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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Impacts from direct pathway</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts_from_direct_pathway-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impacts from direct pathway subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts_from_direct_pathway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Increased_temperatures_and_heatwaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increased_temperatures_and_heatwaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Increased temperatures and heatwaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increased_temperatures_and_heatwaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suicide_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Suicide rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildfires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildfires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Wildfires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildfires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Floods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increased_carbon_dioxide_concentrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increased_carbon_dioxide_concentrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Increased carbon dioxide concentrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increased_carbon_dioxide_concentrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_from_indirect_pathway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_from_indirect_pathway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impacts from indirect pathway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_from_indirect_pathway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_from_increasing_awareness_pathway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_from_increasing_awareness_pathway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impacts from increasing awareness pathway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_from_increasing_awareness_pathway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_mental_health_outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_mental_health_outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types of mental health outcomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_mental_health_outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulnerable_populations_and_life_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulnerable_populations_and_life_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vulnerable populations and life stages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vulnerable_populations_and_life_stages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vulnerable populations and life stages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vulnerable_populations_and_life_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-People_with_pre-existing_mental_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_with_pre-existing_mental_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>People with pre-existing mental illness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_with_pre-existing_mental_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Indigenous peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inuit_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inuit_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Inuit communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inuit_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_peoples_of_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_peoples_of_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Indigenous peoples of Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_peoples_of_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adolescents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adolescents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Adolescents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adolescents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_and_climate-specific_constructs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_and_climate-specific_constructs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Environmental and climate-specific constructs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_and_climate-specific_constructs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental and climate-specific constructs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_and_climate-specific_constructs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_anxiety_(eco-anxiety)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_anxiety_(eco-anxiety)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Climate anxiety (eco-anxiety)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_anxiety_(eco-anxiety)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eco-grief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eco-grief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Eco-grief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eco-grief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solastalgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solastalgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Solastalgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solastalgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation_and_adaptation_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Mitigation and adaptation efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigation_and_adaptation_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_(49197319478).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_%2849197319478%29.jpg/220px-Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_%2849197319478%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_%2849197319478%29.jpg/330px-Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_%2849197319478%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_%2849197319478%29.jpg/440px-Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_%2849197319478%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Smoke in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> (Australia) from <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">large bushfires</a> in 2019 affected some people's mental health in a direct way. The likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a> is increased by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>effects of climate change on mental health</b> and wellbeing are being documented as the consequences of climate change become more tangible and impactful. This is especially the case for vulnerable populations and those with pre-existing serious <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clayton_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three broad pathways by which these effects can take place: directly, indirectly or via awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-berry2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berry2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direct pathway includes stress-related conditions caused by exposure to <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events. These include <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD). Scientific studies have linked mental health to several climate-related exposures. These include heat, humidity, rainfall, drought, wildfires and floods.