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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Expansion and business strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_and_business_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shoe_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shoe_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shoe components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shoe_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Depression_and_WW2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Depression_and_WW2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Great Depression and WW2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Depression_and_WW2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monopoly_and_breakup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monopoly_and_breakup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Monopoly and breakup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monopoly_and_breakup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline,_partial_recovery_and_return_to_private_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline,_partial_recovery_and_return_to_private_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Decline, partial recovery and return to private ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline,_partial_recovery_and_return_to_private_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_flotation,_Apax_Partners_and_pension_collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_flotation,_Apax_Partners_and_pension_collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Failed flotation, Apax Partners and pension collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_flotation,_Apax_Partners_and_pension_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BUSM_Factory_Site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BUSM_Factory_Site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>BUSM Factory Site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BUSM_Factory_Site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">British United Shoe Machinery Ltd.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:BUSM_US_Founders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2e/BUSM_US_Founders.jpg/220px-BUSM_US_Founders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2e/BUSM_US_Founders.jpg/330px-BUSM_US_Founders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2e/BUSM_US_Founders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">US founders of British United Shoe Machinery.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">Footwear</a> machinery and materials</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1899<span class="noprint">; 125 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1899</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Charles Bennion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">2000</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Belgrave,_Leicester" title="Belgrave, Leicester">Belgrave, Leicester</a>, England</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>British United Shoe Machinery Ltd.</b> (<b>BUSM</b>) was formed in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> around the turn of the 20th century, as a subsidiary of the American <a href="/wiki/United_Shoe_Machinery_Corporation" title="United Shoe Machinery Corporation">United Shoe Machinery Company</a>. For most of the 20th century, USM was the world's largest manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a> machinery and materials, exporting shoe machinery to more than 50 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-p7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two <a href="/wiki/Takeover" title="Takeover">takeovers</a> and a BUSM-based <a href="/wiki/Management_buyout" title="Management buyout">management buyout</a> the USM group became headquartered in Leicester<sup id="cite_ref-p117_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p117-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until entering administration in 2000. </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s, it was Leicester's biggest employer employing more than 4,500 locally and 9500 worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-p7_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the workforce was recruited via an <a href="/wiki/Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">apprentice</a> scheme which trained a large proportion of Leicester's <a href="/wiki/Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineers">engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p7_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-P90_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P90-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company had "a respected reputation for technical innovation and excellence",<sup id="cite_ref-p7_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between 1898 and 1960, it developed and marketed nearly 800 new and improved shoe machines and <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> more than 9,000 <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">inventions</a>, at one time employing 5% of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Patent_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent agent">patent agents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p23_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p23-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collapse of the company in October 2000 destroyed the pensions of the workers. Their story became "one of the most vivid examples of what can go wrong with..<a href="/wiki/Private_Equity" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Equity">Private Equity</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-nick_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company subsequently went into <a href="/wiki/Administrative_receivership" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative receivership">administrative receivership</a> and was the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Management_buyout" title="Management buyout">management buyout</a>. This new company itself went into administration in September 2006. In November 2006 a new independent company, Advent Technologies Ltd., was formed by former workers of BUSM providing technical support, advice and spare parts for the range of BUSM machinery. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_United_Shoe_Machinery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_United_Shoe_Machinery_main_entrance,_Leicester,_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_main_entrance%2C_Leicester%2C_1984.jpg/220px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_main_entrance%2C_Leicester%2C_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_main_entrance%2C_Leicester%2C_1984.jpg/330px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_main_entrance%2C_Leicester%2C_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_main_entrance%2C_Leicester%2C_1984.jpg/440px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_main_entrance%2C_Leicester%2C_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>British United Shoe Machinery Co. Ltd. main entrance, fronting on to Union Works, Belgrave Road, Leicester, 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>During the nineteenth century, many shoe manufacturing processes were mechanised and the resulting numerous small factories merged over time. In 1882, Tomlin and Sons of Leicester, cutlery and shoe machinery manufacturer<sup id="cite_ref-nat_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and William Pearson of Leeds were acquired by Merry and Bennion which by the mid-1890s was a leading supplier of UK shoe machinery. Renamed Pearson and Bennion, in 1898 it moved to the new Union Works factory on Ross Walk near Belgrave Road also known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Mile_(Leicester)" title="Golden Mile (Leicester)">Golden Mile</a>, Leicester. </p><p>In February 1899, the 3 major US shoe machinery companies, Goodyear Machinery Company, Consolidated Hand Lasting Machine Company and McKay Shoe Machinery Company merged to form <a href="/wiki/United_Shoe_Machinery_Corporation" title="United Shoe Machinery Corporation">United Shoe Machinery</a> (USM).