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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Cambeos recién</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Aleatoria" title="Carga una páxina al debalu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Páxina al debalu</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="El llugar pa deprender"><span>Ayuda</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginasEspeciales"><span>Páxines especiales</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="La Enciclopedia Llibre" 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apariencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Cambia l'apariencia de la páxina (tamañu del testu, anchu y color)" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apariencia" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Apariencia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ast.wikipedia.org&uselang=ast" class=""><span>Donativos</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_una_cuenta&returnto=DRAM" title="Encamentámoste que crees una cuenta y qu'anicies sesión; sicasí, nun ye obligatorio" class=""><span>Crear una cuenta</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Entrar&returnto=DRAM" title="T'encamentamos que t'identifiques, anque nun ye obligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Entrar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Más opciones" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramientes personales" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramientes personales</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="Menú de usuario" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ast.wikipedia.org&uselang=ast"><span>Donativos</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Contribuir</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_una_cuenta&returnto=DRAM" title="Encamentámoste que crees una cuenta y qu'anicies sesión; sicasí, nun ye obligatorio"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear una cuenta</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Entrar&returnto=DRAM" title="T'encamentamos que t'identifiques, anque nun ye obligatorio [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Entrar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Páginas para editores desconectados <a href="/wiki/Ayuda:Introducci%C3%B3n" aria-label="Obtenga más información sobre editar"><span>más información</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:MiDiscusi%C3%B3n" title="Alderique de les ediciones feches con esta direición IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Alderique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Conteníu" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Conteníu</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover a la barra llateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">despintar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Entamu</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Historia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reinvención_de_la_memoria_DRAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinvención_de_la_memoria_DRAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Reinvención de la memoria DRAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reinvención_de_la_memoria_DRAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funcionamientu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funcionamientu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Funcionamientu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funcionamientu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_tamién" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_tamién"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ver tamién</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_tamién-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaces_esternos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaces_esternos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Enllaces esternos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaces_esternos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteníu" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Tabla de conteníos" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">DRAM</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artículo en otro idioma. Disponible en 45 idiomas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 llingües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamiese_ewetoeganklike_geheue" title="Dinamiese ewetoeganklike geheue – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dinamiese ewetoeganklike geheue" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ذاكرة وصول عشوائي حركية – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذاكرة وصول عشوائي حركية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BF" title="Динамична памет с произволен достъп – búlgaru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Динамична памет с произволен достъп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – checu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Random_Access_Memory" title="Dynamic Random Access Memory – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dynamic Random Access Memory" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Dynamic random-access memory" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnaamiline_muutm%C3%A4lu" title="Dünaamiline muutmälu – estoniu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dünaamiline muutmälu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – vascu" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="vascu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="حافظه تصادفی پویا – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حافظه تصادفی پویا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_vive_dynamique" title="Mémoire vive dynamique – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mémoire vive dynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – hebréu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebréu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – húngaru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memori_akses_acak_dinamis" title="Memori akses acak dinamis – indonesiu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Memori akses acak dinamis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – italianu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Random_Access_Memory" title="Dynamic Random Access Memory – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Dynamic Random Access Memory" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Динамикалық жад – kazaquistanín" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Динамикалық