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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career and activism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career_and_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career and activism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career_and_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Gongmeng_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gongmeng_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Gongmeng era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gongmeng_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_2009_Gongmeng_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_2009_Gongmeng_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The 2009 Gongmeng incident</span> </div> 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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title="Xu Zhiyong – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Xu Zhiyong" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Zhiyong" title="Xu Zhiyong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xu Zhiyong" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%89%AC%EC%A6%88%EC%9C%B5" title="쉬즈융 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쉬즈융" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Zhiyong" title="Xu Zhiyong – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Xu Zhiyong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Zhiyong" title="Xu Zhiyong – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Xu Zhiyong" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%B2%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC" title="اكسو زهيونج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكسو زهيونج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E5%BF%97%E6%B0%B8" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/X%C7%94_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xǔ (surname)">Xu</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">许志永</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Xu_Zhiyong.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Xu_Zhiyong.JPG/220px-Xu_Zhiyong.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Xu_Zhiyong.JPG/330px-Xu_Zhiyong.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Xu_Zhiyong.JPG/440px-Xu_Zhiyong.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="2098" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1973-03-02</span>) </span>March 2, 1973<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 51)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Minquan_County" title="Minquan County">Minquan County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou_University" title="Lanzhou University">Lanzhou University</a> (LLB)<br /><a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> (PhD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Legal scholar, lecturer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_University_of_Post_and_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications">Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications</a> (Previous)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data org">Open Constitution Initiative (Gongmeng)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Civil rights advocacy, advocacy of constitutionalism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/New_Citizens_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="New Citizens Movement">New Citizens Movement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Weiquan_movement" title="Weiquan movement">Weiquan movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal charges</th><td class="infobox-data">Disruption of public order (Politically motivated)<br /> Subversion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data">Imprisonment (4 Years in 2014, 14 Years in 2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Cui Zheng (divorced)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Foreign Policy Top 100 Global Thinkers (2013)</li> <li>PEN/Barbey Freedom to Write Award (2020)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Weiquan_lawyers" title="Weiquan lawyers">Weiquan lawyers</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weiquan_movement" title="Weiquan movement">Weiquan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_China#1978-1981" title="Legal history of China">Chinese legal reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_and_dissent_in_China" title="Protest and dissent in China">Protest and dissent in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_lawyer" title="Barefoot lawyer">Barefoot lawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Citizens%27_Movement" title="New Citizens' Movement">New Citizens' Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lawyers and legal scholars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Guangcheng" title="Chen Guangcheng">Chen Guangcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Zhisheng" title="Gao Zhisheng">Gao Zhisheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Feixiong" title="Guo Feixiong">Guo Feixiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Guoting" title="Guo Guoting">Guo Guoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hao_Jinsong" title="Hao Jinsong">Hao Jinsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Weifang" title="He Weifang">He Weifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Tianyong" title="Jiang Tianyong">Jiang Tianyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Boguang" title="Li Boguang">Li Boguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Heping" title="Li Heping">Li Heping</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jianqiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Jianqiang (page does not exist)">Li Jianqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xiongbing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xiongbing (page does not exist)">Li Xiongbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Shaoping" title="Mo Shaoping">Mo Shaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Yulan" title="Ni Yulan">Ni Yulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Zhiqiang" title="Pu Zhiqiang">Pu Zhiqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_Biao" title="Teng Biao">Teng Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_Jingling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tang Jingling (page does not exist)">Tang Jingling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xu Zhiyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Wensheng" title="Yu Wensheng">Yu Wensheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuezhong_(academic)" title="Zhang Xuezhong (academic)">Zhang Xuezhong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Xingshui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Xingshui (page does not exist)">Zhang Xingshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Sizhi" title="Zhang Sizhi">Zhang Sizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Enchong" title="Zheng Enchong">Zheng Enchong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_China_Lawyers_Association" title="All China Lawyers Association">Committee for the Protection of Lawyers' Lawful Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitong_Law_Firm" title="Yitong Law Firm">Yitong Law Firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Human_Rights_Lawyers_Concern_Group" title="China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group">China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_National_Anti-Demolition_Home_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China National Anti-Demolition Home Alliance (page does not exist)">China National Anti-Demolition Home Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Society_of_Human_Rights_Lawyers_for_Petitioners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese Society of Human Rights Lawyers for Petitioners (page does not exist)">Chinese Society of Human Rights Lawyers for Petitioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Constitution_Initiative" title="Open Constitution Initiative">Open Constitution Initiative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Cases and events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Tao_(journalist)#Arrest_and_imprisonment" title="Shi Tao (journalist)">Shi Tao's arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Zhigang" title="Sun Zhigang">Sun Zhigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yujiao_incident" title="Deng Yujiao incident">Deng Yujiao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Guangcheng#Activism" title="Chen Guangcheng">Linyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal" title="2008 Chinese milk scandal">Chinese milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_schools_corruption_scandal" title="Sichuan schools corruption scandal">Sichuan schools scandal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weiquan_lawyers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weiquan lawyers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Xu Zhiyong</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">许志永</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xǔ Zhìyǒng</span></i>; born March 2, 1973) is a Chinese civil rights activist and formerly a lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_University_of_Post_and_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications">Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications</a>. He was one of the founders of the NGO <a href="/wiki/Open_Constitution_Initiative" title="Open Constitution Initiative">Open Constitution Initiative</a> and an active rights lawyer in China who campaigned against corruption<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and helped those underprivileged. He is the main founder and icon of the <a href="/wiki/New_Citizens%27_Movement_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Citizens' Movement (China)">New Citizens' Movement</a> in China. In January 2014 he was sentenced to four years in prison for "gathering crowds to disrupt public order".<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was detained again on February 15, 2020, in the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> after two months in hiding, for his participation in a meeting of rights activists and lawyers in <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> in December 2019 in which "democratic transition in China" was discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sentenced for subversion to 14 years in jail on April 10, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_20230410_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_20230410-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Zhiyong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xu was born in <a href="/wiki/Minquan_County" title="Minquan County">Minquan County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> Province in 1973. He was married to Cui Zheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">崔筝</span></span>), a journalist. Their daughter was born on January 13, 2014, while Xu was in a detention center facing trial.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been in hiding since late 2019 and was detained by Chinese police on February 15, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2021, his partner <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiaochu" title="Li Qiaochu">Li Qiaochu</a> was reported to have been arrested for tweeting that Xu and another activist had been tortured while in detention.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp_20210315_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp_20210315-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_activism">Career and activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Zhiyong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xu received his Bachelor of Law degree from <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou_University" title="Lanzhou University">Lanzhou University</a> in 1994 and Doctor of Law degree from <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> in 2002. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Gongmeng_era">The Gongmeng era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Zhiyong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Gongmeng era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Haidian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Haidian District">Haidian</a> District People's Congress as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politics)">independent</a>. He won the re-election in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2011 election, Xu's name was pulled off the candidate list, but he still gathered more than 3,500 votes out of 22,000 voters in his district. </p><p>Xu helped found the public interest group Gongmeng, also known as the Open Constitution Initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-hric_20090319_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hric_20090319-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike other human rights activists, Xu firmly and carefully pushed his calls for political change and social justice in existing laws, and his group has been regarded as relatively cautious and conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his recent interview before his arrest, he described his dream as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I wish our country could be a free and happy one. Every citizen need not go against their conscience and can find their own place by their virtue and talents; a simple and happy society, where the goodness of humanity is expanded to the maximum, and the evilness of humanity is constrained to the minimum; honesty, trust, kindness, and helping each other are everyday occurrences in life; there is not so much anger and anxiety, a pure smile on everyone's face.