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.plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Single-molecule electronics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_scale_electronics" title="Molecular scale electronics">Molecular scale electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_logic_gate" title="Molecular logic gate">Molecular logic gate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Molecular wires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Solid-state nanoelectronics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocircuitry" title="Nanocircuitry">Nanocircuitry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanowire" title="Nanowire">Nanowires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanolithography" title="Nanolithography">Nanolithography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoelectromechanical_systems" title="Nanoelectromechanical systems">NEMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosensor" title="Nanosensor">Nanosensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multigate device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_semiconductor_scale_examples" title="List of semiconductor scale examples">List of semiconductor scale examples</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related approaches</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanoionics" title="Nanoionics">Nanoionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanophotonics" title="Nanophotonics">Nanophotonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomechanics" title="Nanomechanics">Nanomechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nanoelectronics" title="Template:Nanoelectronics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nanoelectronics" title="Template talk:Nanoelectronics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nanoelectronics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nanoelectronics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Molecular wires</b> (or sometimes called molecular nanowires) are molecular chains that conduct electric current. They are the proposed building blocks for molecular electronic devices. Their typical diameters are less than three nanometers, while their lengths may be macroscopic, extending to centimeters or more. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_wire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most types of molecular wires are derived from organic molecules. One naturally occurring molecular wire is <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Prominent inorganic examples include polymeric materials such as Li<sub>2</sub>Mo<sub>6</sub>Se<sub>6</sub><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mo<sub>6</sub>S<sub>9−x</sub>I<sub>x</sub>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [Pd<sub>4</sub>(CO)<sub>4</sub>(OAc)<sub>4</sub>Pd(acac)<sub>2</sub>],<sup id="cite_ref-r1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and single-molecule <a href="/wiki/Extended_metal_atom_chains" title="Extended metal atom chains">extended metal atom chains</a> (EMACs) which comprise strings of <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> atoms directly bonded to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecular wires containing paramagnetic inorganic moieties can exhibit <a href="/wiki/Kondo_effect" title="Kondo effect">Kondo peaks</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:636_single_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/636_single_side.jpg/250px-636_single_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/636_single_side.jpg/375px-636_single_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/636_single_side.jpg/500px-636_single_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>The structure of a Mo<sub>6</sub>S<sub>9−x</sub>I<sub>x</sub> molecular wire. Mo atoms are blue, iodine atoms are red and sulphur atoms are yellow.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conduction_of_electrons">Conduction of electrons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_wire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conduction of electrons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molecular wires conduct electricity. They typically have non-linear current-voltage characteristics, and do not behave as simple ohmic conductors. The conductance follows typical power law behavior as a function of temperature or electric field, whichever is the greater, arising from their strong one-dimensional character. Numerous theoretical ideas have been used in an attempt to understand the conductivity of one-dimensional systems, where strong interactions between electrons lead to departures from normal metallic (<a href="/wiki/Fermi_liquid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi liquid">Fermi liquid</a>) behavior. Important concepts are those introduced by <a href="/wiki/Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-Itiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luttinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Luttinger">Luttinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wigner">Wigner</a>. Effects caused by classical Coulomb repulsion (called <a href="/wiki/Coulomb_blockade" title="Coulomb blockade">Coulomb blockade</a>), interactions with vibrational degrees of freedom (called <a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">phonons</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_decoherence" title="Quantum decoherence">Quantum Decoherence</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have also been found to be important in determining the properties of molecular wires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_wire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methods have been developed for the synthesis of diverse types of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular wires">molecular wires</a> (e.g. organic molecular wires and inorganic molecular wires).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic principle is to assemble repeating modules. Organic molecular wires are usually synthesized via <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a>-mediated cross-coupling reactions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_molecular_wires">Organic molecular wires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_wire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organic molecular wires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organic molecular wires usually consist <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic rings">aromatic rings</a> connected by ethylene group or <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> groups. Transition metal-mediated cross-coupling reactions are used to connect simple building blocks together in a convergent fashion to build organic molecular wires. For example, a simple oligo (phenylene ethylnylene) type molecular wire (B) was synthesized starting from readily available 1-bromo-4-iodobenzene (A).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final product was obtained through several steps of <a href="/wiki/Sonogashira_coupling" title="Sonogashira coupling">Sonogashira coupling</a> reactions. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:21_fig._1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/21_fig._1.png" decoding="async" width="579" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="124" /></a><figcaption>Synthesis of a simple organic molecular wire.