жад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaquistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%A0%81_%EB%9E%A8" title="동적 램 – coreanu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동적 램" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria_volatilis_dynamica" title="Memoria volatilis dynamica – llatín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Memoria volatilis dynamica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamin%C4%97_atmintis" title="Dinaminė atmintis – lituanu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dinaminė atmintis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Динамичка меморија со случаен пристап – macedoniu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Динамичка меморија со случаен пристап" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ഡൈനാമിക് റാൻഡം-ആക്സസ് മെമ്മറി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡൈനാമിക് റാൻഡം-ആക്സസ് മെമ്മറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dynamic random-access memory" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – noruegu Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegu Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pami%C4%99%C4%87_dynamiczna_(informatyka)" title="Pamięć dynamiczna (informatyka) – polacu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pamięć dynamiczna (informatyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random_access_memory" title="Dynamic random access memory – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dynamic random access memory" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorie_DRAM" title="Memorie DRAM – rumanu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Memorie DRAM" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – rusu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinami%C4%8Dki_RAM" title="Dinamički RAM – serbo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinamički RAM" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dynamic random-access memory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – eslovacu" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovacu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujtes%C3%AB_hyr%C3%ABse_e_fuqishme_rast%C3%ABsore" title="Kujtesë hyrëse e fuqishme rastësore – albanu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kujtesë hyrëse e fuqishme rastësore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_RAM" title="Динамички RAM – serbiu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Динамички RAM" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamiskt_minne" title="Dynamiskt minne – suecu" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dynamiskt minne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suecu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95" title="หน่วยความจำเข้าถึงโดยสุ่มแบบพลวัต – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยความจำเข้าถึงโดยสุ่มแบบพลวัต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM_(bilgisayar)" title="DRAM (bilgisayar) – turcu" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DRAM (bilgisayar)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – ucraín" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng" title="RAM động – vietnamín" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="RAM động" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AD%98%E5%8F%96%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8" title="动态随机存取存储器 – chinu wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="动态随机存取存储器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinu wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8" title="动态随机存储器 – chinu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="动态随机存储器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189396#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar los enllaces d'interllingua" class="wbc-editpage">Editar los enllaces</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-tradubot" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="Esti artículu foi traducíu automáticamente y precisa revisase manualmente"><img alt="Esti artículu foi traducíu automáticamente y precisa revisase manualmente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Robot_icon.svg/16px-Robot_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Robot_icon.svg/24px-Robot_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Robot_icon.svg/32px-Robot_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ast" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption class="summary" style="font-weight:bold;background:Moccasin;"><span style="float:left; margin-left: 3px;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ficha de software"><img alt="Ficha de software" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Crystal_Clear_app_winprops_bw.svg/25px-Crystal_Clear_app_winprops_bw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Crystal_Clear_app_winprops_bw.svg/38px-Crystal_Clear_app_winprops_bw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Crystal_Clear_app_winprops_bw.svg/50px-Crystal_Clear_app_winprops_bw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span>DRAM</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:DRAM_DDR2_512.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/DRAM_DDR2_512.jpg/300px-DRAM_DDR2_512.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/DRAM_DDR2_512.jpg/450px-DRAM_DDR2_512.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/DRAM_DDR2_512.jpg/600px-DRAM_DDR2_512.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1926" data-file-height="537" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categor%C3%ADa:Software_por_tipu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoría:Software por tipu (la páxina nun esiste)">Tipu</a></th><td> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q125005976" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q125005976">type of computer memory or storage</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125005976?uselang=ast" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189396" title="Cambiar los datos en Wikidata"><img alt="Cambiar los datos en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/18px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/24px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>DRAM</b> son les sigles de la voz inglesa <i><b>D</b>ynamic <b>R</b>andom <b>A</b>ccess <b>M</b>emory</i>, que significa <b>memoria dinámica d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Accesu_aleatoriu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accesu aleatoriu (la páxina nun esiste)">accesu aleatoriu</a></b> (o <a href="/wiki/Memoria_d%27accesu_aleatoriu" title="Memoria d'accesu aleatoriu">RAM</a> dinámica), pa denominar a un tipu de teunoloxía de memoria RAM basada en condensadores, que pierden