<sup id="cite_ref-bev_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bev-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearson and Bennion's managing director, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bennion" title="Charles Bennion">Charles Bennion</a> went to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> to negotiate a merger with USM and the company which would eventually become BUSM (British United Shoe Machinery) was incorporated in October 1899 with the Union Works factory as its headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-p7-11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p7-11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harvard_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first year's accounts, dated 31 May 1900, showed 200 employees, profits of £16500 and £300,000 capital.<sup id="cite_ref-p19_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p19-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further 10 acres (40,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of land was purchased in 1901 from the Belgrave Road Cricket and Bicycle Grounds, the former home of both <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Fosse_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Leicester Fosse FC">Leicester Fosse FC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Tigers" title="Leicester Tigers">Leicester Tigers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion_and_business_strategy">Expansion and business strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_United_Shoe_Machinery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Expansion and business strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new British United Shoe Machinery was uniquely able to supply a footwear manufacturer with all machinery needs. By 1908 the company's technical innovations were sufficiently noteworthy to attract a visit from the <a href="/wiki/British_Science_Association" title="British Science Association">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p105_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company followed US policy of <a href="/wiki/Leasing" class="mw-redirect" title="Leasing">leasing</a> machinery, which had the advantage of minimising entry costs for new customers. Lease restrictions however caused much resentment and there was particularly strong opposition from Northampton manufacturers who feared it was becoming a monopoly.<sup id="cite_ref-p23_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p23-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BUSM_Naval_Gun_Mountings_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/BUSM_Naval_Gun_Mountings_1916.jpg/220px-BUSM_Naval_Gun_Mountings_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/BUSM_Naval_Gun_Mountings_1916.jpg/330px-BUSM_Naval_Gun_Mountings_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/52/BUSM_Naval_Gun_Mountings_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>World War 1:Naval gun mountings 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the huge increase in demand for military footwear, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> saw over 800 of the highly skilled workers joining the armed forces. Under the <a href="/wiki/Munitions_of_War_Act_1915" title="Munitions of War Act 1915">Munitions of War Act 1915</a> passed in response to the <a href="/wiki/Shell_Crisis_of_1915" title="Shell Crisis of 1915">Shell Crisis of 1915</a>, the company became a "Controlled Establishment" with workers pay and conditions very tightly regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Munitions">Ministry of Munitions</a>. BUSM's expertise in <a href="/wiki/Precision_engineering" title="Precision engineering">precision engineering</a> led to orders for a range of military equipment including <a href="/wiki/Naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval gun">Naval gun</a> mountings and <a href="/wiki/Aero_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aero engine">aero engine</a> parts as well as <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuze_(explosives)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuze (explosives)">fuzes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p47_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p47-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_United_Shoe_Machinery_factory_buildings_%26_bridge,_Leicester,_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_factory_buildings_%26_bridge%2C_Leicester%2C_1986.jpg/220px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_factory_buildings_%26_bridge%2C_Leicester%2C_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_factory_buildings_%26_bridge%2C_Leicester%2C_1986.jpg/330px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_factory_buildings_%26_bridge%2C_Leicester%2C_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_factory_buildings_%26_bridge%2C_Leicester%2C_1986.jpg/440px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_factory_buildings_%26_bridge%2C_Leicester%2C_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="2604" /></a><figcaption>British United Shoe Machinery factory buildings & bridge over Ross Walk, Leicester, 1986</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shoe_components">Shoe components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_United_Shoe_Machinery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shoe components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1920s saw the company diversify into shoe components including those made from synthetic materials,<sup id="cite_ref-p53_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p53-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a process that continued after World War II and helped reduce the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic cycle">Economic cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p89_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p89-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Depression_and_WW2">Great Depression and WW2</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_United_Shoe_Machinery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Great Depression and WW2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company flourished throughout the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1930 it had 12 UK sales and service branches, a valuable asset for customers before reliable car travel was available. Issued capital was seven times greater than 1899 and profits were ten times greater.<sup id="cite_ref-p51_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p51-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>WW2 saw a much higher percentage of BUSM's precision engineering capacity switched to manufacturing arms than in WW1. Products included Naval gun sights, <a href="/wiki/Besa_machine_gun" title="Besa machine gun">Besa machine gun</a> and the technically very demanding precision cast wheelhouse for the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> aero engine.