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indirect pathway can be disruption to economic and social activities. An example is when an area of farmland is less able to produce food.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third pathway can be of mere awareness of the climate change threat, even by individuals who are not otherwise affected by it.<sup id="cite_ref-berry2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berry2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This especially manifests in the form of anxiety over the quality of life for future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An additional aspect to consider is the detrimental impact climate change can have on green or blue natural spaces, which have been proven to have beneficial impact on mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impacts of anthropogenic climate change, such as freshwater pollution or <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, degrade these landscapes and reduce public access to them.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even when the green and blue spaces are intact, their accessibility is not equal across society, which is an issue of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mental health outcomes have been measured by several different indicators. These include <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospital</a> admissions, <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> rates. People with pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental illness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a>, migrants and refugees, and children and <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescents</a> are especially vulnerable. The emotional responses to the threat of climate change can include <a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">eco-anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">ecological grief</a> and eco-anger.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such emotions can be rational responses to the degradation of the natural world and may lead to adaptive action.<sup id="cite_ref-Ojala_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojala-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assessing the exact mental health effects of climate change is difficult; increases in heat extremes pose risks to mental health which can manifest themselves in increased mental health-related hospital admissions and <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicidality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathways">Pathways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pathways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spine_Street_flooded_in_the_Brisbane_suburb_of_Sumner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Spine_Street_flooded_in_the_Brisbane_suburb_of_Sumner.jpg/217px-Spine_Street_flooded_in_the_Brisbane_suburb_of_Sumner.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Spine_Street_flooded_in_the_Brisbane_suburb_of_Sumner.jpg/326px-Spine_Street_flooded_in_the_Brisbane_suburb_of_Sumner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Spine_Street_flooded_in_the_Brisbane_suburb_of_Sumner.jpg/434px-Spine_Street_flooded_in_the_Brisbane_suburb_of_Sumner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="797" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flooding in the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Sumner,_Queensland" title="Sumner, Queensland">Sumner</a> in 2011, affecting mental health of residents (floods in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> are predicted to become more frequent and severe due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">climate change</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watching_breaking_ice_sheets_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Watching_breaking_ice_sheets_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/217px-Watching_breaking_ice_sheets_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Watching_breaking_ice_sheets_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/326px-Watching_breaking_ice_sheets_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Watching_breaking_ice_sheets_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/434px-Watching_breaking_ice_sheets_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">People looking at frozen ice sheets breaking apart in the water with a mountain view (this process will be accelerated due to <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a>).</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> is a state of well-being where an individual can recognize their abilities, handle daily stresses of life, productively work and be able to contribute to their community.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_factsheet_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_factsheet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three main causal pathways by which climate change impacts mental health: directly, indirectly or via awareness (or "psychosocial").<sup id="cite_ref-berry2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berry2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, people may be affected via more than one pathway at once.<sup id="cite_ref-transformation2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transformation2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clayton_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various studies use different nomenclature to designate the three causal pathways. e.g. some designate the "awareness" pathway using the term "Indirect impact," while grouping "indirect effects" via financial and social disruption under "psychosocial".<sup id="cite_ref-clayton_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_from_direct_pathway">Impacts from direct pathway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Impacts from direct pathway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Effects of climate change on human health</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20231129_Survey_-_I_expect_to_be_displaced_by_climate_change_-_Ipsos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/20231129_Survey_-_I_expect_to_be_displaced_by_climate_change_-_Ipsos.svg/220px-20231129_Survey_-_I_expect_to_be_displaced_by_climate_change_-_Ipsos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/20231129_Survey_-_I_expect_to_be_displaced_by_climate_change_-_Ipsos.svg/330px-20231129_Survey_-_I_expect_to_be_displaced_by_climate_change_-_Ipsos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/20231129_Survey_-_I_expect_to_be_displaced_by_climate_change_-_Ipsos.svg/440px-20231129_Survey_-_I_expect_to_be_displaced_by_climate_change_-_Ipsos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Almost six in ten respondents reported that a severe effect of climate change has already occurred where they live, with 38% expecting to be displaced from their homes in the next 25 years because of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-IpsosDisplacement_202311_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IpsosDisplacement_202311-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The direct pathway includes stress-related conditions being caused by exposure to extreme weather events, such as <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>, droughts, floods and wildfires. These conditions can result in trauma-related events, such as dislocation from climate-change induced natural disasters, such as flooding or fire, losing friends and family, or other traumatic events. The effect of being exposed to such events can be increased mental health illnesses such as <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute stress disorder">acute stress disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-berry2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berry2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These effects often occur simultaneously, as well as individually.