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id="toc-Spring_equinox_calculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spring_equinox_calculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Spring equinox calculation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spring_equinox_calculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chaharshanbe_Suri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaharshanbe_Suri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Chaharshanbe Suri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaharshanbe_Suri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sizdah_Be-dar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sizdah_Be-dar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Sizdah Be-dar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sizdah_Be-dar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_in_the_Iranian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_in_the_Iranian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origin in the Iranian religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_in_the_Iranian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achaemenid_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Achaemenid period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celebrations_at_Persepolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrations_at_Persepolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Celebrations at Persepolis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrations_at_Persepolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_and_Jewish_calendars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_and_Jewish_calendars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Iranian and Jewish calendars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_and_Jewish_calendars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_in_Persian_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_in_Persian_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Legacy in Persian literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_in_Persian_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthian_and_Sasanian_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthian_and_Sasanian_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Parthian and Sasanian periods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthian_and_Sasanian_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_conquest_and_Islamization_of_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_conquest_and_Islamization_of_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Arab conquest and Islamization of Persia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_conquest_and_Islamization_of_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Contemporary era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Customs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Customs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Customs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_cleaning_and_shopping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_cleaning_and_shopping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 House cleaning and shopping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_cleaning_and_shopping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visiting_family_and_friends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visiting_family_and_friends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Visiting family and friends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visiting_family_and_friends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Food preparation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haft-sin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haft-sin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Haft-sin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haft-sin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haft-mewa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haft-mewa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Haft-mewa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haft-mewa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khoncha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khoncha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Khoncha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khoncha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amu_Nowruz_and_Hajji_Firuz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amu_Nowruz_and_Hajji_Firuz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Amu Nowruz and Hajji Firuz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amu_Nowruz_and_Hajji_Firuz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kampirak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kampirak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Kampirak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kampirak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nauryz_kozhe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nauryz_kozhe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Nauryz kozhe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nauryz_kozhe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Communities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Communities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Armenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Azerbaijan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Bangladesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Central Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Georgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Kurdistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Theology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Zoroastrianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Baháʼí Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Shia Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nowruz</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouruz" title="Nouruz – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nouruz" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="نوروز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوروز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novruz_bayram%C4%B1" title="Novruz bayramı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Novruz bayramı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="نوروز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوروز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C" title="নওরোজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নওরোজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Науруз – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Науруз" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Наўруз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Наўруз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Наўруз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Наўруз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Норуз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Норуз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nowruz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%83%D1%81_(%D1%83%D1%8F%D0%B2)" title="Нарăс (уяв) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нарăс (уяв)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nour%C3%BAz" title="Nourúz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nourúz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nowruz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouruz" title="Nouruz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nouruz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nowruz" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%B2%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B6" title="Νεβρόζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεβρόζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Новруз – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Новруз" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouruz" title="Nouruz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nouruz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruzo" title="Noruzo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Noruzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruz" title="Noruz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Noruz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="نوروز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوروز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norouz" title="Norouz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Norouz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawr%C5%ABz" title="Nawrūz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nawrūz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9D" title="નવરોઝ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નવરોઝ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A3%A8%EC%A6%88" title="노루즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노루즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6" title="Նոռուզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոռուզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="नौरोज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नौरोज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novruz" title="Novruz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Novruz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nowruz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Новруз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Новруз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawr%C5%ABz" title="Nawrūz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nawrūz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96" title="נורוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nowruz" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ნოვრუზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნოვრუზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="نوروز – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نوروز" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Наурыз мейрамы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Наурыз мейрамы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newroz" title="Newroz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Newroz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Нооруз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нооруз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novr%C5%ABzs" title="Novrūzs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Novrūzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novr%C5%ABzas" title="Novrūzas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Novrūzas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruz" title="Noruz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Noruz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Новруз – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Новруз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="നവ്റോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നവ്റോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="पतेती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पतेती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="نوروز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نوروز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="نوروز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نوروز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nowruz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruz" title="Noruz – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Noruz" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noroez" title="Noroez – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noroez" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="ノウルーズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノウルーズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouruz" title="Nouruz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nouruz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauroz" title="Nauroz – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nauroz" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navro%CA%BBz" title="Navroʻz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Navroʻz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਨੌਰੋਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੌਰੋਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="نوروز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نوروز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="نوروز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوروز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouruz" title="Nouruz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nouruz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruz" title="Noruz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Noruz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawr%C4%B1z" title="Nawrız – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nawrız" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navrez" title="Navrez – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Navrez" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nowruz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Навруз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Навруз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ноуруус – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ноуруус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevruzi" title="Nevruzi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nevruzi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nowruz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauruz" title="Nauruz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nauruz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nowruz" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B2" title="نەورۆز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەورۆز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Новруз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Новруз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novruz" title="Novruz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Novruz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawroz" title="Nawroz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nawroz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouruz" title="Nouruz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nouruz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="நவுரூஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நவுரூஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%99%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%B7" title="Нәүрүз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нәүрүз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D" title="నౌరూజ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నౌరూజ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B" title="โนว์รูซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โนว์รูซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg 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Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nowruz" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%90%BE%E8%82%89%E5%AD%9C%E8%8A%82" title="纳吾肉孜节 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纳吾肉孜节" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newroz" title="Newroz – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Newroz" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%90%BE%E8%82%89%E5%AD%9C%E8%8A%82" title="纳吾肉孜节 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="纳吾肉孜节" 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/></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iranian New Year marking the March equinox</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nowruz_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nowruz (disambiguation)">Nowruz (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lightsalmon">Nowruz</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Haft-sin,_Nowruz,_Still-life-3205068.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="= A haft-sin arrangement, traditionally displayed for Nowruz in Iran." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Haft-sin%2C_Nowruz%2C_Still-life-3205068.jpg/288px-Haft-sin%2C_Nowruz%2C_Still-life-3205068.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Haft-sin%2C_Nowruz%2C_Still-life-3205068.jpg/432px-Haft-sin%2C_Nowruz%2C_Still-life-3205068.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Haft-sin%2C_Nowruz%2C_Still-life-3205068.jpg/576px-Haft-sin%2C_Nowruz%2C_Still-life-3205068.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7084" data-file-height="4728" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Haft-sin" title="Haft-sin">Haft-sin</a> in Iran</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Novruz_holiday_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nowruz in Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Novruz_holiday_1.jpg/95px-Novruz_holiday_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Novruz_holiday_1.jpg/143px-Novruz_holiday_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Novruz_holiday_1.jpg/190px-Novruz_holiday_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1208" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Azerbaijani man and woman in traditional Nowruz outfits</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Girl with torch on mountainside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mountain_child.jpg/189px-Mountain_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mountain_child.jpg/284px-Mountain_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mountain_child.jpg/378px-Mountain_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2362" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Kurdish girl in <a href="/wiki/Palangan,_Kurdistan" title="Palangan, Kurdistan">Palangan</a>, Iran, during Nowruz festival preparations</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_costume_for_Nowruz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nowruz in Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Traditional_costume_for_Nowruz.JPG/142px-Traditional_costume_for_Nowruz.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Traditional_costume_for_Nowruz.JPG/213px-Traditional_costume_for_Nowruz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Traditional_costume_for_Nowruz.JPG/284px-Traditional_costume_for_Nowruz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Kazakh students in traditional Nowruz outfits during a musical performance</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nowruz_in_Moscow_(2021-03-21)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nowruz in Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Nowruz_in_Moscow_%282021-03-21%29_01.jpg/142px-Nowruz_in_Moscow_%282021-03-21%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Nowruz_in_Moscow_%282021-03-21%29_01.jpg/213px-Nowruz_in_Moscow_%282021-03-21%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Nowruz_in_Moscow_%282021-03-21%29_01.jpg/284px-Nowruz_in_Moscow_%282021-03-21%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Citizens from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> dancing in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia, for Nowruz festivities</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> (originally) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Current countries:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><a href="#cite_note-komunitetibektashi.org-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[d]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[e]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[7]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[f]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[g]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[h]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[i]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><a href="#cite_note-stan-22">[13]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a><a href="#cite_note-stan-22">[13]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[j]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[k]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[15]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[l]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[m]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[n]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[o]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><a href="#cite_note-tajikistan-36">[21]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[p]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a><a href="#cite_note-sitara.com-40">[24]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[q]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[r]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[s]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary"><a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">Vernal equinox</a>; first day of a new year on the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri calendar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">Between 19 and 22 March<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-44">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">03:06:26, 20 March (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>)<a href="#cite_note-7seen2024-45">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-46">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #eee; font-size: 125%;">Nawrouz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01161">1161</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/APA" title="Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/APA">Asia and the Pacific</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;">Inscription history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2016 (4th session)</td></tr></tbody></table> Nowruz (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: نوروز <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[noːˈɾuːz]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-47">[t]</a> is the Iranian New Year or Persian New Year.