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Xu Zhiyong<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p>Xu's final remarks post trial also made rounds within Chinese dissident communities abroad in which he described goal of the New Citizens' Movement as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What the New Citizens Movement advocates is for each and every Chinese national to act and behave as a citizen, to accept our roles as citizens and masters of our country—and not to act as feudal subjects, remain complacent, accept mob rule or a position as an underclass. To take seriously the rights which come with citizenship, those written into the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and China’s Constitution: to treat these sacred rights—to vote, to freedom of speech and religion—as more than an everlasting IOU.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Xu Zhiyong (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_2009_Gongmeng_incident">The 2009 Gongmeng incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Zhiyong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The 2009 Gongmeng incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 29, 2009, he was arrested at his home, and detained by Chinese authorities on charges of tax evasion.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hric_20090319_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hric_20090319-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time Xu's colleague <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhuang_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhuang Lu (page does not exist)">Zhuang Lu</a> was also arrested by authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-release_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-release-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Open Constitution Initiative was fined 1.46 million <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">RMB</a> on July 14, 2009 for 'dodging taxes' and was shut down by the authorities by declaring it "illegal".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xu Zhiyong was released on bail on August 23, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-release_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-release-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i> reported that the release of Xu, Zhuang and another Chinese dissident, <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Tohti" title="Ilham Tohti">Ilham Tohti</a>, was in part due to pressure on Beijing from the administration of American President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-age_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Gongmeng_era,_New_Citizens'_Movement,_2013_arrest"><span id="Post-Gongmeng_era.2C_New_Citizens.27_Movement.2C_2013_arrest"></span>Post-Gongmeng era, New Citizens' Movement, 2013 arrest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Zhiyong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Gongmeng era, New Citizens' Movement, 2013 arrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Gongmeng was shut down, Xu Zhiyong and supporters adopted the name "Citizens" to continue their cause. In May 2012, Xu formally established the "New Citizens' Movement" and "New Citizens' Spirit" as the high-level concept of their activism. </p><p>In 2013, Xu was placed under house arrest for more than three months, before being formally arrested on August 22.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His trial started on January 22, 2014. Xu and his lawyer Zhang Qingfang remained silent throughout the trial (except for his closing statement) to protest the violation of basic legal procedure. Xu's closing statement was cut short by the judge, but the text was circulated on the internet<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and raised tremendous support.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On January 26, Xu was sentenced to four years in prison for "gathering crowds to disrupt public order".<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the verdict, whose date had been expected, lawyer Zhang said about the case: "We can say it was decided even before the trial."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was released in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_20230410_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn_20230410-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_arrest">2020 arrest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Zhiyong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2020 arrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xu and other human rights activists were wanted by police for their participation in a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> on December 13, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_20200217_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_20200217-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfa_20210208_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfa_20210208-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where "democratic transition in China" was discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp_20210315_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp_20210315-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2020, while in hiding, through postings on social media, Xu publicly asked <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Chinese Communist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of China">general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> to resign, for what he described as an obvious inability to handle the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was arrested in Guangzhou on February 15, 2020, according to two fellow activists.