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large amount of literature exists concerning the association between disasters and mental health (without explicitly linking an increase in frequency and severity to climate change).<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most commonly this is <a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute stress disorder">short term stress</a>, from which people can often soon make a rapid recovery. But sometimes chronic conditions set in, especially among those who have been exposed to multiple events, such as post traumatic stress, <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform disorder</a> or long term anxiety. A swift response by authorities to restore a sense of order and security can substantially reduce the risk of any long term psychological impact for most people. Though individuals who already had mental ill health, especially <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, can need intensive care, which can be challenging to deliver if local mental health services were disrupted by the extreme weather.<sup id="cite_ref-clayton_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-transformation2008_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transformation2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physical health can be severely impacted by climate change (see also <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">effects of climate change on human health</a>). The deterioration of a person's physical health can also lead to a deterioration in a person's mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The less extreme direct manifestations of climate change can also have direct psychological effects. The single most well studied linkage between weather and human behavior is that between temperature and aggression. Various reviews conclude that high temperatures cause people to become bad tempered, leading to increased physical violence.<sup id="cite_ref-clayton_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increased_temperatures_and_heatwaves">Increased temperatures and heatwaves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Increased temperatures and heatwaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several studies have shown that there is a correlation between elevated temperatures and psychiatric hospital admissions for a range of mental and neurological disorders (dementia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, somatoform disorders, and disorders of psychological development).<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mortality has also been found to be influenced by high ambient temperatures for people living with mental illness and neurological conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another European study supports this finding with increased mortality risk for people with psychiatric disorders during heat waves from 2000 to 2008 in Rome and Stockholm, particularly for older people (75+) and women.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Projections of mortality under different climate change scenarios in China also estimate increasing trends in heat-related excess mortality for mental disorders but a decreasing trend in cold-related excess mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several studies from Asia found that fluctuating temperatures influenced mental health and well-being, impacting productivity and livelihoods. For example, long-term exposure to high and low temperatures in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> resulted in a 7% increase of major depressive disorder incidence per 1 °C increment in regions with an average annual temperature above the median 23 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suicide_rates">Suicide rates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Suicide rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Temperature has also been associated with self-harm and suicide rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using data from the US and Mexico, suicide rates were found to increase by 0.7% and 3.1%, respectively, for a 1 °C increase in monthly average temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing temperatures are associated with increases in aggressive behavior and rising crime rates, leading to increases in homicides and assaults, as well as increased suicide rates in young men and older adults.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher ambient temperatures are also associated with emergency department visits for mental health, suicides, and self-reporting of poor mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is projected that in the coming decades, suicide rates in the United States and Mexico will increase due to increasing ambient temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assuming that there is no reduction in the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions, it is projected that by 2050, there will be an additional 9,000 to 40,000 suicides in the United States and Mexico, which is a rate comparable to the one estimated after the impact of <a href="/wiki/Economic_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic recession">economic recessions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">suicide prevention</a> programs, and gun restriction laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also showed an increase in depressive language and <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">suicidal ideation</a> used on social media posts correlated with an increase in temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, higher temperatures during <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing seasons</a> for crops have also been associated with increased suicides, at a rate of an additional 67 deaths per year per 1 °C additional degree.