Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html class="no-js" lang="en">  <head> <title>Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation - NASA/ADS</title>  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//styles/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//styles/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//styles/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" /> <link rel="manifest" href="//styles/favicon/site.webmanifest" /> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//styles/favicon/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="NASA ADS" /> <meta name="application-name" content="NASA ADS" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffc40d" /> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/styles/css/styles.css"> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"> <link rel="canonical" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GloEB..25.1097S/abstract"/> <meta name="description" content="AimHigher-elevation areas on islands and continental mountains tend to be separated by longer distances, predicting higher endemism at higher elevations; our study is the first to test the generality of the predicted pattern. We also compare it empirically with contrasting expectations from hypotheses invoking higher speciation with area, temperature and species richness.LocationThirty-two insular and 18 continental elevational gradients from around the world.MethodsWe compiled entire floras with elevation-specific occurrence information, and calculated the proportion of native species that are endemic ('percent endemism') in 100-m bands, for each of the 50 elevational gradients. Using generalized linear models, we tested the relationships between percent endemism and elevation, isolation, temperature, area and species richness.ResultsPercent endemism consistently increased monotonically with elevation, globally. This was independent of richness-elevation relationships, which had varying shapes but decreased with elevation at high elevations. The endemism-elevation relationships were consistent with isolation-related predictions, but inconsistent with hypotheses related to area, richness and temperature.Main conclusionsHigher per-species speciation rates caused by increasing isolation with elevation are the most plausible and parsimonious explanation for the globally consistent pattern of higher endemism at higher elevations that we identify. We suggest that topography-driven isolation increases speciation rates in mountainous areas, across all elevations and increasingly towards the equator. If so, it represents a mechanism that may contribute to generating latitudinal diversity gradients in a way that is consistent with both present-day and palaeontological evidence.">  <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:title" content="Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NASA/ADS"> <meta property="og:description" content="AimHigher-elevation areas on islands and continental mountains tend to be separated by longer distances, predicting higher endemism at higher elevations; our study is the first to test the generality of the predicted pattern. We also compare it empirically with contrasting expectations from hypotheses invoking higher speciation with area, temperature and species richness.LocationThirty-two insular and 18 continental elevational gradients from around the world.MethodsWe compiled entire floras with elevation-specific occurrence information, and calculated the proportion of native species that are endemic ('percent endemism') in 100-m bands, for each of the 50 elevational gradients. Using generalized linear models, we tested the relationships between percent endemism and elevation, isolation, temperature, area and species richness.ResultsPercent endemism consistently increased monotonically with elevation, globally. This was independent of richness-elevation relationships, which had varying shapes but decreased with elevation at high elevations. The endemism-elevation relationships were consistent with isolation-related predictions, but inconsistent with hypotheses related to area, richness and temperature.Main conclusionsHigher per-species speciation rates caused by increasing isolation with elevation are the most plausible and parsimonious explanation for the globally consistent pattern of higher endemism at higher elevations that we identify. We suggest that topography-driven isolation increases speciation rates in mountainous areas, across all elevations and increasingly towards the equator. If so, it represents a mechanism that may contribute to generating latitudinal diversity gradients in a way that is consistent with both present-day and palaeontological evidence."> <meta property="og:url" content="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GloEB..25.1097S/abstract"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/styles/img/transparent_logo.svg"> <meta property="article:published_time" content="09/2016"> <meta property="article:author" content="Steinbauer, Manuel J."> <meta property="article:author" content="Field, Richard"> <meta property="article:author" content="Grytnes, John-Arvid"> <meta property="article:author" content="Trigas, Panayiotis"> <meta property="article:author" content="Ah-Peng, Claudine"> <meta property="article:author" content="Attorre, Fabio"> <meta property="article:author" content="Birks, H. John B."> <meta property="article:author" content="Borges, Paulo A. V."> <meta property="article:author" content="Cardoso, Pedro"> <meta property="article:author" content="Chou, Chang-Hung"> <meta property="article:author" content="De Sanctis, Michele"> <meta property="article:author" content="de Sequeira, Miguel M."> <meta property="article:author" content="Duarte, Maria C."> <meta property="article:author" content="Elias, Rui B."> <meta property="article:author" content="Fern谩ndez-Palacios, Jos茅 Mar铆a"> <meta property="article:author" content="Gabriel, Rosalina"> <meta property="article:author" content="Gereau, Roy E."