la so carga progresivamente, <i>precisando d'un circuitu dinámicu de refrescu</i> que, cada ciertu periodu, revisa dicha carga y reponer nun ciclu d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrescamientu_de_memoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Refrescamientu de memoria (la páxina nun esiste)">enfresco</a>. N'oposición a esti conceutu surde'l de memoria <a href="/w/index.php?title=SRAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRAM (la páxina nun esiste)">SRAM</a> (RAM estática), cola que se denomina al tipu de teunoloxía RAM basada en semiconductores que, mientres siga alimentada, nun precisa refrescu. </p><p>Úsase principalmente como módulos de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoria_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoria principal (la páxina nun esiste)">memoria principal</a> RAM d'ordenadores y otros dispositivos. La so principal ventaya ye la posibilidá de construyir memories con una gran densidá de posiciones y qu'inda funcionen a una velocidá alta: na actualidá fabríquense <a href="/wiki/Circuitu_integr%C3%A1u" title="Circuitu integráu">integraos</a> con millones de posiciones y velocidaes d'accesu midíos en millones de bit per segundu. </p><p>Como'l restu de memories RAM, ye volátil, esto ye, si atáyase l'alimentación llétrico, la información almacenada se volatiliza. Foi inventada a finales de los sesenta y ye una de les memories más usaes na actualidá. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar seición: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Historia"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Electronic_Memory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Electronic_Memory.jpg/280px-Electronic_Memory.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Electronic_Memory.jpg/420px-Electronic_Memory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Electronic_Memory.jpg/560px-Electronic_Memory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Integráu de siliciu de 64 bits (usáu nel IBM S-360, modelu 95) sobre un sector de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoria_de_nucleu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoria de nucleu (la páxina nun esiste)">memoria de nucleu</a> (finales de los 60).</figcaption></figure> <p>La memoria dinámica foi desenvuelta nos llaboratorios d'<a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> pasando por un procesu evolutivu que la llevó d'usar 6 transistores a namái un condensador y un transistor, como la memoria DRAM que conocemos güei. La invención d'esta postrera facer Robert Dennard<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quien llogró una patente norteamericana en 1968<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> por una memoria fabricada con un solu <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> d'efeutu de campu y un condensador. </p><p>Los esfuercios de IBM taben empuestos a ameyorar los sos equipos de cómputu como por casu la llinia <a href="/wiki/IBM_S/360" title="IBM S/360">System 360</a>: el modelu 25 en 1968 yá incluyía un <a href="/w/index.php?title=ScratchPad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ScratchPad (la páxina nun esiste)">ScratchPad</a> (una especie de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cax%C3%A9_(inform%C3%A1tica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caxé (informática) (la páxina nun esiste)">Caxé</a> controlada por software) en forma d'integraos 5 vegaes más rápidos que la memoria principal basada en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoria_de_toros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoria de toros (la páxina nun esiste)">nucleos de ferrita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dáu'l modelu de negocios de IBM que consistía en vender o arrendar ordenadores,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>un negociu rentable, pa IBM l'usu de DRAM amenorgar a ser el complementu de la memoria principal basada en nucleos magnéticos. Nun hubo interés en comercializar esi tipu de memories pa otros fabricantes nin tampoco se pensó n'usar les teunoloxíes d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Est%C3%A1u_s%C3%B3lidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estáu sólidu (la páxina nun esiste)">estáu sólidu</a> tipu <a href="/w/index.php?title=SRAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRAM (la páxina nun esiste)">SRAM</a> o DRAM pa construyir la memoria principal. La empresa <a href="/wiki/Intel" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel">Intel</a> foi creada p'aprovechar esa oportunidá de negocios: Gordon Moore, reparaba que va tiempu la industria de los semiconductores enllancárase, a pesar d'esistir potenciales usos de los integraos de siliciu como la fabricación de memories SRAM y DRAM.<sup id="cite_ref-Gmoore_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gmoore-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Intel_i1103.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Intel_i1103.JPG/200px-Intel_i1103.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Intel_i1103.JPG/300px-Intel_i1103.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Intel_i1103.JPG/400px-Intel_i1103.JPG 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Celda de memoria pa la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_1103&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intel 1103 (la páxina nun esiste)">i1103</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Anque Intel empecipiar con memories SRAM como la i1101 y la i3101, el primer productu rentable foi l'integráu de memoria DRAM <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_1103&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intel 1103 (la páxina nun esiste)">i1103</a> de 1024 bits. El i1103 llanzáu en 1970 taba formáu por celdes de memoria con 3 transistores tipo PMOS y un condensador,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taba entamáu nun arreglu de 32 files y 32 columnes, empacado nun encapsulado de 18 pines y con un costu de 1 centavu por bit yera un fuerte competidor pa les memories de nucleu. La producción y calidá del integráu yera malo de caltener, fechu que se demostró cuando Intel apurrió parte de la producción a otra empresa llamada Microelectronics Integrated Limited (MIL) que nun principiu pudo llograr meyores resultaos que la mesma Intel, pero dempués del cambéu importante nel procesu de fabricación nun foi capaz de producir.