<a href="#cite_note-48">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[29]</a> Historically, it has been observed by <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[30]</a> but is now celebrated by many ethnicities worldwide. It is a festival based on the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">Northern Hemisphere spring equinox</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[31]</a> which marks the first day of a new year on the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri calendar</a>; it usually coincides with a date between 19 March and 22 March on the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. The roots of Nowruz lie in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, and it has been celebrated by many <a href="/wiki/Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples">peoples</a> across <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Basin">Black Sea Basin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> for over 3,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-52">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[35]</a> In the modern era, while it is observed as a secular holiday by most celebrants, Nowruz remains a holy day for Zoroastrians,<a href="#cite_note-56">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼís">Baháʼís</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[37]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaʿili Shia Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[40]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, Nowruz marks the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time-46">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[41]</a> Customs for the festival include various fire and water rituals, celebratory dances, gift exchanges, and poetry recitations, among others; these observances differ between the cultures of the diverse communities that celebrate it.<a href="#cite_note-62">[42]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> The first day of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian calendar">Iranian calendar</a> falls on the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a>, the first day of spring, around 21 March. In the 11th century AD the Iranian calendar was reformed by <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> in order to fix the beginning of the calendar year, i.e. Nowruz, at the vernal equinox. Accordingly, the definition of Nowruz given by the Iranian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Tusi</a> was the following: "the first day of the official New Year [Nowruz] was always the day on which the sun entered <a href="/wiki/Aries_(astrology)" title="Aries (astrology)">Aries</a> before noon."<a href="#cite_note-63">[43]</a> Nowruz is the first day of <a href="/wiki/Farvardin" title="Farvardin">Farvardin</a>, the first month of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_solar_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian solar calendar">Iranian solar calendar</a>, which is the official calendar in use in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and formerly in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> officially recognized the "International Day of Nowruz" with the adoption of Resolution 64/253 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in February 2010.<a href="#cite_note-64">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> The word Nowruz is a combination of the Persian words نو (now, meaning 'new') and روز (ruz, 'day'). Pronunciation varies among Persian dialects, with Eastern dialects using the pronunciation [nawˈɾoːz] (as in Dari and Classical Persian, however in Tajik, it is navrūz, written наврӯз), western dialects [nowˈɾuːz], and <a href="/wiki/Tehrani_accent" title="Tehrani accent">Tehranis</a> [noːˈɾuːz]. A variety of spelling variations for the word nowruz exist in English-language usage, including norooz, novruz, nowruz, navruz, nauruz and newroz.<a href="#cite_note-66">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spring_equinox_calculation">Spring equinox calculation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth-lighting-equinox_EN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Earth-lighting-equinox_EN.png/150px-Earth-lighting-equinox_EN.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Earth-lighting-equinox_EN.png/225px-Earth-lighting-equinox_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Earth-lighting-equinox_EN.png/300px-Earth-lighting-equinox_EN.png 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Illumination of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> on the day of the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a>.</figcaption></figure> Nowruz's timing is based on the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a>. In Iran, it is the day of the new year in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar#Solar_Hijri_algorithmic_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri algorithmic calendar</a>, which is based on precise astronomical observations, and moreover use of sophisticated intercalation system, which makes it more accurate than its European counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-68">[48]</a> Each 2820-year great grand cycle contains 2,137 normal years of 365 days and 683 leap years of 366 days, with the average year length over the great grand cycle 365.24219852. This average is just 0.00000026 (2.6×10−7) of a day—slightly more than 1/50 of a second—shorter than <a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Newcomb</a>'s value for the mean <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical year</a> of 365.24219878 days, but differs considerably more from the current average vernal equinox year of 365.242362 days, which means that the new year, intended to fall on the vernal equinox, would drift by half a day over the course of a cycle.<a href="#cite_note-:0-68">[48]</a> As the source explains, the 2820-year cycle is erroneous and has never been used in practice. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chaharshanbe_Suri">Chaharshanbe Suri</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chaharshanbe_Suri" title="Chaharshanbe Suri">Charshanbe Suri</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2NowRouzIran2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2NowRouzIran2021.jpg/220px-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2NowRouzIran2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2NowRouzIran2021.jpg/330px-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2NowRouzIran2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2NowRouzIran2021.jpg/440px-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2NowRouzIran2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Nowruz at the <a href="/wiki/National_Garden,_Tehran" title="National Garden, Tehran">National Garden of Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, 2021</figcaption></figure>Chaharshanbe Suri (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: چهارشنبه‌سوری, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: čahâr-šanbeh suri (lit. "Festive Wednesday") is a prelude to the <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Iran, it is celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday before Nowruz. It is usually celebrated in the evening by performing rituals such as jumping over <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a> and lighting off <a href="/wiki/Firecracker" title="Firecracker">firecrackers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[50]</a> In Azerbaijan, where the preparation for Novruz usually begins a month earlier, the festival is held every Tuesday during four weeks before the holiday of Novruz. Each Tuesday, people celebrate the day of one of the four elements—water, fire, earth and wind.<a href="#cite_note-nowaze-71">[51]</a> On the holiday eve, the graves of relatives are visited and tended.<a href="#cite_note-72">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[53]</a> Iranians sing the poetic line "my yellow is yours, your red is mine", which means "my weakness to you and your strength to me" (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سرخی تو از من، زردی من از تو, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: sorkhi-ye to az man, zardi-ye man az to) to the fire during the festival, asking the fire to take away ill-health and problems and replace them with warmth, health, and energy. <a href="/wiki/Trail_mix" title="Trail mix">Trail mix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berries" class="mw-redirect" title="Berries">berries</a> are also served during the celebration. Spoon banging (قاشق زنی, qāšoq zani) is a tradition observed on the eve of Charshanbe Suri, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> custom of <a href="/wiki/Trick-or-treating" title="Trick-or-treating">trick-or-treating</a>. In Iran, people wear <a href="/wiki/Disguise" title="Disguise">disguises</a> and go door-to-door banging spoons against plates or bowls and receive packaged snacks. In Azerbaijan, children slip around to their neighbors' homes and apartments on the last Tuesday prior to Novruz, knock at the doors, and leave their caps or little basket on the thresholds, hiding nearby to wait for candies, pastries and nuts.<a href="#cite_note-nowaze-71">[51]</a> The ritual of jumping over fire has continued in Armenia in the feast of <a href="/wiki/Trndez" title="Trndez">Trndez</a>, which is a feast of purification in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a>, celebrated forty days after <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>'s birth.<a href="#cite_note-74">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sizdah_Be-dar">Sizdah Be-dar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sizdah_Be-dar" title="Sizdah Be-dar">Sizdah Bedar</a></div> In Iran, the Nowruz holidays last thirteen days. On the thirteenth day of the New Year, Iranians leave their houses to enjoy nature and <a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">picnic</a> outdoors, as part of the Sizdah Bedar ceremony. The greenery grown for the <a href="/wiki/Haft-sin" title="Haft-sin">Haft-sin</a> setting is thrown away, usually into running water. It is also customary for young single people, especially young girls, to tie the leaves of the greenery before discarding it, expressing a wish to find a partner. Another custom associated with Sizdah Bedar is the playing of jokes and pranks, similar to <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_in_the_Iranian_religions">Origin in the Iranian religions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg/220px-Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg/330px-Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg/440px-Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption>An ancient relief at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> for Nowruz: eternal combat between the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_bull#Iran" title="Sacred bull">bull</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions#Iran" title="Cultural depictions of lions">lion</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>.</figcaption></figure> There exist various foundation myths for Nowruz in <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Iranian mythology</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> credits the foundation of Nowruz to the mythical Iranian King <a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a>, who saves mankind from a winter destined to kill every living creature.<a href="#cite_note-76">[56]</a> To defeat the killer winter, Jamshid constructed a throne studded with gems. He had demons raise him above the earth into the heavens; there he sat, shining like the Sun. The world's creatures gathered and scattered jewels around him and proclaimed that this was the New Day (Now Ruz). This was the first day of <a href="/wiki/Farvardin" title="Farvardin">Farvardin</a>, which is the first month of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian calendar">Iranian calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[57]</a> Although it is not clear whether Proto-Indo-Iranians celebrated a feast as the first day of the calendar, there are indications that Iranians may have observed the beginning of both autumn and spring, respectively related to the harvest and the sowing of seeds, for the celebration of the New Year.<a href="#cite_note-Boyce-78">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Mary Boyce</a> and Frantz Grenet explain the traditions for seasonal festivals and comment: "It is possible that the splendor of the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Babylonian</a> festivities at this season, led the Iranians to develop their own spring festival into an established New Year feast, with the name Navasarda "New Year" (a name which, though first attested through Middle Persian derivatives, is attributed to the Achaemenian period)." <a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a> was the Babylonian festivity held during the spring month of <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a> in which Nowruz falls. Since the communal observations of the ancient Iranians appear in general to have been seasonal ones and related to agriculture, "it is probable that they traditionally held festivals in both autumn and spring, to mark the major turning points of the natural year."<a href="#cite_note-Boyce-78">[58]</a> Nowruz is partly rooted in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. In Mithraism, festivals had a deep linkage with the Sun's light. The Iranian festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Mehregan" title="Mehregan">Mehregan</a> (<a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">autumnal equinox</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tirgan" title="Tirgan">Tirgan</a>, and the eve of <a href="/wiki/Yald%C4%81_Night" title="Yaldā Night">Chelle ye Zemestan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>) also had an origin in the Sun god (<a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>). Among other ideas, Zoroastrianism is the first <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> religion that emphasizes broad concepts such as the corresponding work of good and evil in the world, and the connection of humans to nature. Zoroastrian practices were dominant for much of the history of ancient Iran. In Zoroastrianism, the seven most important Zoroastrian festivals are the six <a href="/wiki/Gahambars" title="Gahambars">Gahambar</a> festivals and Nowruz, which occurs at the <a href="/wiki/Spring_equinox_(Northern_Hemisphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring equinox (Northern Hemisphere)">spring equinox</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Mary Boyce</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[59]</a> "It seems a reasonable surmise that Nowruz, the holiest of them all, with deep doctrinal significance, was founded by <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> himself"; although there is no clear date of origin.<a href="#cite_note-80">[60]</a> Between sunset on the day of the sixth Gahambar and sunrise of Nowruz, <a href="/wiki/Hamaspathmaedaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamaspathmaedaya">Hamaspathmaedaya</a> (later known, in its extended form, as Frawardinegan; and today is known as Farvardigan) was celebrated. This and the Gahambars are the only festivals named in the surviving text of the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>. The 10th-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Biruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Biruni">Biruni</a>, in his work Kitab al-Tafhim li Awa'il Sina'at al-Tanjim, provides a description of the calendars of various nations. Besides the Iranian calendar, various festivals of Greeks, Jews, Arabs, Sabians, and other nations are mentioned in the book. In the section on the Iranian calendar, he mentions Nowruz, <a href="/wiki/Sadeh" title="Sadeh">Sadeh</a>, Tirgan, Mehrgan, the six Gahambars, Farvardigan, Bahmanja, <a href="/wiki/Sepand%C4%81rmazg%C4%81n" title="Sepandārmazgān">Esfand Armaz</a> and several other festivals. According to him, "It is the belief of the Iranians that Nowruz marks the first day when the universe started its motion."<a href="#cite_note-81">[61]</a> The Persian historian <a href="/wiki/Gardizi" title="Gardizi">Gardizi</a>, in his work titled Zayn al-Akhbār, under the section of the Zoroastrians festivals, mentions Nowruz (among other festivals) and specifically points out that <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> highly emphasized the celebration of Nowruz and Mehrgan.<a href="#cite_note-82">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achaemenid_period">Achaemenid period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg/220px-Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg/330px-Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg/440px-Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="2349" /></a><figcaption>A bas-relief at the <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> bringing their famous wine to the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a>.</figcaption></figure> Although the word Nowruz is not recorded in <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> inscriptions,<a href="#cite_note-Khodadad-84">[64]</a> there is a detailed account by <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> of a Nowruz celebration taking place in Persepolis and the continuity of this festival in the Achaemenid tradition.<a href="#cite_note-85">[65]</a> Nowruz was an important day during the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550–330 BC). Kings of the different Achaemenid nations would bring gifts to the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a>. The significance of the ceremony was such that King <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a>'s appointment as the king of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> was legitimized only after his participation in the referred annual Achaemenid festival.<a href="#cite_note-86">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Celebrations_at_Persepolis">Celebrations at Persepolis</h4></div> It has been suggested that the famous <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> complex, or at least the palace of <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a> and the Hundred Columns Hall, were built for the specific purpose of celebrating a feast related to Nowruz. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iranian_and_Jewish_calendars">Iranian and Jewish calendars</h4></div> In 539 BC, the Jews came under Iranian rule, thus exposing both groups to each other's customs. According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, the story of <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> as told in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> is adapted from an Iranian novella about the shrewdness of harem queens, suggesting that Purim may be an adoption of Iranian New Year.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-87">[67]</a> A specific novella is not identified and Encyclopedia Britannica itself notes that "no Jewish texts of this genre from the Persian period are extant, so these new elements can be recognized only inferentially." Purim is celebrated the 14 of <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a>, usually within a month before Nowruz (as the date of Purim is set according to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish calendar">Jewish calendar</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunisolar">lunisolar</a>), while Nowruz occurs at the spring equinox. It is possible that the Jews and Iranians of the time may have shared or adopted similar customs for these holidays.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics-88">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year#Middle_East" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar new year of the Middle East</a> occurs on 1 <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a> of the first month of spring, which usually falls within a few weeks of Nowruz. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legacy_in_Persian_literature">Legacy in Persian literature</h4></div> In his <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>, the tenth-century poet <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> narrates a fictional account of <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a>'s death, where an injured Darius, with his head cradled on <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>’s thigh, asks Alexander to wed <a href="/wiki/Roxana" title="Roxana">Roxana</a>, so their children might uphold Nowruz and keep the flame of Zoroaster burning: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Her mother named her Roxana the fair; The world found joy and solace in her care. ... From her, perhaps, a glorious one shall rise; Who shall renew the name of bold <a href="/wiki/Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Esfandiyār">Esfandiyār</a>, wise. This sacred flame of Zoroaster, he shall adorn; The <a href="/wiki/Zend" title="Zend">Zend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> scriptures, in his hands be borne. The feast of <a href="/wiki/Sadeh" title="Sadeh">Sadeh</a>, this auspicious rite he'll keep; The splendor of Nowruz and <a href="/wiki/Fire_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire temples">fire temples</a> deep.<a href="#cite_note-89">[69]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ferdowsi</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthian_and_Sasanian_periods">Parthian and Sasanian periods</h3></div> Nowruz was the holiday of <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> dynastic empires who ruled Iran (248 BC–224 AD) and the other areas ruled by the Arsacid dynasties outside of <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> (such as the Arsacid dynasties of <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Iberia">Iberia</a>). There are specific references to the celebration of Nowruz during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Vologases I">Vologases I</a> (51–78 AD), but these include no details.