> <meta property="article:author" content="Gillespie, Rosemary G."> <meta property="article:author" content="Greimler, Josef"> <meta property="article:author" content="Harter, David E. V."> <meta property="article:author" content="Huang, Tsurng-Juhn"> <meta property="article:author" content="Irl, Severin D. H."> <meta property="article:author" content="Jeanmonod, Daniel"> <meta property="article:author" content="Jentsch, Anke"> <meta property="article:author" content="Jump, Alistair S."> <meta property="article:author" content="Kueffer, Christoph"> <meta property="article:author" content="Nogu茅, Sandra"> <meta property="article:author" content="Otto, R眉diger"> <meta property="article:author" content="Price, Jonathan"> <meta property="article:author" content="Romeiras, Maria M."> <meta property="article:author" content="Strasberg, Dominique"> <meta property="article:author" content="Stuessy, Tod"> <meta property="article:author" content="Svenning, Jens-Christian"> <meta property="article:author" content="Vetaas, Ole R."> <meta property="article:author" content="Beierkuhnlein, Carl">  <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Global Ecology and Biogeography"> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Steinbauer, Manuel J.;Field, Richard;Grytnes, John-Arvid;Trigas, Panayiotis;Ah-Peng, Claudine;Attorre, Fabio;Birks, H. John B.;Borges, Paulo A. V.;Cardoso, Pedro;Chou, Chang-Hung;De Sanctis, Michele;de Sequeira, Miguel M.;Duarte, Maria C.;Elias, Rui B.;Fern谩ndez-Palacios, Jos茅 Mar铆a;Gabriel, Rosalina;Gereau, Roy E.;Gillespie, Rosemary G.;Greimler, Josef;Harter, David E. V.;Huang, Tsurng-Juhn;Irl, Severin D. H.;Jeanmonod, Daniel;Jentsch, Anke;Jump, Alistair S.;Kueffer, Christoph;Nogu茅, Sandra;Otto, R眉diger;Price, Jonathan;Romeiras, Maria M.;Strasberg, Dominique;Stuessy, Tod;Svenning, Jens-Christian;Vetaas, Ole R.;Beierkuhnlein, Carl"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation"> <meta name="citation_date" content="09/2016"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="25"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="9"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1097"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1111/geb.12469"> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GloEB..25.1097S/abstract"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="09/2016"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1107" /> <link title="schema(PRISM)" rel="schema.prism" href="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/" /> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="09/2016" /> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="GloEB" /> <meta name="prism.volume" content="25" /> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1097" /> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="1107" /> <link title="schema(DC)" rel="schema.dc" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1111/geb.12469" /> <meta name="dc.date" content="09/2016" /> <meta name="dc.source" content="GloEB" /> <meta name="dc.title" content="Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation" /> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Steinbauer, Manuel J."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Field, Richard"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Grytnes, John-Arvid"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Trigas, Panayiotis"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ah-Peng, Claudine"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Attorre, Fabio"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Birks, H. John B."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Borges, Paulo A. V."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Cardoso, Pedro"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Chou, Chang-Hung"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="De Sanctis, Michele"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="de Sequeira, Miguel M."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Duarte, Maria C."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Elias, Rui B."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Fern谩ndez-Palacios, Jos茅 Mar铆a"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Gabriel, Rosalina"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Gereau, Roy E."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Gillespie, Rosemary G."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Greimler, Josef"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Harter, David E. V."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Huang, Tsurng-Juhn"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Irl, Severin D. H."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jeanmonod, Daniel"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jentsch, Anke"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jump, Alistair S."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kueffer, Christoph"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Nogu茅, Sandra"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Otto, R眉diger"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Price, Jonathan"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Romeiras, Maria M."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Strasberg, Dominique"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Stuessy, Tod"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Svenning, Jens-Christian"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Vetaas, Ole R."