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildfires">Wildfires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wildfires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies from North America have shown that experiences of evacuation and isolation due to wildfires, as well as feelings of fear, stress, and uncertainty, contributed to acute and long-term negative impacts on mental and emotional well-being. Prolonged smoke events were linked to respiratory problems, extended time indoors, and disruptions to livelihood and land-based activities, which negatively affected mental well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar findings were reported in an Australian study, with increased rates of stress, depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder being correlated with bushfire exposure severity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floods">Floods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Floods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An Australian study in rural communities concluded that the threat of drought and flood are intertwined and contributed to decreased well-being from stress, anxiety, loss, and fear.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cohort study from the UK looking at the long-term impact of flooding found psychological morbidity persisted for at least three years after the flooding event.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increased_carbon_dioxide_concentrations">Increased carbon dioxide concentrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Increased carbon dioxide concentrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drivers of climate change may also have a physiological effects on the brain, in addition to their psychological impacts. By the end of the 21st century people could be exposed to indoor CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> levels of up to 1400 ppm, triple the amount commonly experienced outdoors today. This may cut humans' basic decision-making ability indoors by ~25% and complex strategic thinking by ~50% due to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide#Toxicity" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide toxicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_from_indirect_pathway">Impacts from indirect pathway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impacts from indirect pathway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Climate change can affect wellbeing and mental health also through indirect consequences, such as "loss of land, flight and migration, exposure to violence, change of social, ecological, economic or cultural environment".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indirect effects on mental health can also occur via impacts on physical health. Physical health and mental health have a reciprocal relationship, so any climate change related effect that affects physical health can potentially indirectly affect mental health too.<sup id="cite_ref-berry_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berry-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In several parts of the world, climate change significantly impacts people's financial income, for example, by reducing agricultural output. This can cause significant stress, which in turn can lead to depression, suicidal ideation, and other negative psychological conditions. Consequences can be especially severe if financial stress is coupled with significant disruption to social life, such as relocation to camps.<sup id="cite_ref-who_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effective government interventions, similar to those used to relief the stress from a financial crisis, can alleviate the negative conditions caused by such disruption.<sup id="cite_ref-clayton_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sys20192_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sys20192-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having to migrate due to an extreme weather event or conflict exacerbated by climate change can lead to increased rates of physical illnesses and psychological distress.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_from_increasing_awareness_pathway">Impacts from increasing awareness pathway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impacts from increasing awareness pathway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solastalgia" title="Solastalgia">Solastalgia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg/220px-202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg/330px-202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg/440px-202303_I_worry_%22a_great_deal%22_about_climate_change_-_Gallup_survey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>In the US, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> (blue) and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> (red) differ in views of the seriousness of addressing climate change,<sup id="cite_ref-Gallup_20230420_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallup_20230420-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the gap widening since the late 2010s mainly through Democrats' share increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-PewSurvey_2020_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewSurvey_2020-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_Watch_(37898431101).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ice_Watch_%2837898431101%29.jpg/220px-Ice_Watch_%2837898431101%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ice_Watch_%2837898431101%29.jpg/330px-Ice_Watch_%2837898431101%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ice_Watch_%2837898431101%29.jpg/440px-Ice_Watch_%2837898431101%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5520" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>Twelve large blocks of ice cast off from the Greenland ice sheet are harvested from a fjord outside Nuuk and presented in a clock formation in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> in 2014. The work raises awareness of climate change by providing a direct and tangible experience of the reality of melting arctic ice.</figcaption></figure> <p>The third pathway can be of mere awareness of the climate change threat, even by individuals who have not personally experienced any direct negative impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can cause psychological distress, anxiety (<a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">eco-anxiety</a>), and grief (<a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">eco-grief</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increasing "awareness of the existential dimension of climate change" can influence people's wellbeing or challenge their mental health, especially for children and adolescents.