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id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Catholic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Eastern Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coptic_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coptic_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Coptic Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coptic_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ethiopian Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Protestant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restorationist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restorationist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Restorationist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restorationist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gnosticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occultism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occultism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Occultism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occultism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Archangel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%83%D8%A9" title="رؤساء ملائكة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رؤساء ملائكة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%C3%A1nchel" title="Arcánchel – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arcánchel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%C3%A1nxel" title="Arcánxel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arcánxel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxangel_(m%C9%99l%C9%99k)" title="Arxangel (mələk) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arxangel (mələk)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4" title="প্রধান দেবদূত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রধান দেবদূত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Арханёл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арханёл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Арханёл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арханёл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkanghel" title="Arkanghel – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Arkanghel" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Архангел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Архангел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%C3%A0ngel" title="Arcàngel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arcàngel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archand%C4%9Bl" title="Archanděl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Archanděl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Archangel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86rkeengel" title="Ærkeengel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ærkeengel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzengel" title="Erzengel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erzengel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αρχάγγελος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχάγγελος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%C3%A1ngel" title="Arcángel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arcángel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88efan%C4%9Delo" title="Ĉefanĝelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉefanĝelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goiaingeru" title="Goiaingeru – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Goiaingeru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="فرشتگان مقرب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرشتگان مقرب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archange" title="Archange – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Archange" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aartsingel" title="Aartsingel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aartsingel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rd-aingeal" title="Àrd-aingeal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Àrd-aingeal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcanxo" title="Arcanxo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arcanxo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%B2%9C%EC%82%AC" title="대천사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대천사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հրեշտակապետեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրեշտակապետեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkan%C4%91eo" title="Arkanđeo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arkanđeo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaikat_Agung" title="Malaikat Agung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Malaikat Agung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkiengill" title="Erkiengill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erkiengill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcangelo" title="Arcangelo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arcangelo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="მთავარანგელოზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მთავარანგელოზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaika_mkuu" title="Malaika mkuu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Malaika mkuu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akanj" title="Akanj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Akanj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangelus" title="Archangelus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Archangelus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erce%C5%86%C4%A3elis" title="Erceņģelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Erceņģelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84erzengel" title="Äerzengel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äerzengel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkangelas" title="Arkangelas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arkangelas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C5%91angyal" title="Főangyal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Főangyal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Архангел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Архангел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkanjely" title="Arkanjely – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arkanjely" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%87" title="رؤساء الملايكه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رؤساء الملايكه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaikat_Utama" title="Malaikat Utama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Malaikat Utama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aartsengel" title="Aartsengel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aartsengel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Second-lowest rank of angel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the rank of angel. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Archangel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Archangel (disambiguation)">Archangel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/220px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/330px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/440px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="2441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>'s <i>Archangel Michael Trampling Lucifer</i>, 1636</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Archangels</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) are the highest rank of <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> in the Christian <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">hierarchy of angels</a>, put forward by <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a> in the 5th or 6th century in his book <i><a href="/wiki/De_Coelesti_Hierarchia" title="De Coelesti Hierarchia">De Coelesti Hierarchia</a></i> (<i>On the Celestial Hierarchy</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bible itself uses the term only two times, with no mention in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, and does not mention a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">hierarchy of angels</a> in any detail. The word is usually associated with the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>. Similar beings exist in several other religions. </p><p><i>Archangel</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">archángelos</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀρχάγγελος</span></span>), with the Greek prefix <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arch-" class="extiw" title="wikt:arch-">arch</a>-</i></span> meaning 'chief'. A common misconception is that archangels constitute the highest rank of angel in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>; this likely stems from the etymology of their name, as well as their presentation in <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, the highest ranking angels such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a>, who are usually referred to as archangels in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, are given the title of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">śārīm</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׂרִים</span></span> '<a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">princes</a>'; <abbr title="singular">sing.</abbr> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׂר</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">śār</i></span>), to show their superior rank and status.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two examples of this can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> 10:13 and 12:1, where Michael, Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Heavenly Host</a>, is referred to as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾaḥaḏ haśśārīm hārišōnīm</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אַחַד הַשָּׂרִים הָרִאשֹׁנִים</span></span> 'one of the chief princes') in the former, and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">haśśar haggāḏōl</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַשַּׂר הַגָּדוֹל</span></span> 'the great prince') in the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Archangels,_St_John%27s_Church,_Warminster,_Wiltshire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Four_Archangels%2C_St_John%27s_Church%2C_Warminster%2C_Wiltshire.jpg/220px-Four_Archangels%2C_St_John%27s_Church%2C_Warminster%2C_Wiltshire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Four_Archangels%2C_St_John%27s_Church%2C_Warminster%2C_Wiltshire.jpg/330px-Four_Archangels%2C_St_John%27s_Church%2C_Warminster%2C_Wiltshire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Four_Archangels%2C_St_John%27s_Church%2C_Warminster%2C_Wiltshire.jpg/440px-Four_Archangels%2C_St_John%27s_Church%2C_Warminster%2C_Wiltshire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption>The four archangels, mosaics at <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Church,_Warminster" title="St John's Church, Warminster">St John's Church, Warminster</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> are recognized as archangels in Judaism and Islam, and by most <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>—mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a>— is also recognized as a chief angel in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> churches.