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Beierkuhnlein, Carl">  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="AimHigher-elevation areas on islands and continental mountains tend to be separated by longer distances, predicting higher endemism at higher elevations; our study is the first to test the generality of the predicted pattern. We also compare it empirically with contrasting expectations from hypotheses invoking higher speciation with area, temperature and species richness.LocationThirty-two insular and 18 continental elevational gradients from around the world.MethodsWe compiled entire floras with elevation-specific occurrence information, and calculated the proportion of native species that are endemic ('percent endemism') in 100-m bands, for each of the 50 elevational gradients. Using generalized linear models, we tested the relationships between percent endemism and elevation, isolation, temperature, area and species richness.ResultsPercent endemism consistently increased monotonically with elevation, globally. This was independent of richness-elevation relationships, which had varying shapes but decreased with elevation at high elevations. The endemism-elevation relationships were consistent with isolation-related predictions, but inconsistent with hypotheses related to area, richness and temperature.Main conclusionsHigher per-species speciation rates caused by increasing isolation with elevation are the most plausible and parsimonious explanation for the globally consistent pattern of higher endemism at higher elevations that we identify. We suggest that topography-driven isolation increases speciation rates in mountainous areas, across all elevations and increasingly towards the equator. If so, it represents a mechanism that may contribute to generating latitudinal diversity gradients in a way that is consistent with both present-day and palaeontological evidence."/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@adsabs"/> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="NASA/ADS"/> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/styles/img/transparent_logo.svg"/> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@adsabs"/> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <base href="/"> <style> .btn-full-ads { color: #fff !important; background-color: #1a1a1a !important; border-color: #1a1a1a !important; margin-top: 9px !important; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-top: 10px !important; } .btn-full-ads:hover, .btn-full-ads:focus, .btn-full-ads:active, .btn-full-ads.active, .open>.dropdown-toggle.btn-full-ads { color: #000 !important; 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<li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Field%2C+Richard%22">Field, Richard</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Grytnes%2C+John-Arvid%22">Grytnes, John-Arvid</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Trigas%2C+Panayiotis%22">Trigas, Panayiotis</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Ah-Peng%2C+Claudine%22">Ah-Peng, Claudine</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Attorre%2C+Fabio%22">Attorre, Fabio</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Birks%2C+H.+John+B.%22">Birks, H. John B.</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Borges%2C+Paulo+A.+V.%22">Borges, Paulo A. V.</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Cardoso%2C+Pedro%22">Cardoso, Pedro</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Chou%2C+Chang-Hung%22">Chou, Chang-Hung</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22De+Sanctis%2C+Michele%22">De Sanctis, Michele</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22de+Sequeira%2C+Miguel+M.%22">de Sequeira, Miguel M.</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Duarte%2C+Maria+C.%22">Duarte, Maria C.</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Elias%2C+Rui+B.%22">Elias, Rui B.</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Fern%C3%A1ndez-Palacios%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa%22">Fern谩ndez-Palacios, Jos茅 Mar铆a</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Gabriel%2C+Rosalina%22">Gabriel, Rosalina</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Gereau%2C+Roy+E.%22">Gereau, Roy E.</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Gillespie%2C+Rosemary+G.%22">Gillespie, Rosemary G.</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Greimler%2C+Josef%22">Greimler, Josef</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Harter%2C+David+E.+V.%22">Harter, David E. V.</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Huang%2C+Tsurng-Juhn%22">Huang, Tsurng-Juhn</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Irl%2C+Severin+D.+H.%22">Irl, Severin D. H.</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Jeanmonod%2C+Daniel%22">Jeanmonod, Daniel</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Jentsch%2C+Anke%22">Jentsch, Anke</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Jump%2C+Alistair+S.%22">Jump, Alistair S.</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Kueffer%2C+Christoph%22">Kueffer, Christoph</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Nogu%C3%A9%2C+Sandra%22">Nogu茅, Sandra</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Otto%2C+R%C3%BCdiger%22">Otto, R眉diger</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Price%2C+Jonathan%22">Price, Jonathan</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Romeiras%2C+Maria+M.%22">Romeiras, Maria M.</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Strasberg%2C+Dominique%22">Strasberg, Dominique</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Stuessy%2C+Tod%22">Stuessy, Tod</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Svenning%2C+Jens-Christian%22">Svenning, Jens-Christian</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Vetaas%2C+Ole+R.%22">Vetaas, Ole R.