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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classical world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_and_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>17th and 18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 17th and 18th centuries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Porcelain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porcelain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Porcelain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porcelain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 19th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neoclassicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoclassicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Neoclassicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoclassicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_maximalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_maximalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>19th century maximalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_maximalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polychrome_brickwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polychrome_brickwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Polychrome brickwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polychrome_brickwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian_Revival_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian_Revival_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Romanian Revival style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian_Revival_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Before World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postmodernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postmodernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Postmodernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postmodernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polychromatic_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polychromatic_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Polychromatic light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polychromatic_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polychrome</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زخرفة متعددة الألوان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زخرفة متعددة الألوان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polixrom" title="Polixrom – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polixrom" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паліхромія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паліхромія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полихромия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полихромия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policromia" title="Policromia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Policromia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychromie" title="Polychromie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polychromie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykromi" title="Polykromi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polykromi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychromie" title="Polychromie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polychromie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCkroomia" title="Polükroomia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polükroomia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policrom%C3%ADa" title="Policromía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Policromía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikromio" title="Polikromio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polikromio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikromia" title="Polikromia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polikromia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychromie" title="Polychromie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polychromie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polacr%C3%B3matacht" title="Polacrómatacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Polacrómatacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policrom%C3%ADa" title="Policromía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Policromía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բազմագունություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բազմագունություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikrom" title="Polikrom – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polikrom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policromia" title="Policromia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Policromia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полихромия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Полихромия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikr%C3%B3mia" title="Polikrómia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polikrómia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychromie" title="Polychromie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polychromie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykromi" title="Polykromi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polykromi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polichromia" title="Polichromia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polichromia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policromia" title="Policromia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Policromia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policromie" title="Policromie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Policromie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полихромия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полихромия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Полихромија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полихромија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polihromija" title="Polihromija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Polihromija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykrom" title="Polykrom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polykrom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Поліхромія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поліхромія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the character from the Oz book series, see <a href="/wiki/Polychrome_(Oz)" title="Polychrome (Oz)">Polychrome (Oz)</a>. For the character from Nocturnals comic book, see <a href="/wiki/Polychrome_(Nocturnals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychrome (Nocturnals)">Polychrome (Nocturnals)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Polychrome" title="Special:EditPage/Polychrome">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Polychrome%22">"Polychrome"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Polychrome%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Polychrome%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Polychrome%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Polychrome%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Polychrome%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg/220px-Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg/330px-Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg/440px-Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1237" /></a><figcaption>1883 reconstruction of color scheme of the <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Doric_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric temple">Doric temple</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Polychrome</b> is the "practice of decorating architectural elements, sculpture, etc., in a variety of colors."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is used to refer to certain <a href="/wiki/Styles_of_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Styles of architecture">styles of architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, or sculpture in multiple colors. </p><p>When looking at artworks and architecture from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="European Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a>, people tend to believe that they were monochrome. In reality, the pre-Renaissance past was full of colour, and all the Greco-Roman sculptures and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> cathedrals, that are now white, beige, or grey, were initially painted in bright colours. As <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a> stated: "Athens was never white but her statues, bereft of color, have conditioned the artistic sensibilities of Europe [...] the whole past has reached us colorless."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polychrome was and is a practice not limited only to the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. Non-Western artworks, like <a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a> temples, <a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Oceanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Uli_figure" title="Uli figure">Uli figures</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Maya_ceramics" title="Maya ceramics">Maya ceramic vases</a>, were also decorated with colours. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarly to the ancient art of other regions, Ancient Near Eastern art was polychrome, bright colours being often present. Many sculptures no longer have their original colouring today, but there are still examples that keep it. One of the best is the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a>, the eighth gate to the inner city of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> (in the area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babil_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil Governorate">Babil Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>). It was constructed in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 575 BC</span> by the order of King <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> on the north side of the city. It was part of a grand walled processional way leading into the city. Its colours are as rich as they were back in the day because the walls were made of glazed brick. </p><p>Many Ancient Near Eastern sculptures were painted too. Although they are grey today, all the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_sculpture" title="Assyrian sculpture">Assyrian reliefs</a> that decorated royal palaces were painted in highly saturated colours. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glazed_Tile.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Assyrian tile with a guilloche border from the North-West Palace at Nimrud (now in modern Iraq), 883–859 BC, glazed earthenware, British Museum, London[3]"><img alt="Assyrian tile with a guilloche border from the North-West Palace at Nimrud (now in modern Iraq), 883–859 BC, glazed earthenware, British Museum, London[3]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Glazed_Tile.jpg/169px-Glazed_Tile.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Glazed_Tile.jpg/253px-Glazed_Tile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Glazed_Tile.jpg/337px-Glazed_Tile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> tile with a guilloche border from the North-West Palace at <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a> (now in modern Iraq), 883–859 BC, glazed earthenware, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate, c. 605 – c. 539 BC, glazed bricks, Pergamon Museum[4]"><img alt="Reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate, c. 605 – c. 539 BC, glazed bricks, Pergamon Museum[4]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg/316px-Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg/474px-Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg/631px-Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg 2x" data-file-width="9488" data-file-height="6768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_(architecture)" title="Reconstruction (architecture)">Reconstruction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 605</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 539 BC</span>, glazed bricks, <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry20176_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry20176-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_(BM_1849,0519.1-102).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstruction of a hall from an Assyrian palace, by Sir Austen Henry Layard, 1849"><img alt="Reconstruction of a hall from an Assyrian palace, by Sir Austen Henry Layard, 1849" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_%28BM_1849%2C0519.1-102%29.jpg/315px-The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_%28BM_1849%2C0519.1-102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_%28BM_1849%2C0519.1-102%29.jpg/474px-The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_%28BM_1849%2C0519.1-102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_%28BM_1849%2C0519.1-102%29.jpg/631px-The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_%28BM_1849%2C0519.1-102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstruction of a hall from an <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> palace, by Sir <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a>, 1849</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00091.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Assyrian patterns and motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome, by Albert Racinet [fr], 1888"><img alt="Assyrian patterns and motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome, by Albert Racinet [fr], 1888" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00091.jpg/150px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00091.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00091.jpg/225px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00091.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00091.jpg/300px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00091.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian art">Assyrian</a> patterns and motifs from <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Ornement_Polychrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Ornement Polychrome (page does not exist)">L'Ornement Polychrome</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Racinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Racinet (page does not exist)">Albert Racinet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Racinet" class="extiw" title="fr:Albert Racinet">fr</a>]</span>, 1888</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 407.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 405.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_panel_with_color_projected_on_it,_showing_how_it_looked_back_in_the_day,_in_the_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Assyrian panel with color projected on it, showing how it looked initially, in the Pergamon Museum. The color disappeared in many millennia and was damaged by the excessive cleaning of artifacts that took place in the 19th century"><img alt="Assyrian panel with color projected on it, showing how it looked initially, in the Pergamon Museum. The color disappeared in many millennia and was damaged by the excessive cleaning of artifacts that took place in the 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Assyrian_panel_with_color_projected_on_it%2C_showing_how_it_looked_back_in_the_day%2C_in_the_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/608px-Assyrian_panel_with_color_projected_on_it%2C_showing_how_it_looked_back_in_the_day%2C_in_the_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="406" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Assyrian_panel_with_color_projected_on_it%2C_showing_how_it_looked_back_in_the_day%2C_in_the_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/913px-Assyrian_panel_with_color_projected_on_it%2C_showing_how_it_looked_back_in_the_day%2C_in_the_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Assyrian_panel_with_color_projected_on_it%2C_showing_how_it_looked_back_in_the_day%2C_in_the_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/1215px-Assyrian_panel_with_color_projected_on_it%2C_showing_how_it_looked_back_in_the_day%2C_in_the_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4956" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Assyrian panel with color projected on it, showing how it looked initially, in the Pergamon Museum. The color disappeared in many millennia and was damaged by the excessive cleaning of artifacts that took place in the 19th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thanks to the dry climate of Egypt, the original colours of many ancient sculptures in round, reliefs, paintings, and various objects were well preserved. Some of the best preserved examples of ancient Egyptian architecture were the tombs, covered inside with sculpted reliefs painted in bright colours or just <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>. Egyptian artists primarily worked in black, red, yellow, brown, blue, and green pigments. These colours were derived from ground minerals, synthetic materials (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a>, Egyptian green, and frits used to make glass and ceramic glazes), and carbon-based blacks (soot and <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>). Most of the minerals were available from local supplies, like iron-oxide pigments (red ochre, yellow ochre, and umber); white derived from the calcium carbonate found in Egypt's extensive limestone hills; and blue and green from <a href="/wiki/Azurite" title="Azurite">azurite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a>. </p><p>Besides their decorative effect, colours were also used for their symbolic associations. Colours on sculptures, coffins, and architecture had both aesthetic and symbolic qualities. Ancient Egyptians saw black as the colour of the fertile alluvial soil, and so associated it with fertility and regeneration. Black was also associated with the afterlife, and was the colour of funerary deities like <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a>. White was the colour of purity, while green and blue were associated with vegetation and rejuvenation. Because of this, <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> was often shown with green skin, and the faces of coffins from the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">26th Dynasty</a> were often green. Red, orange, and yellow were associated with the sun. Red was also the colour of the deserts, and hence associated with <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a> and the forces of destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, during the 19th century, expeditions took place that had the purpose of cataloging the art and culture of ancient Egypt. <i><a href="/wiki/Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Description de l'Égypte">Description de l'Égypte</a></i> is a series of early 19th century publications full of illustrations of monuments and artifacts of Ancient Egypt. Most are black-and-white, but some are colourful, so they can show the polychromy from the past. In some cases, only a few traces of paint remained on the walls, pillars and sculptures, but the illustrators attempted successfully at showing the buildings' original state in their pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragmento_de_relieve_(31659315857).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of a temple relief, 2150–1991 BC, painted limestone, British Museum, London[8]"><img alt="Fragment of a temple relief, 2150–1991 BC, painted limestone, British Museum, London[8]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Fragmento_de_relieve_%2831659315857%29.jpg/250px-Fragmento_de_relieve_%2831659315857%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Fragmento_de_relieve_%2831659315857%29.jpg/330px-Fragmento_de_relieve_%2831659315857%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Fragmento_de_relieve_%2831659315857%29.jpg/500px-Fragmento_de_relieve_%2831659315857%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3962" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment of a temple <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>, 2150–1991 BC, painted limestone, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_Paddling_Boat_MET_DP354724.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model paddling boat, c. 1981 – c. 1975 BC, wood, paint, plaster, linen twine and linen fabric, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City"><img alt="Model paddling boat, c. 1981 – c. 1975 BC, wood, paint, plaster, linen twine and linen fabric, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Model_Paddling_Boat_MET_DP354724.jpg/357px-Model_Paddling_Boat_MET_DP354724.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Model_Paddling_Boat_MET_DP354724.jpg/537px-Model_Paddling_Boat_MET_DP354724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Model_Paddling_Boat_MET_DP354724.jpg/714px-Model_Paddling_Boat_MET_DP354724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3921" data-file-height="2471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model paddling boat, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1981</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1975 BC</span>, wood, paint, plaster, linen twine and linen fabric, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colossal_statue_of_Tutankhamun_Paris_2019_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colossal statue of Tutankhamun, c. 1355 – c. 1315 BC, painted quartzite, Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza, Egypt"><img alt="Colossal statue of Tutankhamun, c. 1355 – c. 1315 BC, painted quartzite, Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza, Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Colossal_statue_of_Tutankhamun_Paris_2019_A.jpg/136px-Colossal_statue_of_Tutankhamun_Paris_2019_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Colossal_statue_of_Tutankhamun_Paris_2019_A.jpg/204px-Colossal_statue_of_Tutankhamun_Paris_2019_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Colossal_statue_of_Tutankhamun_Paris_2019_A.jpg/271px-Colossal_statue_of_Tutankhamun_Paris_2019_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="3919" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colossal statue of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1355</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1315 BC</span>, painted quartzite, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>, Egypt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Nefertiti, c. 1352 – c. 1336 BC, polychrome limestone and plaster, Neues Museum, Berlin, Germany"><img alt="Bust of Nefertiti, c. 1352 – c. 1336 BC, polychrome limestone and plaster, Neues Museum, Berlin, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/250px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/330px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Nefertiti_Bust" title="Nefertiti Bust">Bust of Nefertiti</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1352</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1336 BC</span>, polychrome limestone and plaster, <a href="/wiki/Neues_Museum" title="Neues Museum">Neues Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 69.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 67.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_de_S%C3%A9thi_I_et_Hathor_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Egyptiennes_N_124.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief of Sethi I and Hathor, 13th century BC, limestone, Louvre"><img alt="Relief of Sethi I and Hathor, 13th century BC, limestone, Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Relief_de_S%C3%A9thi_I_et_Hathor_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Egyptiennes_N_124.jpg/120px-Relief_de_S%C3%A9thi_I_et_Hathor_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Egyptiennes_N_124.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Relief_de_S%C3%A9thi_I_et_Hathor_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Egyptiennes_N_124.jpg/250px-Relief_de_S%C3%A9thi_I_et_Hathor_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Egyptiennes_N_124.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="3423" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief of <a href="/wiki/Sethi_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sethi I">Sethi I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>, 13th century BC, limestone, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Composite_Papyrus_Capital_MET_10.177.2_EGDP018080.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Composite papyrus capital, c. 380 – c. 343 BC, polychrome sandstone, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Composite papyrus capital, c. 380 – c. 343 BC, polychrome sandstone, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Composite_Papyrus_Capital_MET_10.177.2_EGDP018080.jpg/288px-Composite_Papyrus_Capital_MET_10.177.2_EGDP018080.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Composite_Papyrus_Capital_MET_10.177.2_EGDP018080.jpg/433px-Composite_Papyrus_Capital_MET_10.177.2_EGDP018080.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Composite_Papyrus_Capital_MET_10.177.2_EGDP018080.jpg/576px-Composite_Papyrus_Capital_MET_10.177.2_EGDP018080.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Composite papyrus capital, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 380</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 343 BC</span>, polychrome sandstone, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frammento_del_sarcofago_di_Djedthotiuefankh_12S0898.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of the sarcophagus of Djedthothiuefankh, 332–305 BC, wood and colourful glass, Museo Egizio, Turin, Italy"><img alt="Fragment of the sarcophagus of Djedthothiuefankh, 332–305 BC, wood and colourful glass, Museo Egizio, Turin, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Frammento_del_sarcofago_di_Djedthotiuefankh_12S0898.tif/lossy-page1-132px-Frammento_del_sarcofago_di_Djedthotiuefankh_12S0898.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Frammento_del_sarcofago_di_Djedthotiuefankh_12S0898.tif/lossy-page1-198px-Frammento_del_sarcofago_di_Djedthotiuefankh_12S0898.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Frammento_del_sarcofago_di_Djedthotiuefankh_12S0898.tif/lossy-page1-264px-Frammento_del_sarcofago_di_Djedthotiuefankh_12S0898.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4155" data-file-height="7084" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment of the sarcophagus of Djedthothiuefankh, 332–305 BC, wood and colourful glass, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Egizio" title="Museo Egizio">Museo Egizio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuette_of_Anubis_MET_38.5_EGDP022863.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statuette of Anubis, 332–30 BC, plastered and painted wood, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Statuette of Anubis, 332–30 BC, plastered and painted wood, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Statuette_of_Anubis_MET_38.5_EGDP022863.jpg/150px-Statuette_of_Anubis_MET_38.5_EGDP022863.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Statuette_of_Anubis_MET_38.5_EGDP022863.jpg/225px-Statuette_of_Anubis_MET_38.5_EGDP022863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Statuette_of_Anubis_MET_38.5_EGDP022863.jpg/300px-Statuette_of_Anubis_MET_38.5_EGDP022863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statuette of <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a>, 332–30 BC, plastered and painted wood, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medinet_Habu_2016-03-23g.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winged sun on a cavetto at the Medinet Habu temple complex, Egypt, unknown architect, unknown date"><img alt="Winged sun on a cavetto at the Medinet Habu temple complex, Egypt, unknown architect, unknown date" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Medinet_Habu_2016-03-23g.jpg/338px-Medinet_Habu_2016-03-23g.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Medinet_Habu_2016-03-23g.jpg/507px-Medinet_Habu_2016-03-23g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Medinet_Habu_2016-03-23g.jpg/675px-Medinet_Habu_2016-03-23g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5142" data-file-height="3428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Winged sun on a <a href="/wiki/Cavetto" title="Cavetto">cavetto</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Medinet_Habu" title="Medinet Habu">Medinet Habu</a> temple complex, Egypt, unknown architect, unknown date</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A8bes._Memnonium_(Ramesseum)._Vue_perspective_l%27int%C3%A9rieur_colori%C3%A9e_du_temple_de_l%27ouest_(NYPL_b14212718-1267967).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Intact interior of the Ramesseum, Egypt, illustration from Description de l'Égypte, unknown illustrator, 1809"><img alt="Intact interior of the Ramesseum, Egypt, illustration from Description de l'Égypte, unknown illustrator, 1809" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Th%C3%A8bes._Memnonium_%28Ramesseum%29._Vue_perspective_l%27int%C3%A9rieur_colori%C3%A9e_du_temple_de_l%27ouest_%28NYPL_b14212718-1267967%29.jpg/250px-Th%C3%A8bes._Memnonium_%28Ramesseum%29._Vue_perspective_l%27int%C3%A9rieur_colori%C3%A9e_du_temple_de_l%27ouest_%28NYPL_b14212718-1267967%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Th%C3%A8bes._Memnonium_%28Ramesseum%29._Vue_perspective_l%27int%C3%A9rieur_colori%C3%A9e_du_temple_de_l%27ouest_%28NYPL_b14212718-1267967%29.jpg/330px-Th%C3%A8bes._Memnonium_%28Ramesseum%29._Vue_perspective_l%27int%C3%A9rieur_colori%C3%A9e_du_temple_de_l%27ouest_%28NYPL_b14212718-1267967%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Th%C3%A8bes._Memnonium_%28Ramesseum%29._Vue_perspective_l%27int%C3%A9rieur_colori%C3%A9e_du_temple_de_l%27ouest_%28NYPL_b14212718-1267967%29.jpg/500px-Th%C3%A8bes._Memnonium_%28Ramesseum%29._Vue_perspective_l%27int%C3%A9rieur_colori%C3%A9e_du_temple_de_l%27ouest_%28NYPL_b14212718-1267967%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3927" data-file-height="5084" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Intact interior of the <a href="/wiki/Ramesseum" title="Ramesseum">Ramesseum</a>, Egypt, illustration from <i><a href="/wiki/Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Description de l'Égypte">Description de l'Égypte</a></i>, unknown illustrator, 1809</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Examples_of_Historical_Ornament,_Egyptian_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egyptian patterns, motifs and capitals, unknown illustrator, published by L. Prang & Co., 1874"><img alt="Egyptian patterns, motifs and capitals, unknown illustrator, published by L. Prang & Co., 1874" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Examples_of_Historical_Ornament%2C_Egyptian_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg/250px-Examples_of_Historical_Ornament%2C_Egyptian_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Examples_of_Historical_Ornament%2C_Egyptian_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg/330px-Examples_of_Historical_Ornament%2C_Egyptian_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Egyptian patterns, motifs and capitals, unknown illustrator, published by L. Prang & Co., 1874</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00086.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egyptian motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome, by Albert Racinet, 1888"><img alt="Egyptian motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome, by Albert Racinet, 1888" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00086.jpg/159px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00086.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00086.jpg/238px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00086.jpg/318px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1765" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Egyptian motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome, by Albert Racinet, 1888</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_Examples_of_Ancient_Egyptian_Polychrome_Capitals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various examples of Ancient Egyptian polychrome capitals, unknown illustrator, 19th century"><img alt="Various examples of Ancient Egyptian polychrome capitals, unknown illustrator, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Various_Examples_of_Ancient_Egyptian_Polychrome_Capitals.jpg/250px-Various_Examples_of_Ancient_Egyptian_Polychrome_Capitals.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Various_Examples_of_Ancient_Egyptian_Polychrome_Capitals.jpg/330px-Various_Examples_of_Ancient_Egyptian_Polychrome_Capitals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various examples of Ancient Egyptian polychrome capitals, unknown illustrator, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrations_of_various_examples_of_ancient_Egyptian_cornices.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various examples of Ancient Egyptian corniches, unknown illustrator, 19th century"><img alt="Various examples of Ancient Egyptian corniches, unknown illustrator, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Illustrations_of_various_examples_of_ancient_Egyptian_cornices.jpg/161px-Illustrations_of_various_examples_of_ancient_Egyptian_cornices.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Illustrations_of_various_examples_of_ancient_Egyptian_cornices.jpg/242px-Illustrations_of_various_examples_of_ancient_Egyptian_cornices.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Illustrations_of_various_examples_of_ancient_Egyptian_cornices.jpg/322px-Illustrations_of_various_examples_of_ancient_Egyptian_cornices.