<sup id="cite_ref-Gmoore_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gmoore-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La memoria i1103 yera bien primitiva en comparanza a les memories DRAM de l'actualidá, aun así portábase meyor que la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoria_de_nucleu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoria de nucleu (la páxina nun esiste)">memoria de nucleu</a> y con un preciu menor. A finales de 1971 convirtiérase nel productu dominante pa la fabricación de memoria principal y yera usáu por 14 ente 18 de los principales fabricantes d'ordenadores,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ganando'l llamátigu "core killer".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reinvención_de_la_memoria_DRAM"><span id="Reinvenci.C3.B3n_de_la_memoria_DRAM"></span>Reinvención de la memoria DRAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar seición: Reinvención de la memoria DRAM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Reinvención de la memoria DRAM"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pa 1973 Intel y otros fabricantes construyíen y empacaban los sos integraos de memoria DRAM emplegando un esquema nel que s'aumentar un pin por cada vez que se doblar la capacidá. D'alcuerdu a esti esquema, un integráu de 64 kilobits tendría 16 pines solu pa les direiciones. Dientro de los costos más importantes pal fabricante y el ensamblador de circuitos impresos taba la cantidá de pines del barafuste y nun mercáu tan competíu yera crucial tener los menores precios. Por cuenta de eso, un integráu con una capacidá de 16 pines y 4Kb de capacidá foi un productu apreciáu polos usuarios, qu'atopaben a los integraos de 22 pines, ufiertaos por Intel y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Instruments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texas Instruments (la páxina nun esiste)">Texas Instruments</a> como insumos costosos. </p><p>El llanzamientu de la memoria <b>MK4096</b> de 4K, con un solu transistor por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celda_de_memoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celda de memoria (la páxina nun esiste)">celda</a> y con direccionamientu multiplexado resultó del trabayu de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Proebsting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Proebsting (la páxina nun esiste)">Robert Proebsting</a> quien reparo que nes celdes con un solu transistor, yera imposible aportar la información nuna posición, unviando coles mesmes los datos de fila y columna a la matriz: había qu'unviar les señales una dempués de la otra. La solución a nivel de la celda conducía a un aforru nel barafuste, una y bones la direición podría recibise en dos etapes, amenorgando la cantidá de pines usaos.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Por casu pa un integráu de 64 Kb pasar de 16 pines dedicaos a solu 8 y dos más pa señales de control extra. La multiplexación en tiempu ye un esquema de direccionamientu que trai munches ventayes, a cuenta de unos pocos cambeos nel circuitu esternu, de manera que se convirtió nun estándar de la industria qu'inda se caltién. Muncha de la terminoloxía usada na fueya de datos del MK4096 inda s'usa y munchos de los parámetros de temporización como'l retardo RAS a CAS fueron instauraos con esi productu, ente otros aspeutos.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funcionamientu">Funcionamientu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar seición: Funcionamientu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Funcionamientu"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.png/250px-Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.png/375px-Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.png/500px-Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Llectura</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png/250px-Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png/375px-Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png/500px-Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Escritura</figcaption></figure> <p>La celda de memoria ye la unidá básica de cualquier memoria, capaz d'almacenar un <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">Bit</a> nos sistemes dixitales. La construcción de la celda define'l funcionamientu de la mesma, nel casu de la DRAM moderna, consiste nun <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> d'efeutu de campu y un <a href="/wiki/Condensador_ll%C3%A9tricu" title="Condensador llétricu">condensador</a>. El principiu de funcionamientu básicu, ye senciellu: una carga almacenar nel condensador significando un 1 y ensin carga un 0. El transistor funciona como un interruptor que coneuta y desconecta al condensador. Esti mecanismu puede implementase con dispositivos discretos y de fechu munches memories anteriores a la dómina de los semiconductores, basar n'arreglos de celdes transistor-condensador. </p><p>Les celdes en cualquier sistema de memoria, entamar na forma de matrices de dos dimensiones, a les cualos apuértase per mediu de les files y les columnes. Na DRAM estes estructures contienen millones de celdes y fabríquense sobre la superficie de la pastilla de siliciu formando árees que son visibles a güeyu. Nel exemplu tenemos un arreglu de 4x4 celdes, nel cual les llinies horizontales coneutaes a les compuertes de los transistores son les llamaes <b>files</b> y les llinies verticales coneutaes a les canales de los FET son les <b>columnes</b>. </p><p>P'aportar a una posición de memoria precisa una direición de 4 bits, pero nes DRAM les direiciones tán multiplexadas en tiempu, ye dicir únviense por metaes. Les entraes marcaes como a0 y a1 son el bus de direiciones y pol mesmu entra la direición de la fila y dempués la de la columna. Les direiciones estremar por mediu de señales de sincronización llamaes <b>RAS</b> (del inglés <i>Row Address Strobe</i>) y <b>CAS</b> (<i>Column Address Strobe</i>) qu'indiquen la entrada de cada parte de la direición. </p><p>Los pasos principales pa una llectura son: </p> <ul><li>Les columnes son precargadas a un voltaxe igual a la metá del voltaxe de 1 lóxicu. Esto ye posible una y bones les llinies pórtense como grandes condensadores, dada'l so llargor tienen un valor más altu que la de los condensadores nes celdes.</li> <li>Una fila ye energizada per mediu del decodificador de files que recibe la direición y la señal de RAS. Esto fai que los transistores coneutaos a una fila conduzan y dexando la conexón llétrica ente les llinies de columna y una fila de condensadores. L'efectu ye'l mesmu que se produz al coneutar dos condensadores, unu cargáu y otru de carga desconocida: produzse un balance de que dexa a los dos con un voltaxe bien similar, compartiendo les cargues. La resultancia final depende del valor de carga nel condensador de la celda coneutada a cada columna. El cambéu ye pequeñu, una y bones la llinia de columna ye un condensador más grande que'l de la celda.