</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Beierkuhnlein%2C+Carl%22">Beierkuhnlein, Carl</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="s-abstract-text"> <h4 class="sr-only">Abstract</h4> <p> AimHigher-elevation areas on islands and continental mountains tend to be separated by longer distances, predicting higher endemism at higher elevations; our study is the first to test the generality of the predicted pattern. We also compare it empirically with contrasting expectations from hypotheses invoking higher speciation with area, temperature and species richness.LocationThirty-two insular and 18 continental elevational gradients from around the world.MethodsWe compiled entire floras with elevation-specific occurrence information, and calculated the proportion of native species that are endemic ('percent endemism') in 100-m bands, for each of the 50 elevational gradients. Using generalized linear models, we tested the relationships between percent endemism and elevation, isolation, temperature, area and species richness.ResultsPercent endemism consistently increased monotonically with elevation, globally. This was independent of richness-elevation relationships, which had varying shapes but decreased with elevation at high elevations. The endemism-elevation relationships were consistent with isolation-related predictions, but inconsistent with hypotheses related to area, richness and temperature.Main conclusionsHigher per-species speciation rates caused by increasing isolation with elevation are the most plausible and parsimonious explanation for the globally consistent pattern of higher endemism at higher elevations that we identify. We suggest that topography-driven isolation increases speciation rates in mountainous areas, across all elevations and increasingly towards the equator. If so, it represents a mechanism that may contribute to generating latitudinal diversity gradients in a way that is consistent with both present-day and palaeontological evidence. </p> </div> <br> <dl class="s-abstract-dl-horizontal"> <dt>Publication:</dt> <dd> <div id="article-publication">Global Ecology and Biogeography</div> </dd> <dt>Pub Date:</dt> <dd>September 2016</dd> <dt>DOI:</dt> <dd> <span> <a href="/link_gateway/2016GloEB..25.1097S/doi:10.1111/geb.12469" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1111/geb.12469</a> <i class="fa fa-external-link"></i> </span> </dd> <dt>Bibcode:</dt> <dd> <a href="/abs/2016GloEB..25.1097S/abstract"> 2016GloEB..25.1097S </a> <i class="icon-help" title="The bibcode is assigned by the ADS as a unique identifier for the paper."></i> </dd> </dl> </article> </div> <div data-widget="ShowCitations"></div> <div data-widget="ShowReferences"></div> <div data-widget="ShowCoreads"></div> <div data-widget="ShowSimilar"></div> <div data-widget="ShowTableofcontents"></div> <div data-widget="ShowGraphics"></div> <div data-widget="ShowExportcitation" data-origin="abstract"></div> <div data-widget="ShowMetrics" data-allow-redirect="false"></div> <div data-widget="MetaTagsWidget"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="s-right-col-container col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-3 col-lg-2 s-right-column" id="right-col-container" > <div data-widget="ShowResources"> <div data-reactroot="" class="s-right-col-widget-container" style="padding: 10px" > <div> <div class="resources__container"> <div class="resources__full__list"> <div class="resources__header__row"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <div class="resources__header__title">full text sources</div> </div> <div class="resources__content"> <div class="resources__content__title">Publisher</div> <div class="resources__content__links"> <span> <div class="resources__content__link__separator">|</div> </span> <span> <a href="/link_gateway/2016GloEB..25.1097S/PUB_HTML" rel="noopener" class="resources__content__link " > <i class="fa fa-file-text" aria-hidden="true"> </i> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-widget="ShowAssociated"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-widget="ShowGraphicsSidebar"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-container"> <div data-widget="FooterWidget"> <div class="footer s-footer"> <footer> <div class="__footer_wrapper"> <div class="__footer_brand"> 漏 The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System <div class="__footer_brand_extra"> <p> <i class="fa fa-envelope"></i> adshelp[at]cfa.harvard.edu </p> <p> The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative Agreement <em>NNX16AC86A</em> </p> </div> <div class="__footer_brand_logos"> <a href="http://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img src="/styles/img/nasa.svg" alt="NASA logo" id="nasa-logo"> </a> <a href="http://www.si.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img id="smithsonian-logo" src="/styles/img/smithsonian.svg" alt="Smithsonian logo"> </a> <a href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img src="/styles/img/cfa.png" title="Harvard Center for Astrophysics logo" id="cfa-logo"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="__footer_list"> <div class="__footer_list_title"> Resources </div> <ul class="__footer_links"> <li> <a href="/about/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> About ADS </a> </li> <li> <a href="//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/help/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <i class="fa fa-info-circle"></i> ADS Help </a> </li> <li> <a href="//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/help/whats_new/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <i class="fa fa-bullhorn"></i> What's New </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/careers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <i class="fa fa-group"></i> Careers@ADS </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="__footer_list"> <div class="__footer_list_title"> Social </div> <ul class="__footer_links"> <li> <a href="//twitter.com/adsabs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <i class="fa fa-twitter"></i> @adsabs </a> </li> <li> <a href="//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/blog/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <i class="fa fa-newspaper-o"></i> ADS Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="__footer_list"> <div class="__footer_list_title"> Project </div> <ul class="__footer_links"> <li> <a href="/core/never">Switch to full ADS</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsisdownorjustme.herokuapp.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Is ADS down? 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Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation - NASA/ADS