<sup id="cite_ref-p85_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p85-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BUSM also worked extensively on aspects of the development and was the main sub-contractor for the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_40mm_Cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce 40mm Cannon">Rolls-Royce 40mm Cannon</a> which was originally intended for mounting in aircraft, especially for use in the anti-tank role. No operational use was made of the experimental aircraft fitted with this gun, but the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> saw its potential when fitted to <a href="/wiki/Motor_gunboat" title="Motor gunboat">Motor gunboats</a>. BUSM was the main subcontractor for several hundred examples built for the navy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post war, BUSM was an early user of <a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">numerical control</a> machines in its manufacturing with the prototype Kearns horizontal boring machine now in <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester">Manchester Institute of Technology museum</a> being installed in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-p105_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monopoly_and_breakup">Monopoly and breakup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_United_Shoe_Machinery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monopoly and breakup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1947 the <a href="/wiki/US_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US government">US government</a> brought proceedings against USM, the parent company of BUSM, alleging a breach of the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a> in that the company had been a monopoly since 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "trial of prodigious length" followed but although the verdict went against USM, the corporation wasn't broken up and the judgement and remedy was confirmed by the Supreme Court in 1954. The government renewed its complaint in 1967 but although the District Court ruled nothing had changed, this time the Supreme Court ordered USM to be broken up. It was required to divest a substantial part of its business and change its leasing strategy over a 10-year period. The sell-off raised $400 million but attempts at diversification failed to generate enough money and in 1976 the company, heavily in debt, was bought by Emhart Corporation, now <a href="/wiki/Black_%26_Decker" class="mw-redirect" title="Black & Decker">Emhart Teknologies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-harvard_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an organisation half its size.<sup id="cite_ref-p99_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p99-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline,_partial_recovery_and_return_to_private_ownership"><span id="Decline.2C_partial_recovery_and_return_to_private_ownership"></span>Decline, partial recovery and return to private ownership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_United_Shoe_Machinery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decline, partial recovery and return to private ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolishing_older_factory_building,_Leicester,_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolishing_older_factory_building%2C_Leicester%2C_1987.jpg/220px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolishing_older_factory_building%2C_Leicester%2C_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolishing_older_factory_building%2C_Leicester%2C_1987.jpg/330px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolishing_older_factory_building%2C_Leicester%2C_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolishing_older_factory_building%2C_Leicester%2C_1987.jpg/440px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolishing_older_factory_building%2C_Leicester%2C_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3406" data-file-height="2099" /></a><figcaption>The older of the factory buildings, known as "Union Works", of British United Shoe Machinery being demolished, 1987</figcaption></figure> <p>Though BUSM won a <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Award_for_Export" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Award for Export">Queen's Award for Export</a> in 1971, the 1970s saw the company's advantage in complex production machinery eroded, as off the shelf hydraulics, pneumatics and electronics replaced many mechanical components, reducing the cost of entry to new competitors. The already strong German and US competition and the growing <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> shoe industry was joined by competition from <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> both using cheaper labour and all started to source local machinery. BUSM itself initiated design simplification offering <a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a> and cementing as an alternative to stitching.<sup id="cite_ref-p103_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p103-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983 the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">Department of Trade and Industry</a> sponsored a transformation of BUSM's manufacturing processes with what was one of Europe's most advanced <a href="/wiki/Flexible_manufacturing_system" title="Flexible manufacturing system">Flexible manufacturing systems</a>, four KTM numeric control machining centres were installed for discrete component manufacturing. BUSM's unique application of FMS to highly varied, low volume work remained in use for 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-p111_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p111-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company also developed computer control machinery claiming world leadership of <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprocessor control">microprocessor controlled</a> shoe machinery and 75% of the world market by the end of the 80s.<sup id="cite_ref-p109_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p109-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> A long-term research project, starting in the late 1970s and involving <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom)" title="Polytechnic (United Kingdom)">polytechnic</a>, was to use <a href="/wiki/Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">machine vision</a> to automate the production of <a href="/wiki/Shoe#Construction" title="Shoe">shoe uppers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was that after the components of shoe uppers were cut by multiple operators they would be placed on a conveyor system which would carry the pieces through automatic machines. These machines would use vision systems to identify the components arriving in any order and orientation, and then decorate and join them as required. The first and only of these machines with vision to go on sale, in the mid 1990s, was the MPCS AUTOSCAN which produced decorative stitching on shoe upper components.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, although the vision system which used a T800 <a href="/wiki/Transputer" title="Transputer">Transputer</a> was successful, accurately manipulating the shoe upper components (which can range from stiff and curled to floppy and intricately shaped) was always problematic. </p><p>By 1986 Emhart's business strategy had changed to avoid highly cyclical industries like footwear. After 18 months negotiation, "Britain’s largest ever <a href="/wiki/Management_buyout" title="Management buyout">Management buyout</a>" led by John Foster<sup id="cite_ref-John_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> purchased the whole worldwide shoe machinery business, excluding materials, at a cost of £80M.<sup id="cite_ref-p115_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p115-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included shoe machinery manufacturing plants in England, Germany, the US, Brazil and Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-p117_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p117-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chris Price, a former BUSM graduate apprentice who became Research and Development Manager and eventually rose to the board rejoined the MBO as Technical Director.