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blersch2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blersch2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael are venerated in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and Lutheran Churches with a feast on September 29 (between 1921 and 1969, March 24 for Gabriel and October 24 for Raphael), and in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> on November 8 (if the Julian calendar is used, this corresponds to November 21 in the Gregorian).<sup id="cite_ref-Blersch2019_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blersch2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The named archangels in Islam are <a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibra'il</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Quran_and_other_Muslim_traditions" title="Michael (archangel)">Mika'il</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azrael#Significance_in_Islam" title="Azrael">'Azra'il</a>. Jewish literature, such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, also mentions <a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a> as an archangel, called the "highest of the angels", though the acceptance of this angel is not canonical in all branches of the faith. </p><p>Some branches of the faiths mentioned have identified a group of <a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">seven to eight archangels</a>, but the named angels vary, depending on the source.<sup id="cite_ref-ParryMellingBradyGriffith2000_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParryMellingBradyGriffith2000-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael are always mentioned; the other archangels vary, but most commonly include <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a>, both of whom are mentioned in <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as Michael, Gabriel, Raphael and Uriel, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, regarded as canonical by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> (Oriental Orthodox), mentions in chapter 20: <a href="/wiki/Raguel" class="mw-redirect" title="Raguel">Raguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Sariel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel" title="Jerahmeel">Jerahmeel (Remiel)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spenta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></div> <p>An increasing number of experts in anthropology, theology and philosophy believe that <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> contains the earliest distillation of prehistoric belief in angels.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spentas" class="mw-redirect" title="Amesha Spentas">Amesha Spentas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>: Aməša Spəṇta, meaning "beneficent immortals")<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Zoroastrianism are likened to archangels. They individually inhabit immortal bodies that operate in the physical world to protect, guide, and inspire humanity and the spirit world. The <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> explains the origin and nature of archangels or Amesha Spentas.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To maintain equilibrium, Ahura Mazda engaged in the first act of creation, distinguishing his Holy Spirit Spenta Mainyu, the Archangel of righteousness. Ahura Mazda also distinguished from himself six more Amesha Spentas, who, along with Spenta Mainyu, aided in the creation of the physical universe. Then he oversaw the development of sixteen lands, each imbued with a unique cultural catalyst calculated to encourage the formation of distinct human populations. The Amesha Spentas were charged with protecting these holy lands and through their emanation, also believed to align each respective population in service to God.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Amesha Spentas as attributes of God are: </p> <ol><li>Spenta Mainyu (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Pahlavi</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spenamino): lit. "Bountiful Spirit"</li> <li>Asha Vahishta (Phl. Ardwahisht): lit. "Highest Truth"</li> <li>Vohu Mano (Phl. Vohuman): lit. "Righteous Mind"</li> <li>Khshathra Vairya (Phl. Shahrewar): lit. "Desirable Dominion"</li> <li>Spenta Armaiti (Phl. Spandarmad): lit. "Holy Devotion"</li> <li>Haurvatat (Phl. Hordad): lit. "Perfection or Health"</li> <li>Ameretat (Phl. Amurdad): lit. "Immortality"</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg/220px-Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg/330px-Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg/440px-Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> Wrestling with the Angel</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>, 1885</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> uses the term מלאכי אלהים (<i>malakhey Elohim</i>; Angels of God),<sup id="cite_ref-chabad_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hebrew word for angel is "malakh", which means messenger, for the angels מלאכי יי (<i>malakhey Adonai</i>; Angels of the Lord) are God's messengers to perform various missions - e.g. 'angel of death';<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> בני אלהים (<i>b'nei elohim</i>; sons of God) and הקדושים (<i>ha-q'doshim</i>; the holy ones) to refer to beings traditionally interpreted as <i>angelic messengers</i>. Other terms are used in later texts, such as העליונים (ha-elyonim, <i>the upper ones</i>, or <i>the supreme ones</i>). References to angels are uncommon in Jewish literature except in later works such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>, though they are mentioned briefly in the stories of <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> (who according to one interpretation wrestled with an angel) and <a href="/wiki/Lot_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot (Bible)">Lot</a> (who was warned by angels of the impending destruction of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>). <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> is the first biblical figure to refer to individual angels by name.<sup id="cite_ref-jpmmbk_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpmmbk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is therefore widely speculated that Jewish interest in angels developed during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Lakish" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon ben Lakish">Simeon ben Lakish</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> (230–270 A.D.), specific names for the angels were brought back by the Jews from <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. </p><p>There are no explicit references to archangels in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a> texts of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">post-Biblical Judaism</a>, certain angels came to take on a particular significance and developed unique personalities and roles. Though these archangels were believed to have ranked amongst the <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">heavenly host</a>, no systematic hierarchy ever developed. <a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a> is considered one of the highest of the angels in <a href="/wiki/Merkabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkabah">Merkavah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalist</a> mysticism and often serves as a scribe. He is briefly mentioned in the Talmud,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and figures prominently in Merkavah mystical texts. Michael, who serves as a warrior and advocate for Israel,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is looked upon particularly fondly. Gabriel is mentioned in the Book of Daniel<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and briefly in the Talmud,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as many Merkavah mystical texts. The earliest references to archangels are in the literature of the intertestamental periods (e.g., 4 <a href="/wiki/Esdras" title="Esdras">Esdras</a> 4:36). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> there are traditionally twelve archangels, who are each assigned to a certain <a href="/wiki/Sephirot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephirot">sephira</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shubael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shubael">Shubael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raziel" title="Raziel">Raziel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassiel" title="Cassiel">Cassiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a> & <a href="/wiki/Haniel" title="Haniel">Haniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a>. There are also a variety of other archangels who share similar associations spanning throughout this tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 20 of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> mentions seven holy angels who watch, that often are considered the seven archangels: Michael, Raphael, Gabriel, <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Sariel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Remiel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a> lists the archangels as well: Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, Raphael and <a href="/wiki/Jehoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehoel">Joel</a>. Medieval <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish philosopher">Jewish philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_angelic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish angelic hierarchy">Jewish angelic hierarchy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> makes over a hundred references to <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, but uses the word "archangel" only twice, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%204:16&version=nrsv">1 Thessalonians 4:16</a> ("For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trumpet of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first", <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">KJV</a>) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jude%201:9&version=nrsv">Jude 1:9</a> ("Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, The Lord rebuke thee", KJV). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic">Catholic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Catholic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Catholicism, three are mentioned by name: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> <p>These three are commemorated together liturgically on <a href="/wiki/September_29#Holidays_and_observances" title="September 29">September 29</a>. Each formerly had his own feast. </p><p>The latter of these identifies himself in Tobit 12:15<sup>(NAB)</sup> thus: "I am Raphael, one of the seven angels who stand and serve before the Glory of the Lord." </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Book_of_Esdras" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Book of Esdras">Fourth Book of Esdras</a>, which mentions the angel <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a> (and also the "archangel" <a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jeremiel</a>), was popular in the West and was frequently quoted by Church Fathers, especially <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, but was never considered part of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">biblical canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-souvay_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-souvay-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catholic Church gives no official recognition to the names given in some apocryphal sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Saraqael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramiel_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramiel (angel)">Remiel</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>) or Izidkiel, Hanael, and Kepharel (in other such sources).<sup id="cite_ref-driscoll_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-driscoll-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcangeli-tosini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arcangeli-tosini.jpg/220px-Arcangeli-tosini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arcangeli-tosini.jpg/330px-Arcangeli-tosini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arcangeli-tosini.jpg/440px-Arcangeli-tosini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="2990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michele_Tosini" title="Michele Tosini">Michele Tosini</a>, Archangels Raphael, Michael and Gabriel, showing their attributes in Catholic art</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1851 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> approved the <a href="/wiki/Chaplet_of_Saint_Michael" title="Chaplet of Saint Michael">Chaplet of Saint Michael</a>, based on the 1751 apparition of the <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Michael">Archangel Michael</a> experienced by the Carmelite nun Antonia d'Astonac, which includes prayers with specific invocations to the Archangels and each of the nine Choirs of Angels.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the three major archangels in the Catholic hierarchy of angels, all normally with large wings, <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Michael">Archangel Michael</a> is easy to recognize, in armour with a weapon (sword or spear), often standing on a winged man or a dragon representing Satan, and he may carry a pair of scales to represent his role in the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> carries a stem of lilies, traditionally part of the <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, his most significant work as the messenger of God.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Raphael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Raphael">Archangel Raphael</a> derives from the story from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tobias_and_the_Angel" title="Tobias and the Angel">Tobias and the Angel</a>. Especially in the Renaissance, Tobias, his dog and the fish he carries may all appear, otherwise Raphael holds a walker's staff, may wear sandals, and may carry a small container (for the healing organs from the giant fish Tobias caught).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archangels.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Archangels.JPG/220px-Archangels.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Archangels.JPG/330px-Archangels.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Archangels.JPG/440px-Archangels.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption><i>Angelic Council</i>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of the seven archangels, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Jegudiel" title="Jegudiel">Jegudiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selaphiel" title="Selaphiel">Selaphiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphael (angel)">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barachiel" title="Barachiel">Barachiel</a>. Beneath the <a href="/wiki/Mandorla" title="Mandorla">mandorla</a> of Christ-<a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel (God is with us)</a> are representations of <a href="/wiki/Cherubim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubim">Cherubim</a> (blue) and <a href="/wiki/Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraphim">Seraphim</a> (red).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Tradition">Tradition</a> mentions "thousands of archangels".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only <a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a> are venerated by name.<sup id="cite_ref-ParryMellingBradyGriffith2000_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParryMellingBradyGriffith2000-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three are the same as mentioned in Catholicism; namely Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael. Uriel is included. The other three or four are most often named <a href="/wiki/Selaphiel" title="Selaphiel">Selaphiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jegudiel" title="Jegudiel">Jegudiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barachiel" title="Barachiel">Barachiel</a> and (sometimes) <a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jeremiel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohrid_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohrid-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orthodox Church celebrates the <a href="/wiki/Synaxis" title="Synaxis">Synaxis</a> of the Archangel Michael and the Other <a href="/wiki/Bodiless_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodiless Powers">Bodiless Powers</a> on <a href="/wiki/November_8_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)" title="November 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)">November 8</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar</a> (for those churches which follow the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a>, November 8 falls on November 21 of the modern <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Calendar">Gregorian Calendar</a>). Other <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast days</a> of the Archangels include the Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel on March 26 (April 8) and July 13 (July 26), and the <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a> of the Archangel Michael at <a href="/wiki/Colossae" title="Colossae">Colossae</a> on September 6 (September 19). In addition, every Monday throughout the year is dedicated to the Angels, with special mention being made in the church hymns of Michael and Gabriel. In Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, each angel has a symbolic representation:<sup id="cite_ref-Ohrid_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohrid-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></i> in the Hebrew language means "Who is like God?" or "Who is equal to God?" Michael has been depicted from earliest Christian times as a commander, who holds in his right hand a spear with which he attacks <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer/Satan</a>, and in his left hand a green palm branch. At the top of the spear, there is a linen ribbon with a red cross. The Archangel Michael is especially considered to be the Guardian of the Orthodox Faith and a fighter against heresies.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></i> in Hebrew means "God is my strength" or "Might of God". He is the herald of the mysteries of God, especially the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation of God</a> and all other mysteries related to it. He is depicted as follows: In his right hand, he holds a lantern with a lighted taper inside, and in his left hand, a mirror of green <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</a>. The mirror signifies the wisdom of God as a hidden mystery.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></i> is a Hebrew name which means "It is God who heals" or "God Heals".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raphael is depicted leading <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobias_and_the_angel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobias and the angel (page does not exist)">Tobias</a> (who is carrying a fish caught in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>) with his right hand and holding a physician's <a href="/wiki/Alabaster_jar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabaster jar">alabaster jar</a> in his left hand.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></i> in the Hebrew language means "God is my light", or "Light of God" (II Esdras 4:1, 5:20). He is depicted holding a sword in his right hand, and a flame in his left.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sealtiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealtiel">Sealtiel</a></i> means "Intercessor of God". He is depicted with his face and eyes lowered, holding his hands on his bosom in prayer.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jegudiel" title="Jegudiel">Jegudiel</a></i> means "Glorifier of God". He is depicted bearing a golden wreath in his right hand and a triple-thonged whip in his left hand.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barachiel" title="Barachiel">Barachiel</a></i> means "Blessed by God". He is depicted holding a white rose in his hand against his breast.