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other organic molecular wires include <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon nanotubes">carbon nanotubes</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Carbon nanotubes can be synthesized via various nano-technological approaches. DNA can be prepared by either step-wise <a href="/wiki/DNA_synthesis" title="DNA synthesis">DNA synthesis</a> on solid-phase or by DNA-polymerase-catalyzed replication inside cells. </p><p>It was recently shown that <a href="/wiki/Pyridine" title="Pyridine">pyridine</a> and pyridine-derived polymers can form electronically conductive polyazaacetylene chains under simple ultraviolet irradiation, and that the common observation of "browning" of aged pyridine samples is due in part to the formation of molecular wires. The gels exhibited a transition between <a href="/wiki/Ionic_conductivity_(solid_state)" title="Ionic conductivity (solid state)"> ionic conductivity</a> and electronic conductivity on irradiation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyridine_condensation_to_form_a_conducting_polymer_under_ultraviolet_irradiation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pyridine_condensation_to_form_a_conducting_polymer_under_ultraviolet_irradiation.png/400px-Pyridine_condensation_to_form_a_conducting_polymer_under_ultraviolet_irradiation.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pyridine_condensation_to_form_a_conducting_polymer_under_ultraviolet_irradiation.png/600px-Pyridine_condensation_to_form_a_conducting_polymer_under_ultraviolet_irradiation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pyridine_condensation_to_form_a_conducting_polymer_under_ultraviolet_irradiation.png/800px-Pyridine_condensation_to_form_a_conducting_polymer_under_ultraviolet_irradiation.png 2x" data-file-width="3081" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Formation of polyazaacetylenes from poly-(4-vinyl)pyridine under ultraviolet light</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_molecular_wires">Inorganic molecular wires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_wire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inorganic molecular wires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One class of inorganic molecular wires consist of subunits related to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chevrel_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chevrel cluster (page does not exist)">Chevrel clusters</a>. The synthesis of Mo<sub>6</sub>S<sub>9−x</sub>I<sub>x</sub> was performed in sealed and vacuumed quartz <a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">ampoule</a> at 1343 K. In Mo<sub>6</sub>S<sub>9−x</sub>I<sub>x</sub>, the repeat units are Mo<sub>6</sub>S<sub>9−x</sub>I<sub>x</sub> clusters, which are joined together by flexible sulfur or iodine bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chains can also be produced from metallo-organic precursors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HUXDEK.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HUXDEK.png/360px-HUXDEK.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HUXDEK.png/540px-HUXDEK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HUXDEK.png/720px-HUXDEK.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Illustrative of the <a href="/wiki/Coordination_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordination chemistry">coordination chemistry</a> approach to molecular wires are <a href="/wiki/Extended_metal_atom_chains" title="Extended metal atom chains">extended metal atom chains</a>, e.g. this Ni<sub>9</sub> complex.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nanowires_in_molecular_electronics">Nanowires in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_electronics" title="Molecular electronics">molecular electronics</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_wire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nanowires in molecular electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To be of use for connecting molecules, MWs need to self-assemble following well-defined routes and form reliable electrical contacts between them. To reproducibly self-assemble a complex circuit based on single molecules. Ideally, they would connect to diverse materials, such as gold metal surfaces (for connections to outside world), biomolecules (for nanosensors, nanoelectrodes, molecular switches) and most importantly, they must allow branching. The connectors should also be available of pre-determined diameter and length. They should also have covalent bonding to ensure reproducible transport and contact properties. </p><p>DNA-like molecules have specific molecular-scale recognition and can be used in molecular scaffold fabrication. Complex shapes have been demonstrated, but unfortunately metal coated DNA which is electrically conducting is too thick to connect to individual molecules. Thinner coated DNA lacks electronic connectivity and is unsuited for connecting molecular electronics components. </p><p>Some varieties of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a> (CNTs) are conducting, and connectivity at their ends can be achieved by attachment of connecting groups. Unfortunately manufacturing CNTs with pre-determined properties is impossible at present, and the functionalized ends are typically not conducting, limiting their usefulness as molecular connectors. Individual CNTs can be soldered in an electron microscope, but the contact is not covalent and cannot be self-assembled. </p><p>Possible routes for the construction of larger functional circuits using Mo<sub>6</sub>S<sub>9−x</sub>I<sub>x</sub> MWs have been demonstrated, either via gold nanoparticles as linkers, or by direct connection to thiolated molecules. The two approaches may lead to different possible applications. The use of GNPs offers the possibility of branching and construction of larger circuits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_research">Other research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_wire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molecular wires can be incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, enhancing their mechanical and/or conducting properties. The enhancement of these properties relies on uniform dispersion of the wires into the host polymer. MoSI wires have been made in such composites, relying on their superior solubility within the polymer host compared to other nanowires or nanotubes. Bundles of wires can be used to enhance tribological properties of polymers, with applications in actuators and potentiometers. It has been recently proposed that twisted nanowires could work as electromechanical nanodevices (or <a href="/wiki/Torsion_nanobalance" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsion nanobalance">torsion</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanobalance" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanobalance">nanobalances</a>) to measure forces and torques at nanoscale with great precision.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_wire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTarasconHullDisalvo1984" class="citation journal cs1">Tarascon, J.M.; Hull, G.W.; Disalvo, F.J. (1984). "A facile synthesis of pseudo one-monodimensional ternary molybdenum chalcogenides M2Mo6X6 (X = Se,Te; M = Li,Na..Cs)". <i>Mater. Res. 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