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Awareness for climate change in young people has grown in Europe, as evidenced by the “<a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">Fridays for Future</a>” movement that started in summer 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can lead to higher emotional distress amongst young people, as well as feelings of fear, sadness, and anger, apocalyptic and pessimistic feelings – which can lead to grief, anxiety and hopelessness – all factors which can impact people's mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_anxiety" title="Nuclear anxiety">nuclear anxiety</a> which occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. </p><p>Conditions such as eco-anxiety are very rarely severe enough to require clinical treatment. While unpleasant and thus classified as negative, such conditions have been described as valid rational responses to the reality of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-clayton_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clayton2020_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton2020-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_mental_health_outcomes">Types of mental health outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types of mental health outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental illnesses</a> that affect everyone differently. The types of mental health outcomes that are related to the effects of climate change (for example during <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>) can be grouped as follows: </p> <ul><li>Clinical disorders <ul><li>Trauma related disorders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute stress disorder">Acute stress disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-harm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">Sub-clinical</a> conditions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_distress" title="Mental distress">Psychological distress</a></li></ul></li> <li>Environmental and climate specific constructs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_anxiety" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate anxiety">Climate anxiety</a> (eco-anxiety)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solastalgia" title="Solastalgia">Solastalgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">Psychiatric-related hopitalisations</a> and deaths (admissions for mental and neurological disorders, including dementia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, somatoform disorders, and disorders of psychological development)</li> <li>Exacerbation of pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental illness</a></li> <li>Potential <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system" title="Development of the nervous system">neurodevelopmental</a> impacts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vulnerable_populations_and_life_stages">Vulnerable populations and life stages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vulnerable populations and life stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Climate change does not impact everyone equally; those of lower <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a> and social status are at greater risk and experience more devastating impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-clayton_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_with_pre-existing_mental_illness">People with pre-existing mental illness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: People with pre-existing mental illness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Higher temperatures can affect people taking certain <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychotropic medications</a> (including hypnotics, anxiolytics, and antipsychotics).<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can have an increased risk of heatstroke and death as a result of high temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_indigenous_peoples" title="Climate change and indigenous peoples">Climate change and indigenous peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_migrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate migrant">Climate migrant</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inuit.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Inuit.jpeg/220px-Inuit.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Inuit.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption>The lifestyle and hunting areas of <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> will be affected due to <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">melting sea ice</a>. </figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007_Snow-Hill-Island_Luyten-De-Hauwere-Sea-Ice-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2007_Snow-Hill-Island_Luyten-De-Hauwere-Sea-Ice-06.jpg/220px-2007_Snow-Hill-Island_Luyten-De-Hauwere-Sea-Ice-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2007_Snow-Hill-Island_Luyten-De-Hauwere-Sea-Ice-06.jpg/330px-2007_Snow-Hill-Island_Luyten-De-Hauwere-Sea-Ice-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2007_Snow-Hill-Island_Luyten-De-Hauwere-Sea-Ice-06.jpg/440px-2007_Snow-Hill-Island_Luyten-De-Hauwere-Sea-Ice-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The loss of sea-ice can have psychological impact on people who value it. "We are people of the sea ice. And if there's no more sea ice, how do we be people of the sea ice?" – <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> elder.<sup id="cite_ref-Guard2020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inuit_communities">Inuit communities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inuit communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada#Impacts_on_indigenous_peoples" title="Climate change in Canada">Climate change in Canada § Impacts on indigenous peoples</a></div> <p>Qualitative studies reporting the unique mental health impacts of climate change on <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> communities in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> have described a loss of place-based solace, land-based activities such as hunting, and cultural identity due to changing weather and local landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate change has devastating effects on Indigenous peoples' psychological wellbeing as it impacts them directly and indirectly. As their lifestyles are often closely linked to the land, climate change directly impacts their physical health and financial stability in quantifiable ways. There is also a concerning correlation between severe mental health issues among Indigenous peoples worldwide and environmental changes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connection and value Indigenous cultures ascribe to land means that damage to or separation from it, directly impacts mental health. For many, their country is interwoven with psychological aspects such as their identity, community and rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inadequate government responses which neglect Indigenous knowledge further worsen negative psychological effects linked to climate change. This produces the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">cultural homogenization</a> due to global adaptation efforts to climate change and the disruption of cultural traditions due to forced relocation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries with lower socio-economic status and minority groups in high socio-economic areas are disproportionately affected by the climate crisis. This has created <a href="/wiki/Climate_migrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate migrant">climate migrants</a> due to worsening environmental conditions and catastrophic climate events.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changes in sea levels and ice formation cause great impacts in Indigenous communities. The changes can lead to shifts in emotions such as anger, fear, anxiety, a sense of loss, etc.; as well as to changes in behavior such as withdrawal, aggression, and increased substance use. A sense of loss due to the changes in traditional weather prediction and navigation techniques has been observed, especially among younger generations where it results in feelings of cultural dislocation and dissociation as well as changes in identity.