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></i> means "God's exaltation". He is venerated as an inspirer and awakener of exalted thoughts that raise a person toward God (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Esdras%204:36&version=nrsvae">2 Esdras 4:36</a>). As an <i>eighth</i>, he is sometimes included as an archangel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coptic_Orthodox">Coptic Orthodox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coptic Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_Icon_of_the_Archangel_Michael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coptic_Icon_of_the_Archangel_Michael.jpg/170px-Coptic_Icon_of_the_Archangel_Michael.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coptic_Icon_of_the_Archangel_Michael.jpg/255px-Coptic_Icon_of_the_Archangel_Michael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coptic_Icon_of_the_Archangel_Michael.jpg/340px-Coptic_Icon_of_the_Archangel_Michael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic icon</a> of the Archangel Michael. Among all the archangels, the Copts pay special attention to St Michael.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to Michael, Gabriel and Raphael, the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> recognises four more archangels by name:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Suriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Suriel">Suriel</a></i> means "Prince of God"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Sadakiel</a></i> means "Grace of God"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></i> (Unknown)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ananiel" title="Ananiel">Ananiel</a></i> means "Rain of God"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopian_Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethiopian Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colecci%C3%B3n_Miguel_Gall%C3%A9s_Icono_et%C3%ADope_soporte_pergamino_XX_(25x20)_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Colecci%C3%B3n_Miguel_Gall%C3%A9s_Icono_et%C3%ADope_soporte_pergamino_XX_%2825x20%29_%282%29.JPG/170px-Colecci%C3%B3n_Miguel_Gall%C3%A9s_Icono_et%C3%ADope_soporte_pergamino_XX_%2825x20%29_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Colecci%C3%B3n_Miguel_Gall%C3%A9s_Icono_et%C3%ADope_soporte_pergamino_XX_%2825x20%29_%282%29.JPG/255px-Colecci%C3%B3n_Miguel_Gall%C3%A9s_Icono_et%C3%ADope_soporte_pergamino_XX_%2825x20%29_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Colecci%C3%B3n_Miguel_Gall%C3%A9s_Icono_et%C3%ADope_soporte_pergamino_XX_%2825x20%29_%282%29.JPG/340px-Colecci%C3%B3n_Miguel_Gall%C3%A9s_Icono_et%C3%ADope_soporte_pergamino_XX_%2825x20%29_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian icon</a> of an angel, possibly St Michael</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> venerates the four archangels Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Uriel, as well as:<sup id="cite_ref-Theology_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theology-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Devotions_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devotions-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_(angel)" title="Phanuel (angel)">Phanuel</a></i>, meaning "Face of God"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel</a></i>, meaning "Friend of God"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramiel" title="Ramiel">Remiel</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Devotions_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devotions-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "Thunder of God"</li></ul> <p>In the canon of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Saraqael" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraqael">Saraqael</a> as one of the angels who watch over "the spirits that sin in the spirit" (Enoch 20:7–8). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant">Protestant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Protestant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant Bible</a> provides names for two angels, "Michael the archangel" (Jude 1:9), the angel Gabriel, who is called "the man Gabriel" in Daniel 9:21, which are considered part of the standard New Testament canon and Old Testament canon respectively. It omits <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>, who is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> 12:15, which falls in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> section of the Catholic Bible, and it omits <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a> (<a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> 4:1 and 2 Esdras 5:20) and <a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a> (2 Esdras 4:36), which are contained in <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a>, neither are included in the Protestant Bible. Among Protestant communities, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> traditions recognize three to five angels as archangels: <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael the Archangel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel the Archangel</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael the Archangel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel the Archangel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel the Archangel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Armentrout2000_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armentrout2000-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blersch2019_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blersch2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trinity2023_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trinity2023-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> only recognise Michael, Gabriel, and sometimes Raphael (not Uriel or Jerahmeel, because Esdras books are not included in the Lutheran apocrypha). Statuary of these angels can be found in Lutheran churches,<sup id="cite_ref-Trinity2023_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trinity2023-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a depiction of seven archangels in stained-glass windows can be found in some Anglican churches. In this case, in addition to the aforementioned angels, <a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Chamuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a> are variously depicted. They are commemorated on 29 September, “<a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a>”, in the church kalendar of the Lutheran and Anglican churches (cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Calendar of saints (Lutheran)</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Anglican)">Calendar of saints (Anglican)</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blersch2019_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blersch2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the view of the Baptist evangelist <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>, Sacred Scripture explicitly described one being as an archangel—Michael—in Jude 1:9.<sup id="cite_ref-Billy_Graham_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billy_Graham-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</a> hold that the titles "Michael" and "archangel" are references to Jesus. In the Adventist view, they only signify his role as chief of angels and make no reference to his divine nature. Adventists credit nonconformist minister <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry" title="Matthew Henry">Matthew Henry</a> as supporting this view.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_Archangels_(St_Michael%27s,_Brighton).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seven archangels depicted in the stained-glass window at St Michael's Church, Brighton; from left: Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, Chamuel (Camael), Raphael, Jophiel, and Zadkiel"><img alt="Seven archangels depicted in the stained-glass window at St Michael's Church, Brighton; from left: Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, Chamuel (Camael), Raphael, Jophiel, and Zadkiel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Seven_Archangels_%28St_Michael%27s%2C_Brighton%29.jpg/300px-Seven_Archangels_%28St_Michael%27s%2C_Brighton%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Seven_Archangels_%28St_Michael%27s%2C_Brighton%29.jpg/450px-Seven_Archangels_%28St_Michael%27s%2C_Brighton%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Seven_Archangels_%28St_Michael%27s%2C_Brighton%29.jpg/600px-Seven_Archangels_%28St_Michael%27s%2C_Brighton%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6880" data-file-height="2330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seven archangels depicted in the stained-glass window at <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Brighton" title="St Michael's Church, Brighton">St Michael's Church, Brighton</a>; from left: <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Chamuel</a> (Camael), <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Annunciation,_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art,_W1899-1-1-pma,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Annunciation by Henry Ossawa Tanner"><img alt="The Annunciation by Henry Ossawa Tanner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Annunciation%2C_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%2C_W1899-1-1-pma%2C_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg/249px-The_Annunciation%2C_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%2C_W1899-1-1-pma%2C_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Annunciation%2C_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%2C_W1899-1-1-pma%2C_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg/374px-The_Annunciation%2C_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%2C_W1899-1-1-pma%2C_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Annunciation%2C_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%2C_W1899-1-1-pma%2C_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg/499px-The_Annunciation%2C_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%2C_W1899-1-1-pma%2C_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Annunciation_(Tanner)" title="The Annunciation (Tanner)">The Annunciation</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ossawa_Tanner" title="Henry Ossawa Tanner">Henry Ossawa Tanner</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archangel_Jeremiel,_St_Michael_and_All_Angels,_Hughenden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Archangel Jeremiel holding a book, depicted in a stained-glass window at St Michael and All Angels Church, Hughenden"><img alt="The Archangel Jeremiel holding a book, depicted in a stained-glass window at St Michael and All Angels Church, Hughenden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archangel_Jeremiel%2C_St_Michael_and_All_Angels%2C_Hughenden.jpg/84px-Archangel_Jeremiel%2C_St_Michael_and_All_Angels%2C_Hughenden.