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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysteek" title="Bysteek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bysteek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%84" title="لسعة النحل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لسعة النحل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AA%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Մժեղի խայթուածք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մժեղի խայթուածք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundurira" title="Kundurira – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kundurira" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picadura_de_abeja" title="Picadura de abeja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Picadura de abeja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="گزش زنبور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گزش زنبور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piq%C3%BBre_d%27abeille" title="Piqûre d'abeille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piqûre d'abeille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punture_di_imenotteri" title="Punture di imenotteri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punture di imenotteri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit%C4%97s_%C4%AFg%C4%97limas" title="Bitės įgėlimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bitės įgėlimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_m%C3%A9hek_v%C3%A9dekez%C3%A9se" title="A méhek védekezése – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A méhek védekezése" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%A8" title="ମହୁମାଛି ଦଂଶନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମହୁମାଛି ଦଂଶନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8En%C8%9Bep%C4%83tura_de_albin%C4%83" title="Înțepătura de albină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Înțepătura de albină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гименоптеризм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гименоптеризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbimi_i_blet%C3%ABs" title="Thumbimi i bletës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thumbimi i bletës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="தேனீ கொட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேனீ கொட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Puncture wound caused by a bee's stinger</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bee_sting_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bee sting (disambiguation)">Bee sting (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Bee sting</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bee-sting-abeille-dard-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bee-sting-abeille-dard-2.jpg/220px-Bee-sting-abeille-dard-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bee-sting-abeille-dard-2.jpg/330px-Bee-sting-abeille-dard-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Bee-sting-abeille-dard-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">The <a href="/wiki/Stinger" title="Stinger">stinger</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bee</a> separated from the body and attached to a protective dressing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pain, itching, swelling</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">Allergic reaction</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Female <a href="/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">bees</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">swelling, rash, shortness of breath</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> (for allergic reaction)</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>A <b>bee sting</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wound</a> and pain caused by the <a href="/wiki/Stinger" title="Stinger">stinger</a> of a female <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a> puncturing <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>. Bee stings differ from <a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">insect bites</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venom</a> of stinging <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> having considerable chemical variation. The reaction of a person to a bee sting may vary according to the bee <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. While bee stinger venom is slightly acidic and causes only mild pain in most people,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reactions</a> may occur in people with allergies to venom components.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honey_bee_stings">Honey bee stings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bee_sting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Honey bee stings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sting_of_Queen_Wasp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sting_of_Queen_Wasp.jpg/220px-Sting_of_Queen_Wasp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sting_of_Queen_Wasp.jpg/330px-Sting_of_Queen_Wasp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sting_of_Queen_Wasp.jpg/440px-Sting_of_Queen_Wasp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>Microscope magnified image of a queen wasp's stinger, showing stylus and barbed lancets</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermal_effects_of_Insect_bite_by_Volkan_Yuksel_IR001666.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Thermal_effects_of_Insect_bite_by_Volkan_Yuksel_IR001666.jpg/220px-Thermal_effects_of_Insect_bite_by_Volkan_Yuksel_IR001666.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Thermal_effects_of_Insect_bite_by_Volkan_Yuksel_IR001666.jpg/330px-Thermal_effects_of_Insect_bite_by_Volkan_Yuksel_IR001666.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Thermal_effects_of_Insect_bite_by_Volkan_Yuksel_IR001666.jpg/440px-Thermal_effects_of_Insect_bite_by_Volkan_Yuksel_IR001666.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The left side of the image shows the ≈4 °C (7 °F) temperature increase (saturated red zone) caused by a bee sting after about 28 hours</figcaption></figure> <p>A honey bee that is away from the hive foraging for <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> will rarely sting, except when stepped on or roughly handled. Honey bees will actively seek out and sting when they perceive the <a href="/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beehive (beekeeping)">hive</a> to be threatened, often being alerted to this by the release of attack <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a> (below). </p><p>Although it is widely believed that a <a href="/wiki/Worker_bee" title="Worker bee">worker</a> <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bee</a> can sting only once, this is a partial misconception: although the <a href="/wiki/Stinger" title="Stinger">stinger</a> is in fact barbed so that it lodges in the victim's <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, tearing loose from the bee's <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> and leading to its death in minutes, this only happens if the skin of the victim is sufficiently thick, such as a mammal's.