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1676" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various examples of Ancient Egyptian corniches, unknown illustrator, 19th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_world">Classical world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classical world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Polychromy" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art § Polychromy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3087_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Polychromy_on_an_ionic_capital_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_9_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/3087_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Polychromy_on_an_ionic_capital_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/220px-3087_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Polychromy_on_an_ionic_capital_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/3087_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Polychromy_on_an_ionic_capital_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/330px-3087_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Polychromy_on_an_ionic_capital_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/3087_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Polychromy_on_an_ionic_capital_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/440px-3087_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Polychromy_on_an_ionic_capital_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Relics of polychrome on an Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic capital</a>, from an unidentified 5th century BC building, Ancient Agora Museum, Athens, <a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoa of Attalus">Stoa of Attalus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some very early polychrome pottery has been excavated on <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> such as at the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Phaistos" title="Phaistos">Phaistos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> sculptures were painted in strong colors. The paint was frequently limited to parts depicting clothing, hair, and so on, with the skin left in the natural color of the stone. But it could cover sculptures in their totality. The painting of Greek sculpture should not merely be seen as an enhancement of their sculpted form but has the characteristics of a distinct style of art. For example, the pedimental sculptures from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaia" title="Temple of Aphaia">Temple of Aphaia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> have recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2012)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> been demonstrated to have been painted with bold and elaborate patterns, depicting, amongst other details, patterned clothing. The polychrome of stone statues was paralleled by the use of materials to distinguish skin, clothing, and other details in <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_sculpture" title="Chryselephantine sculpture">chryselephantine sculptures</a>, and by the use of metals to depict lips, nipples, etc., on high-quality bronzes like the <a href="/wiki/Riace_bronzes" title="Riace bronzes">Riace bronzes</a>. The availability of modern digital methods and techniques have allowed the reconstruction and visualization of ancient 3D polychromy in a scientifically sound method and many projects have explored these possibilities in the last years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early example of polychrome decoration was found in the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> atop the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>. By the time European antiquarianism took off in the 18th century, however, the paint that had been on classical buildings had completely weathered off. Thus, the antiquarians' and architects' first impressions of these ruins were that classical beauty was expressed only through shape and composition, lacking in robust colors, and it was that impression which informed <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical architecture</a>. However, some classicists such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff" title="Jacques Ignace Hittorff">Jacques Ignace Hittorff</a> noticed traces of paint on classical architecture and this slowly came to be accepted. Such acceptance was later accelerated by observation of minute color traces by microscopic and other means, enabling less tentative reconstructions than Hittorff and his contemporaries had been able to produce. An example of classical Greek architectural polychrome may be seen in the full size <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_(Nashville)" title="Parthenon (Nashville)">replica of the Parthenon</a> exhibited in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, US. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Traces of paint depicting embroidered patterns on the peplos of an Archaic Kore, c. 530 BC marble, Acropolis Museum, Athens, Greece"><img alt="Traces of paint depicting embroidered patterns on the peplos of an Archaic Kore, c. 530 BC marble, Acropolis Museum, Athens, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG/250px-ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG/330px-ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG/500px-ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traces of paint depicting embroidered patterns on the <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">peplos</a> of an Archaic <i><a href="/wiki/Kore_(sculpture)" title="Kore (sculpture)">Kore</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 530 BC</span> marble, <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 65.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 63.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Polychrome on the Peplos Kore, c. 530 BC, Parian marble, Acropolis Museum"><img alt="Polychrome on the Peplos Kore, c. 530 BC, Parian marble, Acropolis Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG/95px-ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="64" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG/142px-ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG/189px-ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="2676" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polychrome on the <i><a href="/wiki/Peplos_Kore" title="Peplos Kore">Peplos Kore</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 530 BC</span>, <a href="/wiki/Parian_marble" title="Parian marble">Parian marble</a>, Acropolis Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 78.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 76.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_02_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peplos Kore color reconstruction"><img alt="Peplos Kore color reconstruction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_02_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/115px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_02_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_02_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/173px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_02_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_02_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/230px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_02_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="1590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Peplos Kore</i> color reconstruction</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstructed color scheme on a Trojan archer from the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina"><img alt="Reconstructed color scheme on a Trojan archer from the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG/191px-NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG/287px-NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG/382px-NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstructed color scheme on a Trojan archer from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaia" title="Temple of Aphaia">Temple of Aphaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 350px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 348px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_(parte_terminale_del_tetto).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved and painted fragment from the roofline of the Temple of Hera at Paestum, c. 520 BC, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Italy[11]"><img alt="Carved and painted fragment from the roofline of the Temple of Hera at Paestum, c. 520 BC, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Italy[11]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_%28parte_terminale_del_tetto%29.jpg/522px-Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_%28parte_terminale_del_tetto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="348" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_%28parte_terminale_del_tetto%29.jpg/783px-Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_%28parte_terminale_del_tetto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_%28parte_terminale_del_tetto%29.jpg/1043px-Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_%28parte_terminale_del_tetto%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4463" data-file-height="2184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carved and painted fragment from the roofline of the Temple of Hera at <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 520 BC</span>, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Italy<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201437_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201437-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amathus Sarcophagus, c. 475 – c. 450 BC, limestone, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City"><img alt="Amathus Sarcophagus, c. 475 – c. 450 BC, limestone, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg/319px-Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg/479px-Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg/637px-Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amathus_sarcophagus" title="Amathus sarcophagus">Amathus Sarcophagus</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 475</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450 BC</span>, limestone, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 298.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 296.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hades_and_Persephone,_Vergina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hades and Persephone, c. 340 BC, pigments on marble, Museum of the Royal Tombs of Aigai, Vergina, Greece[12]"><img alt="Hades and Persephone, c. 340 BC, pigments on marble, Museum of the Royal Tombs of Aigai, Vergina, Greece[12]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg/445px-Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg/668px-Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg/889px-Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="1740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 340 BC</span>, pigments on marble, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Royal_Tombs_of_Aigai_(Vergina)" title="Museum of the Royal Tombs of Aigai (Vergina)">Museum of the Royal Tombs of Aigai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>, Greece<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201740_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201740-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agios_Athanasios,_Ancient_Macedonian_Tomb_-_I_(37120832445).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Facade of an ancient tomb at Agios Athanasios, c. 325–300 BC, Macedonia, Greece"><img alt="Facade of an ancient tomb at Agios Athanasios, c. 325–300 BC, Macedonia, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Agios_Athanasios%2C_Ancient_Macedonian_Tomb_-_I_%2837120832445%29.jpg/500px-Agios_Athanasios%2C_Ancient_Macedonian_Tomb_-_I_%2837120832445%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Agios_Athanasios%2C_Ancient_Macedonian_Tomb_-_I_%2837120832445%29.jpg/960px-Agios_Athanasios%2C_Ancient_Macedonian_Tomb_-_I_%2837120832445%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5418" data-file-height="4064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Facade of an ancient tomb at <a href="/wiki/Agios_Athanasios,_Thessaloniki" title="Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki">Agios Athanasios</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 325–300 BC</span>, Macedonia, Greece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altes_Museum-Tanagra-lady_with_fan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terracota figurine of a woman with painted blue and gilt garment, from Tanagra, 325–300 BC, Antikensammlung Berlin, Germany"><img alt="Terracota figurine of a woman with painted blue and gilt garment, from Tanagra, 325–300 BC, Antikensammlung Berlin, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Altes_Museum-Tanagra-lady_with_fan.jpg/191px-Altes_Museum-Tanagra-lady_with_fan.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Altes_Museum-Tanagra-lady_with_fan.jpg/287px-Altes_Museum-Tanagra-lady_with_fan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Altes_Museum-Tanagra-lady_with_fan.jpg/382px-Altes_Museum-Tanagra-lady_with_fan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terracota figurine of a woman with painted blue and gilt garment, from <a href="/wiki/Tanagra" title="Tanagra">Tanagra</a>, 325–300 BC, <a href="/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin" title="Antikensammlung Berlin">Antikensammlung Berlin</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthemion_Makedonian_Tomb_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of the Palmettes (Mieza, Greece), first half of the third century BC[13]"><img alt="Tomb of the Palmettes (Mieza, Greece), first half of the third century BC[13]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Anthemion_Makedonian_Tomb_1.jpg/383px-Anthemion_Makedonian_Tomb_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Anthemion_Makedonian_Tomb_1.jpg/575px-Anthemion_Makedonian_Tomb_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Anthemion_Makedonian_Tomb_1.jpg/765px-Anthemion_Makedonian_Tomb_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Palmettes" title="Tomb of the Palmettes">Tomb of the Palmettes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mieza_(Macedonia)" title="Mieza (Macedonia)">Mieza</a>, Greece), first half of the third century BC<sup id="cite_ref-MCS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt,_Liebieghaus,_Figur_einer_jungen_Frau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terracota figurine of a young woman, with kaolin and traces of polychromy, 3rd–2nd century BC, Liebieghaus, Germany[14]"><img alt="Terracota figurine of a young woman, with kaolin and traces of polychromy, 3rd–2nd century BC, Liebieghaus, Germany[14]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Frankfurt%2C_Liebieghaus%2C_Figur_einer_jungen_Frau.jpg/250px-Frankfurt%2C_Liebieghaus%2C_Figur_einer_jungen_Frau.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Frankfurt%2C_Liebieghaus%2C_Figur_einer_jungen_Frau.jpg/330px-Frankfurt%2C_Liebieghaus%2C_Figur_einer_jungen_Frau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="4714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terracota figurine of a young woman, with <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a> and traces of polychromy, 3rd–2nd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Liebieghaus" title="Liebieghaus">Liebieghaus</a>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_Amphitrite_mosaic_Herculaneum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman mosaic of Neptune and Amphitrite, c. 70 BC, mosaic, Casa di Nettuno e Anfitrite, Herculaneum Archaeological Park, Ercolano, Italy[15]"><img alt="Roman mosaic of Neptune and Amphitrite, c. 70 BC, mosaic, Casa di Nettuno e Anfitrite, Herculaneum Archaeological Park, Ercolano, Italy[15]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Neptune_Amphitrite_mosaic_Herculaneum.jpg/376px-Neptune_Amphitrite_mosaic_Herculaneum.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Neptune_Amphitrite_mosaic_Herculaneum.jpg/564px-Neptune_Amphitrite_mosaic_Herculaneum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Neptune_Amphitrite_mosaic_Herculaneum.jpg/752px-Neptune_Amphitrite_mosaic_Herculaneum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4502" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 70 BC</span>, mosaic, Casa di Nettuno e Anfitrite, <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> Archaeological Park, <a href="/wiki/Ercolano" title="Ercolano">Ercolano</a>, Italy<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ag-obj-5959-001-pub-large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman shield, mid 3rd century, painted wood and hide, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, USA[16]"><img alt="Roman shield, mid 3rd century, painted wood and hide, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, USA[16]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ag-obj-5959-001-pub-large.jpg/250px-Ag-obj-5959-001-pub-large.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ag-obj-5959-001-pub-large.jpg/330px-Ag-obj-5959-001-pub-large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ag-obj-5959-001-pub-large.jpg/500px-Ag-obj-5959-001-pub-large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman shield, mid 3rd century, painted wood and hide, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery" title="Yale University Art Gallery">Yale University Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven">New Haven</a>, USA<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_of_the_Temple_of_Empedocles,_Selinunte,_Sicily,_by_Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff,_1830_(published_in_1851).webp" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstruction of the Temple of Empedocles at Selinunte, Sicily, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff, 1830 (published in 1851)[17]"><img alt="Reconstruction of the Temple of Empedocles at Selinunte, Sicily, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff, 1830 (published in 1851)[17]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Reconstruction_of_the_Temple_of_Empedocles%2C_Selinunte%2C_Sicily%2C_by_Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff%2C_1830_%28published_in_1851%29.webp/185px-Reconstruction_of_the_Temple_of_Empedocles%2C_Selinunte%2C_Sicily%2C_by_Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff%2C_1830_%28published_in_1851%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Reconstruction_of_the_Temple_of_Empedocles%2C_Selinunte%2C_Sicily%2C_by_Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff%2C_1830_%28published_in_1851%29.webp/277px-Reconstruction_of_the_Temple_of_Empedocles%2C_Selinunte%2C_Sicily%2C_by_Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff%2C_1830_%28published_in_1851%29.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Reconstruction_of_the_Temple_of_Empedocles%2C_Selinunte%2C_Sicily%2C_by_Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff%2C_1830_%28published_in_1851%29.webp/369px-Reconstruction_of_the_Temple_of_Empedocles%2C_Selinunte%2C_Sicily%2C_by_Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff%2C_1830_%28published_in_1851%29.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstruction of the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> at <a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff" title="Jacques Ignace Hittorff">Jacques Ignace Hittorff</a>, 1830 (published in 1851)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergdoll2000176_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergdoll2000176-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 385.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 383.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teste_Kore,_Siracusa.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Traces of red paint on Korai busts from the Hellenistic period, Museo Archeologico Paolo Orsi, Syracuse, Sicily"><img alt="Traces of red paint on Korai busts from the Hellenistic period, Museo Archeologico Paolo Orsi, Syracuse, Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Teste_Kore%2C_Siracusa.png/960px-Teste_Kore%2C_Siracusa.png" decoding="async" width="384" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Teste_Kore%2C_Siracusa.png 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traces of red paint on <i>Korai</i> busts from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, Museo Archeologico Paolo Orsi, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, Sicily</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Livia_Boscoreale_villa_Misteri_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traces of paint on a Statue of Livia, 1st century BCE to 1st century CE, found at Pompeii"><img alt="Traces of Polychrome on a Statue of Livia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Livia_Boscoreale_villa_Misteri_Pompeii.jpg/144px-Livia_Boscoreale_villa_Misteri_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Livia_Boscoreale_villa_Misteri_Pompeii.jpg/216px-Livia_Boscoreale_villa_Misteri_Pompeii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Livia_Boscoreale_villa_Misteri_Pompeii.jpg/288px-Livia_Boscoreale_villa_Misteri_Pompeii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="4767" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traces of paint on a Statue of <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>, 1st century BCE to 1st century CE, found at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 280px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 278px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff_-_Temple_T_at_Selinunte_(Sicily),_reconstructed_elevation_of_the_main_facade_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstructed elevation of the main facade of the Temple T at Selinunte, Sicily, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff, before 1859"><img alt="Reconstructed elevation of the main facade of the Temple T at Selinunte, Sicily, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff, before 1859" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff_-_Temple_T_at_Selinunte_%28Sicily%29%2C_reconstructed_elevation_of_the_main_facade_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff_-_Temple_T_at_Selinunte_%28Sicily%29%2C_reconstructed_elevation_of_the_main_facade_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff_-_Temple_T_at_Selinunte_%28Sicily%29%2C_reconstructed_elevation_of_the_main_facade_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/960px-Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff_-_Temple_T_at_Selinunte_%28Sicily%29%2C_reconstructed_elevation_of_the_main_facade_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6313" data-file-height="3865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstructed elevation of the main facade of the Temple T at Selinunte, Sicily, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff, before 1859</div> </li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polychromy_in_antique_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Polychromy in antique art">Polychromy in antique art</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caihua" title="Caihua">Caihua</a></div> <p>Chinese art is known for the use of vibrant colours. Neolithic Chinese ceramic vessels, like those produced by the <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a>, show the use of black and red pigments. Later, tomb and religious sculptures appear as a consequence of the spread of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. The deities most common in Chinese Buddhist sculpture are forms of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>. Traces of gold and bright colours in which sculptures were painted still give an idea of their effect. During the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> dynasties, polychrome ceramic figurines of servants, entertainers, tenants, and soldiers were placed in the tombs of people from upper-class. These figurines were mass-produced in moulds. Although <a href="/wiki/Chinese_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese porcelain">Chinese porcelain</a> is best known as being blue-and-white, many colorful ceramic vases and figures were produced during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties. During the same two dynasties, <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a> vessels that use copper wires (<i>cloisons</i>) and bright enamel were also manufactured. </p><p>Similarly to what was happening in China, the introduction of Buddhism in Japan in 538 (or perhaps 552 AD) lead to the production of polychrome Japanese Buddhist sculptures. Japanese religious imagery had until then consisted of disposable clay figures used to convey prayers to the spirit world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201775,_76,_87,_93_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201775,_76,_87,_93-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T%27ang_Architecture_in_the_Mo-kao_Fresco_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tang dynasty mural of architecture from Mogao Grottoes"><img alt="Tang dynasty mural of architecture from Mogao Grottoes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/T%27ang_Architecture_in_the_Mo-kao_Fresco_2.jpg/500px-T%27ang_Architecture_in_the_Mo-kao_Fresco_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/T%27ang_Architecture_in_the_Mo-kao_Fresco_2.jpg/960px-T%27ang_Architecture_in_the_Mo-kao_Fresco_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> mural of architecture from <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Grottoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogao Grottoes">Mogao Grottoes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guanyin of the southern seas (Chinese), 11th–12th centuries, painted and gilded wood, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, USA[19]"><img alt="Guanyin of the southern seas (Chinese), 11th–12th centuries, painted and gilded wood, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, USA[19]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg/191px-Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg/287px-Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg/382px-Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a> of the southern seas (Chinese), 11th–12th centuries, painted and gilded wood, <a href="/wiki/Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art" title="Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art">Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>, USA<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201775_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201775-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Pottery_Figure_(40520339713).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scholar oficial (Chinese), 618–907 AD, painted and glazed ceramic, Shaanxi History Museum, Xi'an, China[20]"><img alt="Scholar oficial (Chinese), 618–907 AD, painted and glazed ceramic, Shaanxi History Museum, Xi'an, China[20]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tang_Pottery_Figure_%2840520339713%29.jpg/170px-Tang_Pottery_Figure_%2840520339713%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tang_Pottery_Figure_%2840520339713%29.jpg/255px-Tang_Pottery_Figure_%2840520339713%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tang_Pottery_Figure_%2840520339713%29.jpg/340px-Tang_Pottery_Figure_%2840520339713%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scholar oficial (Chinese), 618–907 AD, painted and glazed ceramic, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_History_Museum" title="Shaanxi History Museum">Shaanxi History Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, China<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201776_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201776-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%8B%AC%E4%B9%90%E5%AF%BA%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E9%98%81%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A21.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Guanyian Pavilion of the Dule Monastery, Jixian, China, unknown architect, 984"><img alt="The Guanyian Pavilion of the Dule Monastery, Jixian, China, unknown architect, 984" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E7%8B%AC%E4%B9%90%E5%AF%BA%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E9%98%81%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A21.JPG/384px-%E7%8B%AC%E4%B9%90%E5%AF%BA%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E9%98%81%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A21.JPG" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E7%8B%AC%E4%B9%90%E5%AF%BA%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E9%98%81%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A21.JPG/577px-%E7%8B%AC%E4%B9%90%E5%AF%BA%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E9%98%81%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A21.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E7%8B%AC%E4%B9%90%E5%AF%BA%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E9%98%81%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A21.JPG/768px-%E7%8B%AC%E4%B9%90%E5%AF%BA%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E9%98%81%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A21.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Guanyian Pavilion of the <a href="/wiki/Dule_Temple" title="Dule Temple">Dule Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji_County,_Tianjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ji County, Tianjin">Jixian</a>, China, unknown architect, 984</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhengding_Longxing_Si_2013.08.31_16-56-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ming dynasty caihua decorations on Hall of Amitābha at Longxing Temple"><img alt="Ming dynasty caihua decorations on Hall of Amitābha at Longxing Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zhengding_Longxing_Si_2013.08.31_16-56-13.jpg/383px-Zhengding_Longxing_Si_2013.08.31_16-56-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zhengding_Longxing_Si_2013.08.31_16-56-13.jpg/575px-Zhengding_Longxing_Si_2013.08.31_16-56-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zhengding_Longxing_Si_2013.08.31_16-56-13.jpg/765px-Zhengding_Longxing_Si_2013.08.31_16-56-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ming dynasty <i><a href="/wiki/Caihua" title="Caihua">caihua</a></i> decorations on Hall of Amitābha at <a href="/wiki/Longxing_Temple" title="Longxing Temple">Longxing Temple</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stoneware_figure_of_a_Daoist_deity.From_China,_Ming_Dynasty,_16th_century_CE._The_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Figure of a Daoist deity (Chinese), c. 1488 – c. 1644, porcelain, British Museum, London[21]"><img alt="Figure of a Daoist deity (Chinese), c. 1488 – c. 1644, porcelain, British Museum, London[21]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stoneware_figure_of_a_Daoist_deity.From_China%2C_Ming_Dynasty%2C_16th_century_CE._The_British_Museum.jpg/181px-Stoneware_figure_of_a_Daoist_deity.From_China%2C_Ming_Dynasty%2C_16th_century_CE._The_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stoneware_figure_of_a_Daoist_deity.From_China%2C_Ming_Dynasty%2C_16th_century_CE._The_British_Museum.jpg/272px-Stoneware_figure_of_a_Daoist_deity.From_China%2C_Ming_Dynasty%2C_16th_century_CE._The_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stoneware_figure_of_a_Daoist_deity.From_China%2C_Ming_Dynasty%2C_16th_century_CE._The_British_Museum.jpg/362px-Stoneware_figure_of_a_Daoist_deity.From_China%2C_Ming_Dynasty%2C_16th_century_CE._The_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3857" data-file-height="5429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Figure of a <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoist</a> deity (Chinese), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1488</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1644</span>, porcelain, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the main building of the Temple of Heaven, Beijing, unknown architect, 1703–1790"><img alt="Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the main building of the Temple of Heaven (Beijing), 1703-1790" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg/500px-11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg/960px-11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the main building of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a>, Beijing, unknown architect, 1703–1790</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:You_wine_container,_Taotie_design,_China,_Qing_dynasty,_1800s_AD,_cloisonne_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo,_Japan_-_DSC08273.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="You (Chinese), 19th century, cloisonné, Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, Japan"><img alt="You (Chinese), 19th century, cloisonné, Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/You_wine_container%2C_Taotie_design%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_1800s_AD%2C_cloisonne_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08273.jpg/250px-You_wine_container%2C_Taotie_design%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_1800s_AD%2C_cloisonne_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08273.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/You_wine_container%2C_Taotie_design%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_1800s_AD%2C_cloisonne_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08273.jpg/330px-You_wine_container%2C_Taotie_design%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_1800s_AD%2C_cloisonne_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08273.