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archangel_Jeremiel%2C_St_Michael_and_All_Angels%2C_Hughenden.jpg/127px-Archangel_Jeremiel%2C_St_Michael_and_All_Angels%2C_Hughenden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Archangel_Jeremiel%2C_St_Michael_and_All_Angels%2C_Hughenden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Archangel Jeremiel</a> holding a book, depicted in a stained-glass window at <a href="/wiki/St_Michael_and_All_Angels_Church,_Hughenden" title="St Michael and All Angels Church, Hughenden">St Michael and All Angels Church, Hughenden</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restorationist">Restorationist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Restorationist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, citing a reference to "the voice of the archangel" at <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a> 4:16, also believe that "Michael" is another name for <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in heaven. They believe Jesus is an archangel in the true sense of the word—the supreme leader of angels.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) interprets the term "archangel" as meaning "Chief Angel",<sup id="cite_ref-gts_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gts-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael is the only individual so designated in the <a href="/wiki/Standard_works" title="Standard works">Latter Day Saints canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that he is the head of all of the angels.<sup id="cite_ref-gts_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gts-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LDS Church doctrine also states that the archangel <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> was the first man, <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though no other being is identified as an "archangel", <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> taught that the angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> was known in mortality as <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the angel <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a> is a being of significant standing, even though he has never been identified with any mortal prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Islamic view of angels</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the mentioned archangels<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Karubiyin</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Islamic exegetical traditions are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> (Jibrāʾīl or Jibrīl in Arabic). Gabriel is said to be the archangel responsible for transmitting God's revelations to all prophets, including revealing the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> to Muhammad and inducing him to recite it. Various <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> (traditions) mention his role in delivering messages from "God the Almighty" to the prophets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> (Mīkāʾīl or Mīkāl in Arabic). Michael is often depicted as the archangel of mercy who is responsible for bringing rain and thunder to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a> (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or Rafāʾīl in Arabic). The name is not mentioned in the Quran. Considered in Islam by some to be the angel of the trumpet responsible for signalling the coming of Judgment Day.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a> (ʿAzrāʾīl in Arabic, also called Malak al-Mawt, literally “angel of death”). Taking the soul of the dead to heaven or hell in the intermediary realm (<i><a href="/wiki/Barzakh" title="Barzakh">Barzakh</a></i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> codex <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_the_World" title="On the Origin of the World">On the Origin of the World</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">aeon</a> named <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia</a> sends seven archangels from her light to save the <a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon</a> Sabaoth, the son of <a href="/wiki/Demiurge#Yaldabaoth" title="Demiurge">Yaldabaoth</a>, after the authorities of <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos</a> make war in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Heavens" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Heavens">Seven Heavens</a>. He is then placed in a divine kingdom above the twelve gods of Chaos and becomes the consort of Zoe (the primordial <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a>), who gives him knowledge of the eighth heaven, while the seven archangels stand before them.<sup id="cite_ref-:Barnstone,_Meyer_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Barnstone,_Meyer-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Jesus_Christ" title="Sophia of Jesus Christ">Sophia of Jesus Christ</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Eugnostos" title="Epistle of Eugnostos">Eugnostos the Blessed</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kadmon#Gnosticism" title="Adam Kadmon">primordial Adam</a> creates myriads of <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">gods</a> and archangels without number.<sup id="cite_ref-:Robinson_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Robinson-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occultism">Occultism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Occultism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occultists</a> sometimes associate archangels in Kabbalistic fashion with various seasons or elements, or even colours. In some Kabbalah-based systems of <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magic</a>, the main four (Gabriel, Michael, Raphael and Uriel) are invoked to guard the four quarters (directions) and their corresponding colours are associated with magical properties.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_ritual_of_the_pentagram" title="Lesser ritual of the pentagram">lesser ritual of the pentagram</a>, the invocation includes: "Before me Raphael; Behind me Gabriel; On my right hand Michael; On my left hand Uriel."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">Angels in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdemon" title="Archdemon">Archdemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Elohim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bene Elohim">Bene Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympian_spirits" title="Olympian spirits">Olympian spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">Saint Michael in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopo_Archangels" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopo Archangels">Sopo Archangels</a>, Colombian Baroque paintings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazata</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a> is considered to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> in the Catholic, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, and Persian Churches; in the Catholic Church, it is deemed one of the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a>. In traditional Protestantism, such as the Lutheran Churches, Anglican Churches and Anabaptist Churches, the Book of Tobit is an intertestamental book, being a part of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FUP1970_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUP1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wesner_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesner-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> is considered to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> canon in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, while in traditional Protestantism, such as the Lutheran Churches, Anglican Churches and Anabaptist Churches, 2 Esdras is an intertestamental book, being a part of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChase2002" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Steven (2002). <i>Angelic spirituality</i>. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3948-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3948-4"><bdi>978-0-8091-3948-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angelic+spirituality&rft.pages=264&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3948-4&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInerny1998" class="citation book cs1">McInerny, Ralph M. (1998). <i>Selected writings of Thomas Aquinas</i>. p. 841. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043632-7"><bdi>978-0-14-043632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+writings+of+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.pages=841&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-14-043632-7&rft.aulast=McInerny&rft.aufirst=Ralph+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPseudo-Dionysius1987" class="citation book cs1">Pseudo-Dionysius, the Areopagite (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15282383"><i>Pseudo-Dionysius : the complete works</i></a>. Colm Luibhéid, Paul Rorem. New York: Paulist Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">161–</span>173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-0383-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-0383-4"><bdi>0-8091-0383-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15282383">15282383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudo-Dionysius+%3A+the+complete+works&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15282383&rft.isbn=0-8091-0383-4&rft.aulast=Pseudo-Dionysius&rft.aufirst=the+Areopagite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F15282383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA493"><i>The Methodist New Connexion Magazine and Evangelical Repository, Volume XXXV., Third Series</i></a>. London: William Cooke. 1867. p. 493.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Methodist+New+Connexion+Magazine+and+Evangelical+Repository%2C+Volume+XXXV.%2C+Third+Series&rft.place=London&rft.pages=493&rft.pub=William+Cooke&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Q8EAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/8269.htm">"Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 8269. sar"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew+Concordance+-+8269.+sar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fhebrew%2F8269.