<sup id="cite_ref-imeche_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imeche-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Finance_Director" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Director">Finance Director</a> Richard Bates said <i><b>"We have broken free of the shackles of a multi-product group run on financial criteria, so we can now run a single industry business".</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-p117_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p117-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Under Emhart's ownership, the old Union Works was demolished and the site, the sports club and the Mowmacre Hill sports ground were sold off.<sup id="cite_ref-p114_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p114-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"BU's renewed vigour" became apparent when in 1989, it was one of only three UK companies to win both a <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Award_for_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Award for Technology">Queen's Award for Technology</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Awards_for_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Awards for Enterprise">Queen's Award for Exports</a>. Exports accounted for 60% of the business.<sup id="cite_ref-p121_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p121-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990 BUSM bought the shoe materials company Texon from Emhart's owners <a href="/wiki/Black_%26_Decker" class="mw-redirect" title="Black & Decker">Black & Decker</a> for around $125M, doubling turnover to £200m and increasing the workforce to around 3000.<sup id="cite_ref-p124_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p124-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> USM-Texon as the group became known, transferred workers to its new pension scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USM-Texon was in a unique position, the only one in the world manufacturing both shoe materials and machinery. Now focusing on materials, it opened a factory in <a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a> South China in 1993 and <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India in 1994<sup id="cite_ref-p124_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p124-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and planned to <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">float</a> on the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-p125_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p125-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chris Price's achievements were recognised as he became the 1995 president of the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Institution of Mechanical Engineers">Institution of Mechanical Engineers</a>, the youngest for 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-imeche_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imeche-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolls-Royce_type_BH_40mm_Aircraft_Cannon_20100202.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rolls-Royce type BH 40mm Aircraft Cannon (1942) on display at the Silk Mill Museum, Derby, in 2010."><img alt="Rolls-Royce type BH 40mm Aircraft Cannon (1942) on display at the Silk Mill Museum, Derby, in 2010." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rolls-Royce_type_BH_40mm_Aircraft_Cannon_20100202.jpg/120px-Rolls-Royce_type_BH_40mm_Aircraft_Cannon_20100202.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rolls-Royce_type_BH_40mm_Aircraft_Cannon_20100202.jpg/180px-Rolls-Royce_type_BH_40mm_Aircraft_Cannon_20100202.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rolls-Royce_type_BH_40mm_Aircraft_Cannon_20100202.jpg/240px-Rolls-Royce_type_BH_40mm_Aircraft_Cannon_20100202.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3487" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_40mm_Cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce 40mm Cannon">Rolls-Royce type BH 40mm Aircraft Cannon</a> (1942) on display at the Silk Mill Museum, Derby, in 2010.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens,_Germany,_late_1990s._01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shoe machinery on the USM-Texon stand at the international fair at Pirmasens, Germany, late 1990s"><img alt="Shoe machinery on the USM-Texon stand at the international fair at Pirmasens, Germany, late 1990s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s._01.jpg/120px-United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s._01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s._01.jpg/180px-United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s._01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s._01.jpg/240px-United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s._01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3141" data-file-height="1378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shoe machinery on the USM-Texon stand at the international fair at <a href="/wiki/Pirmasens" title="Pirmasens">Pirmasens</a>, Germany, late 1990s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens,_Germany,_late_1990s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Shoe machinery on the USM-Texon stand at the international fair at Pirmasens, Germany, late 1990s"><img alt="Panorama of Shoe machinery on the USM-Texon stand at the international fair at Pirmasens, Germany, late 1990s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Panorama_of_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s.jpg/120px-Panorama_of_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Panorama_of_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s.jpg/180px-Panorama_of_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Panorama_of_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s.jpg/240px-Panorama_of_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5702" data-file-height="2141" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panorama of Shoe machinery on the USM-Texon stand at the international fair at <a href="/wiki/Pirmasens" title="Pirmasens">Pirmasens</a>, Germany, late 1990s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crispin_CAD_section_of_the_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens,_Germany,_late_1990s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elements of the Crispin shoe CAD/CAM section of the USM-Texon stand at the fair at Pirmasens, Germany, late 1990s"><img alt="Elements of the Crispin shoe CAD/CAM section of the USM-Texon stand at the fair at Pirmasens, Germany, late 1990s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Crispin_CAD_section_of_the_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s.jpg/120px-Crispin_CAD_section_of_the_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Crispin_CAD_section_of_the_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s.jpg/180px-Crispin_CAD_section_of_the_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Crispin_CAD_section_of_the_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s.jpg/240px-Crispin_CAD_section_of_the_United_Shoe_Machinery_stand_at_fair_at_Pirmasens%2C_Germany%2C_late_1990s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3499" data-file-height="1686" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elements of the Crispin <a href="/wiki/CAD/CAM_in_the_footwear_industry" title="CAD/CAM in the footwear industry">shoe CAD/CAM</a> section of the USM-Texon stand at the fair at <a href="/wiki/Pirmasens" title="Pirmasens">Pirmasens</a>, Germany, late 1990s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher_at_the_Royal_Society.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MPCS AUTOSCAN vision-controlled automatic stitcher at the Royal Society, London"><img alt="MPCS AUTOSCAN vision-controlled automatic stitcher at the Royal Society, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher_at_the_Royal_Society.jpg/120px-MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher_at_the_Royal_Society.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher_at_the_Royal_Society.jpg/180px-MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher_at_the_Royal_Society.