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change is likely to continue affecting Indigenous communities and their mental health for the next decades. Another study indicated that the cumulative effect of repeated exposure to climate change events and related stressors would be likely to lead to some form of mental illness. The effect of climate change on Inuit youth has also been studied, with concern for Elders, reduced connection to the land, challenges to cultural activities, among other things having an effect on mental health on youth.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_peoples_of_Australia">Indigenous peoples of Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples of Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia#Impacts_on_indigenous_Australians" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change in Australia § Impacts on indigenous Australians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watarru_Community.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Watarru_Community.jpg/220px-Watarru_Community.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Watarru_Community.jpg/330px-Watarru_Community.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Watarru_Community.jpg/440px-Watarru_Community.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Aboriginal communities might suffer from increased heat waves and drought in some parts of Australia in future (<a href="/wiki/Watarru" title="Watarru">Watarru</a> Anangu Community, South Australia).</figcaption></figure> <p>Studies conducted with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples</a> from Australia also highlight the environmental impacts of climate change on emotional wellbeing, including increased community distress from deteriorating the connection to country.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heat also appeared to be associated with suicide incidence in Australia's Indigenous populations; however, other socio-demographic factors may play a more critical role than meteorological factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlson_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Climate change and children</a></div> <p>Climate change is a serious threat to children and adolescent mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children's mental health, their <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">rights</a>, and climate change need to be seen as interlinked topics, not separate points.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children and young adults are the most vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">climate change impacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke2018_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the climate change impacts which affect children's physical health also lead to psychological and mental health consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke2018_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children who live in geographic locations that are most susceptible to the impacts of climate change, and/or with weaker infrastructure and fewer supports and services suffer the worst impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke2018_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impacts of climate change on children include them being at a high risk of mental health consequences like PTSD, depression, anxiety, phobias, sleep disorders, attachment disorders, and substance abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke2018_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These conditions can lead to problems with emotion regulation, cognition, learning, behavior, language development, and academic performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke2018_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adolescents">Adolescents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Adolescents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lack of political advocacy and change, with an increase in media attention, has brought upon <a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">ecological grief</a>, which has had particular impacts on adolescent mental health. Climate change affects adolescents differently and in a multitude of ways. Many of these ways intersect as each adolescent processes their trauma and distress. Adolescents with pre-existing mental illnesses experience an elevated risk of ecological grief and distress.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While these feelings are not directly harmful to the adolescent's physical health and conditions, they are unpleasant and a rising issue. Ecological grief, distress, anxiety, and anger are the most popular emotions sparked among adolescents. Psychologists, specifically climate psychologists, are experiencing difficulties in originating the source of these emotions, and methods to aid those in need and prevent those not as affected.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being forced to move, or displacement is becoming more common as the climate crisis rises. <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a> may be caused by <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>, reduction of food or <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>, or other environmental impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This displacement alone evokes feelings of grief and loss by being forced to move from a place of comfort to someplace unknown. Reduction of food, famine and water scarcity will indirectly impact an adolescent's health by invoking fear and anxiety, as well as grief and loss. </p><p>For adolescents, relationships are important. Displacements can put strains on an adolescent's social relationships, as well as prevent them from further developing their social skills and relationships. Community conflict can also indirectly impact an adolescent's mental health. The community may experience conflicting views on how to approach climate change, climate change methods, and climate change awareness. Surrounded by negative emotions and situations can heavily weigh on a developing adolescent. They may not want to personally experience this conflict with others and pull back from social interactions. They may possess different ideas, but struggle to get someone to listen due to their age. Feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and fear become prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_and_climate-specific_constructs">Environmental and climate-specific constructs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Environmental and climate-specific constructs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impact of climate change</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_anxiety_(eco-anxiety)"><span id="Climate_anxiety_.28eco-anxiety.29"></span>Climate anxiety (eco-anxiety)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Climate anxiety (eco-anxiety)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eco-anxiety&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a> (short for ecological anxiety and also known as eco-distress or climate-anxiety) is a challenging emotional response to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and other environmental issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Eco-anxiety_:7_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eco-anxiety_:7-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extensive studies have been done on ecological anxiety since 2007, and various definitions remain in use.