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Daniel.10.13?ven=The_Holy_Scriptures:_A_New_Translation_(JPS_1917)&lang=bi">"Daniel 10:13"</a>. <i>Sefaria</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Daniel+10%3A13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FDaniel.10.13%3Fven%3DThe_Holy_Scriptures%3A_A_New_Translation_%28JPS_1917%29%26lang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/interlinear/daniel/10-13.htm">"Daniel 10:13, Westminster Leningrad Codex, Hebrew Text Analysis"</a>. <i>Bible Hub</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Hub&rft.atitle=Daniel+10%3A13%2C+Westminster+Leningrad+Codex%2C+Hebrew+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Finterlinear%2Fdaniel%2F10-13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Daniel.12?ven=The_Holy_Scriptures:_A_New_Translation_(JPS_1917)&lang=bi">"Daniel 12:1"</a>. <i>Sefaria</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Daniel+12%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FDaniel.12%3Fven%3DThe_Holy_Scriptures%3A_A_New_Translation_%28JPS_1917%29%26lang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/daniel/12-1.htm">"Daniel 12:1, Westminster Leningrad Codex, Hebrew Text Analysis"</a>. <i>Bible Hub</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Hub&rft.atitle=Daniel+12%3A1%2C+Westminster+Leningrad+Codex%2C+Hebrew+Text+Analysis.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fdaniel%2F12-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FUP1970-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FUP1970_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Quaker Life, Volume 11</i>. Friends United Press. 1970. p. 141. <q>Even though they were not placed on the same level as the canonical books, still they were useful for instruction ... These– and others that total fourteen or fifteen altogether- are the books known as the Apocrypha.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaker+Life%2C+Volume+11&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Friends+United+Press&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesner-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wesner_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesner2015" class="citation web cs1">Wesner, Erik J. (8 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amishamerica.com/bible/#apocrypha">"The Bible"</a>. Amish America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bible&rft.pub=Amish+America&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.aulast=Wesner&rft.aufirst=Erik+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famishamerica.com%2Fbible%2F%23apocrypha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blersch2019-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blersch2019_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blersch2019_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blersch2019_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blersch2019_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlersch2019" class="citation web cs1">Blersch, Jeffrey (21 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201093647/https://www.pacifichillslutheran.org/news/st-michael-and-all-angels.html">"St. Michael and All Angels"</a>. Pacific Hills Lutheran Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacifichillslutheran.org/news/st-michael-and-all-angels.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Michael+and+All+Angels&rft.pub=Pacific+Hills+Lutheran+Church&rft.date=2019-09-21&rft.aulast=Blersch&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacifichillslutheran.org%2Fnews%2Fst-michael-and-all-angels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParryMellingBradyGriffith2000-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ParryMellingBradyGriffith2000_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParryMellingBradyGriffith2000_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryMellingBradyGriffith2000" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F. (8 November 2000). <i>The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18966-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18966-4"><bdi>978-0-631-18966-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000-11-08&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18966-4&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Melling%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Brady%2C+Dimitri&rft.au=Griffith%2C+Sidney+H.&rft.au=Healey%2C+John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qbible.com/enoch/20.html">"First Enoch - Chapter XX / Chapter 20 - Book of 1 Enoch, Parallel 1912 Charles & 1883 Laurence, Pseudepigrapha Online Parallel Bible Study"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Enoch+-+Chapter+XX+%2F+Chapter+20+-+Book+of+1+Enoch%2C+Parallel+1912+Charles+%26+1883+Laurence%2C+Pseudepigrapha+Online+Parallel+Bible+Study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqbible.com%2Fenoch%2F20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (1975). <i>A History of Zoroastrianism Volume One: The Early Period</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zoroastrianism+Volume+One%3A+The+Early+Period&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/20459/amesha-spenta">"Encyclopædia Britannica, "amesha spenta"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Brill. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004088474" title="Special:BookSources/9004088474"><bdi>9004088474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zend+Avesta+FARGARD+XXII&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zoroastrianism+Volume+One%3A+The+Early+Period&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9004088474&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fzor%2Fsbe04%2Fsbe0428.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/zglos.html">"Glossary and Standardized spelling of Zoroastrian terms"</a>. <i>avesta.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000303210840/http://www.avesta.org:80/zglos.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avesta.org&rft.atitle=Glossary+and+Standardized+spelling+of+Zoroastrian+terms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fzglos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chabad-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chabad_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson" class="citation web cs1">Davidson, Baruch S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/692875/jewish/What-Are-Angels.htm">"What Are Angels?"</a>. Chabad.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+Angels%3F&rft.pub=Chabad.org&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Baruch+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F692875%2Fjewish%2FWhat-Are-Angels.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5018-death-angel-of">DEATH, ANGEL OF</a> "the "destroying angel" ("mal'ak ha-mashḥit")" Jewish Encyclopedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpmmbk-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jpmmbk_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudwig_BlauKaufmann_Kohler1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ludwig Blau; Kaufmann Kohler (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1521-angelology">"ANGELOLOGY"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ANGELOLOGY&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Ludwig+Blau&rft.au=Kaufmann+Kohler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1521-angelology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Judaism.html">"Judaism: The Postexilic Period"</a>, <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanhedrin 38b and Avodah Zarah 3b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel#10:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Daniel">Daniel 10:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel#8:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Daniel">Daniel 8:15–17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Sanhedrin 95b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, Dr. Samuel J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/172341?lang=bi">"Above Sinai: Midrashim on the Conversations in Heaven"</a>. <i>Sefaria</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria.&rft.atitle=Above+Sinai%3A+Midrashim+on+the+Conversations+in+Heaven.&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Samuel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2Fsheets%2F172341%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metzger & Coogan (1993) <i>Oxford Companion to the Bible</i>, Oxford University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA54">p. 54</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743919" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743919">9780199743919</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-souvay-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-souvay_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05535a.htm">"Souvay, Charles. "Esdras." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 5 Aug. 2013"</a>. Newadvent.org. 1 May 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Souvay%2C+Charles.+%22Esdras.%22+The+Catholic+Encyclopedia.+Vol.+5.+New+York%3A+Robert+Appleton+Company%2C+1909.+5+Aug.+2013&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft.date=1909-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F05535a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-driscoll-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-driscoll_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12640b.htm">"Driscoll, James F. "St. Raphael." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 5 Aug. 2013"</a>. 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M. P. Lopes Da Silva, Domina Nostra Publishing, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._John_Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John Chrysostom">St. John Chrysostom</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holy-transfiguration.org/library_en/ang_heavhost.html">The World of The Angels</a> Holy Transfiguration Russian Orthodox Church, Baltimore MD</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ohrid-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ohrid_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ohrid_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelimirovic" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholai_Velimirovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholai Velimirovic">Velimirovic, Nicholai</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207012031/http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?month=November&day=8&Go.x=13&Go.y=15">"The Prologue from Ohrid: November 8"</a>. <i>Western American Diocese</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?month=November&day=8&Go.x=13&Go.y=15">the original</a> on 7 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+American+Diocese&rft.atitle=The+Prologue+from+Ohrid%3A+November+8&rft.aulast=Velimirovic&rft.aufirst=Nicholai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westsrbdio.org%2Fprolog%2Fmy.html%3Fmonth%3DNovember%26day%3D8%26Go.x%3D13%26Go.y%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Tobit/3?17">Tobit 3:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Tobit/12?15">12:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinardus2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Friedrich_August_Meinardus" title="Otto Friedrich August Meinardus">Meinardus, Otto F. A.