<a href="#cite_note-Khodadad-84">[64]</a> Before <a href="/wiki/Sassanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanians">Sassanians</a> established their power in Western Asia around 300 AD, Parthians celebrated Nowruz in autumn, and the first of <a href="/wiki/Farvardin" title="Farvardin">Farvardin</a> began at the autumn equinox. During the reign of the Parthian dynasty, the spring festival was <a href="/wiki/Mehregan" title="Mehregan">Mehregan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> and Iranian festival celebrated in honor of <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[70]</a> Extensive records on the celebration of Nowruz appear following the accession of <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> (224–651 AD). Under the Sassanid emperors, Nowruz was celebrated as the most important day of the year. Most royal traditions of Nowruz, such as royal audiences with the public, cash gifts, and the pardoning of prisoners, were established during the Sassanid era and persisted unchanged until modern times. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_conquest_and_Islamization_of_Persia">Arab conquest and Islamization of Persia</h3></div> Nowruz, along with the mid-winter celebration <a href="/wiki/Sadeh" title="Sadeh">Sadeh</a>, survived the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> of 650 CE. Other celebrations such as the <a href="/wiki/Gahambars" title="Gahambars">Gahambars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehrgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehrgan">Mehrgan</a> were eventually side-lined or only observed by <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a>. Nowruz became the main royal holiday during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> period. Much like their predecessors in the Sasanian period, <a href="/wiki/Dehqan" title="Dehqan">Dehqans</a> would offer gifts to the caliphs and local rulers at the Nowruz and Mehragan festivals.<a href="#cite_note-91">[71]</a> Following the demise of the caliphate and the subsequent re-emergence of Iranian dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buyids" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyids">Buyids</a>, Nowruz became an even more important event. The Buyids revived the ancient traditions of Sassanian times and restored many smaller celebrations that had been eliminated by the caliphate. The Iranian <a href="/wiki/Buyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyid">Buyid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a> (r. 949–983) customarily welcomed Nowruz in a majestic hall, decked with gold and silver plates and vases full of fruit and colorful flowers.<a href="#cite_note-IranicaShahbazi-92">[72]</a> The King would sit on the royal throne, and the court astronomer would come forward, kiss the ground, and congratulate him on the arrival of the New Year.<a href="#cite_note-IranicaShahbazi-92">[72]</a> The king would then summon musicians and singers, and invited his friends to gather and enjoy a great festive occasion.<a href="#cite_note-IranicaShahbazi-92">[72]</a> Later <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> invaders did not attempt to abolish Nowruz. In 1079 CE during the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq dynasty</a> era, a group of eight scholars led by astronomer and polymath <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> calculated and established the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars#Medieval_era:_Jalali_calendar" title="Iranian calendars">Jalali calendar</a>, computing the year starting from Nowruz. The festival along with Mehregan was widely celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, as the Andalusians from the 9th century onwards strongly identified with many Iranian traditions despite the opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki jurists</a>. Also, from the 10th century onwards the nobility, emirs and governors sponsored the celebrations and festivals. However, the jurists beginning from the 12th century started encouraging the Andalusians to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-93">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h3></div> Before the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Iran and Afghanistan were the only countries that officially observed the ceremonies of Nowruz. When the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> countries gained independence from the Soviets, they also declared Nowruz as a national holiday. Nowruz was added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-94">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customs">Customs</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festive_decoration_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Festive_decoration_5.jpg/220px-Festive_decoration_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Festive_decoration_5.jpg/330px-Festive_decoration_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Festive_decoration_5.jpg/440px-Festive_decoration_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>Nowruz in <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, 2018</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_cleaning_and_shopping">House cleaning and shopping</h3></div> House cleaning, or shaking the house (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: خانه تکانی, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: xāne tekāni) is commonly done before the arrival of Nowruz. People start preparing for Nowruz with a major <a href="/wiki/Spring_cleaning" title="Spring cleaning">spring cleaning</a> of their homes and by buying new clothes to wear for the New Year, as well as the purchase of flowers. The <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth" title="Hyacinth">hyacinth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulip</a> are popular and conspicuous.<a href="#cite_note-98">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visiting_family_and_friends">Visiting family and friends</h3></div> During the Nowruz holidays, people are expected to make short visits to the homes of family, friends and neighbors. Typically, young people will visit their elders first, and the elders return their visit later. Visitors are offered tea and pastries, cookies, fresh and dried fruits and mixed nuts or other snacks. Many Iranians throw large Nowruz parties as a way of dealing with the long distances between groups of friends and family.<a href="#cite_note-99">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_preparation">Food preparation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_food" title="New Year's food">New Year's food</a></div> One of the most common foods cooked on the occasion of Nowruz is <a href="/wiki/Samanu" title="Samanu">Samanu</a> (Samanak, Somank, Somalek). This food is prepared using wheat germ. In most countries that celebrate Nowruz, this food is cooked. In some countries, cooking this food is associated with certain rituals. Women and girls in different parts of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan cook Samanu in groups and sometimes during the night, and when cooking it, they sing memorable songs. Cooking other foods is also common on Nowruz. For example, <a href="/wiki/Sabzi_polo" title="Sabzi polo">sabzi polo</a> with fish is eaten on Eid night, as are sweets such as <a href="/wiki/Nan-e_Nokhodchi" title="Nan-e Nokhodchi">Nan-e Nokhodchi</a>. In general, cooking Nowruz food is common in every region where Nowruz is celebrated, and each area has its food and sweets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haft-sin">Haft-sin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haft-sin" title="Haft-sin">Haft-sin</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7SEEN_89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/7SEEN_89.jpg/200px-7SEEN_89.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/7SEEN_89.jpg/300px-7SEEN_89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/7SEEN_89.jpg/400px-7SEEN_89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haft-sin" title="Haft-sin">Haft-sin</a> during Nowruz in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nowrooz-Yousef_Abdinejad-50x70cm-oil_on_canvas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nowrooz-Yousef_Abdinejad-50x70cm-oil_on_canvas.jpg/200px-Nowrooz-Yousef_Abdinejad-50x70cm-oil_on_canvas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nowrooz-Yousef_Abdinejad-50x70cm-oil_on_canvas.jpg/300px-Nowrooz-Yousef_Abdinejad-50x70cm-oil_on_canvas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nowrooz-Yousef_Abdinejad-50x70cm-oil_on_canvas.jpg/400px-Nowrooz-Yousef_Abdinejad-50x70cm-oil_on_canvas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="3258" /></a><figcaption>A painting depicting Nowruz's <a href="/wiki/Haft-sin" title="Haft-sin">haft-sin</a> in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Four_classical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Four classical elements">four classical elements</a> and the world's three essential forms of life: <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-human_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-human animals">animals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a>.</figcaption></figure> Typically, before the arrival of Nowruz, family members gather around the Haft-sin table and await the exact moment of the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a> to celebrate the New Year.<a href="#cite_note-Novruz-100">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[81]</a> The number 7 and the letter S are related to the seven Ameshasepantas as mentioned in the Zend-Avesta. They relate to the four elements of Fire, Earth, Air, Water, and the three life forms of Humans, Animals and Plants. In modern times, the explanation was simplified to mean that the Haft-sin (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: هفت‌سین, seven things beginning with the letter sin (س)) are: <ul><li>Sabze (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سبزه) – <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">mung bean</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentil</a> sprouts grown in a dish.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanu" title="Samanu">Samanu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سمنو) – sweet <a href="/wiki/Pudding" title="Pudding">pudding</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Cereal_germ" title="Cereal germ">wheat germ</a></li> <li>Persian olive (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سنجد, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: senjed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">Vinegar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سرکه, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: serke)</li> <li>Apple (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سیب, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: sib)</li> <li>Garlic (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سیر, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: sir)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سماق, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: somāq)</li></ul> The Haft-sin table may also include a mirror, candles, <a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating" title="Egg decorating">painted eggs</a>, a bowl of water, <a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a>, coins, <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth" title="Hyacinth">hyacinth</a>, and traditional confectioneries. A "book of wisdom" such as the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Šāhnāme</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/The_Div%C4%81n_of_Hafez" title="The Divān of Hafez">the divān</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a> may also be included.<a href="#cite_note-Novruz-100">[80]</a> Haft-sin's origins are not clear. The practice is believed to have been popularized over the past 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-102">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haft-mewa">Haft-mewa</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haft_Mewa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Haft_Mewa.jpg/200px-Haft_Mewa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Haft_Mewa.jpg/300px-Haft_Mewa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Haft_Mewa.jpg/400px-Haft_Mewa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Haft-mewa during Nowruz in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, 2020</figcaption></figure> In Afghanistan, people prepare Haft Mēwa (<a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>: هفت میوه, English: seven fruits) for Nauruz, a mixture of seven different <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried fruits</a> and nuts (such as <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaeagnus_angustifolia" title="Elaeagnus angustifolia">silver berry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prunes">prunes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a>) served in syrup.<a href="#cite_note-103">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khoncha">Khoncha</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xon%C3%A7a_DSC_0116.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Xon%C3%A7a_DSC_0116.JPG/200px-Xon%C3%A7a_DSC_0116.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Xon%C3%A7a_DSC_0116.JPG/300px-Xon%C3%A7a_DSC_0116.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Xon%C3%A7a_DSC_0116.JPG/400px-Xon%C3%A7a_DSC_0116.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Khoncha during Nowruz in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> Khoncha (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Xonça) is the traditional display of Novruz in the Republic of Azerbaijan. It consists of a big silver or copper tray, with a tray of green, sprouting wheat (<a href="/wiki/Samani" class="mw-redirect" title="Samani">samani</a>) in the middle and a dyed egg for each member of the family arranged around it. The table should be with at least seven dishes.<a href="#cite_note-nowaze-71">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amu_Nowruz_and_Hajji_Firuz">Amu Nowruz and Hajji Firuz</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Amu_Nowruz" title="Amu Nowruz">Amu Nowruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hajji_Firuz" title="Hajji Firuz">Hajji Firuz</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Amu_Nowruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Amu_Nowruz.jpg/89px-Amu_Nowruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Amu_Nowruz.jpg/134px-Amu_Nowruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Amu_Nowruz.jpg/178px-Amu_Nowruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="756" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An Iranian actor playing as <a href="/wiki/Amu_Nowruz" title="Amu Nowruz">Amu Nowruz</a>, 2016</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Haji_Firuz_on_the_road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Haji_Firuz_on_the_road.jpg/145px-Haji_Firuz_on_the_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Haji_Firuz_on_the_road.jpg/218px-Haji_Firuz_on_the_road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Haji_Firuz_on_the_road.jpg/290px-Haji_Firuz_on_the_road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2872" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Iranian street performers playing as <a href="/wiki/Hajji_Firuz" title="Hajji Firuz">Hajji Firuz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, 2013</div></div></div></div></div> In Iran, the traditional heralds of the festival of Nowruz are <a href="/wiki/Amu_Nowruz" title="Amu Nowruz">Amu Nowruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haji_Firuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Haji Firuz">Haji Firuz</a>, who appear in the streets to celebrate the New Year. Amu Nowruz brings children gifts, much like his counterpart <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[84]</a> He is the husband of <a href="/wiki/Nane_Sarma" title="Nane Sarma">Nane Sarma</a>, with whom he shares a traditional love story in which they can meet each other only once a year.<a href="#cite_note-105">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[86]</a> He is depicted as an elderly silver-haired man with a long beard carrying a walking stick, wearing a felt hat, a long cloak of blue canvas, a sash, <a href="/wiki/Giveh" title="Giveh">giveh</a>, and linen trousers.<a href="#cite_note-107">[87]</a> Haji Firuz, a character with his face and hands covered in soot, clad in bright red clothes and a felt hat, is the companion of Amu Nowruz. He dances through the streets while singing and playing the tambourine. In the traditional songs, he introduces himself as a serf trying to cheer people whom he refers to as his lords.<a href="#cite_note-108">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kampirak">Kampirak</h3></div> In the folklore of Afghanistan, Kampirak and his retinue pass village by village, distributing gathered charities among people. He is an old, bearded man wearing colorful clothes with a long hat and rosary who symbolizes beneficence and the power of nature yielding the forces of winter. The tradition is observed in central provinces, specially <a href="/wiki/Bamyan_Province" title="Bamyan Province">Bamyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daykundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Daykundi">Daykundi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nauryz_kozhe">Nauryz kozhe</h3></div> In Kazakhstan, Kazakhs start the new year by cooking <a href="/wiki/Nauryz_kozhe" title="Nauryz kozhe">nauryz kozhe</a>, a traditional drink.<a href="#cite_note-110">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communities">Communities</h2></div> The festival of Nowruz is celebrated by many groups of people in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basin, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">southern</a> Asia, and by <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-111">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebration_of_Nowruz_shared_by_several_countries,_Afghanistan,_Azerbaijan,_Russian_Federation,_Kazakhstan,_Uzbekistan,_Pakistan_and_Turkey..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Celebration_of_Nowruz_shared_by_several_countries%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Azerbaijan%2C_Russian_Federation%2C_Kazakhstan%2C_Uzbekistan%2C_Pakistan_and_Turkey..jpg/200px-Celebration_of_Nowruz_shared_by_several_countries%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Azerbaijan%2C_Russian_Federation%2C_Kazakhstan%2C_Uzbekistan%2C_Pakistan_and_Turkey..jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Celebration_of_Nowruz_shared_by_several_countries%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Azerbaijan%2C_Russian_Federation%2C_Kazakhstan%2C_Uzbekistan%2C_Pakistan_and_Turkey..jpg/300px-Celebration_of_Nowruz_shared_by_several_countries%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Azerbaijan%2C_Russian_Federation%2C_Kazakhstan%2C_Uzbekistan%2C_Pakistan_and_Turkey..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Celebration_of_Nowruz_shared_by_several_countries%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Azerbaijan%2C_Russian_Federation%2C_Kazakhstan%2C_Uzbekistan%2C_Pakistan_and_Turkey..jpg/400px-Celebration_of_Nowruz_shared_by_several_countries%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Azerbaijan%2C_Russian_Federation%2C_Kazakhstan%2C_Uzbekistan%2C_Pakistan_and_Turkey..jpg 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Nowruz dance performance at the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Headquarters" title="UNESCO Headquarters">UNESCO Headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> Places where Nowruz is a public holiday include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>Afghanistan<a href="#cite_note-Goodsell-112">[92]</a></li> <li>Albania<a href="#cite_note-komunitetibektashi.org-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan (five days)<a href="#cite_note-azerbaijan-113">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Azerbaijan_2010_Bank_Holidays-114">[94]</a></li> <li>Georgia<a href="#cite_note-civilcivil-115">[95]</a></li> <li>Iran (thirteen days)<a href="#cite_note-116">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, Iraq<a href="#cite_note-117">[97]</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan (four days)<a href="#cite_note-stan-22">[13]</a></li> <li>Kosovo[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Kyrgyzstan<a href="#cite_note-118">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayan-Ölgii">Bayan-Ölgii</a>, Mongolia<a href="#cite_note-discover-bayanolgii1-24">[14]</a></li> <li>Tajikistan (four days)<a href="#cite_note-tajikistan-36">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[100]</a></li> <li>Turkmenistan (two days)<a href="#cite_note-121">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navruz_in_Uzbekistan" title="Navruz in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[102]</a></li></ul> </div> Nowruz is celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><a href="#cite_note-IMFA-17">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[104]</a> as well as by the <a href="/wiki/Irani_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irani (India)">Iranis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shias" class="mw-redirect" title="Shias">Shias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diaspora</a>. Nowruz is also celebrated by Iranian communities in the Americas and in Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[105]</a> In Phoenix, Arizona, Nowruz is celebrated at the Persian New Year Festival.