<sup id="cite_ref-how_bees_work_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-how_bees_work-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honey bees are the only <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">hymenoptera</a> with a strongly barbed sting, though <a href="/wiki/Yellow_jacket" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow jacket">yellow jackets</a> and some other wasps have small barbs. </p><p>The venom of the honeybee contains <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/MCD_peptide" title="MCD peptide">mast cell degranulating peptide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">melittin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_A2" title="Phospholipase A2">phospholipase A2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronidase" title="Hyaluronidase">hyaluronidase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acid_phosphatase" title="Acid phosphatase">acid phosphatase</a>. The three proteins in honeybee venom that are important allergens are phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase and acid phosphatase. In addition, the polypeptide melittin is also antigenic. Bumblebee venom appears to be chemically and antigenically related to honeybee venom.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bees with barbed stingers can often sting other insects without harming themselves. Queen honeybees and bees of many other species, including bumblebees and many solitary bees, have smoother stingers with smaller barbs and can sting mammals repeatedly.<sup id="cite_ref-how_bees_work_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-how_bees_work-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sting's injection of <a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">apitoxin</a> into the victim is accompanied by the release of alarm <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a>, a process which is accelerated if the bee is fatally injured. The release of alarm pheromones near a hive may attract other bees to the location, where they will likewise exhibit defensive behaviours until there is no longer a threat, typically because the victim has either fled or been killed. (Note: A bee <a href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">swarm</a>, seen as a mass of bees flying or clumped together, is generally not hostile; it has deserted its hive and has no comb or young to defend.) These pheromones do not dissipate or wash off quickly, and if their target enters the water, bees will resume their attack as soon as it leaves the water. The alarm pheromone emitted when a bee stings another animal smells like a banana.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Drone_(bee)" title="Drone (bee)">Drone</a> bees, the males, are larger and do not have stingers. The female bees (<a href="/wiki/Worker_bee" title="Worker bee">worker bees</a> and queens) are the only ones that can sting, and their stinger is a modified <a href="/wiki/Ovipositor" title="Ovipositor">ovipositor</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">queen bee</a> has a barbed but smoother stinger and can, if need be, sting skin-bearing creatures multiple times, but the queen does not leave the hive under normal conditions. Her sting is not for the defense of the hive; she only uses it for dispatching rival queens, ideally before they can emerge from their cells. Queen breeders who handle multiple queens and have the queen odor on their hands are sometimes stung by a queen. </p><p>The stinger consists of three parts: a stylus and two barbed slides (or lancets), one on either side of the stylus. The bee does not push the stinger in but it is drawn in by the barbed slides. The slides move alternately up and down the stylus so when the barb of one slide has caught and retracts, it pulls the stylus and the other barbed slide into the wound. When the other barb has caught, it also retracts up the stylus pulling the sting further in. This process is repeated until the sting is fully in and even continues after the sting and its mechanism is detached from the bee's abdomen. When a female honey bee stings a person, it cannot pull the barbed stinger back out, but rather leaves behind not only the stinger, but also part of its abdomen and digestive tract, plus muscles and nerves. This massive abdominal rupture kills the honey bee. Honey bees are the only bees to die after stinging.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 815px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stechende_Biene_12a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bee sting. The stinger is torn off and left in the skin."><img alt="Bee sting. The stinger is torn off and left in the skin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Stechende_Biene_12a.jpg/120px-Stechende_Biene_12a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Stechende_Biene_12a.jpg/250px-Stechende_Biene_12a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bee sting. The stinger is torn off and left in the skin.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bienenstich_20a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2 minutes later"><img alt="2 minutes later" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bienenstich_20a.jpg/120px-Bienenstich_20a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bienenstich_20a.jpg/250px-Bienenstich_20a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2 minutes later</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bienenstich_25a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="6 minutes later, after the stinger has been removed"><img alt="6 minutes later, after the stinger has been removed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bienenstich_25a.jpg/120px-Bienenstich_25a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bienenstich_25a.jpg/180px-Bienenstich_25a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bienenstich_25a.jpg/240px-Bienenstich_25a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">6 minutes later, after the stinger has been removed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bienenstich_37a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="27 minutes later"><img alt="27 minutes later" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bienenstich_37a.jpg/120px-Bienenstich_37a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bienenstich_37a.jpg/180px-Bienenstich_37a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bienenstich_37a.jpg/240px-Bienenstich_37a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">27 minutes later</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bee-sting-piqure-abeille-scale-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bee sting 1 day after"><img alt="A bee sting 1 day after" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bee-sting-piqure-abeille-scale-2.jpg/120px-Bee-sting-piqure-abeille-scale-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bee-sting-piqure-abeille-scale-2.jpg/250px-Bee-sting-piqure-abeille-scale-2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bee sting 1 day after</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venom_and_apitherapy">Venom and apitherapy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bee_sting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Venom and apitherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main component of <a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">bee venom</a> responsible for pain in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> is the toxin <a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">melittin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> and other biogenic amines may also contribute to pain and itching.<sup id="cite_ref-white_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one of the alternative medical uses of <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bee</a> products, <a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">apitherapy</a>, bee venom has been used to treat <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> and other painful conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All currently available evidence supporting this practice is either anecdotal, animal studies, or preliminary evidence, most of which has poor methodology.