</a> (3 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629060455/http://becomeorthodox.org/the-heavenly-host-in-the-coptic-tradition/">"The Heavenly Host in the Coptic Tradition"</a>. <i>becomeorthodox.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://becomeorthodox.org/the-heavenly-host-in-the-coptic-tradition/">the original</a> on 29 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=becomeorthodox.org&rft.atitle=The+Heavenly+Host+in+the+Coptic+Tradition&rft.date=2015-07-03&rft.aulast=Meinardus&rft.aufirst=Otto+F.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbecomeorthodox.org%2Fthe-heavenly-host-in-the-coptic-tradition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theology-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Theology_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dgmedhanealem.org/our-church/brief-history">"Theology: ANGELS"</a>. <i>dgmedhanealem.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>The notable seven Archangels are: St. Mikael, St. Gebriel, St. Rufael, St. Uriel, St. Ramuel, St. Phanuel, St. Raguel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dgmedhanealem.org&rft.atitle=Theology%3A+ANGELS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgmedhanealem.org%2Four-church%2Fbrief-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devotions-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Devotions_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devotions_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/english/Lent/devotion.html">"Devotions: The Invocation of Angels"</a>. <i>ethiopianorthodox.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>Devoutly are kept the feasts of all Angels including St. Michael, St. Gabriel and St. Raphael. […] Uriel, Regel, Remiel and Phanuel are other revered angels.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ethiopianorthodox.org&rft.atitle=Devotions%3A+The+Invocation+of+Angels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethiopianorthodox.org%2Fenglish%2FLent%2Fdevotion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armentrout2000-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armentrout2000_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmentrout2000" class="citation book cs1">Armentrout, Don S. (1 January 2000). <i>An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church</i>. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898697018" title="Special:BookSources/9780898697018"><bdi>9780898697018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Episcopal+Dictionary+of+the+Church&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=9780898697018&rft.aulast=Armentrout&rft.aufirst=Don+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trinity2023-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trinity2023_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trinity2023_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historictrinity.org/our-history/architecture/stone-carvings/">"Truss Carvings: Heroes of the Faith"</a>. Trinity Lutheran Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Truss+Carvings%3A+Heroes+of+the+Faith&rft.pub=Trinity+Lutheran+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historictrinity.org%2Four-history%2Farchitecture%2Fstone-carvings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw" class="citation web cs1">Kershaw, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.excitingholiness.org/first-edition/index.cgi?m09/d29.html">"Exciting Holiness: 29 September"</a>. Canterbury Press Norwich<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exciting+Holiness%3A+29+September&rft.pub=Canterbury+Press+Norwich&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.excitingholiness.org%2Ffirst-edition%2Findex.cgi%3Fm09%2Fd29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billy_Graham-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Billy_Graham_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham, Billy</a> (1995). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDUbiV92-mIC&q=archangel&pg=PT31">Angels</a></i>. Thomas Nelson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780849938719" title="Special:BookSources/9780849938719">9780849938719</a>. p. PT31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham (1995) p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDUbiV92-mIC&q=Gabriel+not+archangel&pg=PT32">PT32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/q08.htm">"Questions on Doctrine: Christ, and Michael and Archangel"</a>. SDAnet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+on+Doctrine%3A+Christ%2C+and+Michael+and+Archangel&rft.pub=SDAnet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdanet.org%2Fatissue%2Fbooks%2Fqod%2Fq08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005160"><i>What Does the Bible Really Teach?</i></a>. Watch Tower Society. pp. <span class="nowrap">218–</span>219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Does+the+Bible+Really+Teach%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1102005160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gts-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gts_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gts_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/archangel">"Archangel"</a>. <i>Guide to the Scriptures</i>. LDS Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guide+to+the+Scriptures&rft.atitle=Archangel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fgs%2Farchangel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jude#1:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jude">Jude 1:9</a> <i><a href="/wiki/LDS_edition_of_the_Bible" title="LDS edition of the Bible">KJV (LDS)</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Doctrine_and_Covenants/Section_128#20" class="extiw" title="s:The Doctrine and Covenants/Section 128">Doctrine and Covenants 128:20–21</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Petersen" title="Mark E. Petersen">Petersen, Mark E.</a> (November 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1980/11/adam-the-archangel">"Adam, the Archangel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=Adam%2C+the+Archangel&rft.date=1980-11&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fensign%2F1980%2F11%2Fadam-the-archangel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinner1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_C._Skinner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew C. Skinner (page does not exist)">Skinner, Andrew</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917041336/http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Noah">"Noah"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a></i>, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">1016–</span>1017, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0"><bdi>0-02-879602-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Noah">the original</a> on 17 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noah&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1016-%3C%2Fspan%3E1017&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=0-02-879602-0&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FNoah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Doctrine_and_Covenants/Section_128#21" class="extiw" title="s:The Doctrine and Covenants/Section 128">Doctrine and Covenants 128:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisOliver2008" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, James R.; Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=56B7fmmlt6QC&q=Mikhail+archangel+Michael&pg=PR18"><i>Angels A to Z</i></a>. Visible Ink Press. p. xviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578592579" title="Special:BookSources/9781578592579"><bdi>9781578592579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angels+A+to+Z&rft.pages=xviii&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781578592579&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Evelyn+Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D56B7fmmlt6QC%26q%3DMikhail%2Barchangel%2BMichael%26pg%3DPR18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Davidson" title="Gustav Davidson">Davidson, Gustav</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ed7yHWuTEewC"><i>A dictionary of angels: including the fallen angels</i></a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780029070505" title="Special:BookSources/9780029070505"><bdi>9780029070505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+angels%3A+including+the+fallen+angels&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780029070505&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEd7yHWuTEewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoegelWheeler2002" class="citation book cs1">Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aTXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810843059" title="Special:BookSources/9780810843059"><bdi>9780810843059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Prophets+in+Islam+and+Judaism&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780810843059&rft.aulast=Noegel&rft.aufirst=Scott+B.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Brannon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6aTXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaudefroy-Demombynes, M. (2013). Muslim Institutions. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=98">2:98</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/69?startingVerse=13">69:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Barnstone,_Meyer-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Barnstone,_Meyer_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_MeyerWillis_Barnstone2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Meyer" title="Marvin Meyer">Marvin Meyer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Willis_Barnstone" title="Willis Barnstone">Willis Barnstone</a> (30 June 2009). "On the Origin of the World". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1SEFmwEACAAJ"><i>The Gnostic Bible</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590306314" title="Special:BookSources/9781590306314"><bdi>9781590306314</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+the+World&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Bible&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.isbn=9781590306314&rft.au=Marvin+Meyer&rft.au=Willis+Barnstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1SEFmwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Robinson-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Robinson_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_M._Robinson1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Robinson" title="James M. Robinson">James M. Robinson</a> (1984). "Eugnostos the Blessed and The Sophia of Jesus Christ". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L9Y3AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Nag Hammadi Library in English</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004071857" title="Special:BookSources/9004071857"><bdi>9004071857</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eugnostos+the+Blessed+and+The+Sophia+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.btitle=The+Nag+Hammadi+Library+in+English&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9004071857&rft.au=James+M.+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL9Y3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paganspath.com/meta/angels4.htm">The Pagan's Path</a>, Metaphysics 101: The Archangels</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bos/bos026.htm">"On the Lesser Banishing Ritual of the Pentagram"</a> from <i>The Internet Book of Shadows</i> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-texts.com">Sacred-texts.com</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1984" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Mary (1984). <i>Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism</i>. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textual+Sources+for+the+Study+of+Zoroastrianism&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hall, James, <i>Hall's Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art</i>, 1996 (2nd edn.), John Murray, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719541476" title="Special:BookSources/0719541476">0719541476</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerCoogan1993" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D., eds. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i></a></span>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504645-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504645-5"><bdi>0-19-504645-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-504645-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195046458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchangel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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the Other Bodiless Powers</a>—Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synaxarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaxarion">synaxarion</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template talk:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions233" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">Angels in<br />Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Presence" title="Angel of the Presence">Angel of the Presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">Destroying Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiel" title="Cassiel">Cassiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisheth" title="Eisheth">Eisheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadraniel" title="Hadraniel">Hadraniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haniel" title="Haniel">Haniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Lailah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuriel" title="Nuriel">Nuriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziel" title="Raziel">Raziel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaphkiel" title="Zaphkiel">Tzaphqiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoel" title="Yahoel">Yahoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_creatures_(Bible)" title="Living creatures (Bible)">Chayot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashmal" title="Hashmal">Hashmallim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishim_(angel)" title="Ishim (angel)">Ishim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_angel" title="Recording angel">Recording angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angels in<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Sariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiel" title="Ramiel">Ramiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaphiel" title="Selaphiel">Selaphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barachiel" title="Barachiel">Barachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jegudiel" title="Jegudiel">Jegudiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Portugal" title="Angel of Portugal">Guardian Angel of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_(angel)" title="Phanuel (angel)">Phanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(angel)" title="Aker (angel)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabuthelon" title="Gabuthelon">Gabuthelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arphugitonos" title="Arphugitonos">Arphugitonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beburos" title="Beburos">Beburos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebuleon" title="Zebuleon">Zebuleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(angel)" title="Daniel (angel)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerubiel" title="Kerubiel">Kerubiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokabiel" title="Kokabiel">Kokabiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Leliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_(angel)" title="Muriel (angel)">Muriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahaliah" title="Pahaliah">Pahaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraphiel" title="Seraphiel">Seraphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Shamsiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazaqiel" title="Chazaqiel">Chazaqiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Throne_(angel)" title="Throne (angel)">Thrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(angel)" title="Dominion (angel)">Dominions</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Lordships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Powers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Principalities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Rulers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels in <br />Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Mikha'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Jibra'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azra'il</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">ar-Rūḥ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">ʿAzāzīl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiya%27il" title="Artiya'il">Artiya'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darda%27il" title="Darda'il">Darda'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalqa%27il" title="Kalqa'il">Kalqa'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futrus" title="Futrus">Futrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_(angel)" title="Habib (angel)">Ḥabīb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri%E1%B8%8Dwan" title="Riḍwan">Riḍwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Mu'qarrabun</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyah" title="Zabaniyah">Angels of Hell</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27aqqibat" title="Mu'aqqibat">Hafaza</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiraman_Katibin" title="Kiraman Katibin">Recording angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81zi%27%C4%81t_and_N%C4%81shi%E1%B9%AD%C4%81t" title="Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt">Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthras (angels) in <br />Mandaeism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan_and_Yadathan" title="Adathan and Yadathan">Adathan and Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil_and_Marfeil" title="Urfeil and Marfeil">Urfeil and Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tar and Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukabar" title="Yukabar">Yukabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Niṭufta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupna">Gupna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Heavenly host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_Ars_Paulina" title="List of angels in Ars Paulina">List of angels in Ars Paulina</a></li> <li>Ambiguous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalkydri" title="Chalkydri">Chalkydri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teraphim" title="Teraphim">Teraphim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_fiction" title="List of angels in fiction">List of angels in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_angels" title="List of films about angels">List of films about angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Angels_in_Christianity63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#00bfff"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_angelic_hierarchy" title="Template:Christian angelic hierarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_angelic_hierarchy" title="Template talk:Christian angelic hierarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_angelic_hierarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian angelic hierarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Angels_in_Christianity63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angels in Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00bfff;width:1%">First Sphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a> or <a href="/wiki/Throne_(angel)" title="Throne (angel)">Thrones</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/85px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/128px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/170px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3223" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00bfff;width:1%">Second Sphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominions_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominions (angel)">Dominions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtues_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues (angel)">Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powers_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powers (angel)">Powers or Authorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00bfff;width:1%">Third Sphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principalities_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principalities (angel)">Principalities or Rulers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178342#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata960" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178342#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata960" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178342#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/813025/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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