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/You_wine_container%2C_Taotie_design%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_1800s_AD%2C_cloisonne_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08273.jpg/500px-You_wine_container%2C_Taotie_design%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_1800s_AD%2C_cloisonne_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08273.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3502" data-file-height="5119" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/You_(vessel)" title="You (vessel)">You</a></i> (Chinese), 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BA%94%E5%BD%A9%E9%81%8D%E8%A3%85%E6%96%97%E6%8B%B1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Song dynasty "Wucai Caihua" (Five Coloured Painting)-dougong decorations guide as detailed on the Yingzao Fashi"><img alt=""Wucai Caihua"(Five Coloured Painting)-decorations as detailed on the Yingzao Fashi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%E4%BA%94%E5%BD%A9%E9%81%8D%E8%A3%85%E6%96%97%E6%8B%B1.JPG/250px-%E4%BA%94%E5%BD%A9%E9%81%8D%E8%A3%85%E6%96%97%E6%8B%B1.JPG" decoding="async" width="148" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%E4%BA%94%E5%BD%A9%E9%81%8D%E8%A3%85%E6%96%97%E6%8B%B1.JPG/500px-%E4%BA%94%E5%BD%A9%E9%81%8D%E8%A3%85%E6%96%97%E6%8B%B1.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1705" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Song dynasty <i>"Wucai Caihua"</i> (Five Coloured Painting)-<i><a href="/wiki/Dougong" title="Dougong">dougong</a></i> decorations guide as detailed on the <a href="/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi" title="Yingzao Fashi">Yingzao Fashi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome, by Albert Racinet, 1888"><img alt="Chinese motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome, by Albert Racinet, 1888" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00010.jpg/250px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00010.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00010.jpg/330px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00010.jpg/500px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1697" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome, by Albert Racinet, 1888</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00101.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese and Japanese cloisonné motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome"><img alt="Chinese and Japanese cloisonné motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00101.jpg/174px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00101.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00101.jpg/261px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00101.jpg/348px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese and Japanese cloisonné motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00105.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese cloisonné motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome"><img alt="Japanese cloisonné motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00105.jpg/250px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00105.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00105.jpg/330px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00105.jpg/500px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese cloisonné motifs from L'Ornement Polychrome</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval">Medieval</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout medieval Europe religious sculptures in wood and other media were often brightly painted or colored, as were the interiors of church buildings. These were often destroyed or whitewashed during <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclast</a> phases of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> or in other unrest such as the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, though some have survived in museums such as the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. The exteriors of churches were painted as well, but little has survived. Exposure to the elements and changing tastes and religious approval over time acted against their preservation. The "Majesty Portal" of the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church_of_Toro" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegiate church of Toro">Collegiate church of Toro</a> is the most extensive remaining example, due to the construction of a chapel which enclosed and protected it from the elements just a century after it was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 365.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 363.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbaye_Ste_Foy_%C3%A0_Conques_(06)_-_Tympan_du_Porche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanesque – Last Judgement tympanum, Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy, Conques, France, early 12th century[23]"><img alt="Romanesque – Last Judgement tympanum, Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy, Conques, France, early 12th century[23]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Abbaye_Ste_Foy_%C3%A0_Conques_%2806%29_-_Tympan_du_Porche.jpg/960px-Abbaye_Ste_Foy_%C3%A0_Conques_%2806%29_-_Tympan_du_Porche.jpg" decoding="async" width="364" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Abbaye_Ste_Foy_%C3%A0_Conques_%2806%29_-_Tympan_du_Porche.jpg/1089px-Abbaye_Ste_Foy_%C3%A0_Conques_%2806%29_-_Tympan_du_Porche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6079" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> – Last Judgement tympanum, <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Church_of_Sainte-Foy" title="Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy">Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conques" title="Conques">Conques</a>, France, early 12th century<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F08.N.-D._d%27Orcival.0489.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanesque – Madonna and Child Entroned, 12th century, walnut, silver, silvered copper and polychrome, Basilique Notre-Dame d'Orcival [fr], Orcival, France[24]"><img alt="Romanesque – Madonna and Child Entroned, 12th century, walnut, silver, silvered copper and polychrome, Basilique Notre-Dame d'Orcival [fr], Orcival, France[24]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/F08.N.-D._d%27Orcival.0489.JPG/250px-F08.N.-D._d%27Orcival.0489.JPG" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/F08.N.-D._d%27Orcival.0489.JPG/330px-F08.N.-D._d%27Orcival.0489.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/F08.N.-D._d%27Orcival.0489.JPG/500px-F08.N.-D._d%27Orcival.0489.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="3197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romanesque – Madonna and Child Entroned, 12th century, walnut, silver, silvered copper and polychrome, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilique_Notre-Dame_d%27Orcival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilique Notre-Dame d'Orcival (page does not exist)">Basilique Notre-Dame d'Orcival</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilique_Notre-Dame_d%27Orcival" class="extiw" title="fr:Basilique Notre-Dame d'Orcival">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Orcival" title="Orcival">Orcival</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic – Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, by Pierre de Montreuil, 1243–1248[25]"><img alt="Gothic – Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, by Pierre de Montreuil, 1243–1248[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/500px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/960px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5904" data-file-height="3936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Montreuil" title="Pierre de Montreuil">Pierre de Montreuil</a>, 1243–1248<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naumburg_Dom_Stifterfiguren_Uta_und_Ekkehard_2012-04-29-17-31-47.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic – Ekkehard and Uta, attributed to the Master of Namburg, 1245–1260, limestone and polychromy, Naumburg Cathedral, Naumburg, Germany[26]"><img alt="Gothic – Ekkehard and Uta, attributed to the Master of Namburg, 1245–1260, limestone and polychromy, Naumburg Cathedral, Naumburg, Germany[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Naumburg_Dom_Stifterfiguren_Uta_und_Ekkehard_2012-04-29-17-31-47.jpg/250px-Naumburg_Dom_Stifterfiguren_Uta_und_Ekkehard_2012-04-29-17-31-47.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Naumburg_Dom_Stifterfiguren_Uta_und_Ekkehard_2012-04-29-17-31-47.jpg/330px-Naumburg_Dom_Stifterfiguren_Uta_und_Ekkehard_2012-04-29-17-31-47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="3991" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> – Ekkehard and Uta, attributed to the Master of Namburg, 1245–1260, limestone and polychromy, <a href="/wiki/Naumburg_Cathedral" title="Naumburg Cathedral">Naumburg Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naumburg" title="Naumburg">Naumburg</a>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017150_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017150-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_P%C3%B3rtico_del_Para%C3%ADso._Catedral_de_Orense.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic – Portal of the Ourense Cathedral, Ourense, Spain, unknown architect, first half of the 13th century"><img alt="Gothic – Portal of the Ourense Cathedral, Ourense, Spain, unknown architect, first half of the 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/El_P%C3%B3rtico_del_Para%C3%ADso._Catedral_de_Orense.jpg/250px-El_P%C3%B3rtico_del_Para%C3%ADso._Catedral_de_Orense.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/El_P%C3%B3rtico_del_Para%C3%ADso._Catedral_de_Orense.jpg/330px-El_P%C3%B3rtico_del_Para%C3%ADso._Catedral_de_Orense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/El_P%C3%B3rtico_del_Para%C3%ADso._Catedral_de_Orense.jpg/500px-El_P%C3%B3rtico_del_Para%C3%ADso._Catedral_de_Orense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic – Portal of the <a href="/wiki/Ourense_Cathedral" title="Ourense Cathedral">Ourense Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ourense" title="Ourense">Ourense</a>, Spain, unknown architect, first half of the 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portico_colegiata_de_Toro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic – Portal of the Collegiate Church of Toro, Spain, unknown architect, 13th century"><img alt="Gothic – Portal of the Collegiate Church of Toro, Spain, unknown architect, 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Portico_colegiata_de_Toro.jpg/191px-Portico_colegiata_de_Toro.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Portico_colegiata_de_Toro.jpg/287px-Portico_colegiata_de_Toro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Portico_colegiata_de_Toro.jpg/382px-Portico_colegiata_de_Toro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="2706" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic – Portal of the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Mayor_(Toro)" title="Collegiate church of Santa María la Mayor (Toro)">Collegiate Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Toro,_Zamora" title="Toro, Zamora">Toro</a>, Spain, unknown architect, 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 239.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 237.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursula-Altar_in_Marienstatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic – Reliquary altarpiece with Saint Ursula, c. 1325, gilded and painted wood, Abteikirche Marienstatt, Streithausen, Germany[27]"><img alt="Gothic – Reliquary altarpiece with Saint Ursula, c. 1325, gilded and painted wood, Abteikirche Marienstatt, Streithausen, Germany[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ursula-Altar_in_Marienstatt.jpg/356px-Ursula-Altar_in_Marienstatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ursula-Altar_in_Marienstatt.jpg/535px-Ursula-Altar_in_Marienstatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ursula-Altar_in_Marienstatt.jpg/712px-Ursula-Altar_in_Marienstatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic – Reliquary altarpiece with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ursula" title="Saint Ursula">Saint Ursula</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1325</span>, gilded and painted wood, Abteikirche Marienstatt, <a href="/wiki/Streithausen" title="Streithausen">Streithausen</a>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017154_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017154-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_the_Virgin_MET_DP124049_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1390–1395, terracotta with paint, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City"><img alt="1390–1395, terracotta with paint, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bust_of_the_Virgin_MET_DP124049_%28cropped2%29.jpg/202px-Bust_of_the_Virgin_MET_DP124049_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bust_of_the_Virgin_MET_DP124049_%28cropped2%29.jpg/303px-Bust_of_the_Virgin_MET_DP124049_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bust_of_the_Virgin_MET_DP124049_%28cropped2%29.jpg/404px-Bust_of_the_Virgin_MET_DP124049_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2351" data-file-height="2969" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1390–1395, terracotta with paint, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_painter_Irene_de_Crestin_applying_polychromy_to_a_sculpture_of_the_Virgin_Mary,_France,_1401-2,_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France,_Paris,_D%C3%A9partement_des_Manuscrits,_Fran%C3%A7ais_598,_FR_12420.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic – Irene, daughter of Cratin, painting a sculpture of the Virgin Mary, France, 1401–1402. Detail from Giovanni Bocaccio's De Claris mulieribus (Concerning famous women), 1403 edition, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris"><img alt="Gothic – Irene, daughter of Cratin, painting a sculpture of the Virgin Mary, France, 1401–1402. Detail from Giovanni Bocaccio's De Claris mulieribus (Concerning famous women), 1403 edition, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_painter_Irene_de_Crestin_applying_polychromy_to_a_sculpture_of_the_Virgin_Mary%2C_France%2C_1401-2%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France%2C_Paris%2C_D%C3%A9partement_des_Manuscrits%2C_Fran%C3%A7ais_598%2C_FR_12420.jpg/217px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_painter_Irene_de_Crestin_applying_polychromy_to_a_sculpture_of_the_Virgin_Mary%2C_France%2C_1401-2%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France%2C_Paris%2C_D%C3%A9partement_des_Manuscrits%2C_Fran%C3%A7ais_598%2C_FR_12420.jpg/326px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_painter_Irene_de_Crestin_applying_polychromy_to_a_sculpture_of_the_Virgin_Mary%2C_France%2C_1401-2%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France%2C_Paris%2C_D%C3%A9partement_des_Manuscrits%2C_Fran%C3%A7ais_598%2C_FR_12420.jpg/435px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic – Irene, daughter of Cratin, painting a sculpture of the Virgin Mary, France, 1401–1402. Detail from <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bocaccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Bocaccio">Giovanni Bocaccio</a>'s <i>De Claris mulieribus</i> (Concerning famous women), 1403 edition, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaune_(21)_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_-_Cour_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic – Hôtel-Dieu de Beaune, Beaune, France, by Jacques Wiscrère, 1451[28]"><img alt="Gothic – Hôtel-Dieu de Beaune, Beaune, France, by Jacques Wiscrère, 1451[28]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Beaune_%2821%29_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_-_Cour_-_01.jpg/170px-Beaune_%2821%29_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_-_Cour_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Beaune_%2821%29_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_-_Cour_-_01.jpg/255px-Beaune_%2821%29_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_-_Cour_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Beaune_%2821%29_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_-_Cour_-_01.jpg/340px-Beaune_%2821%29_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_-_Cour_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic – <a href="/wiki/Hospices_de_Beaune" title="Hospices de Beaune">Hôtel-Dieu de Beaune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaune" title="Beaune">Beaune</a>, France, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Wiscr%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Wiscrère (page does not exist)">Jacques Wiscrère</a>, 1451<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic – Enthroned Virgin, c. 1490 – c. 1500, limewood with gesso, paint and gilding, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Gothic – Enthroned Virgin, c. 1490 – c. 1500, limewood with gesso, paint and gilding, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg/250px-Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg/330px-Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg/500px-Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2878" data-file-height="3875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic – Enthroned Virgin, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1490</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>, limewood with gesso, paint and gilding, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portada_de_la_Capilla_de_Santa_Catalina,_Catedral_de_Burgos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal of the Burgos Cathedral, Burgos, Spain, unknown architect, unknown date"><img alt="Portal of the Burgos Cathedral, Burgos, Spain, unknown architect, unknown date" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Portada_de_la_Capilla_de_Santa_Catalina%2C_Catedral_de_Burgos.jpg/191px-Portada_de_la_Capilla_de_Santa_Catalina%2C_Catedral_de_Burgos.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Portada_de_la_Capilla_de_Santa_Catalina%2C_Catedral_de_Burgos.jpg/287px-Portada_de_la_Capilla_de_Santa_Catalina%2C_Catedral_de_Burgos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Portada_de_la_Capilla_de_Santa_Catalina%2C_Catedral_de_Burgos.jpg/382px-Portada_de_la_Capilla_de_Santa_Catalina%2C_Catedral_de_Burgos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3069" data-file-height="4092" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portal of the <a href="/wiki/Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, Spain, unknown architect, unknown date</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_July_2011-3d.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian portal of the Dormition Cathedral, Moscow, by Aristotele Fioravanti, 1475–1479[29]"><img alt="Russian portal of the Dormition Cathedral, Moscow, by Aristotele Fioravanti, 1475–1479[29]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Moscow_July_2011-3d.jpg/270px-Moscow_July_2011-3d.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Moscow_July_2011-3d.jpg/406px-Moscow_July_2011-3d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Moscow_July_2011-3d.jpg/540px-Moscow_July_2011-3d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6514" data-file-height="6148" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a> portal of the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Dormition Cathedral, Moscow">Dormition Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Aristotele_Fioravanti" title="Aristotele Fioravanti">Aristotele Fioravanti</a>, 1475–1479<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_and_18th_centuries">17th and 18th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 17th and 18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kloster_Wiblingen_Bibliothekssaal_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kloster_Wiblingen_Bibliothekssaal_01.jpg/220px-Kloster_Wiblingen_Bibliothekssaal_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kloster_Wiblingen_Bibliothekssaal_01.jpg/330px-Kloster_Wiblingen_Bibliothekssaal_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kloster_Wiblingen_Bibliothekssaal_01.jpg/440px-Kloster_Wiblingen_Bibliothekssaal_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption>Library of the <a href="/wiki/Wiblingen_Abbey" title="Wiblingen Abbey">Wiblingen Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, Germany, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Wiedemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Wiedemann (page does not exist)">Christian Wiedemann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wiedemann" class="extiw" title="sv:Christian Wiedemann">sv</a>]</span>, 1737–1744.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the elements that seem to be made out of marble are actually made from polychrome <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While stone and metal sculpture normally remained uncolored, like the classical survivals, polychromed wood sculptures were produced by Spanish artists: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s" title="Juan Martínez Montañés">Juan Martínez Montañés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Gregorio Fernández">Gregorio Fernández</a> (17th century); German: <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_G%C3%BCnther" title="Ignaz Günther">Ignaz Günther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Jakob_Straub" title="Philipp Jakob Straub">Philipp Jakob Straub</a> (18th century); or Brazilian: <a href="/wiki/Aleijadinho" title="Aleijadinho">Aleijadinho</a> (19th century). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">Monochromatic</a> color solutions of architectural orders were also designed in the late, dynamic Baroque, drawing on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Borromini" title="Francesco Borromini">Borromini</a> and Guarini. Single-colored stone cladding was used: light sandstone, as in the case of the façade of the Bamberg Jesuit church (Gunzelmann 2016) designed by Georg and Leonhard Dientzenhofer (1686–1693), the façade of the monastery church in Michelsberg by Leonard Dientzenhofer (1696), and the abbey church in Neresheim by J.B. Neumann (1747–1792).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the space of present-day Germany, during the 18th century, the Asam brothers (<a href="/wiki/Egid_Quirin_Asam" title="Egid Quirin Asam">Egid Quirin Asam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Damian_Asam" title="Cosmas Damian Asam">Cosmas Damian Asam</a>) designed churches with undulating walls, curved broken <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a> and polychromy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the German-speaking space, multiple Rococo churches and libraries with pastel polychrome <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stuccos</a> and columns were built. There, faux marble columns are made from wood pillars that are covered in a layer of polychrome stucco, a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a>. When these ingredients are mixed, a homogenous-coloured paste is created. To achieve the marble look, thinner batches of darker and lighter paste are made, so that veins begin to appear. It is all roughly mixed by hand. When the material hardens it is polished by rubbing with fine sandpaper, and thus this layer of polychrome stucco becomes glossy and imitates really realistically marble. A good example of this is the Library of the <a href="/wiki/Wiblingen_Abbey" title="Wiblingen Abbey">Wiblingen Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, Germany. Faux marble made of stucco will continue to be used during the 19th and early 20th centuries too. It is used only for interiors, because stucco dissolves outside through of contact with water. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2ncovenesc_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Brâncovenesc style">Brâncovenesc style</a> was popular in architecture and decorative arts. It is named after Prince <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu" title="Constantin Brâncoveanu">Constantin Brâncoveanu</a>, during whose reign it was developed. Some of the churches in this style have polychrome facades, decorated with murals, like the church of the <a href="/wiki/Stavropoleos_Monastery" title="Stavropoleos Monastery">Stavropoleos Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. </p><p>The 2nd half of the 18th century was the rise of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>, a movement which tries its best at reviving the styles of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a>, and sometimes even <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>'s reign (1760–1789), interiors in the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a> start to be decorated with <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesques</a>, inspired by those discovered in ancient houses in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>. They are painted in pastel colours, painted white with the ornate parts gilt, or polychrome. The State Dining Room of the <a href="/wiki/Inveraray_Castle" title="Inveraray Castle">Inveraray Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, decorated by two French painters, is a good example of a polychrome Louis XVI style interior. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 348.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 346.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_de_Versailles_-_escalier_des_ambassadeurs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque – Escalier des Ambassadeurs of the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, by François d'Orbay and Charles Le Brun, 1674–1679, demolished in 1752 under Louis XV[33]"><img alt="Baroque – Escalier des Ambassadeurs of the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, by François d'Orbay and Charles Le Brun, 1674–1679, demolished in 1752 under Louis XV[33]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chateau_de_Versailles_-_escalier_des_ambassadeurs.jpg/520px-Chateau_de_Versailles_-_escalier_des_ambassadeurs.jpg" decoding="async" width="347" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chateau_de_Versailles_-_escalier_des_ambassadeurs.jpg/781px-Chateau_de_Versailles_-_escalier_des_ambassadeurs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chateau_de_Versailles_-_escalier_des_ambassadeurs.jpg/1039px-Chateau_de_Versailles_-_escalier_des_ambassadeurs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> – Escalier des Ambassadeurs of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, France, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orbay" title="François d'Orbay">François d'Orbay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, 1674–1679, demolished in 1752 under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque – Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1678–1684[34]"><img alt="Baroque – Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1678–1684[34]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg/384px-Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg/577px-Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg/768px-Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3892" data-file-height="2584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque – <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a> of the Palace of Versailles, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1678–1684<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque – Church of San Francisco Acatepec, San Andrés Cholula, Mexico, unknown artchitect, 17th–18th centuries"><img alt="Baroque – Church of San Francisco Acatepec, San Andrés Cholula, Mexico, unknown artchitect, 17th–18th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg/191px-Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg/287px-Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg/382px-Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque – <a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Francisco_Acatepec" title="Church of San Francisco Acatepec">Church of San Francisco Acatepec</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Cholula,_Puebla" title="San Andrés Cholula, Puebla">San Andrés Cholula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, unknown artchitect, 17th–18th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Entombment_of_Christ_MET_DP-12850-001_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque – The Entombment of Christ, by Luisa Roldán, 1700–1701, polychrome terracotta, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City"><img alt="Baroque – The Entombment of Christ, by Luisa Roldán, 1700–1701, polychrome terracotta, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Entombment_of_Christ_MET_DP-12850-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/358px-The_Entombment_of_Christ_MET_DP-12850-001_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Entombment_of_Christ_MET_DP-12850-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/538px-The_Entombment_of_Christ_MET_DP-12850-001_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Entombment_of_Christ_MET_DP-12850-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/717px-The_Entombment_of_Christ_MET_DP-12850-001_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2630" data-file-height="1872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque – The Entombment of Christ, by <a href="/wiki/Luisa_Rold%C3%A1n" title="Luisa Roldán">Luisa Roldán</a>, 1700–1701, polychrome terracotta, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_the_Klosterbibliothek_Metten,_Metten,_Germany_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – Interior of the Klosterbibliothek Metten [de], Metten, Germany, unknown architect, 1722–1726[35]"><img alt="Rococo – Interior of the Klosterbibliothek Metten [de], Metten, Germany, unknown architect, 1722–1726[35]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Interior_of_the_Klosterbibliothek_Metten%2C_Metten%2C_Germany_%2801%29.jpg/170px-Interior_of_the_Klosterbibliothek_Metten%2C_Metten%2C_Germany_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Interior_of_the_Klosterbibliothek_Metten%2C_Metten%2C_Germany_%2801%29.jpg/255px-Interior_of_the_Klosterbibliothek_Metten%2C_Metten%2C_Germany_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Interior_of_the_Klosterbibliothek_Metten%2C_Metten%2C_Germany_%2801%29.jpg/340px-Interior_of_the_Klosterbibliothek_Metten%2C_Metten%2C_Germany_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="971" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> – Interior of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klosterbibliothek_Metten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klosterbibliothek Metten (page does not exist)">Klosterbibliothek Metten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klosterbibliothek_Metten" class="extiw" title="de:Klosterbibliothek Metten">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Metten" title="Metten">Metten</a>, Germany, unknown architect, 1722–1726<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4,_Strada_Stavropoleos,_Bucharest_(Romania)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brâncovenesc – Stavropoleos Monastery Church, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect, 1724[36]"><img alt="Brâncovenesc – Stavropoleos Monastery Church, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect, 1724[36]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/4%2C_Strada_Stavropoleos%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29_1.jpg/330px-4%2C_Strada_Stavropoleos%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/4%2C_Strada_Stavropoleos%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29_1.jpg/500px-4%2C_Strada_Stavropoleos%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/4%2C_Strada_Stavropoleos%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29_1.jpg/960px-4%2C_Strada_Stavropoleos%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3580" data-file-height="3011" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2ncovenesc_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Brâncovenesc style">Brâncovenesc</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stavropoleos_Monastery" title="Stavropoleos Monastery">Stavropoleos Monastery</a> Church, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, unknown architect, 1724<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steinhausen,_Wallfahrtskirche_Unserer_Lieben_Frau,_Capital_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – Capitals in the Wallfahrtskirche Steinhausen [de], Steinhausen, Germany, by Dominikus Zimmermann, 1728–1733"><img alt="Rococo – Capitals in the Wallfahrtskirche Steinhausen [de], Steinhausen, Germany, by Dominikus Zimmermann, 1728–1733" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Steinhausen%2C_Wallfahrtskirche_Unserer_Lieben_Frau%2C_Capital_002.JPG/250px-Steinhausen%2C_Wallfahrtskirche_Unserer_Lieben_Frau%2C_Capital_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Steinhausen%2C_Wallfahrtskirche_Unserer_Lieben_Frau%2C_Capital_002.JPG/330px-Steinhausen%2C_Wallfahrtskirche_Unserer_Lieben_Frau%2C_Capital_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Steinhausen%2C_Wallfahrtskirche_Unserer_Lieben_Frau%2C_Capital_002.JPG/500px-Steinhausen%2C_Wallfahrtskirche_Unserer_Lieben_Frau%2C_Capital_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo – <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">Capitals</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallfahrtskirche_Steinhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wallfahrtskirche Steinhausen (page does not exist)">Wallfahrtskirche Steinhausen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallfahrtskirche_Steinhausen" class="extiw" title="de:Wallfahrtskirche Steinhausen">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinhausen_(Bad_Schussenried)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steinhausen (Bad Schussenried) (page does not exist)">Steinhausen</a>, Germany, by <a href="/wiki/Dominikus_Zimmermann" title="Dominikus Zimmermann">Dominikus Zimmermann</a>, 1728–1733</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buste_allegorique_des_4_saisons_-_L%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_-_Summer_-_Rouen_-_vers_1730_-_Louvre_-_OA_2609.