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The condition is not a medical diagnosis and is regarded as a rational response to the reality of climate change; however, severe instances can have a mental health impact if left without alleviation.<sup id="cite_ref-Eco-anxiety_rcpsych2020_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eco-anxiety_rcpsych2020-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence that eco-anxiety is caused by the way researchers frame their research and their narratives of the evidence about climate change: if they do not consider the possibility of finding any solution to overcome climate change and for individuals to make a difference, they contribute to this feeling of powerlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eco-grief">Eco-grief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eco-grief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecological_grief&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">After a <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-18" title="Blue Origin NS-18">Blue Origin</a> spaceflight</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span class="nowrap">     </span> It was among the strongest feelings of grief I have ever encountered. The contrast between the vicious coldness of space and the warm nurturing of Earth below filled me with overwhelming sadness. Every day, we are confronted with the knowledge of further destruction of Earth at our hands: the extinction of animal species, of flora and fauna... things that took five billion years to evolve, and suddenly we will never see them again because of the interference of mankind. It filled me with dread. My trip to space was supposed to be a celebration; instead, it felt like a funeral. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/William_Shatner" title="William Shatner">William Shatner</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect#Lasting_impact" title="Overview effect">Boldly Go</a></i> autobiography<sup id="cite_ref-Ecological_grief_Variety_20221006_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecological_grief_Variety_20221006-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a> (or eco-grief), or in particular climate grief, refers to the sense of loss that arises from experiencing or learning about environmental destruction or <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecological_grief_Vince-2020_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecological_grief_Vince-2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ecological_grief_sys20192_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecological_grief_sys20192-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ecological_grief_Rosenfeld_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecological_grief_Rosenfeld-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, scientists witnessing the decline of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> report experiences of <a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">anxiety</a>, hopelessness, and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">despair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups impacted heavily also include young people feeling betrayal from lack of environmental action by governments and indigenous communities losing their livelihoods.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecological_grief_Hickman-2021_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecological_grief_Hickman-2021-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ecological_grief_Jaakkola-2018_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecological_grief_Jaakkola-2018-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solastalgia">Solastalgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Solastalgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Solastalgia" title="Solastalgia">Solastalgia</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solastalgia&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Solastalgia" title="Solastalgia">Solastalgia</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a>, formed by the combination of the Latin words <i>sōlācium</i> (solace or comfort), 'solus' (desolation) with meanings connected to devastation, deprivation of comfort, abandonment and loneliness and the Greek root <i>-algia</i> (pain, suffering, grief), that describes a form of emotional or existential distress caused by negatively perceived environmental change. A distinction can be made between solastalgia as the lived experience of negatively perceived change in the present and <a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">eco-anxiety</a> linked to worry or concern about what may happen in the future (associated with "pre-traumatic stress", in reference to <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-traumatic stress">post-traumatic stress</a>).</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Co-benefits">Co-benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Co-benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most study on the psychological impact of climate change finds negative effects, there may be some positive impacts via direct or indirect pathways. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anya_Dillard_Leads_West_Orange_High_Climate_Strike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Anya_Dillard_Leads_West_Orange_High_Climate_Strike.jpg/220px-Anya_Dillard_Leads_West_Orange_High_Climate_Strike.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Anya_Dillard_Leads_West_Orange_High_Climate_Strike.jpg/330px-Anya_Dillard_Leads_West_Orange_High_Climate_Strike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Anya_Dillard_Leads_West_Orange_High_Climate_Strike.jpg/440px-Anya_Dillard_Leads_West_Orange_High_Climate_Strike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>While the psychological impact of climate change is largely negative, related social engagement can have positive effects on mental wellbeing.