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher_at_the_Royal_Society.jpg/240px-MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher_at_the_Royal_Society.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2887" data-file-height="1896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MPCS AUTOSCAN <a href="/wiki/Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">vision-controlled</a> automatic stitcher at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MPCS AUTOSCAN vision-controlled automatic decorative stitcher for shoe-upper components"><img alt="MPCS AUTOSCAN vision-controlled automatic decorative stitcher for shoe-upper components" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher.jpg/88px-MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher.jpg/132px-MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher.jpg/176px-MPCS_Autoscan_vision-controlled_automatic_stitcher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="3153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MPCS AUTOSCAN <a href="/wiki/Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">vision-controlled</a> automatic decorative stitcher for shoe-upper components</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failed_flotation,_Apax_Partners_and_pension_collapse"><span id="Failed_flotation.2C_Apax_Partners_and_pension_collapse"></span>Failed flotation, Apax Partners and pension collapse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_United_Shoe_Machinery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Failed flotation, Apax Partners and pension collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_United_Shoe_Machinery_later_main_entrance,_Leicester,_about_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_later_main_entrance%2C_Leicester%2C_about_2000.jpg/220px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_later_main_entrance%2C_Leicester%2C_about_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_later_main_entrance%2C_Leicester%2C_about_2000.jpg/330px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_later_main_entrance%2C_Leicester%2C_about_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_later_main_entrance%2C_Leicester%2C_about_2000.jpg/440px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_later_main_entrance%2C_Leicester%2C_about_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2930" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>British United Shoe Machinery buildings and later main entrance, Ross Walk, Leicester, about 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>Initial optimism turned sour and the flotation was cancelled, leading to its acquisition in 1995 by <a href="/wiki/Venture_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture Capital">Venture Capitalists</a> <a href="/wiki/Apax_Partners" title="Apax Partners">Apax Partners Corporate Finance Limited</a> for £131M.<sup id="cite_ref-p125_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p125-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Foster retired in 1996 and received an <a href="/wiki/OBE" class="mw-redirect" title="OBE">OBE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apax appointed Dr Neil Coutts as BUSM Chief Executive and later that year, the company completed its largest ever shoe factory installation; a factory in Vietnam which employed 7000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-p125_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p125-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p>In 1997, USM-Texon announced they would demerge into British United Shoe Machinery and Texon UK "in order to increase the focus on their respective businesses".<sup id="cite_ref-p125_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p125-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> The award-winning Research and Development department's budget was "promptly cut.. by 60 per cent"<sup id="cite_ref-nick_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Chris Price left for Rolls-Royce where he eventually became an Executive Vice President.<sup id="cite_ref-obe_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obe-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On completion of the demerger in 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coutts joined Apax owned <a href="/wiki/Dexion" title="Dexion">Dexion</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which went into receivership in 2003, leaving workers worse off than if they "had never joined the Dexion scheme."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coutts remained a BUSM director, others included <a href="/wiki/Jon_Moulton" title="Jon Moulton">Jon Moulton</a>, the Apax former head of Buyouts and Roger Earl.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earl was to head the 2000 Management buyout in which Moulton was the majority shareholder and controlling interest.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tim Wright of Apax was a common director of both BUSM and Texon's parent company.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company failed to thrive. In February 2000, the Crispin <a href="/wiki/CAD/CAM_in_the_footwear_industry" title="CAD/CAM in the footwear industry">shoe CAD/CAM</a> product division, a key IT asset, was sold by installments to Texon, allegedly at a knock down price.<sup id="cite_ref-nick_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company continued to manufacture machinery, producing a stock pile which remained unsold until purchased from the Administrator by the management buy out company.<sup id="cite_ref-nick_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 September 2000 the USM-Texon scheme transferred assets into the BUSM plan set up in March 1999. On 30 September a new valuation of this scheme showed it needed payment of £2.3m to meet <a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_Minimum_Pension" title="Guaranteed Minimum Pension">Guaranteed Minimum Pension</a>. Around 1 October, the third and final installment for Crispin was paid and on 4 October the bank put in Administrators.<sup id="cite_ref-nick_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The failure caused little initial surprise or anger as <a href="/wiki/Shop_floor" title="Shop floor">shop floor</a> Convenor and Pensions Trustee Bob Duncan had long assured workers that whatever happened to the Company their pensions were safe. Unfortunately and unknown to Duncan, the official advice on which this was based on simply wasn't true. As one of four <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial Review">Judicial Review</a> litigants,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duncan played a key part in <a href="/wiki/Ros_Altmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ros Altmann">Dr Ros Altmann's</a> eventually successful <a href="/wiki/Ros_Altmann#Pensionstheft" class="mw-redirect" title="Ros Altmann">Pensionstheft</a> campaign. Invited to give evidence before the <a href="/wiki/Public_Administration_Select_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Administration Select Committee">Public Administration Select Committee</a>, Duncan blamed the government's misleading information. The Committee agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the Independent Trustee revealed the full extent of the pension loss in January 2002, Apax's alleged role in the collapse of the company came under scrutiny. Three separate complaints were made, all rejected on the grounds of jurisdiction leading <a href="/wiki/Ashok_Kumar_(British_politician)" title="Ashok Kumar (British politician)">Dr Ashok Kumar MP</a> to tell Parliament that "Some serious joined-up thinking is needed on all these issues".