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque – Summer as Ceres, part of a series of anthropomorphic busts of the four seasons, a polychrome example of Rouen faience, c. 1730, faience, Louvre[37]"><img alt="Baroque – Summer as Ceres, part of a series of anthropomorphic busts of the four seasons, a polychrome example of Rouen faience, c. 1730, faience, Louvre[37]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buste_allegorique_des_4_saisons_-_L%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_-_Summer_-_Rouen_-_vers_1730_-_Louvre_-_OA_2609.jpg/170px-Buste_allegorique_des_4_saisons_-_L%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_-_Summer_-_Rouen_-_vers_1730_-_Louvre_-_OA_2609.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buste_allegorique_des_4_saisons_-_L%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_-_Summer_-_Rouen_-_vers_1730_-_Louvre_-_OA_2609.jpg/255px-Buste_allegorique_des_4_saisons_-_L%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_-_Summer_-_Rouen_-_vers_1730_-_Louvre_-_OA_2609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buste_allegorique_des_4_saisons_-_L%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_-_Summer_-_Rouen_-_vers_1730_-_Louvre_-_OA_2609.jpg/340px-Buste_allegorique_des_4_saisons_-_L%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_-_Summer_-_Rouen_-_vers_1730_-_Louvre_-_OA_2609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque – Summer as <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>, part of a series of <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> busts of the four seasons, a polychrome example of <a href="/wiki/Rouen_faience" title="Rouen faience">Rouen faience</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1730</span>, <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Innsbruck_Helblinghaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – Helbling House, Innsbruck, Austria, originally Gothic town house from the 15th century, renovated at the beginning of the 18th, and finished in 1732 by Anton Gigl"><img alt="Rococo – Helbling House, Innsbruck, Austria, originally Gothic town house from the 15th century, renovated at the beginning of the 18th, and finished in 1732 by Anton Gigl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Innsbruck_Helblinghaus.jpg/250px-Innsbruck_Helblinghaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Innsbruck_Helblinghaus.jpg/330px-Innsbruck_Helblinghaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Innsbruck_Helblinghaus.jpg/500px-Innsbruck_Helblinghaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2263" data-file-height="3395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo – <a href="/wiki/Helbling_House" title="Helbling House">Helbling House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, originally Gothic town house from the 15th century, renovated at the beginning of the 18th, and finished in 1732 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Gigl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Gigl (page does not exist)">Anton Gigl</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 91.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 89.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asamkirche,_M%C3%BAnich,_Alemania02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – St. Johann Nepomuk, Munich, Germany, by Egid Quirin Asam and Cosmas Damian Asam, 1733–1746[38]"><img alt="Rococo – St. Johann Nepomuk, Munich, Germany, by Egid Quirin Asam and Cosmas Damian Asam, 1733–1746[38]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Asamkirche%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania02.JPG/134px-Asamkirche%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania02.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Asamkirche%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania02.JPG/201px-Asamkirche%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Asamkirche%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania02.JPG/268px-Asamkirche%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="3399" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo – <a href="/wiki/Asam_Church,_Munich" title="Asam Church, Munich">St. Johann Nepomuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany, by <a href="/wiki/Egid_Quirin_Asam" title="Egid Quirin Asam">Egid Quirin Asam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Damian_Asam" title="Cosmas Damian Asam">Cosmas Damian Asam</a>, 1733–1746<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Po%C3%AAle_de_la_salle_de_bains_de_la_Du_Barry_-_DSC_0432.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – Apartment of Madame du Barry, Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 18th century"><img alt="Rococo – Apartment of Madame du Barry, Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Po%C3%AAle_de_la_salle_de_bains_de_la_Du_Barry_-_DSC_0432.JPG/169px-Po%C3%AAle_de_la_salle_de_bains_de_la_Du_Barry_-_DSC_0432.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Po%C3%AAle_de_la_salle_de_bains_de_la_Du_Barry_-_DSC_0432.JPG/254px-Po%C3%AAle_de_la_salle_de_bains_de_la_Du_Barry_-_DSC_0432.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Po%C3%AAle_de_la_salle_de_bains_de_la_Du_Barry_-_DSC_0432.JPG/339px-Po%C3%AAle_de_la_salle_de_bains_de_la_Du_Barry_-_DSC_0432.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo – Apartment of <a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ange-Jacques_Gabriel" title="Ange-Jacques Gabriel">Ange-Jacques Gabriel</a>, 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00269.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – Illustration of 18th century cartouches, from L'ornement Polychrome, by Albert Racinet, 1888"><img alt="Rococo – Illustration of 18th century cartouches, from L'ornement Polychrome, by Albert Racinet, 1888" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00269.jpg/169px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00269.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00269.jpg/254px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00269.jpg/338px-Illustration_from_L%E2%80%99ornement_Polychrome_by_Albert_Racinet_from_rawpixel%E2%80%99s_own_original_1888_publication_00269.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo – Illustration of 18th century <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">cartouches</a>, from L'ornement Polychrome, by Albert Racinet, 1888</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2022-09-07_09-11_Berlin_217_Potsdam,_Schloss_Sanssouci_-_52390814246.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – fourth guest room, so-called Voltaire Room, Sanssouci, Potsdam, Germany, designed by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff, with decoration by Johann Michael the Elder and Johann Christian Hoppenhaupt the Younger, 1752–1753[39]"><img alt="Rococo – fourth guest room, so-called Voltaire Room, Sanssouci, Potsdam, Germany, designed by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff, with decoration by Johann Michael the Elder and Johann Christian Hoppenhaupt the Younger, 1752–1753[39]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2022-09-07_09-11_Berlin_217_Potsdam%2C_Schloss_Sanssouci_-_52390814246.jpg/500px-2022-09-07_09-11_Berlin_217_Potsdam%2C_Schloss_Sanssouci_-_52390814246.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2022-09-07_09-11_Berlin_217_Potsdam%2C_Schloss_Sanssouci_-_52390814246.jpg/960px-2022-09-07_09-11_Berlin_217_Potsdam%2C_Schloss_Sanssouci_-_52390814246.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo – fourth guest room, so-called Voltaire Room, <a href="/wiki/Sanssouci" title="Sanssouci">Sanssouci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Germany, designed by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wenzeslaus_von_Knobelsdorff" title="Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff">Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff</a>, with decoration by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Michael_the_Elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Michael the Elder (page does not exist)">Johann Michael the Elder</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Christian_Hoppenhaupt_the_Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Christian Hoppenhaupt the Younger (page does not exist)">Johann Christian Hoppenhaupt the Younger</a>, 1752–1753<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wieskirche,_Gemeinde_Steingaden_Ortsteil_Wies.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – Pilgrimage Church of Wies, Steingaden, Germany, by Dominikus and Johann Baptist Zimmermann, 1754[40]"><img alt="Rococo – Pilgrimage Church of Wies, Steingaden, Germany, by Dominikus and Johann Baptist Zimmermann, 1754[40]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Wieskirche%2C_Gemeinde_Steingaden_Ortsteil_Wies.JPG/383px-Wieskirche%2C_Gemeinde_Steingaden_Ortsteil_Wies.JPG" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Wieskirche%2C_Gemeinde_Steingaden_Ortsteil_Wies.JPG/575px-Wieskirche%2C_Gemeinde_Steingaden_Ortsteil_Wies.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Wieskirche%2C_Gemeinde_Steingaden_Ortsteil_Wies.JPG/765px-Wieskirche%2C_Gemeinde_Steingaden_Ortsteil_Wies.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo – <a href="/wiki/Wieskirche" title="Wieskirche">Pilgrimage Church of Wies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steingaden" title="Steingaden">Steingaden</a>, Germany, by <a href="/wiki/Dominikus_Zimmermann" title="Dominikus Zimmermann">Dominikus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Zimmermann" title="Johann Baptist Zimmermann">Johann Baptist Zimmermann</a>, 1754<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014238_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014238-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignaz_G%C3%BCnther_Schutzengel_B%C3%BCrgersaal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – Tobias and the Angel, by Ignaz Günther, 1763, limewood, Bürgersaalkirche, Munich, Germany[41]"><img alt="Rococo – Tobias and the Angel, by Ignaz Günther, 1763, limewood, Bürgersaalkirche, Munich, Germany[41]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ignaz_G%C3%BCnther_Schutzengel_B%C3%BCrgersaal.jpg/174px-Ignaz_G%C3%BCnther_Schutzengel_B%C3%BCrgersaal.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ignaz_G%C3%BCnther_Schutzengel_B%C3%BCrgersaal.jpg/262px-Ignaz_G%C3%BCnther_Schutzengel_B%C3%BCrgersaal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ignaz_G%C3%BCnther_Schutzengel_B%C3%BCrgersaal.jpg/349px-Ignaz_G%C3%BCnther_Schutzengel_B%C3%BCrgersaal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="1259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo – Tobias and the Angel, by <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_G%C3%BCnther" title="Ignaz Günther">Ignaz Günther</a>, 1763, limewood, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgersaalkirche" title="Bürgersaalkirche">Bürgersaalkirche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stockholm_Sweden_Royal-Domain-of_Drottningholm_Drottningholms-Kina-Slott-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinoiserie – Chinese Pavilion (Ekerö Municipality, Sweden), 1763–1769, by Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz[42]"><img alt="Chinoiserie – Chinese Pavilion (Ekerö Municipality, Sweden), 1763–1769, by Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz[42]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stockholm_Sweden_Royal-Domain-of_Drottningholm_Drottningholms-Kina-Slott-01.jpg/500px-Stockholm_Sweden_Royal-Domain-of_Drottningholm_Drottningholms-Kina-Slott-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stockholm_Sweden_Royal-Domain-of_Drottningholm_Drottningholms-Kina-Slott-01.jpg/960px-Stockholm_Sweden_Royal-Domain-of_Drottningholm_Drottningholms-Kina-Slott-01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3069" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Pavilion_at_Drottningholm" title="Chinese Pavilion at Drottningholm">Chinese Pavilion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eker%C3%B6_Municipality" title="Ekerö Municipality">Ekerö Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>), 1763–1769, by Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz<sup id="cite_ref-Fastighet_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fastighet-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_armchairs_(part_of_a_set)_MET_ES6929.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical – armchair, c. 1780, carved and polychromed walnut, received upholstered in beige silk brocade, currently upholstered with modern cotton and linen velvet, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Neoclassical – armchair, c. 1780, carved and polychromed walnut, received upholstered in beige silk brocade, currently upholstered with modern cotton and linen velvet, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pair_of_armchairs_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_ES6929.jpg/250px-Pair_of_armchairs_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_ES6929.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pair_of_armchairs_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_ES6929.jpg/330px-Pair_of_armchairs_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_ES6929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pair_of_armchairs_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_ES6929.jpg/500px-Pair_of_armchairs_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_ES6929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> – armchair, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>, carved and polychromed walnut, received upholstered in beige silk brocade, currently upholstered with modern cotton and linen velvet, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:INVERARAY_CASTLE_CEILING_DETAIL.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis XVI style – Ceiling decorated with festoons in the State Dining Room, Inveraray Castle, Scotland, the UK, by Girard and Guinand, 1784[43]"><img alt="Louis XVI style – Ceiling decorated with festoons in the State Dining Room, Inveraray Castle, Scotland, the UK, by Girard and Guinand, 1784[43]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/INVERARAY_CASTLE_CEILING_DETAIL.JPG/500px-INVERARAY_CASTLE_CEILING_DETAIL.JPG" decoding="async" width="259" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/INVERARAY_CASTLE_CEILING_DETAIL.JPG/960px-INVERARAY_CASTLE_CEILING_DETAIL.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="7278" data-file-height="4788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a> – Ceiling decorated with <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">festoons</a> in the State Dining Room, <a href="/wiki/Inveraray_Castle" title="Inveraray Castle">Inveraray Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the UK, by Girard and Guinand, 1784<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Porcelain">Porcelain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Porcelain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the arrival of European <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> in the 18th century, brightly colored pottery figurines with a wide range of colors became very popular. Porcelain was developed in China in the 9th century. Its recipe was kept secret from other nations, and only successfully copied in the 15th century by the Japanese and Vietnamese. During the 18th century, German kilns finally figured out how to make porcelain, beginning with the alchemist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_B%C3%B6ttger" title="Johann Friedrich Böttger">Johann Friedrich Böttger</a> and the physicist <a href="/wiki/Ehrenfried_Walther_von_Tschirnhaus" title="Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus">Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus</a>, who made the first European variety in 1709. The <a href="/wiki/Meissen_porcelain" title="Meissen porcelain">Meissen Porcelain Factory</a> was founded in the following year, and it became the leading European porcelain manufacturer. Later, other kilns stole the recipe or came up with their own porcelain technology. Another really famous factory was the <a href="/wiki/Manufacture_nationale_de_S%C3%A8vres" title="Manufacture nationale de Sèvres">Sèvres</a>, which produced stunning porcelain for the French elite during the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant-head_vase_(vase_%C3%A0_t%C3%AAte_d%27%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant)_MET_DP-13079-009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – elephant-head vase (vase à tête d'éléphant), by the Sèvres porcelain factory, c. 1756 – c. 1762, soft-paste porcelain, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Rococo – elephant-head vase (vase à tête d'éléphant), by the Sèvres porcelain factory, c. 1756 – c. 1762, soft-paste porcelain, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Elephant-head_vase_%28vase_%C3%A0_t%C3%AAte_d%27%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant%29_MET_DP-13079-009.jpg/250px-Elephant-head_vase_%28vase_%C3%A0_t%C3%AAte_d%27%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant%29_MET_DP-13079-009.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Elephant-head_vase_%28vase_%C3%A0_t%C3%AAte_d%27%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant%29_MET_DP-13079-009.jpg/330px-Elephant-head_vase_%28vase_%C3%A0_t%C3%AAte_d%27%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant%29_MET_DP-13079-009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Elephant-head_vase_%28vase_%C3%A0_t%C3%AAte_d%27%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant%29_MET_DP-13079-009.jpg/500px-Elephant-head_vase_%28vase_%C3%A0_t%C3%AAte_d%27%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant%29_MET_DP-13079-009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3044" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> – elephant-head vase (vase à tête d'éléphant), by the <a href="/wiki/Manufacture_nationale_de_S%C3%A8vres" title="Manufacture nationale de Sèvres">Sèvres porcelain factory</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1756</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1762</span>, soft-paste porcelain, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_sconce_(bras_de_chemin%C3%A9e)_(one_of_a_pair)_MET_DP155339.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – wall sconce (bras de cheminée), by the Sèvres porcelain factory, c. 1761, soft-paste porcelain and gilt bronze, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Rococo – wall sconce (bras de cheminée), by the Sèvres porcelain factory, c. 1761, soft-paste porcelain and gilt bronze, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Wall_sconce_%28bras_de_chemin%C3%A9e%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP155339.jpg/250px-Wall_sconce_%28bras_de_chemin%C3%A9e%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP155339.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Wall_sconce_%28bras_de_chemin%C3%A9e%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP155339.jpg/330px-Wall_sconce_%28bras_de_chemin%C3%A9e%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP155339.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Wall_sconce_%28bras_de_chemin%C3%A9e%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP155339.jpg/500px-Wall_sconce_%28bras_de_chemin%C3%A9e%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP155339.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo – wall sconce (bras de cheminée), by the Sèvres porcelain factory, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1761</span>, soft-paste porcelain and gilt bronze, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfume_vase_(one_of_a_pair)_MET_DP-12374-049.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – perfume vase, by the Chelsea porcelain factory, c. 1761, soft-paste porcelain and burnished gold ground, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Rococo – perfume vase, by the Chelsea porcelain factory, c. 1761, soft-paste porcelain and burnished gold ground, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Perfume_vase_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP-12374-049.jpg/250px-Perfume_vase_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP-12374-049.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Perfume_vase_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP-12374-049.jpg/330px-Perfume_vase_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP-12374-049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Perfume_vase_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP-12374-049.jpg/500px-Perfume_vase_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP-12374-049.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo – perfume vase, by the <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_porcelain_factory" title="Chelsea porcelain factory">Chelsea porcelain factory</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1761</span>, soft-paste porcelain and burnished gold ground, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monkey_Band,_c._1765,_Meissen_Porcelain_Manufactory,_Germany,_porcelain,_enamel,_gilding_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC09806.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – singerie figurine, part of a monkey band, by the Meissen porcelain factory, c. 1765, porcelain, enamel and gilding, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, USA"><img alt="Rococo – singerie figurine, part of a monkey band, by the Meissen porcelain factory, c. 1765, porcelain, enamel and gilding, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Monkey_Band%2C_c._1765%2C_Meissen_Porcelain_Manufactory%2C_Germany%2C_porcelain%2C_enamel%2C_gilding_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC09806.JPG/191px-Monkey_Band%2C_c._1765%2C_Meissen_Porcelain_Manufactory%2C_Germany%2C_porcelain%2C_enamel%2C_gilding_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC09806.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Monkey_Band%2C_c._1765%2C_Meissen_Porcelain_Manufactory%2C_Germany%2C_porcelain%2C_enamel%2C_gilding_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC09806.JPG/287px-Monkey_Band%2C_c._1765%2C_Meissen_Porcelain_Manufactory%2C_Germany%2C_porcelain%2C_enamel%2C_gilding_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC09806.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Monkey_Band%2C_c._1765%2C_Meissen_Porcelain_Manufactory%2C_Germany%2C_porcelain%2C_enamel%2C_gilding_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC09806.JPG/382px-Monkey_Band%2C_c._1765%2C_Meissen_Porcelain_Manufactory%2C_Germany%2C_porcelain%2C_enamel%2C_gilding_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC09806.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo – <a href="/wiki/Singerie" title="Singerie">singerie</a> figurine, part of a monkey band, by the <a href="/wiki/Meissen_porcelain" title="Meissen porcelain">Meissen porcelain factory</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1765</span>, porcelain, enamel and gilding, <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Music_Lesson_MET_DP-14272-001_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo – The Music Lesson, by the Chelsea porcelain factory, c. 1765, soft-paste porcelain, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Rococo – The Music Lesson, by the Chelsea porcelain factory, c. 1765, soft-paste porcelain, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Music_Lesson_MET_DP-14272-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-The_Music_Lesson_MET_DP-14272-001_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Music_Lesson_MET_DP-14272-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-The_Music_Lesson_MET_DP-14272-001_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2573" data-file-height="2929" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo – The Music Lesson, by the Chelsea porcelain factory, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1765</span>, soft-paste porcelain, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vase_(vase_grec_Duplessis_rectifi%C3%A9),_design_attributed_to_Jean_Claude_Duplessis,_Rijksmuseum,_Amsterdam,_the_Netherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis XVI style – Vase (vase grec Duplessis rectifié), design attributed to Jean-Claude Chambellan Duplessis, painted decoration by Vincent Taillandier [fr], gilding by Jean Pierre Boulanger, by the Sèvres porcelain factory, 1780, painted and gilded hard-paste porcelain, gilt bronze, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, the Netherlands"><img alt="Louis XVI style – Vase (vase grec Duplessis rectifié), design attributed to Jean-Claude Chambellan Duplessis, painted decoration by Vincent Taillandier [fr], gilding by Jean Pierre Boulanger, by the Sèvres porcelain factory, 1780, painted and gilded hard-paste porcelain, gilt bronze, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vase_%28vase_grec_Duplessis_rectifi%C3%A9%29%2C_design_attributed_to_Jean_Claude_Duplessis%2C_Rijksmuseum%2C_Amsterdam%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg/176px-Vase_%28vase_grec_Duplessis_rectifi%C3%A9%29%2C_design_attributed_to_Jean_Claude_Duplessis%2C_Rijksmuseum%2C_Amsterdam%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vase_%28vase_grec_Duplessis_rectifi%C3%A9%29%2C_design_attributed_to_Jean_Claude_Duplessis%2C_Rijksmuseum%2C_Amsterdam%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg/265px-Vase_%28vase_grec_Duplessis_rectifi%C3%A9%29%2C_design_attributed_to_Jean_Claude_Duplessis%2C_Rijksmuseum%2C_Amsterdam%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vase_%28vase_grec_Duplessis_rectifi%C3%A9%29%2C_design_attributed_to_Jean_Claude_Duplessis%2C_Rijksmuseum%2C_Amsterdam%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg/353px-Vase_%28vase_grec_Duplessis_rectifi%C3%A9%29%2C_design_attributed_to_Jean_Claude_Duplessis%2C_Rijksmuseum%2C_Amsterdam%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="4060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a> – Vase (vase grec Duplessis rectifié), design attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Chambellan_Duplessis" title="Jean-Claude Chambellan Duplessis">Jean-Claude Chambellan Duplessis</a>, painted decoration by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Taillandier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincent Taillandier (page does not exist)">Vincent Taillandier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Taillandier" class="extiw" title="fr:Vincent Taillandier">fr</a>]</span>, gilding by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Pierre_Boulanger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Pierre Boulanger (page does not exist)">Jean Pierre Boulanger</a>, by the Sèvres porcelain factory, 1780, painted and gilded hard-paste porcelain, gilt bronze, <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rijksmuseum Amsterdam">Rijksmuseum Amsterdam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to the 18th century, polychromy was somewhat more widespread in the 19th. However, the facades of most buildings remained white, most sculptures were unpainted, and most furniture was in the shades of its materials. Colours were added usually though glazed ceramics on buildings, different types of stone on sculptures, and through painting or <a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">intarsia</a> most often on furniture. Like in the 18th century, porcelain remained quite colourful, many figures being life-like. In contrast with their exteriors, interiors of many houses of the rich were often decorated with <a href="/wiki/Boiserie" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiserie">boiserie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>, and/or painted. Like in the 2nd half of the 18th century, multiple bronze clocks and decorative objects have two tints through <a href="/wiki/Ormolu" title="Ormolu">gilding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patina</a>. Porcelain elements were also added for more colour. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock,_French,_circa_1835-1850,_gilt_and_patinated_bronze,_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart,_1911,_inv._17772,_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic Revival clock, c. 1835 – c. 1850, gilt and patinated bronze, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris"><img alt="Gothic Revival clock, c. 1835 – c. 1850, gilt and patinated bronze, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Clock%2C_French%2C_circa_1835-1850%2C_gilt_and_patinated_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17772%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/153px-Clock%2C_French%2C_circa_1835-1850%2C_gilt_and_patinated_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17772%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Clock%2C_French%2C_circa_1835-1850%2C_gilt_and_patinated_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17772%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/230px-Clock%2C_French%2C_circa_1835-1850%2C_gilt_and_patinated_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17772%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Clock%2C_French%2C_circa_1835-1850%2C_gilt_and_patinated_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17772%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/306px-Clock%2C_French%2C_circa_1835-1850%2C_gilt_and_patinated_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17772%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2157" data-file-height="3595" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_decorative_arts" title="Gothic Revival decorative arts">Gothic Revival</a> clock, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1835</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span>, gilt and patinated bronze, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris">Museum of Decorative Arts</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheadle-_St._Giles_Church-_Pugins_complete_c13th_restoration_4_(geograph_4939277).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic Revival – Interior of the St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle, Staffordshire, the UK, by Augustus Pugin, 1840–1846[45]"><img alt="Gothic Revival – Interior of the St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle, Staffordshire, the UK, by Augustus Pugin, 1840–1846[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cheadle-_St._Giles_Church-_Pugins_complete_c13th_restoration_4_%28geograph_4939277%29.jpg/330px-Cheadle-_St._Giles_Church-_Pugins_complete_c13th_restoration_4_%28geograph_4939277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cheadle-_St._Giles_Church-_Pugins_complete_c13th_restoration_4_%28geograph_4939277%29.jpg/500px-Cheadle-_St._Giles_Church-_Pugins_complete_c13th_restoration_4_%28geograph_4939277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cheadle-_St._Giles_Church-_Pugins_complete_c13th_restoration_4_%28geograph_4939277%29.jpg/960px-Cheadle-_St._Giles_Church-_Pugins_complete_c13th_restoration_4_%28geograph_4939277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3854" data-file-height="3575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> – Interior of the <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Catholic_Church,_Cheadle" title="St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle">St Giles' Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheadle,_Staffordshire" title="Cheadle, Staffordshire">Cheadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Moorlands" title="Staffordshire Moorlands">Staffordshire</a>, the UK, by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a>, 1840–1846<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireplace,_the_Chaucer_Room,_Cardiff_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic Revival – Chimney-piece in the Chaucer Room of the Cardiff Castle, Cardiff, the UK, by William Burges, c. 1877 – c. 1890[46]"><img alt="Gothic Revival – Chimney-piece in the Chaucer Room of the Cardiff Castle, Cardiff, the UK, by William Burges, c. 1877 – c. 1890[46]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fireplace%2C_the_Chaucer_Room%2C_Cardiff_Castle.jpg/191px-Fireplace%2C_the_Chaucer_Room%2C_Cardiff_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fireplace%2C_the_Chaucer_Room%2C_Cardiff_Castle.jpg/287px-Fireplace%2C_the_Chaucer_Room%2C_Cardiff_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fireplace%2C_the_Chaucer_Room%2C_Cardiff_Castle.jpg/382px-Fireplace%2C_the_Chaucer_Room%2C_Cardiff_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic Revival – Chimney-piece in the Chaucer Room of the <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Castle" title="Cardiff Castle">Cardiff Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, the UK, by <a href="/wiki/William_Burges" title="William Burges">William Burges</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890</span><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castell_Coch,_April_2022_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic Revival – Drawing room of the Castell Coch, Tongwynlais, Wales, by William Burges, 1891[47]"><img alt="Gothic Revival – Drawing room of the Castell Coch, Tongwynlais, Wales, by William Burges, 1891[47]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Castell_Coch%2C_April_2022_05.jpg/250px-Castell_Coch%2C_April_2022_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Castell_Coch%2C_April_2022_05.jpg/330px-Castell_Coch%2C_April_2022_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Castell_Coch%2C_April_2022_05.jpg/500px-Castell_Coch%2C_April_2022_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic Revival – Drawing room of the <a href="/wiki/Castell_Coch" title="Castell Coch">Castell Coch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongwynlais" title="Tongwynlais">Tongwynlais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Burges" title="William Burges">William Burges</a>, 1891<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 387.