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_activism">Climate activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Climate activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Direct experience of the negative impacts of climate change may also lead to personal changes that can be seen as positive. Direct experiences of environmental events such as flooding have resulted in greater psychological salience and concern for climate change, which in turn predicts intentions, behaviors. and policy support for climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Ojala_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojala-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Demski_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demski-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spence_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a personal level, emotions like worry and anxiety are a normal, if uncomfortable, part of life. They can be seen as part of a defense system that identifies threats and deals with them. From this perspective, anxiety can be useful in motivating people to seek information and take action on a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ojala_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojala-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Valentino_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valentino-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anxiety and worry are more likely to be associated with engagement when people feel that they can do things. Feelings of agency can be strengthened by including people in participatory decision-making. Problem-focused and meaning-focused coping skills can also be promoted. Problem-focused coping involves information gathering and trying to find out what you personally can do. Meaning-focused coping involves behaviors such as identifying positive information, focusing on constructive sources of hope, and trusting that other people are also doing their part.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ojala_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojala-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sense of agency, coping skills, and social support are all important in building general <a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">resilience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heshmat_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heshmat-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Masten_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masten-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sweeny_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweeny-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education may benefit from a focus around emotional awareness and the development of sustainable emotion-regulation strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-Maria_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maria-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For some individuals, the increased engagement caused by the shared struggle against climate change reduces <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">loneliness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bains_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bains-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a community level, learning about the science of climate change and taking collective action in response to the threat, can increase altruism and social cohesion, strengthen social bonds, and improve resilience. Such positive social impact is generally associated only with communities that had somewhat high <a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">social cohesion</a> in the first place, prompting community leaders to act to improve social resiliency before climate-related disruption becomes too severe.<sup id="cite_ref-sys20192_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sys20192-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clayton_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clayton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScienceInfo2016_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceInfo2016-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigation_and_adaptation_efforts">Mitigation and adaptation efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mitigation and adaptation efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are potential mental health benefits of mitigation actions taken by individuals, such as <a href="/wiki/Active_mobility" title="Active mobility">active transport</a>, increased physical activity, and healthier diets.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Healthy living has been associated with improved mental health and overall well-being, supported by research on factors such as exercise, nutrition, sleep, stress management, and social connections.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> impacts for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> began in the 20th century, and became more topical in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-sys20192_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sys20192-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impact of climate change</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-clayton-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clayton_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clayton_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clayton_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clayton_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clayton_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clayton_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clayton_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clayton_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clayton_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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(2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2021.106984">"Global priorities for climate change and mental health research"</a>. <i>Environment International</i>. <b>158</b>: 106984. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EnInt.15806984C">2022EnInt.15806984C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2021.106984">10.1016/j.envint.2021.106984</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34991246">34991246</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244465679">244465679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+International&rft.atitle=Global+priorities+for+climate+change+and+mental+health+research&rft.volume=158&rft.pages=106984&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envint.2021.106984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244465679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34991246&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022EnInt.15806984C&rft.aulast=Charlson&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft.au=Ali%2C+Suhailah&rft.au=Augustinavicius%2C+Jura&rft.au=Benmarhnia%2C+Tarik&rft.au=Birch%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Clayton%2C+Susan&rft.au=Fielding%2C+Kelly&rft.au=Jones%2C+Lynne&rft.au=Juma%2C+Damian&rft.au=Snider%2C+Leslie&rft.au=Ugo%2C+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.envint.2021.106984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/healthy-lifestyle-can-help-prevent-depression-and-new-research-may-explain-why">"Healthy lifestyle can help prevent depression – and new research may explain why"</a>. <i>University of Cambridge</i>. 2023-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cambridge&rft.atitle=Healthy+lifestyle+can+help+prevent+depression+%E2%80%93+and+new+research+may+explain+why&rft.date=2023-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fnews%2Fhealthy-lifestyle-can-help-prevent-depression-and-new-research-may-explain-why&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> 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