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apitherapy is not currently accepted as a viable medical treatment for any condition or disease; the risk of allergic reaction and <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a> outweighs any benefits. According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>, there is no <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific evidence</a> that apitherapy or bee venom therapy can treat or change the course of cancer or any other disease.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a> have shown that apitherapy is ineffective in treating <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> or any other disease, and can exacerbate multiple sclerosis symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bee_sting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first step in treatment following a honey bee sting is removal of the stinger itself. The stinger should be removed as quickly as possible without regard to method: a study has shown the amount of venom delivered does not differ whether the sting is pinched or scraped off and even a delay of a few seconds leads to more venom being injected.<sup id="cite_ref-lancet1996-Visscher_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lancet1996-Visscher-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the stinger is removed, pain and swelling should be reduced with a cold compress.<sup id="cite_ref-balit_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Topical_anesthetic" title="Topical anesthetic">topical anesthetic</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Benzocaine" title="Benzocaine">benzocaine</a> will relieve pain quickly and menthol is an effective anti-itch treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Itching can also be relieved by <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamine</a> or by a <a href="/wiki/Topical_steroid" title="Topical steroid">topical steroid</a> cream.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many traditional remedies have been suggested for bee stings.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No interventions have been proven to be effective in scientific studies and a randomized trial of aspirin paste and topical ice packs showed that aspirin was not effective in reducing the duration of swelling or pain in bee and wasp stings, and significantly increased the duration of redness.<sup id="cite_ref-balit_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study concluded that ice alone is a better treatment for bee and wasp stings than aspirin.<sup id="cite_ref-balit_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For about 2 percent of people, a hypersensitivity can develop after being stung, creating a more severe reaction. This sensitisation may happen after a single sting, or after a series of stings. An allergic person may suffer <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylactic shock</a> from certain proteins in the venom, which can be life-threatening and requires emergency treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People known to be highly allergic may carry around <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> (adrenaline) in the form of a self-injectable <a href="/wiki/EpiPen" class="mw-redirect" title="EpiPen">EpiPen</a> for the treatment of an anaphylactic shock. For people who experience severe or life-threatening reactions to insect stings, allergy injections composed of increasing concentrations of naturally occurring venom may provide protection against future insect stings.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bee_sting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Bee venom therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characteristics_of_common_wasps_and_bees" title="Characteristics of common wasps and bees">Characteristics of common wasps and bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_bees" title="Fear of bees"> Fear of bees (apiphobia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_wasps" title="Fear of wasps"> Fear of wasps (spheksophobia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornet#Stings" title="Hornet">Hornet stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmidt_sting_pain_index" title="Schmidt sting pain index">Schmidt sting pain index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_tobacco_paste" title="Topical tobacco paste">Topical tobacco paste</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bee_sting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFC_Hall2019" class="citation web cs1">C Hall (2 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemistryhall.com/bee-wasp-sting-venom/">"Bee vs Wasp Sting Venom: Truth and Chemical Myths"</a>. Chemistry Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bee+vs+Wasp+Sting+Venom%3A+Truth+and+Chemical+Myths&rft.pub=Chemistry+Hall&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.au=C+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchemistryhall.com%2Fbee-wasp-sting-venom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABee+sting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwan1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ewan, Pamela (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1113072">"ABC of allergies: Venom allergy"</a>. <i>BMJ: British Medical Journal</i>. <b>316</b> (7141): <span class="nowrap">1365–</span>1368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.316.7141.1365">10.1136/bmj.316.7141.1365</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1113072">1113072</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9563993">9563993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ%3A+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=ABC+of+allergies%3A+Venom+allergy&rft.volume=316&rft.issue=7141&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1365-%3C%2Fspan%3E1368&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1113072%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9563993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.316.7141.1365&rft.aulast=Ewan&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1113072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABee+sting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-how_bees_work-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-how_bees_work_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-how_bees_work_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/zoology/insects-arachnids/bee2.htm">How Bees Work</a> – <i>howstuffworks.com.</i> Retrieved 22 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Rook's textbook of dermatology</i> (Ninth ed.). p. 34.15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118441190" title="Special:BookSources/9781118441190"><bdi>9781118441190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rook%27s+textbook+of+dermatology&rft.pages=34.15&rft.edition=Ninth&rft.isbn=9781118441190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABee+sting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labs.biology.ucsd.edu/nieh/TeachingBee/honeybee_aggession.htm">"Analysis of Honeybee Aggression"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Honeybee+Aggression&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flabs.biology.ucsd.edu%2Fnieh%2FTeachingBee%2Fhoneybee_aggession.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABee+sting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBortolottiCosta2014" class="citation book cs1">Bortolotti, Laura; Costa, Cecilia (2014). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insect+Bites+and+Stings&rft.pub=patient.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatient.info%2Fhealth%2Finsect-bites-and-stings-leaflet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABee+sting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/c782-w.html">Beverly Sparks, "Stinging and Biting Pests of People"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070214061028/http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/c782-w.html">Archived</a> 2007-02-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Extension Entomologist of the University of Georgia College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences Cooperative Extension Service.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beesource.com/resources/usda/hymenopterous-insect-stings/">Thor Lehnert, "Hymenopterous Insect Stings"</a> <i>Beekeeping in the United States</i> – USDA – Agricultural HandBook Number 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFResiman1994" class="citation journal cs1">Resiman, R (August 1994). "Insect Stings". <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>331</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">523–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199408253310808">10.1056/NEJM199408253310808</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8041420">8041420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Insect+Stings&rft.volume=331&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E523-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1994-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM199408253310808&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8041420&rft.aulast=Resiman&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABee+sting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid_poisoning" title="Sulfuric acid poisoning">Sulfuric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium#Toxicity" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_gas_poisoning" title="Chlorine gas poisoning">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoride_toxicity" title="Fluoride toxicity">Fluoride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_poisoning" title="Pesticide poisoning">Pesticides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide_poisoning" title="Aluminium phosphide poisoning">Aluminium phosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate_poisoning" title="Organophosphate poisoning">Organophosphates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide_poisoning" title="Nitrogen dioxide poisoning">Nitrogen dioxide poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CHO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption#Excessive_doses" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol_poisoning" title="Ethylene glycol poisoning">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_toxicity" title="Methanol toxicity">Methanol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluene_toxicity" title="Toluene toxicity">Toluene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">Pharmaceutical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Drug_overdoses39" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticholinesterase_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticholinesterase poisoning">Anticholinesterase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirin poisoning">Aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_overdose" title="Barbiturate overdose">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose" title="Benzodiazepine overdose">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine toxicity">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_toxicity" title="Lithium toxicity">Lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">Opioids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol_poisoning" title="Paracetamol poisoning">Paracetamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">Serotonergic substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant_overdose" title="Tricyclic antidepressant overdose">Tricyclic antidepressants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digoxin_toxicity" title="Digoxin toxicity">Digoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole#Overdose" title="Dipyridamole">Dipyridamole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin poisoning">Vitamin poisoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A" title="Hypervitaminosis A">Vitamin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypervitaminosis D">Vitamin D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypervitaminosis E">Vitamin E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megavitamin-B6_syndrome" title="Megavitamin-B6 syndrome">Megavitamin-B<sub>6</sub> syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">Fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haff_disease" title="Haff disease">Haff disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoallyeinotoxism" title="Ichthyoallyeinotoxism">Ichthyoallyeinotoxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Amnesic shellfish poisoning">Amnesic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhetic_shellfish_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning">Diarrhetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning">Neurotoxic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Paralytic shellfish poisoning">Paralytic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poisonous_amphibian" title="Poisonous amphibian">Amphibian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin" title="Bombesin">Bombesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physalaemin" title="Physalaemin">Physalaemin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_bird" title="Toxic bird">Birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coturnism" title="Coturnism">Coturnism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venomous_mammal" title="Venomous mammal">Mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">Snakes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Snake_venom" title="Snake venom">Snake venom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Bungarotoxin">Alpha-Bungarotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancrod" title="Ancrod">Ancrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroxobin" title="Batroxobin">Batroxobin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_bites_and_stings" title="Arthropod bites and stings">Arthropod bites and stings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bee sting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Bee venom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apamin" title="Apamin">Apamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_venom" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpion venom">Scorpion venom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_bite" title="Spider bite">spider venom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrotoxin" title="Latrotoxin">Latrotoxin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Latrodectism" title="Latrodectism">Latrodectism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoscelism" title="Loxoscelism">Loxoscelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick_paralysis" title="Tick paralysis">Tick paralysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_poisonous_plants" title="List of poisonous plants">Plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_poisonous_fungus_species" title="List of poisonous fungus