<sup id="cite_ref-ashok_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashok-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duncan complained to <a href="/wiki/The_Pensions_Regulator" title="The Pensions Regulator">OPRA</a> but this organisation at that time could only investigate alleged wrongdoing by Trustees and notoriously lacked effectiveness<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regulator did say that the complaint contained information which "might be of interest to the DTI"<sup id="cite_ref-ashok_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashok-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though a dossier submitted via Patricia Hewitt under Section 447 the <a href="/wiki/Companies_Act_1985" title="Companies Act 1985">Companies Act 1985</a> was rejected as the DTI could not investigate unincorporated bodies such as pension schemes, an investigation was unlikely to be effective, and complaints were best handled by the Pensions Ombudsman.<sup id="cite_ref-ashok_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashok-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Workers then complained to the <a href="/wiki/Pensions_Advisory_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensions Advisory Service">Pensions Advisory Service</a> and then to the <a href="/wiki/Pensions_Ombudsman" title="Pensions Ombudsman">Pensions Ombudsman</a>. Apax' solicitors immediately challenged his right to investigate a share holder<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the PENSION SCHEMES ACT 1993, PART X<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which limits jurisdiction to scheme trustees, managers or employers. This forced the Ombudsman to drop the lead case and to advise others that "any complaints against directors of Texon or Apax would be outside the Pensions Ombudsman's jurisdiction as they are not employers, trustees, managers, or administrators in relation to the BUSM Pension Plan".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following advice from <a href="/wiki/Ros_Altmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ros Altmann">Ros Altmann</a> workers went to see their MPs, and also found strong support from both National and local newspapers. They blamed Apax for having engineered the collapse<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Garnier" title="Edward Garnier">Edward Garnier</a> named <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Ronald Cohen">Sir Ronald Cohen</a> and asked what discussions "<a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> have had..about the collapse of the pension scheme".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hewitt" title="Patricia Hewitt">Patricia Hewitt</a>, the Health Secretary and a local MP also called for an enquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson_MP" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Johnson MP">Alan Johnson MP</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">Department of Trade and Industry</a> minister, she recommended "that the Companies Investigation Branch should look at the concerns raised by my constituent. It may be that the problem falls between DTI and OPRA; but it is clearly important that such serious allegations are properly investigated."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The response merely referred to the CIB investigation in 2002 and its conclusion that "the issues raised were best dealt with by other bodies."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garnier raised the issue again with the new Minister for Pensions Reform <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Timms" title="Stephen Timms">Stephen Timms</a> citing the "mysterious circumstances" under which the pensions disappeared. Timms agreed to "look into" the complaints saying that "in recent years, there have been too many instances of that kind."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-govtagrees_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govtagrees-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press expected a proper enquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-govtagrees_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govtagrees-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2005 Timms wrote back to Edward Garnier saying that the Pensions Regulator had found no breach of Pensions Regulations, though the Pensions Ombudsman was still investigating two complaints.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither organisation of course could investigate Apax so Timms' "investigation" revealed nothing new. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_United_Shoe_Machinery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Finance_Act_2007" title="Finance Act 2007">Budget of March 2007</a> included the news that workers would receive most of their expected pensions from an improved <a href="/wiki/Financial_Assistance_Scheme" title="Financial Assistance Scheme">Financial Assistance Scheme</a>. A long-standing meeting arranged by <a href="/wiki/Loughborough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Loughborough (UK Parliament constituency)">Loughborough MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Andy_Reed_(politician)" title="Andy Reed (politician)">Andy Reed</a> with minister <a href="/wiki/James_Purnell" title="James Purnell">James Purnell</a> took place shortly afterwards following which, both <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> regional news led with interviews of those attending.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some, it was too late. George Curtis, a Parkinson's sufferer was forced to work beyond 55, the age of ill health retirement at BUSM. ITV showed Curtis at work and followed up later when, thanks to Altmann's campaigning, he was awarded a pension at 60.<br /> Sir Ronald Cohen and Apax insist all questions have been addressed but in the absence of any meaningful enquiry, it was left to MPs, Ros Altmann, and the media to comment on Apax's behaviour. </p><p>Ros Altmann described BUSM as "one of the worst cases of scheme wind-ups that I have seen. ..the actions of the former owners - Apax - have been immoral."<sup id="cite_ref-nick_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MP Ashok Kumar said, "I think these people needed flogging. I feel so angry on behalf of decent upright citizens robbed of their basic human rights. ...'These are greedy, selfish, capitalists who live on the backs of others. In a modern democracy these people have been robbed"<sup id="cite_ref-nick_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="BUSM_Factory_Site">BUSM Factory Site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_United_Shoe_Machinery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: BUSM Factory Site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolition,_Leicester,_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolition%2C_Leicester%2C_2010.jpg/220px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolition%2C_Leicester%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolition%2C_Leicester%2C_2010.jpg/330px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolition%2C_Leicester%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolition%2C_Leicester%2C_2010.jpg/440px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_demolition%2C_Leicester%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>British United Shoe Machinery main factory building being demolished, Ross Walk, Leicester, 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_United_Shoe_Machinery_site_redevelopment,_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_site_redevelopment%2C_2010.jpg/220px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_site_redevelopment%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_site_redevelopment%2C_2010.jpg/330px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_site_redevelopment%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/British_United_Shoe_Machinery_site_redevelopment%2C_2010.jpg/440px-British_United_Shoe_Machinery_site_redevelopment%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>The site of British United Shoe Machinery on Ross Walk during