</li> <li>El cambéu ye midíu y amplificáu por una seición que contién circuitos de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Realimentaci%C3%B3n_positiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Realimentación positiva (la páxina nun esiste)">realimentación positiva</a>: si'l valor a midir ye menor que'l la metá del voltaxe de 1 lóxicu, la salida va ser un 0, si ye mayor, la salida refacer a un 1. Funciona como un arredondio.</li> <li>La llectura realizar en toles posiciones d'una fila de manera que al llegar la segunda parte de la direición, decídese cual ye la celda deseyada. Esto asocede cola señal CAS. El datu ye apurríu al bus de datos per mediu de la lineo D.O. y les celdes arreyaes nel procesu son reescritas, una y bones la llectura de la DRAM ye destructiva.</li></ul> <p>La escritura nuna posición de memoria tien un procesu similar al de riba, pero en llugar de lleer el valor, la llinia de columna ye llevada a un valor indicáu pela llinia D.I. y el condensador ye cargáu o descargáu. El fluxu del datu ye amosáu con una llinia gruesa nel gráficu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_tamién"><span id="Ver_tami.C3.A9n"></span>Ver tamién</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar seición: Ver tamién" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Ver tamién"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SRAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRAM (la páxina nun esiste)">SRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-RAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-RAM (la páxina nun esiste)">A-RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubu_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubu Williams (la páxina nun esiste)">Tubu Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FPM_DRAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FPM DRAM (la páxina nun esiste)">FPM DRAM</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaces_esternos">Enllaces esternos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar seición: Enllaces esternos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Enllaces esternos"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5zY48sJ5m8%7C">Videu de R. Dennard inventor de la DRAM</a></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" id="Referencia-Blout-1996">Blout, Elkan (1996). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4K9X7lhfrrgC&pg=PA89&dq=intel+3101+dram&as_brr=3#PPA82,M1">The Power of Boldness: Ten Master Builders of American Industry Tell Their Success Stories</a></i>. Joseph Henry Press. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0309054451" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0309054451">ISBN 0309054451</a>.</cite></li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpu-museum.com/Memories_y.htm">Muséu de les memories DRAM</a>». Consultáu'l 7 de febreru de 2009.</li></ul> <ul><li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa100898.htm">Historia de los integraos Intel i1102 y del i1103</a>». Consultáu'l 7 de febreru de 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencies">Referencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar seición: Referencies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Referencies"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3503771">@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .llistaref{column-count:1!important}}</style><div class="llistaref" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/391/adler.html">http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/391/adler.html</a> Historia d'investigaciones de IBM (n'inglés)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3387286.pdf">http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3387286.pdf</a> Patente # 3'387.286 pa la memoria DRAM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2025.html">http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2025.html</a> Descripción del equipu System 360 modelu 25 de IBM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">. Consultáu'l 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gmoore-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gmoore_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gmoore_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">The Power of Boldness: "Ten Master Builders of American Industry Tell Their Success Stories" páxina 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/sscs/menuitem.f07ee9y3b2a01d06bb9305765bac26c8/index.jsp?&pName=sscs_level1_article&TheCat=6010&path=sscs/08Winter&file=Foss.xml">DRAM - A Personal View</a>». Consultáu'l 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpu-museum.com/Memories_y.htm">Museum</a>». Consultáu'l 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eetimes.com/special/special_issues/millennium/milestones/whittier.html">EETimes.com</a>». Consultáu'l 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Proebsting_Robert/102658285.05.01.pdf">http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Proebsting_Robert/102658285.05.01.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datasheetarchive.com/MK4096-16-datasheet.html">Datasheet Archive - MK4096-16 datasheet - MK4096-16 application note - MK4096-16 pdf</a>». Consultáu'l 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2260362">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{display:flex;padding:0.5em;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;background-color:#eaecf0;color:#222222}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control navigation-not-searchable"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4075543">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_d&#039;autoridaes1035" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Control_d&#039;autoridaes1035" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ayuda:Control_d%27autoridaes" title="Ayuda:Control d'autoridaes">Control d'autoridaes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Proyeutos Wikimedia</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" 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Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DRAM">DRAM</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identificadores</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2015000304">sh2015000304</a></span></li> <li><b>Diccionarios y enciclopedies</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Brit%C3%A1nica" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopedia Británica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/dynamic-random-access-memory">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datos:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189396" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q189396">Q189396</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" 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