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 385.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polychrome_stucco_fragment_from_Strada_Plantelor_no._4,_in_the_UNARTE_Building_at_no._28_Calea_Grivi%C8%9Bei,_Bucharest_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts – Ceiling stucco fragment from Strada Plantelor no. 4, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect, 1891"><img alt="Beaux Arts – Ceiling stucco fragment from Strada Plantelor no. 4, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect, 1891" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Polychrome_stucco_fragment_from_Strada_Plantelor_no._4%2C_in_the_UNARTE_Building_at_no._28_Calea_Grivi%C8%9Bei%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg/960px-Polychrome_stucco_fragment_from_Strada_Plantelor_no._4%2C_in_the_UNARTE_Building_at_no._28_Calea_Grivi%C8%9Bei%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="386" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Polychrome_stucco_fragment_from_Strada_Plantelor_no._4%2C_in_the_UNARTE_Building_at_no._28_Calea_Grivi%C8%9Bei%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg/1156px-Polychrome_stucco_fragment_from_Strada_Plantelor_no._4%2C_in_the_UNARTE_Building_at_no._28_Calea_Grivi%C8%9Bei%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3837" data-file-height="1694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaux Arts architecture">Beaux Arts</a> – Ceiling <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> fragment from Strada Plantelor no. 4, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, unknown architect, 1891</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrias_La_Nature_se_d%C3%A9voilant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau – Nature Unveiling Herself Before Science, by Louis-Ernest Barrias, 1899, marble, alabaster, calcite, malachite, lapis lazuli, Musée d'Orsay, Paris"><img alt="Art Nouveau – Nature Unveiling Herself Before Science, by Louis-Ernest Barrias, 1899, marble, alabaster, calcite, malachite, lapis lazuli, Musée d'Orsay, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Barrias_La_Nature_se_d%C3%A9voilant.jpg/167px-Barrias_La_Nature_se_d%C3%A9voilant.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Barrias_La_Nature_se_d%C3%A9voilant.jpg/251px-Barrias_La_Nature_se_d%C3%A9voilant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Barrias_La_Nature_se_d%C3%A9voilant.jpg/335px-Barrias_La_Nature_se_d%C3%A9voilant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3277" data-file-height="4991" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nature_Unveiling_Herself_Before_Science" title="Nature Unveiling Herself Before Science">Nature Unveiling Herself Before Science</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ernest_Barrias" title="Louis-Ernest Barrias">Louis-Ernest Barrias</a>, 1899, marble, <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neoclassicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite evidence of polychrome being discovered on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a> architecture and sculptures, most <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> buildings have white or beige facades, and black metalwork. Around 1840, the French architect <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ignace_Hittorff" title="Jacques Ignace Hittorff">Jacques Ignace Hittorff</a>, published studies of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a> architecture, documenting extensive evidence of color. The "polychrome controversy" raged for over a decade and proved to be a challenge for Neoclassical architects throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergdoll2000176_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergdoll2000176-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the discovery of frescos in the Roman cities <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> during the 18th century, multiple 18th and 19th century Neoclassical houses have their interiors decorated with colourful Pompeian style frescos. They often feature bright red, known as "Pompeian red". The fashion for Pompeian styles of painting resulted in rooms finished in vivid blocks of colour. Examples include the Pompeian Room from the Hinxton Hall in <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pompejanum" title="Pompejanum">Pompejanum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aschaffenburg" title="Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Jos%C3%A9phine" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Joséphine">Empress Joséphine</a>'s Bedroom from the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a>, and Napoleon's bath of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet" title="Château de Rambouillet">Château de Rambouillet</a>. By the beginning of the 19th century, painters were also able to create effects of marbling and graining to imitate wood. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parc_et_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet_(50029592691).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Empire style – Napoleon's bath of the Château de Rambouillet, Rambouillet, France, painted by Godard and Jean Vasserot, 1806"><img alt="Empire style – Napoleon's bath of the Château de Rambouillet, Rambouillet, France, painted by Godard and Jean Vasserot, 1806" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Parc_et_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet_%2850029592691%29.jpg/451px-Parc_et_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet_%2850029592691%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Parc_et_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet_%2850029592691%29.jpg/676px-Parc_et_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet_%2850029592691%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Parc_et_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet_%2850029592691%29.jpg/902px-Parc_et_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet_%2850029592691%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2732" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> – Napoleon's bath of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet" title="Château de Rambouillet">Château de Rambouillet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet" title="Rambouillet">Rambouillet</a>, France, painted by Godard and Jean Vasserot, 1806</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_Spindle_Vases_-_OA_11090_-_Louvre_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Empire style – Vase, by the Sèvres porcelain factory, 1814, hard-paste porcelain with platinum background and gilt bronze mounts, Louvre[48]"><img alt="Empire style – Vase, by the Sèvres porcelain factory, 1814, hard-paste porcelain with platinum background and gilt bronze mounts, Louvre[48]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pair_of_Spindle_Vases_-_OA_11090_-_Louvre_%2801%29.jpg/250px-Pair_of_Spindle_Vases_-_OA_11090_-_Louvre_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pair_of_Spindle_Vases_-_OA_11090_-_Louvre_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Pair_of_Spindle_Vases_-_OA_11090_-_Louvre_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="3867" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Empire style – Vase, by the <a href="/wiki/Manufacture_nationale_de_S%C3%A8vres" title="Manufacture nationale de Sèvres">Sèvres porcelain factory</a>, 1814, hard-paste porcelain with platinum background and gilt bronze mounts, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polychromatic_fa%C3%A7ade_of_the_Cirque_Nationale,_Paris,_by_Jakob_Ignaz_Hittorff,_1840.webp" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical – Polychromatic façade of the Cirque Nationale, Paris, by Jakob Ignaz Hittorff, 1840[49]"><img alt="Neoclassical – Polychromatic façade of the Cirque Nationale, Paris, by Jakob Ignaz Hittorff, 1840[49]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Polychromatic_fa%C3%A7ade_of_the_Cirque_Nationale%2C_Paris%2C_by_Jakob_Ignaz_Hittorff%2C_1840.webp/226px-Polychromatic_fa%C3%A7ade_of_the_Cirque_Nationale%2C_Paris%2C_by_Jakob_Ignaz_Hittorff%2C_1840.webp.png" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Polychromatic_fa%C3%A7ade_of_the_Cirque_Nationale%2C_Paris%2C_by_Jakob_Ignaz_Hittorff%2C_1840.webp/339px-Polychromatic_fa%C3%A7ade_of_the_Cirque_Nationale%2C_Paris%2C_by_Jakob_Ignaz_Hittorff%2C_1840.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Polychromatic_fa%C3%A7ade_of_the_Cirque_Nationale%2C_Paris%2C_by_Jakob_Ignaz_Hittorff%2C_1840.webp/452px-Polychromatic_fa%C3%A7ade_of_the_Cirque_Nationale%2C_Paris%2C_by_Jakob_Ignaz_Hittorff%2C_1840.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> – Polychromatic façade of the Cirque Nationale, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Ignaz_Hittorff" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Ignaz Hittorff">Jakob Ignaz Hittorff</a>, 1840<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 300.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 298.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontaine1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical – Putto of the Grande Fontaine (Avenue Léopold-Robert), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, by Maximilien Louis Bourgeois [fr], 1888"><img alt="Neoclassical – Putto of the Grande Fontaine (Avenue Léopold-Robert), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, by Maximilien Louis Bourgeois [fr], 1888" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fontaine1.jpg/448px-Fontaine1.jpg" decoding="async" width="299" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fontaine1.jpg/672px-Fontaine1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fontaine1.jpg/897px-Fontaine1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical – Putto of the Grande Fontaine (Avenue Léopold-Robert), <a href="/wiki/La_Chaux-de-Fonds" title="La Chaux-de-Fonds">La Chaux-de-Fonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximilien_Louis_Bourgeois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximilien Louis Bourgeois (page does not exist)">Maximilien Louis Bourgeois</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_Louis_Bourgeois" class="extiw" title="fr:Maximilien Louis Bourgeois">fr</a>]</span>, 1888</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:45_Strada_Nicolae_Filipescu,_Bucharest_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical – Pompeian style wall in Strada Nicolae Filipescu no. 45, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect or painter, c. 1890"><img alt="Neoclassical – Pompeian style wall in Strada Nicolae Filipescu no. 45, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect or painter, c. 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/45_Strada_Nicolae_Filipescu%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg/500px-45_Strada_Nicolae_Filipescu%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/45_Strada_Nicolae_Filipescu%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg/960px-45_Strada_Nicolae_Filipescu%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="3199" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical –  <a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian style</a> wall in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strada_Nicolae_Filipescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strada Nicolae Filipescu (page does not exist)">Strada Nicolae Filipescu</a> no. 45, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, unknown architect or painter, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Academy_of_Athens_Coffered_Ceiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coffered ceiling with polychromy in front of the main entrance of the Academy of Athens, completed in 1885."><img alt="Coffered ceiling with polychromy in front of the main entrance of the Academy of Athens, completed in 1885." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Academy_of_Athens_Coffered_Ceiling.jpg/250px-Academy_of_Athens_Coffered_Ceiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Academy_of_Athens_Coffered_Ceiling.jpg/500px-Academy_of_Athens_Coffered_Ceiling.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coffer" title="Coffer">Coffered ceiling</a> with polychromy in front of the main entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Academy of Athens</a>, completed in 1885.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_maximalism">19th century maximalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 19th century maximalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"More is more" was the aesthetic principle followed in the Victorian era. <a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a> is present in many types of Victorian era designs, like ceramics, furniture, cutlery, tableware, fashion, architecture, book illustration, clocks, etc. Despite the appetite for ornamentation, many of them remain decorated with only a few colours, especially furniture. Ceramics were the field where polychrome was widespread. Besides objects, polychrome ceramic was also present in architecture and some furniture pieces and architecture through tiles. </p><p>The objects and buildings of the 19th century shown in the galleries of this page are without any doubt impressive. Today were are delighted by their ornaments, colours, and styles. However, up to the 1960s, with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a>, when people started to question <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> and began to appreciate things from the pre-Modern past, the verdict of Victorian designs wasn't good. During the early 20th century and even when they were made, some described the Victorian age as being one that has been providing us with some of the ugliest objects that have ever been made. Descriptions like 'aesthetic monstrosities' or 'ornamental abominations' were around at the time, and it only got worse. At the end of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Marc-Louis_Solon" title="Marc-Louis Solon">Marc-Louis Solon</a> (1835–1913), a well established ceramic designer, who worked for Minton and Company, was not unusual in commenting that the period 'bears the stamp of an unmitigated bad taste'.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time passed, negative opinions only got worse. Pioneer <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern architects</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Adolf Loos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> felt that works like this were not simply bad, they were such an affront they should have been made illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incense_burner_(br%C3%BBle-parfum),_by_Jacob_Petit,_circa_1834-1848,_hard-paste_porcelain,_painted_and_gilded,_given_by_Madame_Albert_King,_1948,_inv._35970,_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo Revival incense burner (brûle-parfum), by Jacob Petit [fr], c. 1834 – c. 1848, hard-paste porcelain, painted and gilded, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris"><img alt="Rococo Revival incense burner (brûle-parfum), by Jacob Petit [fr], c. 1834 – c. 1848, hard-paste porcelain, painted and gilded, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Incense_burner_%28br%C3%BBle-parfum%29%2C_by_Jacob_Petit%2C_circa_1834-1848%2C_hard-paste_porcelain%2C_painted_and_gilded%2C_given_by_Madame_Albert_King%2C_1948%2C_inv._35970%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Incense_burner_%28br%C3%BBle-parfum%29%2C_by_Jacob_Petit%2C_circa_1834-1848%2C_hard-paste_porcelain%2C_painted_and_gilded%2C_given_by_Madame_Albert_King%2C_1948%2C_inv._35970%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Incense_burner_%28br%C3%BBle-parfum%29%2C_by_Jacob_Petit%2C_circa_1834-1848%2C_hard-paste_porcelain%2C_painted_and_gilded%2C_given_by_Madame_Albert_King%2C_1948%2C_inv._35970%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="3237" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">Rococo Revival</a> incense burner (brûle-parfum), by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Petit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Petit (page does not exist)">Jacob Petit</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Petit" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacob Petit">fr</a>]</span>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1834</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1848</span>, hard-paste porcelain, painted and gilded, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris">Museum of Decorative Arts</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_bottles,_by_Jacob_Petit,_circa_1840,_hard-paste_porcelain,_painted_and_gilded,_given_by_Madame_Albert_King,_1966,_inv._40949-40950,_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo Revival pair of bottles, by Jacob Petit, c. 1840, hard-paste porcelain, painted and gilded, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris"><img alt="Rococo Revival pair of bottles, by Jacob Petit, c. 1840, hard-paste porcelain, painted and gilded, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pair_of_bottles%2C_by_Jacob_Petit%2C_circa_1840%2C_hard-paste_porcelain%2C_painted_and_gilded%2C_given_by_Madame_Albert_King%2C_1966%2C_inv._40949-40950%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/359px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pair_of_bottles%2C_by_Jacob_Petit%2C_circa_1840%2C_hard-paste_porcelain%2C_painted_and_gilded%2C_given_by_Madame_Albert_King%2C_1966%2C_inv._40949-40950%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/538px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pair_of_bottles%2C_by_Jacob_Petit%2C_circa_1840%2C_hard-paste_porcelain%2C_painted_and_gilded%2C_given_by_Madame_Albert_King%2C_1966%2C_inv._40949-40950%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/717px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2903" data-file-height="2066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo Revival pair of bottles, by Jacob Petit, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1840</span>, hard-paste porcelain, painted and gilded, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 279.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 277.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_cone-shaped_vases_and_a_clock,_by_Nicolas_Bugeard%3F,_mid-19th_century,_hard-paste_porcelain,_painted_and_gilded,_given_by_Charles_Bastien,_1922,_inv._22766_A-B_(vases)_and_22765_(clock),_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo Revival pair of cone-shaped vases and a clock, by Nicolas Bugeard?, mid-19th century, hard-paste porcelain, painted and gilded, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris"><img alt="Rococo Revival pair of cone-shaped vases and a clock, by Nicolas Bugeard?, mid-19th century, hard-paste porcelain, painted and gilded, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pair_of_cone-shaped_vases_and_a_clock%2C_by_Nicolas_Bugeard%3F%2C_mid-19th_century%2C_hard-paste_porcelain%2C_painted_and_gilded%2C_given_by_Charles_Bastien%2C_1922%2C_inv._22766_A-B_%28vases%29_and_22765_%28clock%29%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pair_of_cone-shaped_vases_and_a_clock%2C_by_Nicolas_Bugeard%3F%2C_mid-19th_century%2C_hard-paste_porcelain%2C_painted_and_gilded%2C_given_by_Charles_Bastien%2C_1922%2C_inv._22766_A-B_%28vases%29_and_22765_%28clock%29%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3830" data-file-height="2348" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo Revival pair of cone-shaped vases and a clock, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Bugeard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Bugeard (page does not exist)">Nicolas Bugeard</a>?, mid-19th century, hard-paste porcelain, painted and gilded, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceiling_of_the_Salle_des_Sept-Chemin%C3%A9es_in_the_Louvre_Palace_(28223543502).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical sculpted decoration on the ceiling of the Salon des Sept cheminées, Louvre Palace, Paris, by Francisque Duret, 1851[52]"><img alt="Neoclassical sculpted decoration on the ceiling of the Salon des Sept cheminées, Louvre Palace, Paris, by Francisque Duret, 1851[52]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ceiling_of_the_Salle_des_Sept-Chemin%C3%A9es_in_the_Louvre_Palace_%2828223543502%29.jpg/383px-Ceiling_of_the_Salle_des_Sept-Chemin%C3%A9es_in_the_Louvre_Palace_%2828223543502%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ceiling_of_the_Salle_des_Sept-Chemin%C3%A9es_in_the_Louvre_Palace_%2828223543502%29.jpg/575px-Ceiling_of_the_Salle_des_Sept-Chemin%C3%A9es_in_the_Louvre_Palace_%2828223543502%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ceiling_of_the_Salle_des_Sept-Chemin%C3%A9es_in_the_Louvre_Palace_%2828223543502%29.jpg/765px-Ceiling_of_the_Salle_des_Sept-Chemin%C3%A9es_in_the_Louvre_Palace_%2828223543502%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> sculpted decoration on the ceiling of the Salon des Sept cheminées, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Francisque_Duret" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisque Duret">Francisque Duret</a>, 1851<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 284px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 282px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salon_Carr%C3%A9_Ceiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical sculpted decoration on the ceiling of the Salon Carré, Louvre Palace, by Pierre-Charles Simart, 1851[53]"><img alt="Neoclassical sculpted decoration on the ceiling of the Salon Carré, Louvre Palace, by Pierre-Charles Simart, 1851[53]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Salon_Carr%C3%A9_Ceiling.jpg/423px-Salon_Carr%C3%A9_Ceiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Salon_Carr%C3%A9_Ceiling.jpg/636px-Salon_Carr%C3%A9_Ceiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Salon_Carr%C3%A9_Ceiling.jpg/847px-Salon_Carr%C3%A9_Ceiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4314" data-file-height="2600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical sculpted decoration on the ceiling of the Salon Carré, Louvre Palace, by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Simart" title="Pierre-Charles Simart">Pierre-Charles Simart</a>, 1851<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casino_de_Montecarlo,_M%C3%B3naco,_2016-06-23,_DD_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts mosaics on the Opéra de Monte-Carlo, Monaco, designed by Charles Garnier, 1879"><img alt="Beaux Arts mosaics on the Opéra de Monte-Carlo, Monaco, designed by Charles Garnier, 1879" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Casino_de_Montecarlo%2C_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_06.jpg/500px-Casino_de_Montecarlo%2C_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Casino_de_Montecarlo%2C_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_06.jpg/960px-Casino_de_Montecarlo%2C_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_06.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3786" data-file-height="2520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaux Arts architecture">Beaux Arts</a> mosaics on the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Monte-Carlo" title="Opéra de Monte-Carlo">Opéra de Monte-Carlo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(architect)" title="Charles Garnier (architect)">Charles Garnier</a>, 1879</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kendallville-indiana-architectural-detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polychrome architectural detail of an unidentified building in Kendallville, Indiana, USA, unknown architect, 1892"><img alt="Polychrome architectural detail of an unidentified building in Kendallville, Indiana, USA, unknown architect, 1892" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kendallville-indiana-architectural-detail.jpg/500px-Kendallville-indiana-architectural-detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kendallville-indiana-architectural-detail.jpg/960px-Kendallville-indiana-architectural-detail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polychrome architectural detail of an unidentified building in <a href="/wiki/Kendallville,_Indiana" title="Kendallville, Indiana">Kendallville, Indiana</a>, USA, unknown architect, 1892</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Restaurant_La_Cigale_-_d%C3%A9co_int%C3%A9rieure_Art_Nouveau_(d%C3%A9tail_4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of La Cigale, Nantes, France, designed by Émile Libaudière, and decorated with sculptures by Émile Gaucher and paintings by Georges Levreau, 1895"><img alt="Interior of La Cigale, Nantes, France, designed by Émile Libaudière, and decorated with sculptures by Émile Gaucher and paintings by Georges Levreau, 1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Restaurant_La_Cigale_-_d%C3%A9co_int%C3%A9rieure_Art_Nouveau_%28d%C3%A9tail_4%29.jpg/169px-Restaurant_La_Cigale_-_d%C3%A9co_int%C3%A9rieure_Art_Nouveau_%28d%C3%A9tail_4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Restaurant_La_Cigale_-_d%C3%A9co_int%C3%A9rieure_Art_Nouveau_%28d%C3%A9tail_4%29.jpg/254px-Restaurant_La_Cigale_-_d%C3%A9co_int%C3%A9rieure_Art_Nouveau_%28d%C3%A9tail_4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Restaurant_La_Cigale_-_d%C3%A9co_int%C3%A9rieure_Art_Nouveau_%28d%C3%A9tail_4%29.jpg/338px-Restaurant_La_Cigale_-_d%C3%A9co_int%C3%A9rieure_Art_Nouveau_%28d%C3%A9tail_4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/La_Cigale_(brasserie)" title="La Cigale (brasserie)">La Cigale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, France, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Libaudi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Libaudière (page does not exist)">Émile Libaudière</a>, and decorated with sculptures by <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Gaucher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Gaucher (page does not exist)">Émile Gaucher</a> and paintings by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Levreau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Levreau (page does not exist)">Georges Levreau</a>, 1895</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polychrome_brickwork">Polychrome brickwork</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Polychrome brickwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polychrome_brickwork" title="Polychrome brickwork">Polychrome brickwork</a></div> <p>Polychrome brickwork is a style of architectural brickwork which emerged in the 1860s and used bricks of different colours (brown, cream, yellow, red, blue, and black) in patterned combinations to highlight architectural features. These patterns were made around window arches or were just applied on walls. It was often used to replicate the effect of <a href="/wiki/Quoin_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quoin (architecture)">quoining</a>. Early examples featured banding, with later examples exhibiting complex diagonal, criss-cross, and step patterns, in some cases even writing using bricks.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of glazed ceramic with details were also used for more complex ornaments. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 219.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of All Saints, Margaret Street, London, 1850–1859, by William Butterfield[55]"><img alt="Interior of All Saints, Margaret Street, London, 1850–1859, by William Butterfield[55]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/500px-All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/960px-All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13904" data-file-height="12803" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints,_Margaret_Street" title="All Saints, Margaret Street">All Saints, Margaret Street</a>, London, 1850–1859, by <a href="/wiki/William_Butterfield" title="William Butterfield">William Butterfield</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014286_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014286-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shenstone-House,-Edgbaston,-Birmingham---John-Henry-Chamberlain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ampton Road no. 12, Edgbaston, Birmingham, the UK, by John Henry Chamberlain, 1855[56]"><img alt="Ampton Road no. 12, Edgbaston, Birmingham, the UK, by John Henry Chamberlain, 1855[56]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shenstone-House%2C-Edgbaston%2C-Birmingham---John-Henry-Chamberlain.jpg/272px-Shenstone-House%2C-Edgbaston%2C-Birmingham---John-Henry-Chamberlain.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shenstone-House%2C-Edgbaston%2C-Birmingham---John-Henry-Chamberlain.jpg/408px-Shenstone-House%2C-Edgbaston%2C-Birmingham---John-Henry-Chamberlain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shenstone-House%2C-Edgbaston%2C-Birmingham---John-Henry-Chamberlain.jpg/544px-Shenstone-House%2C-Edgbaston%2C-Birmingham---John-Henry-Chamberlain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2728" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ampton Road no. 12, <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, the UK, by <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Chamberlain" title="John Henry Chamberlain">John Henry Chamberlain</a>, 1855<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dijon_Villa_PERNOT_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the Pernot Biscuit Factory (Rue Courtepée no. 10–18), Dijon, France, 1879"><img alt="Detail of the Pernot Biscuit Factory (Rue Courtepée no. 10–18), Dijon, France, 1879" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dijon_Villa_PERNOT_05.jpg/450px-Dijon_Villa_PERNOT_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dijon_Villa_PERNOT_05.jpg/675px-Dijon_Villa_PERNOT_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dijon_Villa_PERNOT_05.jpg/899px-Dijon_Villa_PERNOT_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5810" data-file-height="3877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pernot_Biscuit_Factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pernot Biscuit Factory (page does not exist)">Pernot Biscuit Factory</a> (Rue Courtepée no. 10–18), <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, France, 1879</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:92_rue_du_Ranelagh,_Paris_16e_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Facade of the (now) Suriname Embassy (Rue du Ranelagh no. 94), Paris, unknown architect, 1885"><img alt="Facade of the (now) Suriname Embassy (Rue du Ranelagh no. 94), Paris, unknown architect, 1885" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/92_rue_du_Ranelagh%2C_Paris_16e_3.jpg/450px-92_rue_du_Ranelagh%2C_Paris_16e_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/92_rue_du_Ranelagh%2C_Paris_16e_3.jpg/675px-92_rue_du_Ranelagh%2C_Paris_16e_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/92_rue_du_Ranelagh%2C_Paris_16e_3.jpg/900px-92_rue_du_Ranelagh%2C_Paris_16e_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Facade of the (now) Suriname Embassy (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_du_Ranelagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue du Ranelagh (page does not exist)">Rue du Ranelagh</a> no. 94), Paris, unknown architect, 1885</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_58_avenue_Minimes_Vincennes_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avenue des Minimes no. 58, Vincennes, France, by Victor Francione, 1905[57]"><img alt="Avenue des Minimes no. 58, Vincennes, France, by Victor Francione, 1905[57]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Maison_58_avenue_Minimes_Vincennes_2.jpg/400px-Maison_58_avenue_Minimes_Vincennes_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Maison_58_avenue_Minimes_Vincennes_2.jpg/600px-Maison_58_avenue_Minimes_Vincennes_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Maison_58_avenue_Minimes_Vincennes_2.jpg/800px-Maison_58_avenue_Minimes_Vincennes_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Avenue des Minimes no. 58, <a href="/wiki/Vincennes" title="Vincennes">Vincennes</a>, France, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Francione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Francione (page does not exist)">Victor Francione</a>, 1905<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian_Revival_style">Romanian Revival style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Romanian Revival style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian Revival architecture</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian Revival</a> style appeared at the end of the 19th century. It is the Romanian equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/National_Romantic_style" title="National Romantic style">National Romantic style</a> that was popular at the same time in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>. The movement is heavily inspired by <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2ncovenesc_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Brâncovenesc style">Brâncovenesc architecture</a>, a style that was popular in <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Interiors of houses in this style built before WW1 are often decorated with a variety of bright colours. In the case of a few buildings, the polychrome extends on the exterior too, through the use of colorful glazed ceramic tiles. The style became more popular in the 20th century. A Romanian Revival house that stands out through its variety of colours is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Petra%C8%99cu_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Petrașcu House (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Petrașcu House</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83" title="Piața Romană">Piața Romană</a> no. 5) in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiru_Ceg%C4%83neanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiru Cegăneanu (page does not exist)">Spiru Cegăneanu</a>, 1912<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 207.