What we learn from a star's metal content"</a>. <i>John C. Martin's Homepage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+C.+Martin%27s+Homepage&rft.atitle=What+we+learn+from+a+star%27s+metal+content&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fa%2Fuis.edu%2Fjohn-c-martin-s-homepage%2Fresearch%2Frr-lyrae-kinematics%2Fwhat-we-learn-from-a-star-s-metal-content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinMorrison1998" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, John C.; Morrison, Heather L. (May 18, 1998) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/300568/fulltext/tal-content">"A New Analysis of RR Lyrae Kinematics in the Solar Neighborhood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astronomical_Journal" title="The Astronomical Journal">The Astronomical Journal</a></i>. <b>116</b> (4) (published October 1, 1998): 1724–1735. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9806258">astro-ph/9806258</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AJ....116.1724M">1998AJ....116.1724M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300568">10.1086/300568</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18530430">18530430</a> – via IOPscience.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+New+Analysis+of+RR+Lyrae+Kinematics+in+the+Solar+Neighborhood&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1724-1735&rft.date=1998-05-18&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9806258&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18530430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F300568&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998AJ....116.1724M&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Heather+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1086%2F300568%2Ffulltext%2Ftal-content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeRoe1992" class="citation journal cs1">Roe, J.; Roe, M. (1992). "World's coinage uses 24 chemical elements". <i>World Coinage News</i>. <b>19</b> (4, 5): 24–25, 18–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Coinage+News&rft.atitle=World%27s+coinage+uses+24+chemical+elements&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4%2C+5&rft.pages=24-25%2C+18-19&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Roe&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Roe%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stampfl-2001-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stampfl-2001_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stampfl-2001_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stampfl-2001_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stampfl-2001_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStampflMannstadtAsahiFreeman2001" class="citation journal cs1">Stampfl, C.; Mannstadt, W.; Asahi, R.; Freeman, A. 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London: Time-Life International. pp. 133, 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metalsmiths%2C+revised+edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=133%2C+137&rft.pub=Time-Life+International&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Knauth&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Delineator" title="The Delineator">The Delineator</a></i>, Sept. 1909. Reprinted as the introduction to <a href="/wiki/Rewards_and_Fairies" title="Rewards and Fairies">Rewards and Fairies</a> in 1910.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgius Agricola, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38015/38015-h/38015-h.htm"><i>De Re Metallica</i></a> (1556) Tr. Herbert Clark Hoover & Lou Henry Hoover (1912); Footnote quoting <i>De Natura Fossilium</i> (1546), p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanaorHuKanProust2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hanaor, D.A.H.; Hu, L.; Kan, W.H.; Proust, G.; Foley, M.; Karaman, I.; Radovic, M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921509316307419">"Compressive performance and crack propagation in Al alloy/Ti2AlC composites"</a>. <i>Materials Science and Engineering: A</i>. <b>672</b>: 247–256. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.08757">1908.08757</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.msea.2016.06.073">10.1016/j.msea.2016.06.073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Science+and+Engineering%3A+A&rft.atitle=Compressive+performance+and+crack+propagation+in+Al+alloy%2FTi2AlC+composites&rft.volume=672&rft.pages=247-256&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1908.08757&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.msea.2016.06.073&rft.aulast=Hanaor&rft.aufirst=D.A.H.&rft.au=Hu%2C+L.&rft.au=Kan%2C+W.H.&rft.au=Proust%2C+G.&rft.au=Foley%2C+M.&rft.au=Karaman%2C+I.&rft.au=Radovic%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0921509316307419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="CITEREFChoptuikLehnerPretorias2015"></span><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Choptuik" title="Matthew Choptuik">Choptuik M. W.</a>, Lehner L. & Pretorias F. 2015, "Probing strong-field gravity through numerical simulation", in <a href="/wiki/Abhay_Ashtekar" title="Abhay Ashtekar">A. Ashtekar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Berger" title="Beverly Berger">B. K. Berger</a>, J. Isenberg & M. MacCallum (eds), <i>General Relativity and Gravitation: A Centennial Perspective</i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03731-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03731-1">978-1-107-03731-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1997" class="citation book cs1">Cox, P. A. (1997). <i>The elements: Their origin, abundance and distribution</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-855298-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-855298-7"><bdi>978-0-19-855298-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+elements%3A+Their+origin%2C+abundance+and+distribution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-855298-7&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Crow J. M. 2016, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23230950-500-a-mixedup-recipe-is-redefining-metals-into-impossible-alloys/">Impossible alloys: How to make never-before-seen metals</a>", <i>New Scientist,</i> 12 October</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="CITEREFHadhazy2016"></span>Hadhazy A. 2016, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kavlifoundation.org/news/cosmic-heavy-metals">Galactic 'Gold Mine' Explains the Origin of Nature's Heaviest Elements</a>", <i>Science Spotlights</i>, 10 May 2016, accessed 11 July 2016.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="CITEREFHofmann2002"></span>Hofmann S. 2002, <i>On Beyond Uranium: Journey to the End of the Periodic Table</i>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28495-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28495-0">978-0-415-28495-0</a>.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="CITEREFPadmanabhan2001"></span><a href="/wiki/Thanu_Padmanabhan" title="Thanu Padmanabhan">Padmanabhan T.</a> 2001, <i>Theoretical Astrophysics</i>, vol. 2, Stars and Stellar Systems, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, Cambridge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56241-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56241-6">978-0-521-56241-6</a>.</li> <li>Parish R. V. 1977, <i>The metallic elements,</i> Longman, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-44278-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-44278-8">978-0-582-44278-8</a></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="CITEREFPodosek2011"></span>Podosek F. A. 2011, "Noble gases", in H. D. Holland & <a href="/wiki/Karl_Turekian" title="Karl Turekian">K. K. Turekian</a> (eds), <i>Isotope Geochemistry: From the Treatise on Geochemistry</i>, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 467–492, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096710-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096710-3">978-0-08-096710-3</a>.</li> <li>Raymond R. 1984, <i>Out of the fiery furnace: The impact of metals on the history of mankind,</i> Macmillan Australia, Melbourne, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-38024-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-38024-6">978-0-333-38024-6</a></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="CITEREFRehder2010"></span>Rehder D. 2010, <i>Chemistry in Space: From Interstellar Matter to the Origin of Life</i>, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-32689-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-32689-1">978-3-527-32689-1</a>.</li> <li>Russell A. M. & Lee K. L. 2005, <i>Structure–property relations in nonferrous metals,</i> John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-64952-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-64952-6">978-0-471-64952-6</a></li> <li>Street A. & Alexander W. 1998, <i>Metals in the service of man,</i> 11<sub>th</sub> ed., Penguin Books, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-025776-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-025776-2">978-0-14-025776-2</a></li> <li>Wilson A. J. 1994, <i>The living rock: The story of metals since earliest times and their impact on developing civilization</i>, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-154-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-154-7">978-1-85573-154-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Elements" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block">H</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block">B</span></a></span> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a></span> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block">N</span></a></span> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block">O</span></a></span> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block">F</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a></span> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block">P</span></a></span> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block">S</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block">K</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a></span> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block">V</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a></span> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block">As</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a></span> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block">I</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a></span> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a></span> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block">W</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a></span> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block">At</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a></span> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a></span> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; 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