<a href="#cite_note-126">[106]</a> But because Los Angeles is prone to devastating fires, there are very strict fire codes in the city. Usually, Iranians living in Southern California go to the beaches to celebrate the event where it is permissible to build fires.<a href="#cite_note-127">[107]</a> On 15 March 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> passed the Nowruz Resolution (H.Res. 267), by a 384–2 vote,<a href="#cite_note-128">[108]</a> "Recognizing the cultural and historical significance of Nowruz".<a href="#cite_note-129">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nowruz_in_Afghanistan" title="Nowruz in Afghanistan">Nowruz in Afghanistan</a></div> Nowruz marks Afghanistan's New Year's Day with the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Hijri Calendar">Solar Hijri Calendar</a> as their official calendar. In Afghanistan, the festival of Gul-i-Surkh (<a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>: گل سرخ, 'red flower') is the principal festival for Nauruz. It is celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> during the first 40 days of the year, when red tulips grow in the green plains and over the hills surrounding the city. People from all over the country travel to Mazar-i-Sharif to attend the Nauruz festivals. <a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Buzkashi</a> tournaments are held during the Gul-i-Surkh festival in Mazar-i-Sharif, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and other northern Afghan cities. Jahenda Bala (<a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>: جهنده بالا, 'raising') is celebrated on the first day of the New Year.<a href="#cite_note-130">[110]</a> It is a religious ceremony performed at the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Ali">Blue Mosque</a> of Mazar-i-Sharif by raising a special banner resembling the <a href="/wiki/Derafsh_Kaviani" title="Derafsh Kaviani">Derafsh Kaviani</a> royal standard. It is attended by high-ranking government officials such as the Vice-President, Ministers, and Provincial Governors and is the biggest recorded Nawroz gathering, with up to 200,000 people from all over Afghanistan attending. In the festival of Dehqān (<a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>: دهقان, 'farmer'), also celebrated on the first day of the New Year, farmers walk in the cities as a sign of encouragement for the agricultural production. In recent years, this activity only happens in Kabul and other major cities where the mayor and other government officials attend. During the first two weeks of the New Year, the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> hold family picnics in <a href="/wiki/Istalif" title="Istalif">Istalif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charikar" title="Charikar">Charikar</a> and other green places where <a href="/wiki/Cercis" title="Cercis">redbuds</a> grow. During the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Taliban regime of 1996–2001</a>, Nauruz was banned as "an ancient pagan holiday centered on fire worship".<a href="#cite_note-131">[111]</a> In March 2022, the Taliban said that Nauruz would not be a public holiday that year, although allowed celebrations to take place.<a href="#cite_note-132">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania">Albania</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz in Albania</a></div> Nevruz is celebrated annually in Albania on 22 March as Sultan Nevruz. In Albania, the festival commemorates the birthday of <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> (died 661 CE) and simultaneously the advent of spring. It is prominent amongst the nations' <a href="/wiki/Bektashis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashis">Bektashis</a>, but adherents of Sunnism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy also "share in the nevruz festival to respect the ecumenical spirit of Albania". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3></div> Since the 19th century, Nowruz has not generally been celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and is not a public holiday in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. However, it is celebrated in Armenia by tens of thousands of Iranian tourists who visit Armenia with relative ease.<a href="#cite_note-133">[113]</a> The influx of tourists from Iran accelerated since around 2010–11.<a href="#cite_note-134">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[115]</a> In 2010 alone, around 27,600 Iranians spent Nowruz in capital <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[116]</a> In 2015, President <a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">Serzh Sargsyan</a> sent a letter of congratulations to <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Armenia" title="Kurds in Armenia">Kurds living in Armenia</a> and to the Iranian political leadership on the occasion of Nowruz.<a href="#cite_note-137">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Novruz in Azerbaijan</a></div> In Azerbaijan, Nowruz celebrations go on for several days and included festive public dancing and folk music, and sporting competitions. In rural areas, crop holidays are also marked.<a href="#cite_note-138">[118]</a> Additionally, in Azerbaijani tradition, the weather on the first day of Novruz is believed to forecast the seasons: spring, summer follows on the second day, autumn on the third, and winter on the fourth.<a href="#cite_note-139">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[120]</a> Communities of the Azerbaijani diaspora also celebrate Nowruz in the US, Canada,<a href="#cite_note-141">[121]</a> and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-142">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3></div> Nowruz is generally not celebrated by Bangladeshis, but it is widely celebrated by the country's <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shia Muslims</a>. It continues to be celebrated regularly in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal period">Mughal period</a>; Nowruz was celebrated for 19 days with pomp and gaiety.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_2011_313–338-143">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nauroz_Then_and_Now-144">[124]</a> Shia Muslims in Bangladesh have been seen spraying water around their home and drinking that water to keep themselves protected from diseases. A congregation to seek divine blessing is also arranged. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_family_of_Dhaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab family of Dhaka">Nawab family of Dhaka</a> used to celebrate it amid pomp and grandeur. In the evening, they used to float thousands of candle lights in nearby ponds and water bodies. The <a href="/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet">National poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a>, also a Sunni, portrayed a vivid sketch of the festival highlighting its various aspects. In his poem, he described it as a platform of exposing a youth's physical and mental beauty to another opposite one for conquering his or her heart.<a href="#cite_note-Rofique-145">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Navruz_in_Uzbekistan" title="Navruz in Uzbekistan">Navruz in Uzbekistan</a></div> Nowruz widely celebrated on a vast territory of Central Asia and ritual practice acquired its special features.<a href="#cite_note-146">[126]</a> The festival was legitimized by prayers at mosques, and visits to the mazars of Muslim saints and to sacred streams. In the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a>, a broad official celebration of Nowruz was started by <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_bin_Nasrullah" title="Muzaffar bin Nasrullah">Amir Muzaffar</a>, who sought to strengthen the image of the <a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghyt dynasty</a> during the crisis of political legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-147">[127]</a> Currently, all five Central Asian countries (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan) celebrate Nowruz as a public holiday.<a href="#cite_note-148">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> Traditionally, Nowruz is celebrated mainly in China's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajiks_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajiks in China">Chinese Tajik</a>, Salar, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-xinhuanet.com-9">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3></div> Nowruz is not celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, but it is widely celebrated by the country's large <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Azerbaijani minority</a> (~7% of the total population)<a href="#cite_note-agenda.ge-149">[129]</a> as well as by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranians</a> living in Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-agenda.ge-149">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[130]</a> Every year, large festivities are held in the capital <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, as well as in areas with a significant number of Azerbaijanis, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kvemo_Kartli" title="Kvemo Kartli">Kvemo Kartli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shida_Kartli" title="Shida Kartli">Shida Kartli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta-Mtianeti" title="Mtskheta-Mtianeti">Mtskheta-Mtianeti</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-agenda.ge-149">[129]</a> Georgian politicians have attended the festivities in the capital over the years, and have congratulated the Nowruz-observing ethnic groups and nationals in Georgia on the day of Nowruz.<a href="#cite_note-151">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navrouz2015New_delhi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Navrouz2015New_delhi.JPG/220px-Navrouz2015New_delhi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Navrouz2015New_delhi.JPG/330px-Navrouz2015New_delhi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Navrouz2015New_delhi.JPG/440px-Navrouz2015New_delhi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Nowruz dance performance in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nauroz_durbar_of_Jahangir_(left_half),_From_the_St._Petersburg_Album_(Russian_Academy_of_Sciences_Ms._E-14_f.10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nauroz_durbar_of_Jahangir_%28left_half%29%2C_From_the_St._Petersburg_Album_%28Russian_Academy_of_Sciences_Ms._E-14_f.10%29.jpg/220px-Nauroz_durbar_of_Jahangir_%28left_half%29%2C_From_the_St._Petersburg_Album_%28Russian_Academy_of_Sciences_Ms._E-14_f.10%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nauroz_durbar_of_Jahangir_%28left_half%29%2C_From_the_St._Petersburg_Album_%28Russian_Academy_of_Sciences_Ms._E-14_f.10%29.jpg/330px-Nauroz_durbar_of_Jahangir_%28left_half%29%2C_From_the_St._Petersburg_Album_%28Russian_Academy_of_Sciences_Ms._E-14_f.10%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nauroz_durbar_of_Jahangir_%28left_half%29%2C_From_the_St._Petersburg_Album_%28Russian_Academy_of_Sciences_Ms._E-14_f.10%29.jpg/440px-Nauroz_durbar_of_Jahangir_%28left_half%29%2C_From_the_St._Petersburg_Album_%28Russian_Academy_of_Sciences_Ms._E-14_f.10%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="2883" /></a><figcaption>Artistic impression of a Nowruz celebration in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, depicted as part of the St. Petersburg Album of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>.</figcaption></figure> The tradition of Nowruz in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a> dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>; the festival was celebrated for 19 days with pomp and gaiety in the realm.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_2011_313–338-143">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nauroz_Then_and_Now-144">[124]</a> However, it further goes back to the Parsi <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">Western India</a>, who migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> of 636–651 CE. In the <a href="/wiki/Princely_State_of_Hyderabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely State of Hyderabad">Princely State of Hyderabad</a>, Nowruz (Nauroz) was one of the four holidays where the <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a> would hold a public <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">Darbar</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">two official Islamic holidays</a> and the sovereign's birthday.<a href="#cite_note-153">[133]</a> Prior to <a href="/wiki/Asaf_Jahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaf Jahi">Asaf Jahi</a> rule in Hyderabad, the <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb Shahi">Qutb Shahi</a> dynasty celebrated Nowruz with a ritual called Panjeri, and the festival was celebrated by all with great grandeur.<a href="#cite_note-154">[134]</a> A popular <a href="/wiki/Deccani_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani Urdu">Deccani Urdu</a> poem written by the founder of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Quli_Qutb_Shah" title="Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah">Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah</a>, is recited in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> region on Nauroz: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:right" lang="ur" class="poem"> کہ نس دن عید ہور نوروز منج کوں نت خدا دیتا مرے دل مرغ کی خاطر پھولاں عشرت نوا دیتا </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> The way God has given me Eid and Nauroz forevermore The flowers give the birds of my heart bliss and joy galore </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nowruz_Eve_among_Mazandarani_people" title="Nowruz Eve among Mazandarani people">Nowruz Eve among Mazandarani people</a></div>Nowruz is a two-week celebration that marks the beginning of the New Year in Iran's official <a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Calenica-155">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[136]</a> The celebration includes four public holidays from the first to the fourth day of <a href="/wiki/Farvardin" title="Farvardin">Farvardin</a>, the first month of the Iranian calendar, usually beginning on 21 March.<a href="#cite_note-irmys-157">[137]</a> On the Eve of Nowruz, the fire festival <a href="/wiki/Chaharshanbe_Suri" title="Chaharshanbe Suri">Chaharshanbe Suri</a> is celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-oppress-158">[138]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/1979_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Revolution">1979 Revolution</a>, some radical elements from the Islamic government attempted to suppress Nowruz,<a href="#cite_note-159">[139]</a> considering it a pagan holiday and a distraction from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Islamic holidays</a>. Nowruz has been politicized, with political leaders making annual Nowruz speeches.<a href="#cite_note-160">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds" title="Newroz as celebrated by Kurds">Newroz as celebrated by Kurds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1398%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/1398%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AC.jpg/220px-1398%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/1398%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AC.jpg/330px-1398%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/1398%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AC.jpg/440px-1398%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a> celebrating Nowruz in <a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newroz_Istanbul(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Newroz_Istanbul%285%29.jpg/220px-Newroz_Istanbul%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Newroz_Istanbul%285%29.jpg/330px-Newroz_Istanbul%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Newroz_Istanbul%285%29.jpg/440px-Newroz_Istanbul%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds</a> celebrating Nowruz in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> Newroz is largely considered as a potent symbol of Kurdish identity. The Kurds of Turkey celebrate this feast between 18 and 21 March. Kurds gather into fairgrounds mostly outside the cities to welcome spring. Women wear colored dresses and spangled head scarves and young men wave flags of green, yellow and red, the historic colors of Kurdish people. They hold this festival by lighting fire and dancing around it.<a href="#cite_note-161">[141]</a> Newroz has seen many bans in Turkey, as Turkey has a strong and long history of trying to suppress Kurdish history and culture. It has only been celebrated legally since 1992 after the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted. The holiday is now officially allowed in Turkey after international pressure on the Turkish government to lift culture bans. The Turkish government renamed the holiday Nevroz in 1995. However, Newroz celebrations are still suppressed and lead to continual confrontations with the Turkish authority. In <a href="/wiki/Cizre" title="Cizre">Cizre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nusyabin</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak" title="Şırnak">Şırnak</a> celebrations turned violent as Turkish police forces fired in the celebrating crowds.<a href="#cite_note-162">[142]</a> In recent years, the Newroz celebration summons around 1 million participants in <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>, the biggest city of the Kurdish dominated Southeastern Turkey. In Syria, the Kurds dress up in their national dress and celebrate the New Year.<a href="#cite_note-163">[143]</a> According to Human Rights Watch, the Kurds have had to struggle to celebrate Newroz, and in the past and the celebration has led to violent oppression, leading to several deaths and mass arrests.<a href="#cite_note-164">[144]</a> The Syrian Arab <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Ba'athist government</a> stated in 2004 that the Newroz celebrations will be tolerated as long as they do not become political demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-Yildiz-165">[145]</a> During the Newroz celebrations in 2008, three Kurds <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Newroz_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqqa Newroz killing">were shot dead</a> by Syrian security forces.<a href="#cite_note-166">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[147]</a> In March 2010, an attack by Syrian police killed two or three people, one of them a 15-year-old girl, and more than 50 people were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-168">[148]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rojava_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava revolution">Rojava revolution</a> of 2012 and the subsequent establishment of the de facto <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> saw Kurdish civil rights greatly expand, and Newroz is now celebrated freely in most Kurdish areas of Syria except for <a href="/wiki/Afrin_District" title="Afrin District">Efrin</a>, where the ritual is no longer allowed since the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">occupation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish-backed rebel groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[149]</a> Kurds in Iraq and Iran have had more freedom to celebrate Newroz than their countrymen of Syria and Turkey. Kurds in the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> also celebrate the New Year; for example, Kurds in Australia celebrate Newroz not only as the beginning of the new year, but also as the Kurdish National Day. Similarly, the Kurds in Finland celebrate the new year as a way of demonstrating their support for the Kurdish cause.<a href="#cite_note-170">[150]</a> Also in London, organizers estimated that 25,000 people celebrated Newroz during March 2006.<a href="#cite_note-171">[151]</a> In Canada, the largest Kurdish Newroz festival is held in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. In the States, the city of <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a> includes the largest <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish American">Kurdish</a> population in the United States. The Kurds celebrate Newroz by holding a Nashville festival; dressed in their traditional clothing, they sing and dance around a fire with their family and friends.<a href="#cite_note-172">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> In Pakistan, Nowruz is typically celebrated in parts of <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-173">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, especially near the border with Afghanistan, and across <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>, with a large celebration held in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-174">[154]</a> Recently, the government of Iran has participated in hosting celebrations in Islamabad to commemorate the holiday.<a href="#cite_note-:1-174">[154]</a> Like in India, the <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a> communities have historically celebrated the holiday,<a href="#cite_note-175">[155]</a> as have some <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Pakistan">Shi'a Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ET1-28">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> Vibrant Persian speaking Immigrant communities have been celebrating Nowruz for decades in the United States. The state of California is considered to have the largest Farsi speaking community in the country. On 19 March 2024, Gov. Gavin Newsom issued a proclamation declaring 19 March the day as Nowruz day.<a href="#cite_note-176">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3></div> Followers of the Zoroastrian faith include Nowruz in their religious calendar, as do followers of other faiths.