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:11_Strada_Logof%C4%83tul_Udri%C8%99te,_Bucharest_(05).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gheorghe Ionescu-Gion House (Strada Logofătul Udriște no. 11), Bucharest, Romania, by Ion N. Socolescu, 1889[59]"><img alt="Gheorghe Ionescu-Gion House (Strada Logofătul Udriște no. 11), Bucharest, Romania, by Ion N. Socolescu, 1889[59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/11_Strada_Logof%C4%83tul_Udri%C8%99te%2C_Bucharest_%2805%29.jpg/330px-11_Strada_Logof%C4%83tul_Udri%C8%99te%2C_Bucharest_%2805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/11_Strada_Logof%C4%83tul_Udri%C8%99te%2C_Bucharest_%2805%29.jpg/500px-11_Strada_Logof%C4%83tul_Udri%C8%99te%2C_Bucharest_%2805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/11_Strada_Logof%C4%83tul_Udri%C8%99te%2C_Bucharest_%2805%29.jpg/960px-11_Strada_Logof%C4%83tul_Udri%C8%99te%2C_Bucharest_%2805%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3784" data-file-height="3133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gheorghe Ionescu-Gion House (Strada Logofătul Udriște no. 11), <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_N._Socolescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion N. Socolescu (page does not exist)">Ion N. Socolescu</a>, 1889<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3-5_Strada_Icoanei,_Bucharest_(48).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Girls' School, Bucharest, by Ion Mincu, 1890[60]"><img alt="Central Girls' School, Bucharest, by Ion Mincu, 1890[60]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/3-5_Strada_Icoanei%2C_Bucharest_%2848%29.jpg/328px-3-5_Strada_Icoanei%2C_Bucharest_%2848%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/3-5_Strada_Icoanei%2C_Bucharest_%2848%29.jpg/492px-3-5_Strada_Icoanei%2C_Bucharest_%2848%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/3-5_Strada_Icoanei%2C_Bucharest_%2848%29.jpg/655px-3-5_Strada_Icoanei%2C_Bucharest_%2848%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3725" data-file-height="2901" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C8%98coala_Central%C4%83_National_College" title="Școala Centrală National College">Central Girls' School</a>, Bucharest, by <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mincu" title="Ion Mincu">Ion Mincu</a>, 1890<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83,_Bucharest_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceiling of the Gheorghe Petrașcu House (Piața Romană no. 5), Bucharest, by Spiru Cegăneanu, 1912[61]"><img alt="Ceiling of the Gheorghe Petrașcu House (Piața Romană no. 5), Bucharest, by Spiru Cegăneanu, 1912[61]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg/250px-5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg/330px-5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg/500px-5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2801" data-file-height="3998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceiling of the Gheorghe Petrașcu House (Piața Romană no. 5), Bucharest, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiru_Ceg%C4%83neanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiru Cegăneanu (page does not exist)">Spiru Cegăneanu</a>, 1912<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83,_Bucharest_(19).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceiling of the Gheorghe Petrașcu House, Bucharest, by Spiru Cegăneanu, 1912[62]"><img alt="Ceiling of the Gheorghe Petrașcu House, Bucharest, by Spiru Cegăneanu, 1912[62]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2819%29.jpg/328px-5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2819%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2819%29.jpg/493px-5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2819%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2819%29.jpg/656px-5_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2819%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3784" data-file-height="2942" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceiling of the Gheorghe Petrașcu House, Bucharest, by Spiru Cegăneanu, 1912<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the twentieth century there were notable periods of polychromy in architecture, from the expressions of <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> throughout Europe, to the international flourishing of <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> or Art Moderne, to the development of postmodernism in the latter decades of the century. During these periods, brickwork, stone, tile, stucco, and metal facades were designed with a focus on the use of new colors and patterns, while architects often looked for inspiration to historical examples ranging from Islamic tilework to English Victorian brick. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_World_War_I">Before World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Before World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the 20th century, before the world wars, <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a>) and eclecticism of historic styles were very popular in design and architecture. Many of the things said about the 19th century are still in this period. Many of the buildings from this period have their interiors decorated with colours, through tiles, mosaics, stuccos, or murals. When it comes to exteriors, most polychrome facades are decorated with ceramic tiles. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> was also in fashion during the 1900s all over the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. However, it fragmented by 1911 and from then it steadily faded, until it disappeared with WW1. Some regular Art Nouveau buildings have their facades decorated with colourful glazed ceramic ornaments. The colours used are often more earthy and faded compared to the intense ones used by Neoclassicism. Compared to other movements in design and architecture, Art Nouveau was one with different versions in multiple countries. The Belgian and French form is characterized by organic shapes, ornaments taken from the plant world, sinuous lines, asymmetry (especially when it comes to objects design), the <a href="/wiki/Whiplash_(decorative_art)" title="Whiplash (decorative art)">whiplash</a> motif, the <i><a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">femme fatale</a></i>, and other elements of nature. In Austria, Germany and the UK, it took a more stylized geometric form, as a form of protest towards revivalism and eclecticism. The geometric ornaments found in <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a>'s paintings and in the furniture of <a href="/wiki/Koloman_Moser" title="Koloman Moser">Koloman Moser</a> are representative of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a> (Austrian Art Nouveau). In some countries, artists found inspiration in national tradition and folklore. In the UK for example, multiple <a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">silversmiths</a> used <a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">interlaces</a> taken from <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a>. Similarly, Hungarian, Russian, and Ukrainian architects used polychromatic folkloric motifs on their buildings, usually through colourful ceramic ornaments. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakery,_Rue_du_Pasteur-Wagner,_Paris,_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo Revival – Boulangerie (Boulevard Beaumarchais no. 28), Paris, 1900, by Benoit et fils[63]"><img alt="Rococo Revival – Boulangerie (Boulevard Beaumarchais no. 28), Paris, 1900, by Benoit et fils[63]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bakery%2C_Rue_du_Pasteur-Wagner%2C_Paris%2C_2016.jpg/500px-Bakery%2C_Rue_du_Pasteur-Wagner%2C_Paris%2C_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bakery%2C_Rue_du_Pasteur-Wagner%2C_Paris%2C_2016.jpg/960px-Bakery%2C_Rue_du_Pasteur-Wagner%2C_Paris%2C_2016.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4955" data-file-height="3294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">Rococo Revival</a> – Boulangerie (<a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Beaumarchais" title="Boulevard Beaumarchais">Boulevard Beaumarchais</a> no. 28), Paris, 1900, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benoit_et_fils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benoit et fils (page does not exist)">Benoit et fils</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alphonse_mucha,_boutique_fouquet,_1899,_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="French Art Nouveau – Bijouterie Fouquet, Musée Carnavalet, Paris, by Alphonse Mucha, c. 1900[64]"><img alt="French Art Nouveau – Bijouterie Fouquet, Musée Carnavalet, Paris, by Alphonse Mucha, c. 1900[64]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Alphonse_mucha%2C_boutique_fouquet%2C_1899%2C_02.JPG/250px-Alphonse_mucha%2C_boutique_fouquet%2C_1899%2C_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Alphonse_mucha%2C_boutique_fouquet%2C_1899%2C_02.JPG/330px-Alphonse_mucha%2C_boutique_fouquet%2C_1899%2C_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Alphonse_mucha%2C_boutique_fouquet%2C_1899%2C_02.JPG/500px-Alphonse_mucha%2C_boutique_fouquet%2C_1899%2C_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> – <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bijouterie_Fouquet">Bijouterie Fouquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet" title="Musée Carnavalet">Musée Carnavalet</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan199443_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan199443-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clement_massier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Art Nouveau – Vase, by Clément Massier, c. 1900, lusterware, Jason Jacques Gallery, New York[65]"><img alt="French Art Nouveau – Vase, by Clément Massier, c. 1900, lusterware, Jason Jacques Gallery, New York[65]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Clement_massier.jpg/250px-Clement_massier.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Clement_massier.jpg/266px-Clement_massier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Clement_massier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French Art Nouveau – Vase, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cl%C3%A9ment_Massier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clément Massier (page does not exist)">Clément Massier</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>, <a href="/wiki/Lusterware" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusterware">lusterware</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jason_Jacques_Gallery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jason Jacques Gallery (page does not exist)">Jason Jacques Gallery</a>, New York<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:14_Avenue_Gallieni,_Courbevoie_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Art Nouveau – Avenue Gallieni no. 14, Courbevoie, France, by Eugène Coulon, 1903–1904"><img alt="French Art Nouveau – Avenue Gallieni no. 14, Courbevoie, France, by Eugène Coulon, 1903–1904" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/14_Avenue_Gallieni%2C_Courbevoie_%2801%29.jpg/250px-14_Avenue_Gallieni%2C_Courbevoie_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/14_Avenue_Gallieni%2C_Courbevoie_%2801%29.jpg/330px-14_Avenue_Gallieni%2C_Courbevoie_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="1009" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French Art Nouveau – Avenue Gallieni no. 14, <a href="/wiki/Courbevoie" title="Courbevoie">Courbevoie</a>, France, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Coulon_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène Coulon (architect) (page does not exist)">Eugène Coulon</a>, 1903–1904</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_dun_immeuble_art_nouveau_(Paris)_(4807519051).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Art Nouveau – Entrance decorated with glazed tiles of the Les Chardons Building (Rue Eugène-Manuel no. 2), Paris, 1903, by Charles Klein[66]"><img alt="French Art Nouveau – Entrance decorated with glazed tiles of the Les Chardons Building (Rue Eugène-Manuel no. 2), Paris, 1903, by Charles Klein[66]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Entr%C3%A9e_dun_immeuble_art_nouveau_%28Paris%29_%284807519051%29.jpg/213px-Entr%C3%A9e_dun_immeuble_art_nouveau_%28Paris%29_%284807519051%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Entr%C3%A9e_dun_immeuble_art_nouveau_%28Paris%29_%284807519051%29.jpg/319px-Entr%C3%A9e_dun_immeuble_art_nouveau_%28Paris%29_%284807519051%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Entr%C3%A9e_dun_immeuble_art_nouveau_%28Paris%29_%284807519051%29.jpg/426px-Entr%C3%A9e_dun_immeuble_art_nouveau_%28Paris%29_%284807519051%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French Art Nouveau – Entrance decorated with glazed tiles of the Les Chardons Building (Rue Eugène-Manuel no. 2), Paris, 1903, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Klein" title="Charles Klein">Charles Klein</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 271.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 269.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_P1230868_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97,_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ukrainian Art Nouveau – Poltava Reginal Administrative Building, Poltava, Ukraine, by Vasyl Krychevsky, 1903–1907[67]"><img alt="Ukrainian Art Nouveau – Poltava Reginal Administrative Building, Poltava, Ukraine, by Vasyl Krychevsky, 1903–1907[67]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_P1230868_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%2C_2.jpg/500px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_P1230868_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%2C_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_P1230868_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%2C_2.jpg/960px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_P1230868_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%2C_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ukrainian Art Nouveau – Poltava Reginal Administrative Building, <a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Krychevsky" title="Vasyl Krychevsky">Vasyl Krychevsky</a>, 1903–1907<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_powolny_e_bertold_l%C3%B6ffler,_putto_con_cornucopia,_vienna_1912_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Austrian Art Nouveau – Putto with two cornucopias with floral cascades, by Michael Powolny, designed in c. 1907, produced in 1912, ceramic, Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin, Berlin, Germany[68]"><img alt="Austrian Art Nouveau – Putto with two cornucopias with floral cascades, by Michael Powolny, designed in c. 1907, produced in 1912, ceramic, Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin, Berlin, Germany[68]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Michael_powolny_e_bertold_l%C3%B6ffler%2C_putto_con_cornucopia%2C_vienna_1912_ca.jpg/250px-Michael_powolny_e_bertold_l%C3%B6ffler%2C_putto_con_cornucopia%2C_vienna_1912_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Michael_powolny_e_bertold_l%C3%B6ffler%2C_putto_con_cornucopia%2C_vienna_1912_ca.jpg/500px-Michael_powolny_e_bertold_l%C3%B6ffler%2C_putto_con_cornucopia%2C_vienna_1912_ca.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2862" data-file-height="3498" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Austrian Art Nouveau – <a href="/wiki/Putto" title="Putto">Putto</a> with two <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopias</a> with floral cascades, by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powolny" title="Michael Powolny">Michael Powolny</a>, designed in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1907</span>, produced in 1912, ceramic, <a href="/wiki/Kunstgewerbemuseum_Berlin" title="Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin">Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Khavskaya_Old_Believers_Church_asv2021-08_img2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian Revival – Window of the Church of the Theotokos of Tikhvin, Moscow, by Nikolay Martyanov, 1911–1912"><img alt="Russian Revival – Window of the Church of the Theotokos of Tikhvin, Moscow, by Nikolay Martyanov, 1911–1912" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Moscow_Khavskaya_Old_Believers_Church_asv2021-08_img2.jpg/250px-Moscow_Khavskaya_Old_Believers_Church_asv2021-08_img2.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Moscow_Khavskaya_Old_Believers_Church_asv2021-08_img2.jpg/330px-Moscow_Khavskaya_Old_Believers_Church_asv2021-08_img2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="4416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian Revival</a> – Window of the Church of the Theotokos of Tikhvin, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Martyanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Martyanov (page does not exist)">Nikolay Martyanov</a>, 1911–1912</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 246.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:18_Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor,_Bucharest_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moorish Revival – Ceiling in the Filitti House (Calea Dorobanților [ro] no. 18), Bucharest, by Ernest Doneaus, c. 1910[69]"><img alt="Moorish Revival – Ceiling in the Filitti House (Calea Dorobanților [ro] no. 18), Bucharest, by Ernest Doneaus, c. 1910[69]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/18_Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg/500px-18_Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/18_Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg/960px-18_Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3885" data-file-height="2834" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a> – Ceiling in the Filitti House (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calea Dorobanților (page does not exist)">Calea Dorobanților</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor" class="extiw" title="ro:Calea Dorobanților">ro</a>]</span> no. 18), Bucharest, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Doneaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Doneaus (page does not exist)">Ernest Doneaus</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83,_Bucharest_(16).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts – Stucco with putti on a ceiling in Piața Romană no. 3, Bucharest, by Siegfired Kofsinski and C. Crețoiu, 1912"><img alt="Beaux Arts – Stucco with putti on a ceiling in Piața Romană no. 3, Bucharest, by Siegfired Kofsinski and C. Crețoiu, 1912" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/3_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2816%29.jpg/330px-3_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/3_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2816%29.jpg/500px-3_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/3_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2816%29.jpg/960px-3_Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="2860" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaux Arts architecture">Beaux Arts</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">Stucco</a> with <a href="/wiki/Putti" class="mw-redirect" title="Putti">putti</a> on a ceiling in <a href="/wiki/Pia%C8%9Ba_Roman%C4%83" title="Piața Romană">Piața Romană</a> no. 3, Bucharest, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfired_Kofsinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siegfired Kofsinski (page does not exist)">Siegfired Kofsinski</a> and C. Crețoiu, 1912</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernism">Modernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the interwar period and the middle of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> was in fashion. To Modernists, form was more important than ornament, so solid blocks of strong colour were often used to emphasize shape and create contrast. Primary colours and black and white were preferred. This is really the case of the Dutch <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> movement, which began in 1917. The style involved reducing an object (whether a painting or a design) to its essentials, using only black, white and primary colours, and a simple geometry of straight lines and planes. <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Gerrit Rietveld</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Red_and_Blue_Chair" title="Red and Blue Chair">Red and Blue Chair</a> (1917–1918) and <a href="/wiki/Rietveld_Schr%C3%B6der_House" title="Rietveld Schröder House">Rietveld Schröder House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> (1924) show this use of colour. Polychromy in Modernist design was not limited to De Stijl. The <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27habitation" title="Unité d'habitation">Unité d'habitation</a>, a residential housing <a href="/wiki/Typology_(urban_planning_and_architecture)" title="Typology (urban planning and architecture)">typology</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>, has some flat colourful parts. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> objects, buildings and interiors stand out through their polychromy and use of intense colours. <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>, with its highly saturated colours, like the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, was an influence for some Art Deco designers. Another influence for polychromy were the <a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leon_Bakst" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Bakst">Leon Bakst</a>'s stage designs filled Parisian artistic circles with enthusiasm for bright colours.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their lack of ornamentation, multiple <a href="/wiki/Mid-century_modern" title="Mid-century modern">Mid-century modern</a> designs, like <a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Day" title="Lucienne Day">Lucienne Day</a>'s textiles, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eames" title="Charles Eames">Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Eames" title="Ray Eames">Ray Eames</a>'s Hang-It-All coat hanger (1953), or <a href="/wiki/Irving_Harper" title="Irving Harper">Irving Harper</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marshmallow_sofa" title="Marshmallow sofa">Marshmallow sofa</a> (1956), are decorated with colours. Aside from individual objects, mid-century modern interiors were also quite colourful. This was also caused by the fact that after WW2, plastics became increasingly popular as a material for kitchenware and kitchen units, light fixtures, electrical appliances and toys, and by the fact that plastic could be produced in a wide range of colours, from jade green to red.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerrit_thomas_rietveld,_red-blue_chair,_1946-56_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Stijl – Red and Blue Chair, by Gerrit Rietveld, 1917, lacquered wood, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio, USA"><img alt="De Stijl – Red and Blue Chair, by Gerrit Rietveld, 1917, lacquered wood, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio, USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gerrit_thomas_rietveld%2C_red-blue_chair%2C_1946-56_ca.jpg/250px-Gerrit_thomas_rietveld%2C_red-blue_chair%2C_1946-56_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gerrit_thomas_rietveld%2C_red-blue_chair%2C_1946-56_ca.jpg/330px-Gerrit_thomas_rietveld%2C_red-blue_chair%2C_1946-56_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gerrit_thomas_rietveld%2C_red-blue_chair%2C_1946-56_ca.jpg/500px-Gerrit_thomas_rietveld%2C_red-blue_chair%2C_1946-56_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1988" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> – <a href="/wiki/Red_and_Blue_Chair" title="Red and Blue Chair">Red and Blue Chair</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Gerrit Rietveld</a>, 1917, lacquered wood, <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art" title="Toledo Museum of Art">Toledo Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 298px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 296px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theo_van_Doesburg_brick_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Stijl – Panel of polychrome bricks on the exterior of the Vakantiehuis De Vonk [nl], a house in Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands, by Theo van Doesburg, 1917–1919[72]"><img alt="De Stijl – Panel of polychrome bricks on the exterior of the Vakantiehuis De Vonk [nl], a house in Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands, by Theo van Doesburg, 1917–1919[72]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Theo_van_Doesburg_brick_mosaic.jpg/444px-Theo_van_Doesburg_brick_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="296" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Theo_van_Doesburg_brick_mosaic.jpg/667px-Theo_van_Doesburg_brick_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Theo_van_Doesburg_brick_mosaic.jpg/889px-Theo_van_Doesburg_brick_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="1060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">De Stijl – Panel of polychrome bricks on the exterior of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakantiehuis_De_Vonk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vakantiehuis De Vonk (page does not exist)">Vakantiehuis De Vonk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakantiehuis_De_Vonk" class="extiw" title="nl:Vakantiehuis De Vonk">nl</a>]</span>, a house in <a href="/wiki/Noordwijkerhout" title="Noordwijkerhout">Noordwijkerhout</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Theo van Doesburg</a>, 1917–1919<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_10e_Cin%C3%A9ma_Le_Louxor_965.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mix of Egyptian Revival and Art Deco: Le Louxor [fr] Cinema, Paris, by Henri Zipcy, 1919–1921[73]"><img alt="Mix of Egyptian Revival and Art Deco: Le Louxor Cinema, Paris, 1919–1921, by Henri Zipcy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Paris_10e_Cin%C3%A9ma_Le_Louxor_965.jpg/255px-Paris_10e_Cin%C3%A9ma_Le_Louxor_965.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Paris_10e_Cin%C3%A9ma_Le_Louxor_965.jpg/383px-Paris_10e_Cin%C3%A9ma_Le_Louxor_965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Paris_10e_Cin%C3%A9ma_Le_Louxor_965.jpg/510px-Paris_10e_Cin%C3%A9ma_Le_Louxor_965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mix of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian Revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Louxor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Louxor (page does not exist)">Le Louxor</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Louxor" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Louxor">fr</a>]</span> Cinema, Paris, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Zipcy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Zipcy (page does not exist)">Henri Zipcy</a>, 1919–1921<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KiMo_Albuquerque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mix of Pueblo Revival and Art Deco (Pueblo Deco): KiMo Theater, Albuquerque, US, by the Boller Brothers, 1927"><img alt="Mix of Pueblo Revival and Art Deco (Pueblo Deco): KiMo Theater, Albuquerque, US, by the Boller Brothers, 1927" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/KiMo_Albuquerque.jpg/375px-KiMo_Albuquerque.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/KiMo_Albuquerque.jpg/563px-KiMo_Albuquerque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/KiMo_Albuquerque.jpg/750px-KiMo_Albuquerque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2041" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mix of <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo Revival</a> and Art Deco (<a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Deco_architecture" title="Pueblo Deco architecture">Pueblo Deco</a>): <a href="/wiki/KiMo_Theater" title="KiMo Theater">KiMo Theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a>, US, by the Boller Brothers, 1927</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:26_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev,_Bucharest_(05).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco – Floor in the entrance hall of Bulevardul Hristo Botev no. 26, Bucharest, unknown architect, 1930s"><img alt="Art Deco – Floor in the entrance hall of Bulevardul Hristo Botev no. 26, Bucharest, unknown architect, 1930s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/26_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev%2C_Bucharest_%2805%29.jpg/330px-26_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev%2C_Bucharest_%2805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/26_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev%2C_Bucharest_%2805%29.jpg/500px-26_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev%2C_Bucharest_%2805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/26_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev%2C_Bucharest_%2805%29.jpg/960px-26_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev%2C_Bucharest_%2805%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3589" data-file-height="2981" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco – Floor in the entrance hall of Bulevardul Hristo Botev no. 26, Bucharest, unknown architect, 1930s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:27_Strada_Pitar_Mo%C8%99,_Bucharest_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco – Marble facing in the entrance hall of Strada Pitar Moș no. 27–29, Bucharest, by Sandy Herivan, 1931–1933[74]"><img alt="Art Deco – Marble facing in the entrance hall of Strada Pitar Moș no. 27–29, Bucharest, by Sandy Herivan, 1931–1933[74]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/27_Strada_Pitar_Mo%C8%99%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg/174px-27_Strada_Pitar_Mo%C8%99%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/27_Strada_Pitar_Mo%C8%99%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg/262px-27_Strada_Pitar_Mo%C8%99%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/27_Strada_Pitar_Mo%C8%99%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg/349px-27_Strada_Pitar_Mo%C8%99%2C_Bucharest_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="4122" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco – Marble facing in the entrance hall of Strada Pitar Moș no. 27–29, Bucharest, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Herivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandy Herivan (page does not exist)">Sandy Herivan</a>, 1931–1933<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Immeuble_Art_D%C3%A9co,_quai_Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot_(44446833331).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco – Mosaics on the facade of Quai Louis-Blériot no. 40, Paris, by Marteroy & Bonnel, 1932[75]"><img alt="Art Deco – Mosaics on the facade of Quai Louis-Blériot no. 40, Paris, by Marteroy & Bonnel, 1932[75]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Immeuble_Art_D%C3%A9co%2C_quai_Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot_%2844446833331%29.jpg/383px-Immeuble_Art_D%C3%A9co%2C_quai_Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot_%2844446833331%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Immeuble_Art_D%C3%A9co%2C_quai_Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot_%2844446833331%29.jpg/575px-Immeuble_Art_D%C3%A9co%2C_quai_Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot_%2844446833331%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Immeuble_Art_D%C3%A9co%2C_quai_Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot_%2844446833331%29.jpg/765px-Immeuble_Art_D%C3%A9co%2C_quai_Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot_%2844446833331%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco – Mosaics on the facade of <a href="/wiki/Quai_Louis-Bl%C3%A9riot" title="Quai Louis-Blériot">Quai Louis-Blériot</a> no. 40, Paris, by Marteroy & Bonnel, 1932<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unit%C3%A9_d%27habitation_de_Firminy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="International Style – Unité d'habitation, Marseilles, France, by Le Corbusier, 1952[76]"><img alt="International Style – Unité d'habitation, Marseilles, France, by Le Corbusier, 1952[76]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Unit%C3%A9_d%27habitation_de_Firminy.jpg/170px-Unit%C3%A9_d%27habitation_de_Firminy.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Unit%C3%A9_d%27habitation_de_Firminy.jpg/256px-Unit%C3%A9_d%27habitation_de_Firminy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Unit%C3%A9_d%27habitation_de_Firminy.jpg/340px-Unit%C3%A9_d%27habitation_de_Firminy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a> – <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27habitation" title="Unité d'habitation">Unité d'habitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>, France, by <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>, 1952<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Circular.