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2021, Liang Xiaojun, the lawyer of Xu, had his license cancelled by authorities, with the notification letter citing his online support for <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> and "vilifying" the Chinese constitution and laws. Liang said he had spoken a day earlier via video chat with Xu, who according to Liang was in good health and unshaken in his dissident convictions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn_20230410_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn_20230410-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 18, 2022, ahead of the EU-China summit, Xu was among the shortlist of human rights defenders called for release in a joint NGO letter to the President of the European Commission and the President of the European Council.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 13, 2022, the Intermediate People’s Court of Linyi issued a notice of a pretrial meeting scheduled for June 17.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawyers and a rights group said on June 17 that Xu would stand trial for "subversion" on June 22. He had been indicted on that charge in August 2021, and there had been no information about him since.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 10, 2023, Xu was sentenced after a closed trial to 14 years in prison; fellow human rights lawyer Ding Jiaxi was sentenced to 12 years on the same charge.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_20230410_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_20230410-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn_20230410_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn_20230410-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, UN Human Rights Chief <a href="/wiki/Volker_T%C3%BCrk" title="Volker Türk">Volker Türk</a> published his statement, "I am very concerned that two prominent human rights defenders in China – <a href="/wiki/Ding_Jiaxi" title="Ding Jiaxi">Ding Jiaxi</a> and Xu Zhiyong – have been sentenced to lengthy prison terms, at variance with international human rights law standards."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ding and Xu's convictions were upheld in November 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_writings_and_speeches">Prominent writings and speeches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Zhiyong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prominent writings and speeches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Xu Zhiyong's closing statement in court (January 22, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese.rfi.fr/%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5/20140122-%E8%AE%B8%E5%BF%97%E6%B0%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD%E9%99%88%E8%AF%8D%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%C2%B7%E5%85%AC%E4%B9%89%C2%B7%E7%88%B1">Chinese</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinachange.org/2014/01/23/for-freedom-justice-and-love-my-closing-statement-to-the-court/">English</a> (translated by ChinaChange.org)</li> <li>The Last Ten Years, China's rights movement through the work of Gong Meng. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xuzhiyong2012.blogspot.com/2013/05/blog-post_19.html">Chinese</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinachange.org/2013/06/05/the-last-ten-years/">English</a> (translated by ChinaChange.org)</li> <li>A trip to Ngaba, (the Tibetan prefecture in Northern Sichuan province where many Tibetans have self-immolated over the last four years or so. A shorter version of the essay was published in the New York Times in December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xuzhiyong2012.blogspot.com/2012/12/blog-post.html">Chinese</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinachange.org/2012/12/23/ngaba/">English</a> (translated by ChinaChange.org)</li> <li>New Citizens' Movement, a "manifesto" published on May 29, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xuzhiyong2012.blogspot.com/2012/11/blog-post_9281.html">Chinese</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinachange.org/2012/07/11/china-needs-a-new-citizens-movement-xu-zhiyongs-%E8%AE%B8%E5%BF%97%E6%B0%B8-controversial-essay/">English</a>(translated by ChinaChange.org)</li> <li><i>To Build a Free China: A Citizen's Journey</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>, Boulder, Colorado, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In an open letter addressed to Chinese Paramount leader Xi Jinping, published on 4 February 2020 while Xu was sought by authorities, he accused the <a href="/wiki/Xiong%27an" title="Xiong'an">Xiong'an</a> project to be "political" and cited it as an instance in which Xi had allegedly shown lack of capability in office. Xu was arrested later that month.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Zhiyong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> – Top 100 Global Thinkers, 2013<sup id="cite_ref-foreignpolicy_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEN_America" title="PEN America">PEN America</a> – PEN/Barbey Freedom to Write Award, 2020. Xu's partner <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiaochu" title="Li Qiaochu">Li Qiaochu</a>, also an activist, accepted the award on his behalf in December 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> Nominee, 2024 <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>On January 31, 2024, Chair Representative Smith Christopher and Co-Chair Senator Jeff Merkley of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China" title="Congressional-Executive Commission on China">U.S. Congressional-Executive Commission on China</a> nominated Xu to receive the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his "commitment to human rights and peace in China".