species">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinchonism" title="Cinchonism">Cinchonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergotism" title="Ergotism">Ergotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_toxins" title="Fish toxins">Fish toxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathyrism" title="Lathyrism">Lathyrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locoweed" title="Locoweed">Locoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning" title="Mushroom poisoning">Mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine_poisoning" title="Strychnine poisoning">Strychnine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_bite" title="Animal bite">Bite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stinger" title="Stinger">Stinger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stinging_plant" title="Stinging plant">plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidocyte" title="Cnidocyte">Cnidocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_venomous_animals" title="List of venomous animals">Venomous animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poisonous_animals" title="List of poisonous animals">Poisonous animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deadly_fungus_species" title="List of deadly fungus species">Deadly fungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxicology" title="Mycotoxicology">Mycotoxicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPA_list_of_extremely_hazardous_substances" title="EPA list of extremely hazardous substances">EPA list of hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_poisonings" title="Lists of poisonings">Lists of poisonings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_poison" title="List of types of poison">List of types of poison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="1Silver_is_generally_non-toxic_metal,_but_in_large_doses_it_can_lead_to_argyria,_which_is_rare._2_including_venoms,_toxins,_foodborne_illnesses.190"><sup>1</sup><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> is generally non-toxic metal, but in large doses it can lead to <a href="/wiki/Argyria" title="Argyria">argyria</a>, which is rare.<br /> <sup>2</sup> including <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">foodborne illnesses</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Toxicology" title="Category:Toxicology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Toxicology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Toxicology">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Toxicology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Toxicology">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_bites_and_stings181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_bites_and_stings" title="Template:Animal bites and stings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_bites_and_stings" title="Template talk:Animal bites and stings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_bites_and_stings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal bites and stings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_bites_and_stings181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_bite" title="Animal bite">Animal bites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stinger" title="Stinger">stings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invertebrate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_bites_and_stings" title="Arthropod bites and stings">Arthropod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centipede_bite" title="Centipede bite">Centipede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_venom" title="Ant venom">Ant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug_infestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bed bug infestation">Bed bug <i>cimicosis</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulicosis" title="Pulicosis">Flea <i>pulicosis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_bite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquito bite">Mosquito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_sting" title="Scorpion sting">Scorpion <i>scorpionism</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demodicosis" title="Demodicosis">Skin mite <i>demodicosis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_bite" title="Spider bite">Spider <i>arachnidism</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrodectism" title="Latrodectism">Black widow spider <i>latrodectism</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoscelism" title="Loxoscelism">Recluse spider <i>loxoscelism</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millipede_burn" title="Millipede burn">Millipede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristleworm_sting" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristleworm sting">Bristleworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_attack" title="Cephalopod attack">Cephalopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_dermatitis" title="Coral dermatitis">Coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_dermatitis" title="Jellyfish dermatitis">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone_dermatitis" title="Sea anemone dermatitis">Sea anemone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin_injury" title="Sea urchin injury">Sea urchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vertebrate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fatal_alligator_attacks_in_the_United_States" title="List of fatal alligator attacks in the United States">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_attack" title="Bear attack">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_attack" title="Beaver attack">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fatal_cougar_attacks_in_North_America" title="List of fatal cougar attacks in North America">Cougar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote_attack" title="Coyote attack">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_attack" title="Crocodile attack">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_bite" title="Cat bite">Domestic cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca_attacks" title="Orca attacks">Orca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_attack" title="Leopard attack">Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_bite" title="Monkey bite">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_attack" title="Shark attack">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stingray_injury" title="Stingray injury">Stingray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_attack" title="Tiger attack">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">Venomous fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walrus_attack" title="Walrus attack">Walrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_attacks_on_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf attacks on humans">Wolf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_bite" title="Dog bite">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingo_attack" title="Dingo attack">Dingo</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_attack" title="Animal attack">Animal attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidocyte" title="Cnidocyte">Cnidocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-eating_animal" title="Man-eating animal">Man-eating animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinging_plant" title="Stinging plant">Stinging plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabather%27s_eruption" title="Seabather's eruption">Seabather's eruption</a></li></ul> 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