redevelopment, in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2007 a <a href="/wiki/Planning_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning application">planning application</a> was made for 1210 houses on the former site on Ross Walk<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Trafalgar Global Ltd. The construction of new homes commenced in 2010 with the first residential occupiers of site moving there in 2011. The first phase of the development was completed in 2011 by Westleigh Developments Ltd. The chimney was demolished in January 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="BU_History_Group_lottery_project">BU History Group lottery project</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_United_Shoe_Machinery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: BU History Group lottery project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012 the <a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Lottery (United Kingdom)">National Lottery</a> awarded funds to record the social history of BUSM -described as a "powerhouse of British manufacturing" -via a website, DVD and book. <sup id="cite_ref-BUorg_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUorg-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lotto_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lotto-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founder member of the BU History Group, Burt McNeill, reflecting on the fact that BUSM operated throughout the twentieth century, described the project as a chance to tell, not just a part of Leicester's history, but of British industrial history.<sup id="cite_ref-lotto_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lotto-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_United_Shoe_Machinery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-p7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p7_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p7_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p7_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p7_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHowie1999" class="citation book cs1">Howie, Iain (1999). <i>USM Serving the Shoemaker for 100 years</i>. Shoe Trades Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9536531-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9536531-0-2"><bdi>0-9536531-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USM+Serving+the+Shoemaker+for+100+years&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Shoe+Trades+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-9536531-0-2&rft.aulast=Howie&rft.aufirst=Iain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p117-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p117_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p117_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p117_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowie1999">Howie 1999</a>, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P90-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P90_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowie1999">Howie 1999</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p23-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p23_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p23_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowie1999">Howie 1999</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nick-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nick_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nick_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nick_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nick_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nick_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nick_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nick_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Mathiason2007" class="citation web cs1">Nick Mathiason (10 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/jun/10/privateequity.statepensions">"Private equity stole our pensions"</a>. Observer Newspapers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Private+equity+stole+our+pensions&rft.pub=Observer+Newspapers&rft.date=2007-06-10&rft.au=Nick+Mathiason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2007%2Fjun%2F10%2Fprivateequity.statepensions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nat-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nat_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=056-de4601&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18#-1">"The National Archives"</a>. The National Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Archives&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2FA2A%2Frecords.aspx%3Fcat%3D056-de4601%26cid%3D-1%26Gsm%3D2008-06-18%23-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bev-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bev_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cummings.com/history.html">"USM in Beverly USA Background and history"</a>. Cummings Properties<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USM+in+Beverly+USA+Background+and+history&rft.pub=Cummings+Properties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cummings.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p7-11-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p7-11_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowie1999">Howie 1999</a>, pp. 7–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121210113006/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~law00160">"United States v. United Shoe Machinery Corporation, District Ct. of the U.S., District of Mass., 1949-1952 Finding Aid"</a>. Harvard Law School. July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~law00160">the original</a> on 10 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+United+Shoe+Machinery+Corporation%2C+District+Ct.+of+the+U.S.%2C+District+of+Mass.%2C+1949-1952+Finding+Aid&rft.pub=Harvard+Law+School&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foasis.lib.harvard.edu%2Foasis%2Fdeliver%2F~law00160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p19-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p19_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowie1999">Howie 1999</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120913203817/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/nostalgia/Short-sporting-lifetime/article-1783899-detail/article.html">"Short sporting lifetime"</a>. leicester mercury. 1 February 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deferred+Pensions%2C+Dr+Ashok+Kumar%3A+Column+235WH&rft.pub=Hansard&rft.date=2006-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200506%2Fcmhansrd%2Fvo060117%2Fhalltext%2F60117h05.htm%2360117h05_spnew0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/pensions/2850968/MPs-savage-pensions-watchdog.html">"MPs savage pensions watchdog"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 7 May 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=MPs+savage+pensions+watchdog&rft.date=2003-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fpersonalfinance%2Fpensions%2F2850968%2FMPs-savage-pensions-watchdog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">email from David McKinlay, dated July 2003 in response to complaint made in October 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickson Minto WS letter to Carl Monk, Investigating Assistant, Office of the Pensions Ombudsman, Ref M00840/cm, dated 20 January-2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1993/ukpga_19930048_en_14#pt10-l1g145">"PART X INVESTIGATIONS: THE PENSIONS OMBUDSMAN"</a>. OPSI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PART+X+INVESTIGATIONS%3A+THE+PENSIONS+OMBUDSMAN&rft.pub=OPSI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2Facts%2Facts1993%2Fukpga_19930048_en_14%23pt10-l1g145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Strachan2004" class="citation cs2">Paul Strachan (21 October 2004), <i>BUSM Pension Plan, ref 25995/PS</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BUSM+Pension+Plan%2C+ref+25995%2FPS&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft.au=Paul+Strachan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPam_Atherton2005" class="citation web cs1">Pam Atherton (18 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/2915863/Another-pensions-problem-for-the-Government.html">"Another pensions problem for the Government"</a>. <i>The Sunday Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Another+pensions+problem+for+the+Government&rft.date=2005-05-18&rft.au=Pam+Atherton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fpersonalfinance%2F2915863%2FAnother-pensions-problem-for-the-Government.