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mid-century modern – Marshmallow sofa, by Irving Harper for George Nelson Associates, 1956, metal frame with round discs of covered foam, unknown location[77]"><img alt="Mid-century modern – Marshmallow sofa, by Irving Harper for George Nelson Associates, 1956, metal frame with round discs of covered foam, unknown location[77]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Circular.jpg/500px-Circular.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Circular.jpg/960px-Circular.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mid-century_modern" title="Mid-century modern">Mid-century modern</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marshmallow_sofa" title="Marshmallow sofa">Marshmallow sofa</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Irving_Harper" title="Irving Harper">Irving Harper</a> for George Nelson Associates, 1956, metal frame with round discs of covered foam, unknown location<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusterlandia_2019_november.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fusterlandia, Havana, Cuba, by José Rodríguez Fuster, 1975[78]"><img alt="Fusterlandia, Havana, Cuba, by José Rodríguez Fuster, 1975[78]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fusterlandia_2019_november.jpg/206px-Fusterlandia_2019_november.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fusterlandia_2019_november.jpg/309px-Fusterlandia_2019_november.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fusterlandia_2019_november.jpg/411px-Fusterlandia_2019_november.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="3579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusterlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusterlandia (page does not exist)">Fusterlandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havana,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Havana, Cuba">Havana, Cuba</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Fuster" title="José Rodríguez Fuster">José Rodríguez Fuster</a>, 1975<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_Miro_-_Dona_i_ocell_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dona i Ocell, by Joan Miró, 1983, glazed tile mosaic, Barcelona, Spain[79]"><img alt="Dona i Ocell, by Joan Miró, 1983, glazed tile mosaic, Barcelona, Spain[79]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Joan_Miro_-_Dona_i_ocell_%281%29.jpg/250px-Joan_Miro_-_Dona_i_ocell_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Joan_Miro_-_Dona_i_ocell_%281%29.jpg/330px-Joan_Miro_-_Dona_i_ocell_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Joan_Miro_-_Dona_i_ocell_%281%29.jpg/500px-Joan_Miro_-_Dona_i_ocell_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dona_i_Ocell" title="Dona i Ocell">Dona i Ocell</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>, 1983, glazed tile mosaic, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Postmodernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of vivid colours continued with <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a>, in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Compared to <a href="/wiki/Mid-century_modern" title="Mid-century modern">Mid-century modern</a> objects, which often had intense colours but were <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a>, Postmodern design and architecture stand out through the use of a variety of colours on single objects or buildings. <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a> architects working with bold colors included <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allen_Memorial_Art_Museum" title="Allen Memorial Art Museum">Allen Memorial Art Museum</a> addition; Best Company Warehouse), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Graves" title="Michael Graves">Michael Graves</a> (<a href="/wiki/Snyderman_House" title="Snyderman House">Snyderman House</a>; Humana Building), and <a href="/wiki/James_Stirling_(architect)" title="James Stirling (architect)">James Stirling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neue_Staatsgalerie" title="Neue Staatsgalerie">Neue Staatsgalerie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur M. Sackler Museum">Arthur M. Sackler Museum</a>), among others. In the UK, <a href="/wiki/John_Outram" title="John Outram">John Outram</a> created numerous bright and colourful buildings throughout the 1980s and 90s, including the "Temple of Storms" pumping station. Aside from architecture, bright colours were present on everything, from furniture to textiles and posters. Neon greens and yellows were popular in product design, as were fluorescent tones of scarlet, pink, and orange used together. Injection-moulded plastics gave designers new creative freedom, making it possible to mass-produce almost any shape (and colour) quickly and cheaply.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An artist well known for her polychrome artworks is <a href="/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle" title="Niki de Saint Phalle">Niki de Saint Phalle</a>, who produced many sculptures painted in bold colours. She devoted the later decades of her life to building a live-in sculpture park in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tarot_Garden" title="Tarot Garden">Tarot Garden</a>, with artworks covered in vibrant colourful mosaics.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_mendini_per_atelier_mendini_e_studio_alchimia,_poltrona_di_proust,_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proust armchair, by Studio Alchimia, 1978, wood and fabric, Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, USA[82]"><img alt="Proust armchair, by Studio Alchimia, 1978, wood and fabric, Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, USA[82]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alessandro_mendini_per_atelier_mendini_e_studio_alchimia%2C_poltrona_di_proust%2C_1978.jpg/330px-Alessandro_mendini_per_atelier_mendini_e_studio_alchimia%2C_poltrona_di_proust%2C_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alessandro_mendini_per_atelier_mendini_e_studio_alchimia%2C_poltrona_di_proust%2C_1978.jpg/500px-Alessandro_mendini_per_atelier_mendini_e_studio_alchimia%2C_poltrona_di_proust%2C_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alessandro_mendini_per_atelier_mendini_e_studio_alchimia%2C_poltrona_di_proust%2C_1978.jpg/960px-Alessandro_mendini_per_atelier_mendini_e_studio_alchimia%2C_poltrona_di_proust%2C_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="2072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Proust armchair, by <a href="/wiki/Studio_Alchimia" title="Studio Alchimia">Studio Alchimia</a>, 1978, wood and fabric, <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art" title="Indianapolis Museum of Art">Indianapolis Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, USA<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.,_sedia_sheraton_(mod._664),_1979-83_(1984-90).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheraton chair with applied decoration, by Robert Venturi for Knoll, 1978–1984, bent laminated wood, Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, USA[83]"><img alt="Sheraton chair with applied decoration, by Robert Venturi for Knoll, 1978–1984, bent laminated wood, Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, USA[83]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.%2C_sedia_sheraton_%28mod._664%29%2C_1979-83_%281984-90%29.jpg/250px-Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.%2C_sedia_sheraton_%28mod._664%29%2C_1979-83_%281984-90%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.%2C_sedia_sheraton_%28mod._664%29%2C_1979-83_%281984-90%29.jpg/330px-Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.%2C_sedia_sheraton_%28mod._664%29%2C_1979-83_%281984-90%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.%2C_sedia_sheraton_%28mod._664%29%2C_1979-83_%281984-90%29.jpg/500px-Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.%2C_sedia_sheraton_%28mod._664%29%2C_1979-83_%281984-90%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sheraton chair with applied decoration, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a> for <a href="/wiki/Knoll,_Inc." title="Knoll, Inc.">Knoll</a>, 1978–1984, bent laminated wood, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Art_Museum" title="Milwaukee Art Museum">Milwaukee Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, USA<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dressing_table_and_stool_%E2%80%9CPlaza%E2%80%9D,_by_Michael_Graves,_1981,_painted_wood,_natural_rosehips,_mirrors_and_bulbs,_Inv._FNAC_2633.A,_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaza dressing table and stool, by Michael Graves for the Memphis Group, 1981, painted wood, natural rosehips, mirrors, and bulbs, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris"><img alt="Plaza dressing table and stool, by Michael Graves for the Memphis Group, 1981, painted wood, natural rosehips, mirrors, and bulbs, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dressing_table_and_stool_%E2%80%9CPlaza%E2%80%9D%2C_by_Michael_Graves%2C_1981%2C_painted_wood%2C_natural_rosehips%2C_mirrors_and_bulbs%2C_Inv._FNAC_2633.A%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs%2C_Paris_%2801%29.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dressing_table_and_stool_%E2%80%9CPlaza%E2%80%9D%2C_by_Michael_Graves%2C_1981%2C_painted_wood%2C_natural_rosehips%2C_mirrors_and_bulbs%2C_Inv._FNAC_2633.A%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs%2C_Paris_%2801%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="3982" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plaza dressing table and stool, by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Graves" title="Michael Graves">Michael Graves</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a>, 1981, painted wood, natural rosehips, mirrors, and bulbs, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris">Museum of Decorative Arts</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlton_Bookcase,_by_Ettore_Sottsass,_1981,_wood_veneer_and_plastic_laminate,_Inv._FNAC_1980,_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris_(01).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carlton Bookcase, by Ettore Sottsass for the Memphis Group, 1981, wood veneer and plastic laminate, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris"><img alt="Carlton Bookcase, by Ettore Sottsass for the Memphis Group, 1981, wood veneer and plastic laminate, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Carlton_Bookcase%2C_by_Ettore_Sottsass%2C_1981%2C_wood_veneer_and_plastic_laminate%2C_Inv._FNAC_1980%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs%2C_Paris_%2801%29.png/235px-Carlton_Bookcase%2C_by_Ettore_Sottsass%2C_1981%2C_wood_veneer_and_plastic_laminate%2C_Inv._FNAC_1980%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs%2C_Paris_%2801%29.png" decoding="async" width="157" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Carlton_Bookcase%2C_by_Ettore_Sottsass%2C_1981%2C_wood_veneer_and_plastic_laminate%2C_Inv._FNAC_1980%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs%2C_Paris_%2801%29.png/353px-Carlton_Bookcase%2C_by_Ettore_Sottsass%2C_1981%2C_wood_veneer_and_plastic_laminate%2C_Inv._FNAC_1980%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs%2C_Paris_%2801%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Carlton_Bookcase%2C_by_Ettore_Sottsass%2C_1981%2C_wood_veneer_and_plastic_laminate%2C_Inv._FNAC_1980%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs%2C_Paris_%2801%29.png/470px-Carlton_Bookcase%2C_by_Ettore_Sottsass%2C_1981%2C_wood_veneer_and_plastic_laminate%2C_Inv._FNAC_1980%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs%2C_Paris_%2801%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="2866" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carlton Bookcase, by <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Sottsass" title="Ettore Sottsass">Ettore Sottsass</a> for the Memphis Group, 1981, wood veneer and plastic laminate, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 294px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 292px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martine_bedin_per_memphis_srl.,_lampada_super,_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Super Lamp, by Martine Bedin for the Memphis Group, 1981, glazed stoneware, rubber and chrome-plated steel, Museum of Decorative Arts, Berlin, Germany"><img alt="Super Lamp, by Martine Bedin for the Memphis Group, 1981, glazed stoneware, rubber and chrome-plated steel, Museum of Decorative Arts, Berlin, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Martine_bedin_per_memphis_srl.%2C_lampada_super%2C_1981.jpg/500px-Martine_bedin_per_memphis_srl.%2C_lampada_super%2C_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Martine_bedin_per_memphis_srl.%2C_lampada_super%2C_1981.jpg/960px-Martine_bedin_per_memphis_srl.%2C_lampada_super%2C_1981.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3342" data-file-height="1946" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Super Lamp, by <a href="/wiki/Martine_Bedin" title="Martine Bedin">Martine Bedin</a> for the Memphis Group, 1981, glazed stoneware, rubber and chrome-plated steel, <a href="/wiki/Kunstgewerbemuseum_Berlin" title="Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin">Museum of Decorative Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuttgart_-_Neue_Staatsgalerie_(35736927202).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neue Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Germany, by James Stirling, 1984[84]"><img alt="Neue Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Germany, by James Stirling, 1984[84]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stuttgart_-_Neue_Staatsgalerie_%2835736927202%29.jpg/500px-Stuttgart_-_Neue_Staatsgalerie_%2835736927202%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stuttgart_-_Neue_Staatsgalerie_%2835736927202%29.jpg/960px-Stuttgart_-_Neue_Staatsgalerie_%2835736927202%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Staatsgalerie" title="Neue Staatsgalerie">Neue Staatsgalerie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany, by <a href="/wiki/James_Stirling_(architect)" title="James Stirling (architect)">James Stirling</a>, 1984<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers,_comodino_louis_xvi,_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis XVI, lowboy, by Robert Venturi for Arc International, c. 1985, laminated wood, Indianapolis Museum of Art[85]"><img alt="Louis XVI, lowboy, by Robert Venturi for Arc International, c. 1985, laminated wood, Indianapolis Museum of Art[85]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg/330px-Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg/500px-Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg/960px-Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Louis XVI, lowboy, by Robert Venturi for Arc International, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1985</span>, laminated wood, Indianapolis Museum of Art<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pumping_station,_Stewart_Street_(geograph_4678320).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Isle of Dogs Pumping Station, London, John Outram, 1988[86]"><img alt="Isle of Dogs Pumping Station, London, John Outram, 1988[86]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pumping_station%2C_Stewart_Street_%28geograph_4678320%29.jpg/228px-Pumping_station%2C_Stewart_Street_%28geograph_4678320%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pumping_station%2C_Stewart_Street_%28geograph_4678320%29.jpg/343px-Pumping_station%2C_Stewart_Street_%28geograph_4678320%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pumping_station%2C_Stewart_Street_%28geograph_4678320%29.jpg/457px-Pumping_station%2C_Stewart_Street_%28geograph_4678320%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Dogs_Pumping_Station" title="Isle of Dogs Pumping Station">Isle of Dogs Pumping Station</a>, London, <a href="/wiki/John_Outram" title="John Outram">John Outram</a>, 1988<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_1_Poultry_(1398376326)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="No 1 Poultry, London, by James Stirling, designed in 1988 but built in 1997[87]"><img alt="No 1 Poultry, London, by James Stirling, designed in 1988 but built in 1997[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/No_1_Poultry_%281398376326%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-No_1_Poultry_%281398376326%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/No_1_Poultry_%281398376326%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/306px-No_1_Poultry_%281398376326%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/No_1_Poultry_%281398376326%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/408px-No_1_Poultry_%281398376326%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/No_1_Poultry" title="No 1 Poultry">No 1 Poultry</a>, London, by <a href="/wiki/James_Stirling_(architect)" title="James Stirling (architect)">James Stirling</a>, designed in 1988 but built in 1997<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Wallen,_Amsterdam,_Netherlands_-_panoramio_(47).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oudhof (Rokin no. 99), Amsterdam, Netherlands, by Mart van Schijndel [nl], 1988–1990[88]"><img alt="Oudhof (Rokin no. 99), Amsterdam, Netherlands, by Mart van Schijndel [nl], 1988–1990[88]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/De_Wallen%2C_Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2847%29.jpg/170px-De_Wallen%2C_Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2847%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/De_Wallen%2C_Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2847%29.jpg/255px-De_Wallen%2C_Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2847%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/De_Wallen%2C_Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2847%29.jpg/340px-De_Wallen%2C_Amsterdam%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2847%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oudhof (Rokin no. 99), <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart_van_Schijndel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mart van Schijndel (page does not exist)">Mart van Schijndel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_van_Schijndel" class="extiw" title="nl:Mart van Schijndel">nl</a>]</span>, 1988–1990<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_University_Judge_Business_School_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main hall of the Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, England, by John Outram, 1995[89]"><img alt="Main hall of the Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, England, by John Outram, 1995[89]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cambridge_University_Judge_Business_School_interior.jpg/250px-Cambridge_University_Judge_Business_School_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cambridge_University_Judge_Business_School_interior.jpg/330px-Cambridge_University_Judge_Business_School_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cambridge_University_Judge_Business_School_interior.jpg/500px-Cambridge_University_Judge_Business_School_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main hall of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Judge_Business_School" title="Cambridge Judge Business School">Judge Business School</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, by John Outram, 1995<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duncan_Hall_at_Rice_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Duncan Hall, Rice University, US, by John Outram, 1996[90]"><img alt="Duncan Hall, Rice University, US, by John Outram, 1996[90]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Duncan_Hall_at_Rice_University.jpg/383px-Duncan_Hall_at_Rice_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Duncan_Hall_at_Rice_University.jpg/575px-Duncan_Hall_at_Rice_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Duncan_Hall_at_Rice_University.jpg/765px-Duncan_Hall_at_Rice_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Duncan Hall, <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, US, by <a href="/wiki/John_Outram" title="John Outram">John Outram</a>, 1996<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nana-Engel_in_Z%C3%BCrich_HB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="L'Ange Protecteur, by Niki de Saint Phalle, 1997, unknown materials, Zürich Hauptbahnhof, Zürich, Switzerland"><img alt="L'Ange Protecteur, by Niki de Saint Phalle, 1997, unknown materials, Zürich Hauptbahnhof, Zürich, Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nana-Engel_in_Z%C3%BCrich_HB.jpg/340px-Nana-Engel_in_Z%C3%BCrich_HB.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nana-Engel_in_Z%C3%BCrich_HB.jpg/511px-Nana-Engel_in_Z%C3%BCrich_HB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nana-Engel_in_Z%C3%BCrich_HB.jpg/680px-Nana-Engel_in_Z%C3%BCrich_HB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">L'Ange Protecteur, by <a href="/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle" title="Niki de Saint Phalle">Niki de Saint Phalle</a>, 1997, unknown materials, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof" title="Zürich Hauptbahnhof">Zürich Hauptbahnhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polychrome building facades later rose in popularity as a way of highlighting certain trim features in Victorian and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_Style_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Anne Style architecture">Queen Anne</a> <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The rise of the modern paint industry following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> also helped to fuel the (sometimes extravagant) use of multiple colors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Art-Philadelphia5736.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Museum_of_Art-Philadelphia5736.JPG/250px-Museum_of_Art-Philadelphia5736.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Museum_of_Art-Philadelphia5736.JPG/330px-Museum_of_Art-Philadelphia5736.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Museum_of_Art-Philadelphia5736.JPG/500px-Museum_of_Art-Philadelphia5736.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>Early 20th Century polychrome pediment, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a> (1928)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_pot,_Acoma_Pueblo,_c._1889-1903,_earthenware_decorated_with_slip_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00772_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Water_pot%2C_Acoma_Pueblo%2C_c._1889-1903%2C_earthenware_decorated_with_slip_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00772_%28cropped%29.JPG/250px-Water_pot%2C_Acoma_Pueblo%2C_c._1889-1903%2C_earthenware_decorated_with_slip_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00772_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Water_pot%2C_Acoma_Pueblo%2C_c._1889-1903%2C_earthenware_decorated_with_slip_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00772_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Water_pot%2C_Acoma_Pueblo%2C_c._1889-1903%2C_earthenware_decorated_with_slip_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00772_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Water_pot%2C_Acoma_Pueblo%2C_c._1889-1903%2C_earthenware_decorated_with_slip_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00772_%28cropped%29.JPG/500px-Water_pot%2C_Acoma_Pueblo%2C_c._1889-1903%2C_earthenware_decorated_with_slip_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00772_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="3021" /></a><figcaption>Water pot, Acoma Pueblo, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1889</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1903</span>, earthenware decorated with slip – De Young Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The polychrome facade style faded with the rise of the 20th century's revival movements, which stressed classical colors applied in restrained fashion and, more importantly, with the birth of modernism, which advocated clean, unornamented facades rendered in white stucco or paint. Polychromy reappeared with the flourishing of the preservation movement and its embrace of (what had previously been seen as) the excesses of the Victorian era and in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a> in the 1970s to describe its abundant late-nineteenth-century houses. These earned the endearment '<a href="/wiki/Painted_Ladies" class="mw-redirect" title="Painted Ladies">Painted Ladies</a>', a term that in modern times is considered <a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a> when it is applied to describe all Victorian houses that have been painted with period colors. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Earley" title="John Joseph Earley">John Joseph Earley</a> (1881–1945) developed a "polychrome" process of concrete slab construction and ornamentation that was admired across America. In the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, his products graced a variety of buildings – all formed by the staff of the Earley Studio in <a href="/wiki/Rosslyn,_Virginia" title="Rosslyn, Virginia">Rosslyn, Virginia</a>. Earley's <a href="/wiki/Polychrome_Historic_District" title="Polychrome Historic District">Polychrome Historic District</a> houses in <a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring, Maryland</a> were built in the mid-1930s. The concrete panels were pre-cast with colorful stones and shipped to the lot for on-site assembly. Earley wanted to develop a higher standard of affordable housing after the Depression, but only a handful of the houses were built before he died; written records of his concrete casting techniques were destroyed in a fire. Less well-known, but just as impressive, is the Dr. Fealy Polychrome House that Earley built atop a hill in Southeast Washington, D.C. overlooking the city. His uniquely designed polychrome houses were outstanding among prefabricated houses in the country, appreciated for their Art Deco ornament and superb craftsmanship. </p><p>Native American ceramic artists, in particular those in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>, produced polychrome pottery from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon cultures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture#Mimbres_branch" title="Mogollon culture">Mimbres peoples</a> to contemporary times.<sup id="cite_ref-NM_Archaeology_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NM_Archaeology-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2000s, the art of designing <a href="/wiki/Art_toys" title="Art toys">art toys</a> was taking off. Multiple monochrome or polychrome vinyl figurines were produced during this period, and are still produced during the 2020s. A few artists who designed vinyl toys include Joe Ledbetter, <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Murakami" title="Takashi Murakami">Takashi Murakami</a>, Flying Förtress, and CoonOne1. </p><p>During the 2010s and the early 2020s, a new interest for <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern architecture</a> and design appeared. One of the causes were memorial exhibitions that presented the style, the most comprehensive and influential one being held at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria & Albert Museum">Victoria & Albert Museum</a> in London in 2011, called <i><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism:_Style_and_Subversion_1970%E2%80%931990" title="Postmodernism: Style and Subversion 1970–1990">Postmodernism: Style and Subversion 1970–1990</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Salone_del_Mobile" title="Salone del Mobile">Salone del Mobile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> since 2014 showcased revivals, reinterpretations, and new postmodern-influenced designs.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, multiple funky polychrome buildings were erected, like the House for Essex, <a href="/wiki/Wrabness" title="Wrabness">Wrabness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, the UK, by FAT and <a href="/wiki/Grayson_Perry" title="Grayson Perry">Grayson Perry</a>, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Miami Museum Garage, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, USA, by WORKac, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides revivals of Postmodernism, another key design movement of the early 2020s is <a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a>. Since its philosophy can be summarized as "more is more", contrasting with the minimalist motto "<a href="/wiki/Less_is_more_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Less is more (architecture)">less is more</a>", it is characterized by a wide use of intense colours and patterns. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Cosmos_Ball%27_by_Takashi_Murakami,_molded_plastic,_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cosmos Ball, by Takashi Murakami, 2000, molded plastic, Honolulu Museum of Art, Honolulu, USA"><img alt="Cosmos Ball, by Takashi Murakami, 2000, molded plastic, Honolulu Museum of Art, Honolulu, USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/%27Cosmos_Ball%27_by_Takashi_Murakami%2C_molded_plastic%2C_2000.jpg/151px-%27Cosmos_Ball%27_by_Takashi_Murakami%2C_molded_plastic%2C_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/%27Cosmos_Ball%27_by_Takashi_Murakami%2C_molded_plastic%2C_2000.jpg/227px-%27Cosmos_Ball%27_by_Takashi_Murakami%2C_molded_plastic%2C_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0b/%27Cosmos_Ball%27_by_Takashi_Murakami%2C_molded_plastic%2C_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cosmos Ball, by <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Murakami" title="Takashi Murakami">Takashi Murakami</a>, 2000, molded plastic, <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art" title="Honolulu Museum of Art">Honolulu Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercat_(7630136962).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roof of the Santa Caterina Market, Barcelona, Spain, by Benedetta Tagliabue and Enric Miralles, 2004[95]"><img alt="Roof of the Santa Caterina Market, Barcelona, Spain, by Benedetta Tagliabue and Enric Miralles, 2004[95]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mercat_%287630136962%29.jpg/384px-Mercat_%287630136962%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mercat_%287630136962%29.jpg/577px-Mercat_%287630136962%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mercat_%287630136962%29.jpg/768px-Mercat_%287630136962%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roof of the Santa Caterina Market, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Benedetta_Tagliabue" title="Benedetta Tagliabue">Benedetta Tagliabue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enric_Miralles" title="Enric Miralles">Enric Miralles</a>, 2004<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholet1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buildings in El Alto, Bolivia, by Freddy Mamani (architect), after 2005[96]"><img alt="Buildings in El Alto, Bolivia, by Freddy Mamani (architect), after 2005[96]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cholet1.jpg/292px-Cholet1.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cholet1.jpg/439px-Cholet1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cholet1.jpg/585px-Cholet1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="2835" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buildings in <a href="/wiki/El_Alto" title="El Alto">El Alto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Freddy_Mamani_(architect)" title="Freddy Mamani (architect)">Freddy Mamani (architect)</a>, after 2005<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_House_For_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4471511.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House for Essex, Wrabness, Essex, the UK, by FAT and Grayson Perry, 2014[97]"><img alt="House for Essex, Wrabness, Essex, the UK, by FAT and Grayson Perry, 2014[97]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/A_House_For_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4471511.jpg/340px-A_House_For_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4471511.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/A_House_For_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4471511.jpg/511px-A_House_For_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4471511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/A_House_For_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4471511.jpg/680px-A_House_For_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4471511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">House for Essex, <a href="/wiki/Wrabness" title="Wrabness">Wrabness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, the UK, by FAT and <a href="/wiki/Grayson_Perry" title="Grayson Perry">Grayson Perry</a>, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMOXiafuActivityCenter01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xiafu Activity Center, Xiafu, Taiwan, by IMO Architecture + Design and JC Cheng & Associates, Architects & Planners, 2017[98]"><img alt="Xiafu Activity Center, Xiafu, Taiwan, by IMO Architecture + Design and JC Cheng & Associates, Architects & Planners, 2017[98]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/IMOXiafuActivityCenter01.jpg/191px-IMOXiafuActivityCenter01.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/IMOXiafuActivityCenter01.jpg/287px-IMOXiafuActivityCenter01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/IMOXiafuActivityCenter01.jpg/382px-IMOXiafuActivityCenter01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Xiafu Activity Center, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiafu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiafu (page does not exist)">Xiafu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, by IMO Architecture + Design and JC Cheng & Associates, Architects & Planners, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_in_Industry_City_(85339).