</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Zhiyong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weiquan_movement" title="Weiquan movement">Weiquan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Citizens%27_Movement_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Citizens' Movement (China)">New Citizens' Movement (China)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Zhiyong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Veteran+Chinese+human+rights+lawyers+expected+to+face+trial+soon&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Rui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3181703%2Fveteran-chinese-human-rights-lawyers-expected-face-trial-soon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Zhiyong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHsia2017" class="citation web cs1">Hsia, Hsiao-hwa (June 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/tria-xuzhiyong-06172022112646.html">"Charges against citizens' movement leader Xu Zhiyong 'trumped up': lawyers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.atitle=Charges+against+citizens%27+movement+leader+Xu+Zhiyong+%27trumped+up%27%3A+lawyers&rft.date=2017-06-17&rft.aulast=Hsia&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-hwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Ftria-xuzhiyong-06172022112646.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Zhiyong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2023/04/comment-un-human-rights-chief-volker-turk-sentencing-human-rights-defenders">"Comment by UN Human Rights Chief Volker Türk on sentencing of human rights defenders in China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Comment+by+UN+Human+Rights+Chief+Volker+T%C3%BCrk+on+sentencing+of+human+rights+defenders+in+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fstatements%2F2023%2F04%2Fcomment-un-human-rights-chief-volker-turk-sentencing-human-rights-defenders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Zhiyong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2023" class="citation web cs1">Hawkins, Amy (December 19, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/19/china-human-rights-activist-li-qiaochu-trial">"China rights activist goes on trial for 'inciting subversion of state power'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China+rights+activist+goes+on+trial+for+%27inciting+subversion+of+state+power%27&rft.date=2023-12-19&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fdec%2F19%2Fchina-human-rights-activist-li-qiaochu-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Zhiyong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXu2017" class="citation book cs1">Xu, Zhiyong (2017). <i>To Build a Free China: A Citizen's Journey</i>. Boulder, Colorado: <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1626375840" title="Special:BookSources/978-1626375840"><bdi>978-1626375840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Build+a+Free+China%3A+A+Citizen%27s+Journey&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1626375840&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Zhiyong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Zhiyong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20200216-%E9%80%83%E4%BA%A1%E4%B8%AD%E6%95%A2%E8%AF%B7%E4%B9%A0%E9%80%80%E4%BD%8D%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%B8%E5%BF%97%E6%B0%B8%E5%86%8D%E8%A2%AB%E6%8A%93">"要闻分析 - 逃亡中敢请习退位的许志永再被抓"</a>. <i>RFI - 法国国际广播电台</i> (in Simplified Chinese). February 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RFI+-+%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0&rft.atitle=%E8%A6%81%E9%97%BB%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90+-+%E9%80%83%E4%BA%A1%E4%B8%AD%E6%95%A2%E8%AF%B7%E4%B9%A0%E9%80%80%E4%BD%8D%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%B8%E5%BF%97%E6%B0%B8%E5%86%8D%E8%A2%AB%E6%8A%93&rft.date=2020-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%2F20200216-%25E9%2580%2583%25E4%25BA%25A1%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%2595%25A2%25E8%25AF%25B7%25E4%25B9%25A0%25E9%2580%2580%25E4%25BD%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25AE%25B8%25E5%25BF%2597%25E6%25B0%25B8%25E5%2586%258D%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E6%258A%2593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Zhiyong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foreignpolicy-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2013_global_thinkers/public/zhiyong">"2013 Global Thinkers"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. December 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=2013+Global+Thinkers&rft.date=2013-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2013_global_thinkers%2Fpublic%2Fzhiyong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Zhiyong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaoChingman2021" class="citation web cs1">Gao, Feng; Chingman (January 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/activists-crackdown-01252021082807.html">"China Steps up Charges Against Activists Who Called For Political Change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Steps+up+Charges+Against+Activists+Who+Called+For+Political+Change&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Feng&rft.au=Chingman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Factivists-crackdown-01252021082807.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Zhiyong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pen.org/2020-pen-barbey-freedom-to-write-award/">"2020 PEN/Barbey Freedom to Write Award: Xu Zhiyong"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PEN_America" title="PEN America">PEN America</a>. June 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+PEN%2FBarbey+Freedom+to+Write+Award%3A+Xu+Zhiyong&rft.pub=PEN+America&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2F2020-pen-barbey-freedom-to-write-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Zhiyong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithMerkley" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Christopher H.; Merkley, Jeffrey A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cecc.gov/sites/chinacommission.house.gov/files/documents/Nobel%20Letter%206.0_0.pdf">"2024?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China" title="Congressional-Executive Commission on China">Congressional-Executive Commission on China</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congressional-Executive+Commission+on+China&rft.atitle=2024%3F&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+H.&rft.au=Merkley%2C+Jeffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cecc.gov%2Fsites%2Fchinacommission.house.gov%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FNobel%2520Letter%25206.0_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXu+Zhiyong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Zhiyong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/zhiyongxu">Xu Zhiyong</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3571070#P2002" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" 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