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmhansrd/vo050405/text/50405w20.htm">"Work and Pensions-Written Questions:British United Shoe Machinery"</a>. Hansard. 5 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Work+and+Pensions-Written+Questions%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery&rft.pub=Hansard&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200405%2Fcmhansrd%2Fvo050405%2Ftext%2F50405w20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPam_Atherton2005" class="citation web cs1">Pam Atherton (29 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/pensions/2918122/Hewitt-calls-for-new-inquiry-into-BUSM-pensions.html">"Hewitt calls for new inquiry into BUSM pensions"</a>. <i>The Sunday Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Hewitt+calls+for+new+inquiry+into+BUSM+pensions&rft.date=2005-06-29&rft.au=Pam+Atherton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fpersonalfinance%2Fpensions%2F2918122%2FHewitt-calls-for-new-inquiry-into-BUSM-pensions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Hewitt_MP2005" class="citation cs2">Patricia Hewitt MP (21 June 2005), <i>Letter to Alan Johnson MP Ref CARL002/050826</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+to+Alan+Johnson+MP+Ref+CARL002%2F050826&rft.date=2005-06-21&rft.au=Patricia+Hewitt+MP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Johnson_MP2005" class="citation cs2">Alan Johnson MP (25 July 2005), <i>letter from Alan Johnson MP to Patricia Hewitt MP</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=letter+from+Alan+Johnson+MP+to+Patricia+Hewitt+MP&rft.date=2005-07-25&rft.au=Alan+Johnson+MP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo050718/debtext/50718-04.htm#50718-04_spnew16">"Stakeholder Pensions"</a>. Hansard. 25 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stakeholder+Pensions&rft.pub=Hansard&rft.date=2005-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200506%2Fcmhansrd%2Fvo050718%2Fdebtext%2F50718-04.htm%2350718-04_spnew16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govtagrees-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govtagrees_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govtagrees_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPam_Atherton2005" class="citation web cs1">Pam Atherton (25 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/pensions/2919624/Government-agrees-to-BUSM-pension-inquiry.html">"Government agrees to BUSM pension inquiry"</a>. <i>The Sunday Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Government+agrees+to+BUSM+pension+inquiry&rft.date=2005-07-25&rft.au=Pam+Atherton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fpersonalfinance%2Fpensions%2F2919624%2FGovernment-agrees-to-BUSM-pension-inquiry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_McAllister2006" class="citation news cs1">Daniel McAllister (6 February 2006). "Apax faces inquiry into BUSM scheme conduct". Pensions Week.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Apax+faces+inquiry+into+BUSM+scheme+conduct&rft.date=2006-02-06&rft.au=Daniel+McAllister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DWP Letter to Edward Garnier MOS(PR)/05/1595</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Reed_MP2007" class="citation web cs1">Andy Reed MP (5 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DdNIqWTLAc">"BUSM Pension Collapse in Leicestershire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/4DdNIqWTLAc">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=BUSM+Pension+Collapse+in+Leicestershire&rft.date=2007-05-05&rft.au=Andy+Reed+MP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D4DdNIqWTLAc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcweb.leicester.gov.uk/planning/onlinequery/Details.aspx?AppNo=20070419">"Application 20070419 Ross Walk BUSM site"</a>. <i>Leicester City Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leicester+City+Council&rft.atitle=Application+20070419+Ross+Walk+BUSM+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcweb.leicester.gov.uk%2Fplanning%2Fonlinequery%2FDetails.aspx%3FAppNo%3D20070419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFdPsKppDYY">"Leicester Chimney Demolition BBC 1 East Midlands 21.01.12 1727.wmv"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/JFdPsKppDYY">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Leicester+Chimney+Demolition+BBC+1+East+Midlands+21.01.12+1727.wmv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJFdPsKppDYY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BUorg-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BUorg_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709232449/http://www.buhistory.org.uk/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. <i>BUhistory.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buhistory.org.uk/about-us/">the original</a> on 9 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BUhistory.org.uk&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buhistory.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lotto-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lotto_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lotto_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Thompson2012" class="citation news cs1">Alan Thompson (23 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130505141212/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Lotto-funding-boost-helps-people-explore-history/story-17402319-detail/story.html">"Lotto funding boost helps people to explore history"</a>. Leicester Mercury. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Lotto-funding-boost-helps-people-explore-history/story-17402319-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 5 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lotto+funding+boost+helps+people+to+explore+history&rft.date=2012-11-23&rft.au=Alan+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisleicestershire.co.uk%2FLotto-funding-boost-helps-people-explore-history%2Fstory-17402319-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+United+Shoe+Machinery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_United_Shoe_Machinery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buhistory.org.uk/">BU History group ..a Lottery funded website describing the experiences of workers at the B.U. and inviting contributions.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/45/a5315645.shtml">BBC People's War British United Shoe Machinery Company (in WW2), author Kenneth Pearce</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202135936/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/45/a5315645.shtml">Archived</a> 2 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Company 3473337 USM Group Holdings Reports and Accounts 31 December-1998</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227215923/http://www.sdsa.net/images/WW1-SPSF/Resource%20Pack%203%20Research%20Guides%20-%20Factories.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20141227215923/http://www.sdsa.net/images/WW1-SPSF/Resource%20Pack%203%20Research%20Guides%20-%20Factories.pdf</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/050486">Clippings about British United Shoe Machinery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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