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memphis Group-inspired mural on a 7-storey building, Brooklyn, NYC, by Camille Walala, probably 2018, mural on a brick wall"><img alt="Memphis Group-inspired mural on a 7-storey building, Brooklyn, NYC, by Camille Walala, probably 2018, mural on a brick wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Building_in_Industry_City_%2885339%29.jpg/254px-Building_in_Industry_City_%2885339%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Building_in_Industry_City_%2885339%29.jpg/382px-Building_in_Industry_City_%2885339%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Building_in_Industry_City_%2885339%29.jpg/509px-Building_in_Industry_City_%2885339%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="2509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a>-inspired mural on a 7-storey building, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, NYC, by <a href="/wiki/Camille_Walala" title="Camille Walala">Camille Walala</a>, probably 2018, mural on a brick wall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_Garage_Design_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miami Museum Garage, Miami, USA, by WORKac, 2018[99]"><img alt="Miami Museum Garage, Miami, USA, by WORKac, 2018[99]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Museum_Garage_Design_District.jpg/330px-Museum_Garage_Design_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Museum_Garage_Design_District.jpg/500px-Museum_Garage_Design_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Museum_Garage_Design_District.jpg/960px-Museum_Garage_Design_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3610" data-file-height="3261" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Miami Museum Garage, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, USA, by WORKac, 2018<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dulwich_Village._Dulwich_Pavilion_2019._The_Colour_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Colour Palace, Dulwich Picture Gallery, London, by Pricegore and Yinka Ilori, 2019[100]"><img alt="The Colour Palace, Dulwich Picture Gallery, London, by Pricegore and Yinka Ilori, 2019[100]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dulwich_Village._Dulwich_Pavilion_2019._The_Colour_Palace.jpg/226px-Dulwich_Village._Dulwich_Pavilion_2019._The_Colour_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dulwich_Village._Dulwich_Pavilion_2019._The_Colour_Palace.jpg/340px-Dulwich_Village._Dulwich_Pavilion_2019._The_Colour_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dulwich_Village._Dulwich_Pavilion_2019._The_Colour_Palace.jpg/452px-Dulwich_Village._Dulwich_Pavilion_2019._The_Colour_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Colour Palace, <a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Picture_Gallery" title="Dulwich Picture Gallery">Dulwich Picture Gallery</a>, London, by Pricegore and <a href="/wiki/Yinka_Ilori" title="Yinka Ilori">Yinka Ilori</a>, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 263.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 261.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biomuseo_rear_stereo_pair_R.agr_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Biomuseo, Panama City, Panama, by Frank Gehry, partially opened in 2014, completed in 2019[101]"><img alt="Biomuseo, Panama City, Panama, by Frank Gehry, partially opened in 2014, completed in 2019[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Biomuseo_rear_stereo_pair_R.agr_%28cropped%29.jpg/392px-Biomuseo_rear_stereo_pair_R.agr_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Biomuseo_rear_stereo_pair_R.agr_%28cropped%29.jpg/588px-Biomuseo_rear_stereo_pair_R.agr_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Biomuseo_rear_stereo_pair_R.agr_%28cropped%29.jpg/783px-Biomuseo_rear_stereo_pair_R.agr_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5411" data-file-height="3525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Biomuseo" title="Biomuseo">Biomuseo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a>, partially opened in 2014, completed in 2019<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahmineh_Monzavi_Photo_Majara_Residence_Hormuz_Iran_View_from_the_sea_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presence in Hormoz 02, Hormoz Island, Hormozgan, Iran, by ZAV Architects, 2020[102]"><img alt="Presence in Hormoz 02, Hormoz Island, Hormozgan, Iran, by ZAV Architects, 2020[102]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tahmineh_Monzavi_Photo_Majara_Residence_Hormuz_Iran_View_from_the_sea_2020.jpg/500px-Tahmineh_Monzavi_Photo_Majara_Residence_Hormuz_Iran_View_from_the_sea_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tahmineh_Monzavi_Photo_Majara_Residence_Hormuz_Iran_View_from_the_sea_2020.jpg/960px-Tahmineh_Monzavi_Photo_Majara_Residence_Hormuz_Iran_View_from_the_sea_2020.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Presence in Hormoz 02, <a href="/wiki/Hormoz_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormoz Island">Hormoz Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormozgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormozgan">Hormozgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, by <a href="/wiki/ZAV_Architects" title="ZAV Architects">ZAV Architects</a>, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polychromatic_light">Polychromatic light</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Polychromatic light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <b>polychromatic</b> means having several colors. It is used to describe <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> that exhibits more than one <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>, which also means that it contains radiation of more than one <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>. The study of polychromatics is particularly useful in the production of <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">diffraction gratings</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n_(sculpting)" title="Encarnación (sculpting)">Encarnación</a> Spanish form of polychrome sculpture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">Monochrome</a> (opposite of polychrome)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Cyril M., ed. <i>Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture</i>, Dover Publications, New York, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1977</span>, 1983 edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVinzenz_Brinkmann,_Renée_Dreyfus,_Ulrike_Koch-Brinkmann2017" class="citation book cs1">Vinzenz Brinkmann, Renée Dreyfus, Ulrike Koch-Brinkmann, John Camp, Heinrich Piening, Oliver Primavesi (2017). <i>GODS IN COLOR Polychromy in the Ancient World</i>. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco and DelMonico Books. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5707-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5707-2"><bdi>978-3-7913-5707-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GODS+IN+COLOR+Polychromy+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Fine+Arts+Museums+of+San+Francisco+and+DelMonico+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-5707-2&rft.aulast=Vinzenz+Brinkmann%2C+Ren%C3%A9e+Dreyfus%2C+Ulrike+Koch-Brinkmann&rft.aufirst=John+Camp%2C+Heinrich+Piening%2C+Oliver+Primavesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Lemmen2013" class="citation book cs1">van Lemmen, Hans (2013). <i>5000 Years of Tiles</i>. The British Museum Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-5099-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-5099-4"><bdi>978-0-7141-5099-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=5000+Years+of+Tiles&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-5099-4&rft.aulast=van+Lemmen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry20176-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry20176_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVinzenz_Brinkmann,_Renée_Dreyfus,_Ulrike_Koch-Brinkmann2017" class="citation book cs1">Vinzenz Brinkmann, Renée Dreyfus, Ulrike Koch-Brinkmann, John Camp, Heinrich Piening, Oliver Primavesi (2017). <i>GODS IN COLOR Polychromy in the Ancient World</i>. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco and DelMonico Books. p. 62 & 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5707-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5707-2"><bdi>978-3-7913-5707-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GODS+IN+COLOR+Polychromy+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=62+%26+63&rft.pub=Fine+Arts+Museums+of+San+Francisco+and+DelMonico+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-5707-2&rft.aulast=Vinzenz+Brinkmann%2C+Ren%C3%A9e+Dreyfus%2C+Ulrike+Koch-Brinkmann&rft.aufirst=John+Camp%2C+Heinrich+Piening%2C+Oliver+Primavesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Toby (2008). <i>Dictionary of ANCIENT EGYPT</i>. Thames and Hudson. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20396-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20396-5"><bdi>978-0-500-20396-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+ANCIENT+EGYPT&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20396-5&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRose_Marie2022" class="citation book cs1">Rose Marie, Rainer Hagen (2022). <i>EGYPT – People Gods Pharaohs</i>. Taschen. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-2054-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-2054-6"><bdi>978-3-8365-2054-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EGYPT+%E2%80%93+People+Gods+Pharaohs&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-8365-2054-6&rft.aulast=Rose+Marie&rft.aufirst=Rainer+Hagen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA1450_4">"temple-relief"</a>. <i>britishmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=temple-relief&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FY_EA1450_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themodernantiquarian.com/site/10857/phaistos.html#fieldnotes">C. Michael Hogan, <i>Knossos Fieldnotes</i>, The Modern Antiquarian (2007)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiottoCignoni2024" class="citation journal cs1">Siotto, Eliana; Cignoni, Paolo (July 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207424001006">"Digital methods and techniques for reconstructing and visualizing ancient 3D polychromy – An overview"</a>. <i>Journal of Cultural Heritage</i>. <b>68</b>: <span class="nowrap">59–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.culher.2024.05.002">10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1296-2074">1296-2074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cultural+Heritage&rft.atitle=Digital+methods+and+techniques+for+reconstructing+and+visualizing+ancient+3D+polychromy+%E2%80%93+An+overview&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2024-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.culher.2024.05.002&rft.issn=1296-2074&rft.aulast=Siotto&rft.aufirst=Eliana&rft.au=Cignoni%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1296207424001006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201437-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201437_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2014">Jones 2014</a>, p. 37.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201740-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201740_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCS-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCS_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPsarra" class="citation web cs1">Psarra, I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603190037/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=874">"Ministry of Culture and Sports: Mieza, the so-called Macedonian Tomb of the Palmettes"</a>. <i>odysseus.culture.gr</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=874">the original</a> on June 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=odysseus.culture.gr&rft.atitle=Ministry+of+Culture+and+Sports%3A+Mieza%2C+the+so-called+Macedonian+Tomb+of+the+Palmettes&rft.aulast=Psarra&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodysseus.culture.gr%2Fh%2F2%2Feh251.jsp%3Fobj_id%3D874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVinzenz_Brinkmann,_Renée_Dreyfus,_Ulrike_Koch-Brinkmann2017" class="citation book cs1">Vinzenz Brinkmann, Renée Dreyfus, Ulrike Koch-Brinkmann, John Camp, Heinrich Piening, Oliver Primavesi (2017). <i>GODS IN COLOR Polychromy in the Ancient World</i>. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco and DelMonico Books. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5707-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5707-2"><bdi>978-3-7913-5707-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GODS+IN+COLOR+Polychromy+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Fine+Arts+Museums+of+San+Francisco+and+DelMonico+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-5707-2&rft.aulast=Vinzenz+Brinkmann%2C+Ren%C3%A9e+Dreyfus%2C+Ulrike+Koch-Brinkmann&rft.aufirst=John+Camp%2C+Heinrich+Piening%2C+Oliver+Primavesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVirginia2017" class="citation book cs1">Virginia, L. Campbell (2017). <i>Ancient Room – Pocket Museum</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51959-2"><bdi>978-0-500-51959-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Room+%E2%80%93+Pocket+Museum&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51959-2&rft.aulast=Virginia&rft.aufirst=L.+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVirginia2017" class="citation book cs1">Virginia, L. Campbell (2017). <i>Ancient Room – Pocket Museum</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51959-2"><bdi>978-0-500-51959-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Room+%E2%80%93+Pocket+Museum&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51959-2&rft.aulast=Virginia&rft.aufirst=L.+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergdoll2000176-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergdoll2000176_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergdoll2000176_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergdoll2000">Bergdoll 2000</a>, pp. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201775,_76,_87,_93-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201775,_76,_87,_93_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 75, 76, 87, 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201775-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201775_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201776-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201776_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1930-0719-62">"Figure"</a>. <i>britishmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 41, No. 1, Artistic Identity in the Late Middle Ages (2002), pp. 3–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenton2022" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Janetta Rebold (2022). <i>The History of Western Art</i>. 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Laurence King. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorngässer2020" class="citation book cs1">Borngässer, Barbara (2020). <i>POTSDAM – Art, Architecture abd Landscape</i>. Vista Point. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96141-579-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96141-579-3"><bdi>978-3-96141-579-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=POTSDAM+%E2%80%93+Art%2C+Architecture+abd+Landscape&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Vista+Point&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-96141-579-3&rft.aulast=Borng%C3%A4sser&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014238-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014238_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2014">Jones 2014</a>, p. 238.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHonourFleming2009" class="citation book cs1">Honour, Hugh; Fleming, John (2009). <i>A World History of Art – Revised Seventh Edition</i>. Laurence King. p. 619. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-584-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-584-8"><bdi>978-1-85669-584-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Art+%E2%80%93+Revised+Seventh+Edition&rft.pages=619&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85669-584-8&rft.aulast=Honour&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Fleming%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fastighet-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fastighet_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140806205518/http://www.sfv.se/fastigheter/sverige/stockholms-lan-ab/slott/drottningholm/kina-slott-drottningholm/">"Kina slott, Drottningholm"</a>. <i>www.sfv.se</i>. National Property Board of Sweden. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfv.se/fastigheter/sverige/stockholms-lan-ab/slott/drottningholm/kina-slott-drottningholm/">the original</a> on August 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sfv.se&rft.atitle=Kina+slott%2C+Drottningholm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfv.se%2Ffastigheter%2Fsverige%2Fstockholms-lan-ab%2Fslott%2Fdrottningholm%2Fkina-slott-drottningholm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inveraray-castle.com/castle/ground-floor">"Ground Floor"</a>. <i>inveraray-castle.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inveraray-castle.com&rft.atitle=Ground+Floor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inveraray-castle.com%2Fcastle%2Fground-floor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2023" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Graham-Dixon (2023). <i>art – The Definitive Visual History</i>. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2416-2903-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2416-2903-1"><bdi>978-0-2416-2903-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=art+%E2%80%93+The+Definitive+Visual+History&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-2416-2903-1&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Graham-Dixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 503. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=503&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 509. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=509&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrving2019" class="citation book cs1">Irving, Mark (2019). <i>1001 BUILDINGS You Must See Before You Die</i>. Cassel Illustrated. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78840-176-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78840-176-0"><bdi>978-1-78840-176-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+BUILDINGS+You+Must+See+Before+You+Die&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Cassel+Illustrated&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78840-176-0&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amisdulouvre.fr/acquisitions/paire-vases-fuseau">"PAIRE DE VASES " FUSEAU "<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>amisdulouvre.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amisdulouvre.fr&rft.atitle=PAIRE+DE+VASES+%22+FUSEAU+%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amisdulouvre.fr%2Facquisitions%2Fpaire-vases-fuseau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenhalgh2021" class="citation book cs1">Greenhalgh, Paul (2021). <i>Ceramic – Art and Civilisation</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3970-7"><bdi>978-1-4742-3970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceramic+%E2%80%93+Art+and+Civilisation&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-3970-7&rft.aulast=Greenhalgh&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenhalgh2021" class="citation book cs1">Greenhalgh, Paul (2021). <i>Ceramic – Art and Civilisation</i>. Bloomsbury. pp. 287, 288, 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3970-7"><bdi>978-1-4742-3970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceramic+%E2%80%93+Art+and+Civilisation&rft.pages=287%2C+288%2C+296&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-3970-7&rft.aulast=Greenhalgh&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBresc-Bautier2008" class="citation book cs1">Bresc-Bautier, Geneviève (2008). <i>The Louvre, a Tale of a Palace</i>. Musée du Louvre Éditions. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7572-0177-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7572-0177-0"><bdi>978-2-7572-0177-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Louvre%2C+a+Tale+of+a+Palace&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-7572-0177-0&rft.aulast=Bresc-Bautier&rft.aufirst=Genevi%C3%A8ve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBresc-Bautier2008" class="citation book cs1">Bresc-Bautier, Geneviève (2008). <i>The Louvre, a Tale of a Palace</i>. Musée du Louvre Éditions. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7572-0177-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7572-0177-0"><bdi>978-2-7572-0177-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Louvre%2C+a+Tale+of+a+Palace&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-7572-0177-0&rft.aulast=Bresc-Bautier&rft.aufirst=Genevi%C3%A8ve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2017" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Charles (2017). <i>Houses – An Architectural Guide</i>. PEVSNER. pp. 134, 138, 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300233421" title="Special:BookSources/9780300233421"><bdi>9780300233421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houses+%E2%80%93+An+Architectural+Guide&rft.pages=134%2C+138%2C+139&rft.pub=PEVSNER&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780300233421&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014286-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014286_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2014">Jones 2014</a>, p. 286.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2017" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Charles (2017). <i>Houses – An Architectural Guide</i>. PEVSNER. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300233421" title="Special:BookSources/9780300233421"><bdi>9780300233421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houses+%E2%80%93+An+Architectural+Guide&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=PEVSNER&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780300233421&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/IA00075828">"Maison"</a>. <i>pop.culture.gouv.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ordinul Arhitecților din România. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6"><bdi>978-973-0-23884-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bucharest+Architecture+%E2%80%93+an+annotated+guide&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Ordinul+Arhitec%C8%9Bilor+din+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-973-0-23884-6&rft.au=Mariana+Celac%2C+Octavian+Carabela+and+Marius+Marcu-Lapadat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ionsocolescu.blogspot.com/2013/07/traseu-pietonal-1-casa-ionescu-gion-1889.html">"Arh. 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Ordinul Arhitecților din România. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6"><bdi>978-973-0-23884-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bucharest+Architecture+%E2%80%93+an+annotated+guide&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Ordinul+Arhitec%C8%9Bilor+din+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-973-0-23884-6&rft.au=Mariana+Celac%2C+Octavian+Carabela+and+Marius+Marcu-Lapadat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMariana_Celac,_Octavian_Carabela_and_Marius_Marcu-Lapadat2017" class="citation book cs1">Mariana Celac, Octavian Carabela and Marius Marcu-Lapadat (2017). <i>Bucharest Architecture – an annotated guide</i>. Ordinul Arhitecților din România. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6"><bdi>978-973-0-23884-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bucharest+Architecture+%E2%80%93+an+annotated+guide&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Ordinul+Arhitec%C8%9Bilor+din+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-973-0-23884-6&rft.au=Mariana+Celac%2C+Octavian+Carabela+and+Marius+Marcu-Lapadat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMariana_Celac,_Octavian_Carabela_and_Marius_Marcu-Lapadat2017" class="citation book cs1">Mariana Celac, Octavian Carabela and Marius Marcu-Lapadat (2017). <i>Bucharest Architecture – an annotated guide</i>. Ordinul Arhitecților din România. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6"><bdi>978-973-0-23884-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bucharest+Architecture+%E2%80%93+an+annotated+guide&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Ordinul+Arhitec%C8%9Bilor+din+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-973-0-23884-6&rft.au=Mariana+Celac%2C+Octavian+Carabela+and+Marius+Marcu-Lapadat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00086525">"Boulangerie"</a>. <i>pop.culture.gouv.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Thames & Hudson. 2022. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02603-8"><bdi>978-0-500-02603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+Ukraine+%E2%80%93+A+Nation%27s+Cultural+Heritage&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-500-02603-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilhide2022" class="citation book cs1">Wilhide, Elizabeth (2022). <i>Design – The Whole Story</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29687-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29687-5"><bdi>978-0-500-29687-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+%E2%80%93+The+Whole+Story&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-500-29687-5&rft.aulast=Wilhide&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarinache2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marinache, Oana (2015). <i>Ernest Donaud – visul liniei</i> (in Romanian). Editura Istoria Artei. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-94042-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-94042-8-7"><bdi>978-606-94042-8-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernest+Donaud+%E2%80%93+visul+liniei&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Editura+Istoria+Artei&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-606-94042-8-7&rft.aulast=Marinache&rft.aufirst=Oana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCriticos2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Criticos, Mihaela (2009). <i>Art Deco sau Modernismul Bine Temperat – Art Deco or Well-Tempered Modernism</i> (in Romanian and English). 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Office of Archaeological Studies, Pottery Typology Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Classification+System&rft.pub=Office+of+Archaeological+Studies%2C+Pottery+Typology+Project&rft.au=Center+for+New+Mexico+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceramics.nmarchaeology.org%2Findex%2Fthe-classification-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGura2017" class="citation book cs1">Gura, Judith (2017). <i>Postmodern Design Complete</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51914-1"><bdi>978-0-500-51914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Design+Complete&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51914-1&rft.aulast=Gura&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 722. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=722&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalilee2021" class="citation book cs1">Galilee, Beatrice (2021). <i>radical architecturre of the future</i>. Phaidon. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83866-123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83866-123-6"><bdi>978-1-83866-123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=radical+architecturre+of+the+future&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-83866-123-6&rft.aulast=Galilee&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrving2019" class="citation book cs1">Irving, Mark (2019). <i>1001 BUILDINGS You Must See Before You Die</i>. Cassel Illustrated. p. 875. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78840-176-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78840-176-0"><bdi>978-1-78840-176-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+BUILDINGS+You+Must+See+Before+You+Die&rft.pages=875&rft.pub=Cassel+Illustrated&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78840-176-0&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalilee2021" class="citation book cs1">Galilee, Beatrice (2021). <i>radical architecturre of the future</i>. Phaidon. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83866-123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83866-123-6"><bdi>978-1-83866-123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=radical+architecturre+of+the+future&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-83866-123-6&rft.aulast=Galilee&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 722. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=722&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Architizer The World's Best Architecture</i>. Phaidon. 2020. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83866-066-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83866-066-6"><bdi>978-1-83866-066-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architizer+The+World%27s+Best+Architecture&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-83866-066-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalilee2021" class="citation book cs1">Galilee, Beatrice (2021). <i>radical architecturre of the future</i>. Phaidon. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83866-123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83866-123-6"><bdi>978-1-83866-123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=radical+architecturre+of+the+future&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-83866-123-6&rft.aulast=Galilee&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 722. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=722&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenton2022" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Janetta Rebold (2022). <i>The History of Western Art</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29665-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29665-3"><bdi>978-0-500-29665-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Western+Art&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-500-29665-3&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Janetta+Rebold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Architizer The World's Best Architecture</i>. Monacelli. 2021. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58093-591-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58093-591-3"><bdi>978-1-58093-591-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architizer+The+World%27s+Best+Architecture&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Monacelli&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-58093-591-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergdoll2000" class="citation book cs1">Bergdoll, Barry (2000). <i>European Architecture 1750–1890</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284222-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284222-0"><bdi>978-0-19-284222-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Architecture+1750%E2%80%931890&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-284222-0&rft.aulast=Bergdoll&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFortenberry2017" class="citation book cs1">Fortenberry, Diane (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YsxDswEACAAJ"><i>The Art Museum</i></a> (Revised ed.). London: Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-7502-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423220204/https://books.google.com/books?id=YsxDswEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+Museum&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7502-6&rft.aulast=Fortenberry&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYsxDswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogersGumuchdjianJones2014" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Richard; Gumuchdjian, Philip; Jones, Denna (2014). <i>Architecture The Whole Story</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29148-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29148-1"><bdi>978-0-500-29148-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+The+Whole+Story&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-500-29148-1&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Gumuchdjian%2C+Philip&rft.au=Jones%2C+Denna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychrome" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Polychrome</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Polychrome" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Polychrome">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Colorful" class="extiw" title="c:Colorful">Media</a> from Commons</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stiftung-archaeologie.de">Research in the field of ancient polychrome sculpture</a> In German</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228211241/http://www.france.fr/en/art-and-culture/amiens-cathedral-colour">Amiens Cathedral in Colour</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Polychromatic">Polychromatic, Reference.com's definition</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Color_topics419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">Grisaille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related 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