<a href="#cite_note-177">[157]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> literature refers to the merits of the day of Nowruz; the <a href="/wiki/The_event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="The event of Ghadir Khumm">Day of Ghadir</a> took place on Nowruz; and the fatwas of major Shia scholars<a href="#cite_note-178">[158]</a> recommend fasting. Nowruz is also a holy day for <a href="/wiki/Sufis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufis">Sufis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bektashis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashis">Bektashis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismailis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailis">Ismailis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-i-cias.com-179">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevis">Alevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Babis</a> and adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bahai_calendar-180">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Naw-R%C3%BAz" title="Baháʼí Naw-Rúz">Baháʼí Naw-Rúz</a></div> Naw-Rúz is one of nine holy days for adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> worldwide. It is the first day of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí calendar</a>, occurring on the vernal equinox around 21 March.<a href="#cite_note-walbridge-181">[161]</a> The Baháʼí calendar is composed of 19 months, each of 19 days,<a href="#cite_note-bne-182">[162]</a> and each of the months is named after an attribute of God; similarly, each of the 19 days in the month also are named after an attribute of God.<a href="#cite_note-bne-182">[162]</a> The first day and the first month were given the attribute of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_symbols#Bahá’" title="Baháʼí symbols">Bahá</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word meaning splendour or glory, and thus the first day of the year was the day of Bahá in the month of Bahá.<a href="#cite_note-walbridge-181">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-lehman-183">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a>, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, explained that Naw-Rúz was associated with the Most Great Name of God,<a href="#cite_note-walbridge-181">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-lehman-183">[163]</a> and was instituted as a festival for those who observed the <a href="/wiki/Nineteen-Day_Fast" title="Nineteen-Day Fast">Nineteen-Day Fast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-prayers-184">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-aqdas-185">[165]</a> The day is also used to symbolize the renewal of time in each religious dispensation.<a href="#cite_note-iranica-186">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a>, Bahá'u'lláh's son and successor, explained that significance of Naw-Rúz in terms of <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a> and the new life it brings.<a href="#cite_note-walbridge-181">[161]</a> He explained that the equinox is a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">messengers of God</a> and the message that they proclaim is like a spiritual springtime, and that Naw-Rúz is used to commemorate it.<a href="#cite_note-187">[167]</a> As with all Baháʼí holy days, there are few fixed rules for observing Naw-Rúz, and Baháʼís all over the world celebrate it as a festive day, according to local custom.<a href="#cite_note-walbridge-181">[161]</a> Persian Baháʼís still observe many of the Iranian customs associated with Nowruz such as the Haft-sin, but American Baháʼí communities, for example, may have a <a href="/wiki/Potluck_dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Potluck dinner">potluck dinner</a>, along with prayers and readings from <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature" title="Baháʼí literature">Baháʼí scripture</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia_Islam">Shia Islam</h3></div> Along with <a href="/wiki/Ismailis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailis">Ismailis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[169]</a> Alawites[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and Alevis [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], the <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> Shia also hold the day of Nowruz in high regard. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It has been said that <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Kadhim">Musa al-Kadhim</a>, the seventh Twelver Shia <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a>, has explained Nowruz and said: "In Nowruz God made a covenant with His servants to worship Him and not to allow any partner for Him. To welcome His messengers and obey their rulings. This day is the first day that the fertile wind blew and the flowers on the earth appeared. The archangel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> appeared to the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Prophet</a>, and it is the day that <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> broke the <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idols</a>. The day Prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> held <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> on his shoulders to destroy the Quraishie's idols in the house of God, the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>."<a href="#cite_note-190">[170]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The day upon which Nowruz falls has been recommended as a day of fasting for Twelver Shia Muslims by Shia scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Khoei" title="Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei">Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[171]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani" title="Ali al-Sistani">Ali al-Sistani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[172]</a> The day also assumes special significance for Shias as it has been said that it was on 16 March 632 AD, that the first Shia Imam, Ali, assumed the office of caliphate. Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims around the globe celebrate Nowruz as a religious festival. Special prayers and Majalis are arranged in Jamatkhanas. Special foods are cooked and people share best wishes and prayers with each other.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/22px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/33px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/44px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroos-Gooleh" title="Aroos-Gooleh">Aroos-Gooleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayeneh_taudani" title="Ayeneh taudani">Ayeneh taudani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Naw-R%C3%BAz" title="Baháʼí Naw-Rúz">Baháʼí Naw-Rúz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Dehwa Rabba</a>, the Mandaean New Year</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_d-Shishlam_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba">Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba</a>, the Mandaean "Little Nowruz"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ēostre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kha_b-Nisan" title="Kha b-Nisan">Kha b-Nisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Ennessim" title="Sham Ennessim">Sham Ennessim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_Equinox_Day" title="Vernal Equinox Day">Vernal Equinox Day</a>, one of the two <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dreisai" title="Kōreisai">Kōreisai</a> Japanese holidays</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Iranians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Armenia" title="Kurds in Armenia">Kurds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yazidis_in_Armenia" title="Yazidis in Armenia">Yazidis</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Australians" title="Iranian Australians">Iranians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Australians" title="Afghan Australians">Afghans</a>, and others. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Ajam</a> (Iranians).<a href="#cite_note-Gulf_Hotel_Bahrain_2019-5">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Canadians" title="Iranian Canadians">Iranians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang" title="Tajiks of Xinjiang">Xinjiang Tajiks</a> and Turkic peoples.<a href="#cite_note-xinhuanet.com-9">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Azerbaijanis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irani_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irani (India)">Iranis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deccanis" title="Deccanis">Deccanis</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in India">Shia Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www.iranicaonline.org-15">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IMFA-17">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religion in Israel">Baháʼís</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Jews" title="Iranian Jews">Iranian Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Afghan_New_Zealanders" title="Afghan New Zealanders">Afghans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Zealanders" title="Iranian New Zealanders">Iranians</a>, and others. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii Kazakhs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-discover-bayanolgii1-24">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Baltis</a>, Parsis, Iranis, <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakhis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakhis">Wakhis</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Pakistan">Shia Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-ET1-28">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabasarans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabasarans">Tabasarans</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-30">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Iranians" title="Swedish Iranians">Iranians</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-damascusbureau.org-33">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Turkey" title="Azerbaijanis in Turkey">Azerbaijanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emma-38">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Azerbaijanis in the United Kingdom">Azerbaijanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Iranians in the United Kingdom">Iranians</a>, and others. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranians</a>, and others. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: نوروز (Nawrūz)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: Նովրուզ (Novruz)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Novruz</li><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>: نؤرۏچ (Nauròc)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 诺鲁孜节 (Nuòlǔ zījié)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>: نوروز (Nawrōz)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: નવરોઝ (Navarōjha)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: ნოვრუზ (Novruz)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: נורוז (Noroz)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: नौरोज़ (Nauroz)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: Наурыз (Nauryz)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: نەورۆز (Newroz)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>: Нооруз (Nooruz)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: Наурыз (Nauryz)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: نوی ورز (Nəway wrəz)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: Наврӯз (Navrūz)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Nevruz</li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: Nowruz</li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نوروز (Nauroz)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>: نەۋروز</li><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: Navro'z</li></ul></div> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-komunitetibektashi.org-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-komunitetibektashi.org_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-komunitetibektashi.org_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 24 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discover+Bayan-Olgii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscover-bayanolgii.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alalam.ir/news/6095593/احتفال-النيروز-في-سلطنة-عمان">"احتفال النيروز في سلطنة عمان - قناة العالم الاخبارية"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+-+%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alalam.ir%2Fnews%2F6095593%2F%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025022312/http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13921228000132">"Farsnews"</a>. Fars News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13921228000132">the original</a> on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farsnews&rft.pub=Fars+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.farsnews.ir%2Fnewstext.aspx%3Fnn%3D13921228000132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ET1-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ET1_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ET1_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/1360790/happy-navroz-karachiites-ring-persian-new-year-style">"Happy Nauroz: Karachiites ring in the Persian new year in style"</a>. The Express Tribune. 20 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320134430/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1360790/happy-navroz-karachiites-ring-persian-new-year-style">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Happy+Nauroz%3A+Karachiites+ring+in+the+Persian+new+year+in+style&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1360790%2Fhappy-navroz-karachiites-ring-persian-new-year-style&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rus.ruvr.ru/2012_03_21/69129482/">"Россия празднует Навруз [Russia celebrates Nowruz]"</a>. Golos Rossii (in Russian). 21 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502072914/http://rus.ruvr.ru/2012_03_21/69129482/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Golos+Rossii&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7+%5BRussia+celebrates+Nowruz%5D&rft.date=2012-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frus.ruvr.ru%2F2012_03_21%2F69129482%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-damascusbureau.org-33"><a href="#cite_ref-damascusbureau.org_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184216/http://www.damascusbureau.org/?p=1615">"Arabs, Kurds to Celebrate Nowruz as National Day"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damascusbureau.org/?p=1615">the original</a> on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabs%2C+Kurds+to+Celebrate+Nowruz+as+National+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.damascusbureau.org%2F%3Fp%3D1615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0323/p07s02-woiq.html">For Kurds, a day of bonfires, legends, and independence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810180308/https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0323/p07s02-woiq.html">Archived</a> 10 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Dan Murphy. 23 March 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-tajikistan-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tajikistan_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tajikistan_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bank-holidays.com/holidays.php?annee=2010&id_pays=171">"Tajikistan 2010 Bank Holidays"</a>. Bank-holidays.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203112/http://bank-holidays.com/holidays.php?annee=2010&id_pays=171">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tajikistan+2010+Bank+Holidays&rft.pub=Bank-holidays.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bank-holidays.com%2Fholidays.php%3Fannee%3D2010%26id_pays%3D171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423867314.pdf">ANADOLU’DA NEVRUZ KUTLAMALARI ve EMİRDAĞ-KARACALAR ÖRNEĞİ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074017/http://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423867314.pdf">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Anadolu'da Nevruz Kutlamalari </li> <li id="cite_note-Emma-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Emma_38-0">^</a> Emma Sinclair-Webb, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwDxTvTlRuYC&pg=PA46">"Turkey, Closing ranks against accountability"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312135804/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwDxTvTlRuYC&pg=PA46">Archived</a> 12 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Human Rights Watch, 2008. "The traditional Nowrouz/Nowrooz celebrations, mainly celebrated by the Kurdish population in the Kurdistan Region in Iraq, and other parts of Kurdistan in Turkey, Iran, Syria and Armenia and taking place around March 21" </li> <li id="cite_note-sitara.com-40"><a href="#cite_ref-sitara.com_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120906043101/http://sitara.com/turkmenistan/general.html">"General Information of Turkmenistan"</a>. sitara.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitara.com/turkmenistan/general.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Information+of+Turkmenistan&rft.pub=sitara.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsitara.com%2Fturkmenistan%2Fgeneral.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimes-44"><a href="#cite_ref-LATimes_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/food/story/2021-03-12/sweets-for-a-sweeter-iranian-new-year">"Sweets for a sweeter Iranian new year"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 12 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318145309/https://www.latimes.com/food/story/2021-03-12/sweets-for-a-sweeter-iranian-new-year">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Sweets+for+a+sweeter+Iranian+new+year&rft.date=2021-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Ffood%2Fstory%2F2021-03-12%2Fsweets-for-a-sweeter-iranian-new-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7seen2024-45"><a href="#cite_ref-7seen2024_45-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://7seen.com/index1403.htm">https://7seen.com/index1403.htm</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-time-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6958290/what-is-nowruz-persian-new-year-origins-celebrations-explainer/">"What is Nowruz? Spring Festival Celebrated by Millions"</a>. 19 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319205116/https://time.com/6958290/what-is-nowruz-persian-new-year-origins-celebrations-explainer/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Nowruz%3F+Spring+Festival+Celebrated+by+Millions&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6958290%2Fwhat-is-nowruz-persian-new-year-origins-celebrations-explainer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> *"They celebrate the new year, which they call Chār shanba sur, on the first Wednesday of April, slightly later than the Iranian new year, Now-Ruz, on 21 March. (...) . The fact that Kurds celebrate the Iranian new year (which they call 'Nawrôz' in Kurdish) does not make them Zoroastrian" – Richard Foltz (2017). "The 'Original' Kurdish Religion? Kurdish Nationalism and the False Conflation of the Yezidi and Zoroastrian Traditions". Journal of Persianate Studies. Volume 10: Issue 1. pp. 93, 95 <ul><li>"On March 20, 2009, newly-elected us president Barack Obama, speaking on the occasion of the Iranian New Year, struck a conciliatory note by twice (...)" – Navid Pourmokhtari (2014). "Understanding Iran’s Green Movement as a 'movement of movements'". Sociology of Islam. Volume 2: Issue 3–4. p. 153</li> <li>"On the occasion of Nowruz 2017 (the Iranian New Year’s Festival celebrated in many countries by various populations) it launched a 'social dialogue initiative' to promote encounters between all components of Iraqi society" – Del Re, E. C. (2019). Minorities and Interreligious Dialogue: From Silent Witnesses to Agents of Change. In Volume 10: Interreligious Dialogue. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> * "Nowruz, 'New Day', is a traditional ancient festival which celebrates the starts of the Persian New Year. It is the holiest and most joyful festival of the Zoroastrian year." – Mary Boyce, A. Shapur Shahbazi and Simone Cristoforetti. "NOWRUZ". Encyclopaedia Iranica Online<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/*-COM_10402">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211336/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/*-COM_10402">Archived</a> 13 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li>"In advance of Nowruz (the Persian New Year holiday), the Varamin Mīrās̱ and Awqāf announced the closure of a total of eight emāmzādehs in Varamin and (...)" – Keelan Overton and Kimia Maleki (2021). "The Emamzadeh Yahya at Varamin: A Present History of a Living Shrine, 2018–20". Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World. Volume 1: Issue 1–2. p. 137</li> <li>"The custom of the 'false emir' or 'Nowruz ruler' leading a procession through the city has been traced back to pre-Islamic Nowruz, the traditional Persian New Year." – Michèle Epinette (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/*-COM_11476">"MIR-E NOWRUZI"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211149/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/*-COM_11476">Archived</a> 13 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Encyclopædia Iranica Online.</li> <li>"Karimov brought back the very popular Persian New Year, Navro’z (Nowruz) and introduced entirely new commemorative events such as Flag Day, Constitution Day and (...)" – Michal Fux and Amílcar Antonio Barreto. (2020). "Towards a Standard Model of the Cognitive Science of Nationalism – the Calendar". Journal of Cognition and Culture. Volume 20: Issue 5. p. 449</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240318-what-the-3500-year-old-holiday-of-nowruz-can-teach-us-in-2024">"What the 3,500-year-old holiday of Nowruz can teach us in 2024"</a>. www.bbc.com. Retrieved 15 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=What+the+3%2C500-year-old+holiday+of+Nowruz+can+teach+us+in+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20240318-what-the-3500-year-old-holiday-of-nowruz-can-teach-us-in-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/international-nowruz-day">"International Nowruz Day"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318233728/https://www.un.org/en/observances/international-nowruz-day">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=International+Nowruz+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fobservances%2Finternational-nowruz-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2010/ga10916.doc.htm">"General Assembly Recognizes 21 March as International Day of Nowruz, Also Changes to 23–24 March Dialogue on Financing for Development – Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"</a>. UN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228015525/http://www.un.org/press/en/2010/ga10916.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Assembly+Recognizes+21+March+as+International+Day+of+Nowruz%2C+Also+Changes+to+23%E2%80%9324+March+Dialogue+on+Financing+for+Development+%E2%80%93+Meetings+Coverage+and+Press+Releases&rft.pub=UN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2010%2Fga10916.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Katzman2010" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Katzman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LoU9pz97OCoC&q=Nowruz+Persian+new+year&pg=PA39">Iran: U. S. Concerns and Policy Responses</a>. DIANE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-1881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-1881-6"><bdi>978-1-4379-1881-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312135820/https://books.google.com/books?id=LoU9pz97OCoC&q=Nowruz+Persian+new+year&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+U.+S.+Concerns+and+Policy+Responses&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4379-1881-6&rft.au=Kenneth+Katzman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLoU9pz97OCoC%26q%3DNowruz%2BPersian%2Bnew%2Byear%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FRES%2F64%2F253">General Assembly Fifty-fifth session 94th plenary meeting Friday, 9 March 2001, 10 a.m. New York</a>. United Nations General Assembly. 9 March 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929102628/http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FRES%2F64%2F253">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Assembly+Fifty-fifth+session+94th+plenary+meeting+Friday%2C+9+March+2001%2C+10+a.m.+New+York&rft.pub=United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft.date=2001-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fga%2Fsearch%2Fview_doc.asp%3Fsymbol%3DA%252FRES%252F64%252F253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gordon_Melton2011" class="citation book cs1">J. Gordon Melton (13 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&q=nowruz+originated+in+Persia&pg=PA651">Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-206-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312135812/https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&q=nowruz+originated+in+Persia&pg=PA651">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-206-7&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlD_2J7W_2hQC%26q%3Dnowruz%2Boriginated%2Bin%2BPersia%26pg%3DPA651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzoulay1999" class="citation book cs1">Azoulay, Vincent (1 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNw9Kb7swxIC&q=nowruz+achaemenid&pg=PA148">Xenophon and His World: Papers from a Conference Held in Liverpool in July 1999</a>. Franz Steiner Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08392-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08392-8"><bdi>978-3-515-08392-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312135809/https://books.google.com/books?id=vNw9Kb7swxIC&q=nowruz+achaemenid&pg=PA148">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xenophon+and+His+World%3A+Papers+from+a+Conference+Held+in+Liverpool+in+July+1999&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1999-07-01&rft.isbn=978-3-515-08392-8&rft.aulast=Azoulay&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvNw9Kb7swxIC%26q%3Dnowruz%2Bachaemenid%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahaiteachings.org/welcome-to-the-bahai-new-year-naw-ruz">"Welcome to the Baháʼí New Year, Naw-Ruz!"</a>. BahaiTeachings.org. 21 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331152041/https://bahaiteachings.org/welcome-to-the-bahai-new-year-naw-ruz">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BahaiTeachings.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+New+Year%2C+Naw-Ruz%21&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbahaiteachings.org%2Fwelcome-to-the-bahai-new-year-naw-ruz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsgandarova2018" class="citation book cs1">Isgandarova, Nazila (3 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmJoDwAAQBAJ">Muslim Women, Domestic Violence, and Psychotherapy: Theological and Clinical Issues</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-89155-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-89155-7"><bdi>978-0-429-89155-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312135810/https://books.google.com/books?id=tmJoDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Women%2C+Domestic+Violence%2C+and+Psychotherapy%3A+Theological+and+Clinical+Issues&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-09-03&rft.isbn=978-0-429-89155-7&rft.aulast=Isgandarova&rft.aufirst=Nazila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmJoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the.ismaili/navroz">"Navroz"</a>. the.Ismaili. 21 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111121501/https://the.ismaili/navroz">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the.Ismaili&rft.atitle=Navroz&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthe.ismaili%2Fnavroz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPremji2021" class="citation web cs1">Premji, Zahra (21 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/navroz-persian-new-year-ismaili-tradition-celebration-1.5954144">"Celebrating Navroz, the Persian New Year, through the lens of Ismaili Muslims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC.ca" title="CBC.ca">CBC.ca</a>. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC.ca&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Navroz%2C+the+Persian+New+Year%2C+through+the+lens+of+Ismaili+Muslims&rft.date=2021-03-21&rft.aulast=Premji&rft.aufirst=Zahra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fnavroz-persian-new-year-ismaili-tradition-celebration-1.5954144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/what-norooz-greetings-history-traditions-celebrate-persian-new-year-1562607">"What Is Norooz? Greetings, History And Traditions To Celebrate The Persian New Year"</a>. International Business Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106235958/http://www.ibtimes.com/what-norooz-greetings-history-traditions-celebrate-persian-new-year-1562607">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=What+Is+Norooz%3F+Greetings%2C+History+And+Traditions+To+Celebrate+The+Persian+New+Year&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fwhat-norooz-greetings-history-traditions-celebrate-persian-new-year-1562607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/nowruz-celebrating-new-year-silk-roads">"Nowruz: Celebrating the New Year on the Silk Roads | Silk Roads Programme"</a>. en.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620185105/http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/nowruz-celebrating-new-year-silk-roads">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Nowruz%3A+Celebrating+the+New+Year+on+the+Silk+Roads+%7C+Silk+Roads+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fcontent%2Fnowruz-celebrating-new-year-silk-roads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> R. Abdollahy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calendars#pt2">Calendars ii. Islamic period</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517021434/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calendars#pt2">Archived</a> 17 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>, Vol. 4, London & New York, 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en%2FA%2Fres%2F64%2F253">"64/253: International Day of Nowruz"</a>. undocs.org. 23 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305212610/https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en%2FA%2FRES%2F64%2F253">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=undocs.org&rft.atitle=64%2F253%3A+International+Day+of+Nowruz&rft.date=2010-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2Fpdf%3Fsymbol%3Den%252FA%252Fres%252F64%252F253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2F64%2FL.30%2FRev.2">"International Day of Nowruz"</a>. United Nations. 18 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628055339/https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2F64%2FL.30%2FRev.2">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=International+Day+of+Nowruz&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fga%2Fsearch%2Fview_doc.asp%3Fsymbol%3DA%252F64%252FL.30%252FRev.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Random House dictionary (unabridged), 2006 (according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/">Dictionary.reference.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305211008/http://dictionary.reference.com/">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Elien, Shadi, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straight.com/article-298794/vancouver/persian-new-year-spelled-norouz-nowruz-or-nauruz">Is the Persian New Year spelled Norouz, Nowruz, or Nauruz?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314104835/https://www.straight.com/article-298794/vancouver/persian-new-year-spelled-norouz-nowruz-or-nauruz">Archived</a> 14 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_Georgia_Straight" title="The Georgia Straight">The Georgia Straight</a>, 17 March 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aramis.obspm.fr/~heydari/divers/ir-cal-eng.html">"Iranian Calendar"</a>. aramis.obspm.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716115426/http://aramis.obspm.fr/~heydari/divers/ir-cal-eng.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aramis.obspm.fr&rft.atitle=Iranian+Calendar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faramis.obspm.fr%2F~heydari%2Fdivers%2Fir-cal-eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://financialtribune.com/articles/people/61234/call-for-safe-yearend-celebration">"Call for Safe Yearend Celebration"</a>. Financial Tribune. 12 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806054618/https://financialtribune.com/articles/people/61234/call-for-safe-yearend-celebration">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018. <q>The ancient tradition has transformed over time from a simple bonfire to the use of firecrackers...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Tribune&rft.atitle=Call+for+Safe+Yearend+Celebration&rft.date=2017-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinancialtribune.com%2Farticles%2Fpeople%2F61234%2Fcall-for-safe-yearend-celebration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-fires-ballistic-missile-toward-east-sea-official-says-n779401">"Light It Up! Iranians Celebrate Festival of Fire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 19 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704014053/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-fires-ballistic-missile-toward-east-sea-official-says-n779401">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Light+It+Up%21+Iranians+Celebrate+Festival+of+Fire&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fnorth-korea-fires-ballistic-missile-toward-east-sea-official-says-n779401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nowaze-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nowaze_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nowaze_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nowaze_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513014137/http://www.azerembassy-kuwait.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=167:international-day-of-nowruz-21-march-&catid=8:news-a-events&Itemid=37">"International Day of Nowruz- 21 March"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Azerbaijan" title="Foreign relations of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani Embassy to Kuwait</a>. 17 March 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Day+of+Nowruz-+21+March&rft.pub=Azerbaijani+Embassy+to+Kuwait&rft.date=2010-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azerembassy-kuwait.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D167%3Ainternational-day-of-nowruz-21-march-%26catid%3D8%3Anews-a-events%26Itemid%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.mehrnews.com/news/184694/Nowruz-most-cheerful-popular-holiday-in-Azerbaijan">"Nowruz most cheerful, popular holiday in Azerbaijan"</a>. 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Telegraph. 17 March 2016"</a>. 21 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321131245/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/12195948/April-Fools-Day-why-do-we-play-pranks-on-this-day.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22April+Fools%27+Day+2016%3A+how+did+the+tradition+originate+and+what+are+the+best+pranks%3F%22.+Emily+Allen+and+Juliet+Eysenck.+Telegraph.+17+March+2016.&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fhowaboutthat%2F12195948%2FApril-Fools-Day-why-do-we-play-pranks-on-this-day.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910001112/http://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=issue&journal_code=PERS&issue=0&vol=18">"Moazami, M. "The Legend of the Flood in Zoroastrian Tradition." Persica 18: 55–74, (2002) Document Details"</a>. 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Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03485-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03485-7"><bdi>978-0-670-03485-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shahnameh%3Aa+new+translation+by+Dick+Davis%2C+Viking+Adult%2C+2006.+p.+7&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03485-7&rft.au=Firdaws%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshahnamehpersian0000fird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_78-1">b</a> A History of Zoroastrianism: Under the Achaemenians By Mary Boyce, Frantz Grenet. Brill, 1982 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06506-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-06506-7">90-04-06506-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06506-2">978-90-04-06506-2</a>, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoundation" class="citation web cs1">Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111074500/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/festivals-i">"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. iranicaonline.org. 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Zoroastrian"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111074500/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/festivals-i">Archived</a> 11 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> برگرفته از: "گنجينه‌ي سخن"، تأليف دكتر ذبيح الله صفا، انتشارات اميركبير، 1370، جلد يكم، ص 292 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Gardīzī, Abu Saʿīd ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy b. Żaḥḥāk b. Maḥmūd in <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a> by C. Edmund Bosworth <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gardizi">Iranica on line</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117070333/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gardizi">Archived</a> 17 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Tārīkh-i Gardīzī / taʾlīf, Abū Saʻīd ʻAbd al-Ḥayy ibn Zahāk ibn Maḥmūd Gardīzī ; bih taṣḥīḥ va taḥshiyah va taʻlīq, ʻAbd al-Ḥayy Ḥabībī. Tihrān : Dunyā-yi Kitāb, 1363 [1984 or 1985]. excerpt from p. 520: مهرگان بزرگ باشد، و بعضی از مغان چنین گویند: که این فیروزی فریدون بر بیوراسپ، رام روز بودست از مهرماه، و زردشت که مغان او را به پیغمبری دارند، ایشان را فرموده است بزرگ داشتن این روز، و روز نوروز را. </li> <li id="cite_note-Khodadad-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khodadad_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khodadad_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani" class="citation web cs1">Rezakhani, Khodadad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040411145417/http://www.iranologie.com/history/nowruz-hist.html">"Nowruz in History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranologie.com/history/nowruz-hist.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2004. 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Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 10. p. 506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-06510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-06510-0"><bdi>978-0-567-06510-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312135810/https://books.google.com/books?id=pf4hAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA506">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. 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Hinnells, "Mithraic studies: proceedings", Edition: illustrated, Published by Manchester University Press ND, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0536-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0536-1">0-7190-0536-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0536-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0536-7">978-0-7190-0536-7</a>, p. 307 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dehqan">DEHQĀN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117040915/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dehqan">Archived</a> 17 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> iranicaonline.org </li> <li id="cite_note-IranicaShahbazi-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IranicaShahbazi_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IranicaShahbazi_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IranicaShahbazi_92-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322221511/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nowruz-ii">"A. Shapur Shahbazi, "Nowruz: In the Islamic period""</a>. Iranicaonline.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nowruz-ii">the original</a> on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A.+Shapur+Shahbazi%2C+%22Nowruz%3A+In+the+Islamic+period%22&rft.pub=Iranicaonline.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fnowruz-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafa2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shafa, Shojaeddin (2001). DE PERSIA A LA ESPAÑA MUSULMANA: LA HISTORIA RECUPERADA (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DE+PERSIA+A+LA+ESPA%C3%91A+MUSULMANA%3A+LA+HISTORIA+RECUPERADA&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Shafa&rft.aufirst=Shojaeddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Novruz, Nowrouz, Nooruz, Navruz, Nauroz, Nevruz: Inscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00282">UNESCO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303144754/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00282">Archived</a> 3 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Noruz and Iranian radifs registered on UNESCO list, Tehran Times, 1 October 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=204443">TehranTimes.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514132849/http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=204443">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/events/nowruzday/">International Nowruz Day 21 March</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704114548/http://www.un.org/en/events/nowruzday/">Archived</a> 4 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> un.org </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Nowruz became international, in Persian, BBC Persian, Wednesday, 30 September 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/2009/09/090930_mg_nowrooz_global_register.shtml">BBC.co.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003012016/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/2009/09/090930_mg_nowrooz_global_register.shtml">Archived</a> 3 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irna.ir/news/81058082/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C">"صفای ظاهر و باطن در رسم دیرین خانه تكانی"</a>. irna. 24 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904222753/https://www.irna.ir/news/81058082/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irna&rft.atitle=%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85+%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irna.ir%2Fnews%2F81058082%2F%25D8%25B5%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C-%25D8%25B8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2588-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585-%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irna.ir/news/80599813">"ديد و بازديد نوروزي، آييني نيكو و ديرينه پابرجا"</a>. IRNA. 3 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312135827/https://www.irna.ir/news/80599813">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRNA&rft.atitle=%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D9%88+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%8C+%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A+%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88+%D9%88+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87+%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irna.ir%2Fnews%2F80599813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Novruz-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Novruz_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novruz_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC">"Navruz"</a>. Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. pp. 524–525. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8"><bdi>978-1-4381-2696-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312135811/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Navruz&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=524-525&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/422394/Noruz-manifestation-of-culture-of-peace-friendship-among-societies">"Noruz, manifestation of culture of peace, friendship among societies"</a>. Tehran Times. 7 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032234/http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/422394/Noruz-manifestation-of-culture-of-peace-friendship-among-societies">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tehran+Times&rft.atitle=Noruz%2C+manifestation+of+culture+of+peace%2C+friendship+among+societies&rft.date=2018-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Fnews%2F422394%2FNoruz-manifestation-of-culture-of-peace-friendship-among-societies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/03/20/471174857/nowruz-persian-new-years-table-celebrates-spring-deliciously">"Nowruz: Persian New Year's Table Celebrates Spring Deliciously"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313092906/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/03/20/471174857/nowruz-persian-new-years-table-celebrates-spring-deliciously">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nowruz%3A+Persian+New+Year%27s+Table+Celebrates+Spring+Deliciously&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2016%2F03%2F20%2F471174857%2Fnowruz-persian-new-years-table-celebrates-spring-deliciously&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/story/19032007/fq/haft_seen">"از هفت سین تا هفت میوه"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123233328/https://www.jadidonline.com/story/19032007/fq/haft_seen">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA+%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%AA%D8%A7+%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA+%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jadidonline.com%2Fstory%2F19032007%2Ffq%2Fhaft_seen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100225115813/http://www.persianmirror.com/celebrations/noruz/noruz.cfm#haji">"Haji Firooz & Amoo Nowruz – The Persian Troubadour & Santa Claus"</a>. Persian Mirror. 15 November 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persianmirror.com/celebrations/noruz/noruz.cfm#haji">the original</a> on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Persian+Mirror&rft.atitle=Haji+Firooz+%26+Amoo+Nowruz+%E2%80%93+The+Persian+Troubadour+%26+Santa+Claus&rft.date=2004-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persianmirror.com%2Fcelebrations%2Fnoruz%2Fnoruz.cfm%23haji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yg09JDpWdWkC&dq=Amu+Nowruz&pg=PA151">Thus Speaks Mother Simorq</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430171138/https://books.google.com/books?id=yg09JDpWdWkC&dq=Amu%20Nowruz&pg=PA151">Archived</a> 30 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranica">Iranica</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pir-e-zan">Pir-e Zan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407041421/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pir-e-zan">Archived</a> 7 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.shirazu.ac.ir/en/files/extract_file.php?file_id=1394">Amu Nowruz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053351/http://web.shirazu.ac.ir/en/files/extract_file.php?file_id=1394">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Fazlollah Mohtadi, Shiraz University Centre for Children's Literature Studies </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Faces around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face By Margo DeMello – Black Face, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvin2010" class="citation web cs1">Arvin, Ayub (21 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/2010/03/100321_k02-afg-norouz-challenges.shtml">"نوروز و چالش‌های سیاسی و مذهبی در افغانستان"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2+%D9%88+%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C+%D9%88+%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC+Persian&rft.date=2010-03-21&rft.aulast=Arvin&rft.aufirst=Ayub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpersian%2Fafghanistan%2F2010%2F03%2F100321_k02-afg-norouz-challenges.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/7172/">""Nauryz Kozhe" is a spring dish"</a>. 22 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412185709/https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/7172/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021. 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Retrieved 25 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spring+is+in+the+air%3A+Novruz+in+Tbilisi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagenda.ge%2Farticle%2F743%2Feng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017061327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B7Gi4yf3OXM">"Iranians in Georgia celebrate Nowruz"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B7Gi4yf3OXM">the original</a> on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Iranians+in+Georgia+celebrate+Nowruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DB7Gi4yf3OXM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgianjournal.ge/news/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4154%3Anowruz-byram-to-be-celebrated-in-tbilisi-today-&catid=9%3Anews&Itemid=23">"Nowruz Byram to be Celebrated in Tbilisi today"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925213128/http://www.georgianjournal.ge/news/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4154%3Anowruz-byram-to-be-celebrated-in-tbilisi-today-&catid=9%3Anews&Itemid=23">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nowruz+Byram+to+be+Celebrated+in+Tbilisi+today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgianjournal.ge%2Fnews%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D4154%253Anowruz-byram-to-be-celebrated-in-tbilisi-today-%26catid%3D9%253Anews%26Itemid%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925212537/http://www.ombudsman.ge/en/news/public-defender-congratulates-georgian-citizens-of-azeri-origin-with-nowruz-bairam.page">"Public Defender congratulates Georgian citizens of Azeri Origin with Nowruz Bairam"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ombudsman.ge/en/news/public-defender-congratulates-georgian-citizens-of-azeri-origin-with-nowruz-bairam.page">the original</a> on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Defender+congratulates+Georgian+citizens+of+Azeri+Origin+with+Nowruz+Bairam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ombudsman.ge%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpublic-defender-congratulates-georgian-citizens-of-azeri-origin-with-nowruz-bairam.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2015" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Alpana (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qtxlCgAAQBAJ">Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective</a>. Partridge Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-5017-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-5017-8"><bdi>978-1-4828-5017-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312135811/https://books.google.com/books?id=qtxlCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Andhra%3A+A+Socio-Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Partridge+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4828-5017-8&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Alpana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqtxlCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2015" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Alpana (11 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qtxlCgAAQBAJ">Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective</a>. Partridge Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-5017-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-5017-8"><bdi>978-1-4828-5017-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312135811/https://books.google.com/books?id=qtxlCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. 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Retrieved 4 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calendars&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcalendars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7963647.stm">"Iran's festive drink and drugs binge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC World News">BBC World News</a>. 27 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822101250/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7963647.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2017. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228090317/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00EFDB1F31F933A15750C0A9609C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017. 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Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+politicization+of+Nowruz%2C+Iran%27s+new+year&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.au=Jason+Rezaian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2013%2F03%2F21%2Fthe-politicization-of-nowruz-irans-new-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcocavallini.it/kurdish.html">"Kurdistan turco"</a>. Marcocavallini.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040145/http://www.marcocavallini.it/kurdish.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2017. 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Retrieved 20 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Kurds+killed+in+Syria+shooting%2C+human+rights+group+says+%E2%80%93+Middle+East&rft.pub=Monsters+And+Critics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.monstersandcritics.com%2Fmiddleeast%2Fnews%2Farticle_1396362.php%2FThree_Kurds_killed_in_Syria_shooting_human_rights_group_says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL21565217">"Police kill three Kurds in northeast Syria – group"</a>. Reuters. 21 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128141642/http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL21565217">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Police+kill+three+Kurds+in+northeast+Syria+%E2%80%93+group&rft.date=2008-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FlatestCrisis%2FidUSL21565217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305101103/http://www.rojhelat.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=198:2010-03-24-20-49-16&catid=29:rojava&Itemid=61">"Rojhelat News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rojhelat.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=198:2010-03-24-20-49-16&catid=29:rojava&Itemid=61">the original</a> on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rojhelat+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rojhelat.info%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D198%3A2010-03-24-20-49-16%26catid%3D29%3Arojava%26Itemid%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/3/17/turkey-bans-kurdish-newroz-celebrations-in-afrin">"Turkey bans Newroz celebrations for Syrian Kurds in Afrin"</a>. alaraby. 17 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413115515/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/3/17/turkey-bans-kurdish-newroz-celebrations-in-afrin">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019. 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Retrieved 8 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRNA+English&rft.atitle=Nowruz+celebrated+in+Pakistan+with+Iran%27s+active+participation&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.irna.ir%2Fnews%2F83253459%2FNowruz-celebrated-in-Pakistan-with-Iran-s-active-participation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the.ismaili/global/our-community/festivals/navroz">"Navroz"</a>. the.Ismaili. 20 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200709062346/https://the.ismaili/global/our-community/festivals/navroz">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the.Ismaili&rft.atitle=Navroz&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthe.ismaili%2Fglobal%2Four-community%2Ffestivals%2Fnavroz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/03/19/governor-newsom-proclaims-nowruz-day-2024/">"Governor Newsom Proclaims Nowrūz Day 2024"</a>. California Governor. 19 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320004503/https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/03/19/governor-newsom-proclaims-nowruz-day-2024/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Governor&rft.atitle=Governor+Newsom+Proclaims+Nowr%C5%ABz+Day+2024&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ca.gov%2F2024%2F03%2F19%2Fgovernor-newsom-proclaims-nowruz-day-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMogul2016" class="citation news cs1">Mogul, Priyanka Mogul (18 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nowruz-2016-who-are-persias-zoroastrians-why-their-festival-being-celebrated-india-1550354">"Nowruz 2016: Who are Persia's Zoroastrians and why is their festival being celebrated in India?"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nowruz+2016%3A+Who+are+Persia%27s+Zoroastrians+and+why+is+their+festival+being+celebrated+in+India%3F&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft.aulast=Mogul&rft.aufirst=Priyanka+Mogul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fnowruz-2016-who-are-persias-zoroastrians-why-their-festival-being-celebrated-india-1550354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315070542/https://en.rafed.net/islamic-articles-v15-1030/miscellaneous/3902-nowruz-in-the-twelver-shia-faith">"Nowruz in the Twelver Shi'a faith"</a>. Rafed.net. 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Wilmette, Illinois, US: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 178–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-160-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-160-2"><bdi>978-0-87743-160-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522110030/https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/je/BNE/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021. 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Wilmitte, IL: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Prayers&rft.place=Wilmitte%2C+IL&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aqdas-185"><a href="#cite_ref-aqdas_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahá'u'lláh1992" class="citation book cs1">Bahá'u'lláh (1992) [1873]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KA/ka-4.html.iso8859-1#pg25">The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book</a>. Wilmette, Illinois, US: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-999-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-999-8"><bdi>978-0-85398-999-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208101017/http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KA/ka-4.html.iso8859-1#pg25">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas%3A+The+Most+Holy+Book&rft.place=Wilmette%2C+Illinois%2C+US&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85398-999-8&rft.au=Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fb%2FKA%2Fka-4.html.iso8859-1%23pg25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-186"><a href="#cite_ref-iranica_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacEoin1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">MacEoin, Dennis (1989). "Bahai Calendar and Festivals". Encyclopædia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bahai+Calendar+and+Festivals&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=MacEoin&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF`Abdu'l-Bahá1913" class="citation journal cs1">`Abdu'l-Bahá (21 March 1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahai-library.com/pdf/sw/SW_Volume4.pdf">"Abdul-Baha at Clifton, England"</a> (PDF). Star of the West. 4 (1): 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204165416/https://bahai-library.com/pdf/sw/SW_Volume4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+of+the+West&rft.atitle=Abdul-Baha+at+Clifton%2C+England&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1913-03-21&rft.au=%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fpdf%2Fsw%2FSW_Volume4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> republished in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEffendiThe_Universal_House_of_Justice1983" class="citation book cs1">Effendi, Shoghi; The Universal House of Justice (1983). Hornby, Helen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/hornby_lights_guidance">Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File</a>. Baháʼí Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85091-46-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85091-46-4"><bdi>978-81-85091-46-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707205623/http://bahai-library.com/hornby_lights_guidance">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lights+of+Guidance%3A+A+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Reference+File&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust%2C+New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-81-85091-46-4&rft.aulast=Effendi&rft.aufirst=Shoghi&rft.au=The+Universal+House+of+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fhornby_lights_guidance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amaana.org/ismaili/nawruz-persian-new-year/">"Nowruz Persian New Year – Eid Mubarak! | Ismaili Web Amaana"</a>. Ismaili Web Amaana. 15 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301021039/http://www.amaana.org/ismaili/nawruz-persian-new-year/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nowruz+Persian+New+Year+%E2%80%93+Eid+Mubarak%21+%26%23124%3B+Ismaili+Web+Amaana&rft.pub=Ismaili+Web+Amaana&rft.date=2013-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amaana.org%2Fismaili%2Fnawruz-persian-new-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002051725/http://www.theismaili.org/cms/960/Navroz">"Navroz"</a>. The Ismaili. 18 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theismaili.org/cms/960/Navroz">the original</a> on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navroz&rft.pub=The+Ismaili&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theismaili.org%2Fcms%2F960%2FNavroz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMireskandari,_Anousheh2012" class="citation web cs1">Mireskandari, Anousheh (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324030149/http://www.ic-el.com/en/old/show_news.asp?idnum=61&state=article">"Nowruz in Islam"</a>. Islamic Centre of England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ic-el.com/en/old/show_news.asp?idnum=61&state=article">the original</a> on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nowruz+in+Islam&rft.pub=Islamic+Centre+of+England&rft.date=2012-03&rft.au=Mireskandari%2C+Anousheh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ic-el.com%2Fen%2Fold%2Fshow_news.asp%3Fidnum%3D61%26state%3Darticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Wasilah" title="Tahrir al-Wasilah">Tahrir al-Wasilah</a>, by Ayatollah Khomeini, Vol. 1, pp. 302–303 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Islamic Laws, by Ali al-Sistani, under the section; "Mustahab Fasts" </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMozaffariAkbar2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mozaffari, Ali; Akbar, Ali (20 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10286632.2023.2241872">"Heritage Diplomacy and Soft Power Competition Between Iran and Turkey: Competing Claims over Rumi and Nowruz"</a>. International Journal of Cultural Policy. 30 (5): 597–614. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10286632.2023.2241872">10.1080/10286632.2023.2241872</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-6632">1028-6632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cultural+Policy&rft.atitle=Heritage+Diplomacy+and+Soft+Power+Competition+Between+Iran+and+Turkey%3A+Competing+Claims+over+Rumi+and+Nowruz&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=597-614&rft.date=2023-08-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10286632.2023.2241872&rft.issn=1028-6632&rft.aulast=Mozaffari&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Akbar%2C+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10286632.2023.2241872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANowruz" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nowruz-index">"Nowruz"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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selflink">Nowruz</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81ne-tak%C4%81n%C4%AB" title="Khāne-takānī">Khāne-takānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haft-sin" title="Haft-sin">Haft-sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanu" title="Samanu">Samanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_sprout" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat sprout">Wheat sprout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajji_Firuz" title="Hajji Firuz">Hajji Firuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu_Nowruz" title="Amu Nowruz">Amu Nowruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nane_Sarma" title="Nane Sarma">Nane Sarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharshanbe_Suri" title="Chaharshanbe Suri">Chaharshanbe Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%AEl-e_Moshkel-gosh%C3%A2" title="Ajîl-e Moshkel-goshâ">Ajîl-e Moshkel-goshâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabzi_polo" title="Sabzi polo"> Sabzi Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizdah_Be-dar" title="Sizdah Be-dar">Sizdah Be-dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C4%81l-g%C5%ABsh" title="Fāl-gūsh">Fāl-gūsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauryz_kozhe" title="Nauryz kozhe">Nauryz kozhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Part of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Zoroastrian festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Iran" title="List of festivals in Iran">List of festivals in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Persian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadeh" title="Sadeh">Sadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehregan" title="Mehregan">Mehregan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yald%C4%81_Night" title="Yaldā Night">Yaldā Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirgan" title="Tirgan">Tirgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz_in_Afghanistan" title="Nowruz in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Naw-R%C3%BAz" title="Baháʼí Naw-Rúz">Baháʼí Naw-Rúz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds" title="Newroz as celebrated by Kurds">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz_Eve_among_Mazandarani_people" title="Nowruz Eve among Mazandarani people">Mazandaranis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navruz_in_Uzbekistan" title="Navruz in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoroastrian-Iranian_calendar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Template:Zoroastrian calendar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Template talk:Zoroastrian calendar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrian calendar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoroastrian-Iranian_calendar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian calendar">Iranian calendar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Hormazd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Bahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Ardibehest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshathra_Vairya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshathra Vairya">Shehrevar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spenta_Armaiti" title="Spenta Armaiti">Aspandarmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad" title="Khordad">Khordad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameretat" title="Ameretat">Amardad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadvah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadvah (page does not exist)">Dae-Pa-Adar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Adar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aban" title="Aban">Avan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvare-khshaeta" title="Hvare-khshaeta">Khorshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah" title="Mah">Mohor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishtrya" title="Tishtrya">Tir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavaevodata" title="Gavaevodata">Gosh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadvah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadvah (page does not exist)">Dae-Pa-Meher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Meher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarosh">Srosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashnu" title="Rashnu">Rashne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verethragna" title="Verethragna">Behram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rāman (page does not exist)">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vata-Vayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vata-Vayu">Govad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadvah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadvah (page does not exist)">Dae-Pa-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daena" title="Daena">Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashi_Vanghuhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashi Vanghuhi">Ashishvangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtad">Ashtad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asman" title="Asman">Asman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zam" title="Zam">Zamyad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manthra_Spenta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manthra Spenta (page does not exist)">Mahraspand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anagra_Raocha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anagra Raocha (page does not exist)">Aneran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Ardibehest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad" title="Khordad">Khordad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishtrya" title="Tishtrya">Tir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spenta_Armaiti" title="Spenta Armaiti">Amardad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshathra_Vairya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshathra Vairya">Shehrevar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Meher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aban" title="Aban">Avan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Adar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadvah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadvah (page does not exist)">Dae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman" title="Bahman">Bahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spenta_Armaiti" title="Spenta Armaiti">Aspandarmad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gahanbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gahanbar">Gambhars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nowruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pateti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pateti">Pateti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad_Sal" title="Khordad Sal">Khordad Sal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_No-Diso" title="Zartosht No-Diso">Zartosht No-Diso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeh" title="Sadeh">Sadeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals#Name-day_feasts" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Jashe/Parab days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farvardigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Farvardigan">Fravardigan (Mukhtad)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardibeheshtgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardibeheshtgan (page does not exist)">Ardibeheshtgan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khordadgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khordadgan (page does not exist)">Khordadgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiregan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiregan">Tiragan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amordadegan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amordadegan (page does not exist)">Amordadegan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shahrivargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shahrivargan (page does not exist)">Shahrivargan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehragan">Meheragan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abanegan">Abanegan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azargan (page does not exist)">Azargan</a></li> <li>Daegan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmanagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmanagan">Bahmanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepandarmazgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepandarmazgan">Sepandarmazgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Year_by_calendar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Year_by_Calendar" title="Template:New Year by Calendar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Year_by_Calendar" title="Template talk:New Year by Calendar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Year_by_Calendar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Year by Calendar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Year_by_calendar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> by <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enkutatash" title="Enkutatash">Enkutatash</a> (Ethiopian, Eritrean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandroana" title="Fandroana">Fandroana</a> (Malagasy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayrouz" title="Nayrouz">Nayrouz</a> (Coptic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yennayer" title="Yennayer">Yennayer</a> (Berber)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_New_Year" title="Aztec New Year">Yancuic Xīhuitl</a> (Aztec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quviasukvik" title="Quviasukvik">Quviasukvik</a> (Inuit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobiyee" title="Hobiyee">Hobiyee</a> (Nisg̱a'a)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a> (Incan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willkakuti" title="Willkakuti">Willkakuti</a> (Aymara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Tripantu" title="We Tripantu">We Tripantu</a> (Mapuche)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> (Chinese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Shōgatsu</a> (Japanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_New_Year" title="Korean New Year">Seollal</a> (Korean)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Sar" title="Tsagaan Sar">Tsagaan Sar</a> (Mongolian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a> (Tibetan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thingyan" title="Thingyan">Thingyan</a> (Burmese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_New_Year" title="Cambodian New Year">Choul Chnam Thmey</a> (Cambodian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_New_Year" title="Lao New Year">Pi Mai</a> (Lao)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran</a> (Thai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-Splashing_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-Splashing Festival">Water-Splashing Festival</a> (Dai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a> (Balinese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satu_Suro" title="Satu Suro">Satu Suro</a> (Javanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tết">Tết</a> (Vietnamese)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruz in Afghanistan">Nauruz</a> (Afghan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> (North & Central India (Solar), Nepali)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri#Chaitra_Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Chaitra Navaratri</a> (North & Central India (Lunar))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navreh" title="Navreh">Navreh</a> (Kashmiri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a> (Sindhi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balipratipada" title="Balipratipada">Balipratipada</a> (Gujarati, Rajasthani)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohag_Bihu" title="Bohag Bihu">Bohag Bihu</a> (Assamese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a> (Bengali)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_Sankranti" title="Pana Sankranti">Pana Sankranti</a> (Odia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jur_Sital" title="Jur Sital">Jur Sital</a> (Maithili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mha_Puja" title="Mha Puja">Mha Puja</a> (Newari)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losoong_Festival" title="Losoong Festival">Losoong</a> (Sikkimese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a> (Ladakhi, Monpa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Lhosar" title="Gyalpo Lhosar">Gyalpo Lhosar</a> (Sherpa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamu_Lhosar" title="Tamu Lhosar">Tamu Lhosar</a> (Gurung)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar" title="Sonam Lhosar">Sonam Lhosar</a> (Tamang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a> (Rai, Tharu, Magar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwisagu" title="Bwisagu">Bwisagu</a> (Bodo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajibu_Nongma_Panba" title="Sajibu Nongma Panba">Sajibu Cheiraoba</a> (Meitei)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buisu" title="Buisu">Buisu</a> (Tripuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangken" title="Sangken">Sangken</a> (Tai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizhu" title="Bizhu">Bizhu</a> (Chakma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a> (Marathi, Konkani)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a> (Telugu, Kannada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_Parba" title="Bisu Parba">Bisu Parba</a> (Tulu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a> (Tamil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a> (Malayali)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_New_Year" title="Sinhalese New Year">Aluth Avurudda</a> (Sinhala)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West and Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kha_b-Nisan" title="Kha b-Nisan">Kha b-Nisan</a> (Assyrian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navruz_in_Uzbekistan" title="Navruz in Uzbekistan">Navruz</a> (Uzbek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Naw-R%C3%BAz" title="Baháʼí Naw-Rúz">Naw-Rúz</a> (Baháʼí)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds" title="Newroz as celebrated by Kurds">Newroz</a> (Kurd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_New_Year" title="Yazidi New Year">Yazidi New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Novruz</a> (Azeri)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nowruz</a> (Iranian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz_Eve_among_Mazandarani_people" title="Nowruz Eve among Mazandarani people">Nowruz</a> (Mazandarani)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a> (Hebrew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Dehwa Rabba</a> (Mandaean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogbon" title="Nogbon">Nogbon</a> (Ossetian)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yhyakh" title="Yhyakh">Yhyakh</a> (Sakha)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> (Gregorian, Julian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_New_Year" title="Old New Year">Old New Year</a> (traditional Julian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Day#Non-religious_significance" title="Lady Day">Lady Day</a> (England, historical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makahiki" title="Makahiki">Makahiki</a> (Hawaii)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matariki" title="Matariki">Matariki</a> (Māori)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See Also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_New_Year" title="Solar New Year">Solar New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_and_Southeast_Asian_solar_New_Year" title="South and Southeast Asian solar New Year">South and Southeast Asian solar New Year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkran" class="mw-redirect" title="Songkran">Songkran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_New_Year%27s_days" title="Indian New Year's days">Indian New Year's days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Azerbaijan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intangible_Heritage_Azerbaijan" title="Template:Intangible Heritage Azerbaijan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intangible_Heritage_Azerbaijan" title="Template talk:Intangible Heritage Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intangible_Heritage_Azerbaijan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intangible Heritage Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Azerbaijan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Azerbaijan">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Azerbaijan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani mugham</a> (2008)</li> <li>Art of <a href="/wiki/Ashiqs_of_Azerbaijan" title="Ashiqs of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani ashiq</a> (2009)</li> <li>Traditional art of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_carpet_weaving" title="Azerbaijani carpet weaving">Azerbaijani carpet weaving</a> (2010)</li> <li>Craftsmanship and performance art of the <a href="/wiki/Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)" title="Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)">tar</a> (2012)</li> <li>Traditional art and symbolism of <a href="/wiki/Kelaghayi" title="Kelaghayi">kelaghayi</a>, making and wearing women's silk headscarves (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lah%C4%B1c_copper_craft" title="Lahıc copper craft">Copper craftsmanship of Lahij</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Dolma</a> making and sharing tradition, a marker of cultural identity (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goychay_Pomegranate_Festival" title="Goychay Pomegranate Festival">Nar Bayrami</a>, traditional pomegranate festivity and culture (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlevani_and_zoorkhaneh_rituals" title="Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals">Pehlevanliq culture: traditional zorkhana games, sports and wrestling</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shared</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Novruz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Azeri</a> · 2009)</li> <li>Flatbread making and sharing culture: <a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">Lavash</a>, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka (2016)</li> <li>Art of crafting and playing with <a href="/wiki/Kamancheh" title="Kamancheh">kamancha</a> (2017)</li> <li>Heritage of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Book of Dede Gorgud</a>, epic culture, folk tales and music (2018)</li> <li>Art of <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">miniature</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> and traditional production of silk for weaving (<a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Silk industry in Azerbaijan">Azeri</a> · 2022)</li> <li>Culture of <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, a symbol of identity, hospitality and social interaction (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">Azeri</a> · 2022)</li> <li>Telling tradition of <a href="/wiki/Nasreddin" title="Nasreddin">Molla Nasraddin</a> anecdotes (2022)</li> <li>Craftsmanship and performing art of <a href="/wiki/Balaban_(instrument)" title="Balaban (instrument)">balaban</a> (2023)</li> <li>Craftsmanship of mother of pearl <a href="/wiki/Damascening" title="Damascening">inlay</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a> and its socio-cultural traditions (2023)</li> <li>Art of <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illumination</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Need of Urgent Safeguarding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_horse" title="Karabakh horse">Karabakh horse</a>-riding game (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalli">Yalli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kochari" title="Kochari">kochari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenzere" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzere">tenzere</a>), traditional group dances of <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intangible_Heritage_Iran" title="Template:Intangible Heritage Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intangible_Heritage_Iran" title="Template talk:Intangible Heritage Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intangible_Heritage_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intangible Heritage Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Iran" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Iran">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radif_(music)" title="Radif (music)">The Radif of Iranian music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Novruz, Nowrouz, Nooruz, Navruz, Nauroz, Nevruz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Kashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_rug" title="Shiraz rug">Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh" title="Ta'zieh">The ritual dramatic art of Ta‘zīye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlevani_and_zoorkhaneh_rituals" title="Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals">Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran#Khorasan" title="Music of Iran">The music of the Bakhshis of Khorasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenj (page does not exist)">Traditional skills of building and sailing Iranian Lenj boats in the Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqq%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqqāli">Naqqāli, Iranian dramatic story-telling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad_Ardehal#Carpet_Washing_Ceremony" title="Mashhad Ardehal">Qalishuyan rituals of Mashhad Ardehal near Kashan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Flatbread making and sharing culture: <a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">Lavash</a>, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of crafting and playing with <a href="/wiki/Kamancheh" title="Kamancheh">Kamancheh/Kamancha</a>, a bowed string musical instrument</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chogan, a horse-riding game accompanied by music and storytelling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Traditional skills of crafting and playing <a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Dotar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483236#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4469949-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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