Alloys | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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<option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life 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Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option 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value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option 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show-for-small-only"> <h2 class="no-padding-left no-margin">Journal Description</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="journal__description"> <h1> <em>Alloys</em> </h1> <div class="journal__description__content"> <em>Alloys</em> is an international, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/editorial_process">peer-reviewed</a>, open access journal on all aspects of alloys science and engineering, published quarterly online by MDPI. <ul> <li><strong><span class="label openaccess"><a title="Open Access" href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">Open Access</a></span></strong>— free for readers, with <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/alloys/apc">article processing charges (APC)</a> paid by authors or their institutions.</li> <li><strong>Rapid Publication:</strong> manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 6.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).</li> <li><strong>Recognition of Reviewers:</strong> APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.</li> <li><strong><em>Alloys</em> is a companion journal of</strong> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/metals"><em>Metals</em></a>.</li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> </div> <div> <a href="/journal/alloys/imprint" class="UI_JournalImprintsInfoButton"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">subject</i> Imprint Information </a>    <a href="/journal/alloys/alloys_flyer.pdf" class="UD_JournalFlyer"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">get_app</i> Journal Flyer </a>     <a class="oa-link" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess"> <i class="material icons spaced-link"></i> Open Access </a>     <strong> ISSN: 2674-063X </strong> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 3083 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/4/16/pdf?version=1729224555" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Research on the Corrosion Resistance and Cytotoxicity of Medical Forged Co-28Cr-6Mo Alloy" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/4/16">Research on the Corrosion Resistance and Cytotoxicity of Medical Forged Co-28Cr-6Mo Alloy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bo Xu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yangtao Xu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jianglong Wei</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(4), 269-280; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3040016">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3040016</a> - 18 Oct 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Co-Cr-Mo alloy as a human body implant material has a long history, because of its excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, and is widely used in human hip joint materials. Co-Cr-Mo alloy in the human body is often in a passivation state; the formation <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/4/16/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Co-Cr-Mo alloy as a human body implant material has a long history, because of its excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, and is widely used in human hip joint materials. Co-Cr-Mo alloy in the human body is often in a passivation state; the formation of dense oxide film on the alloy surface prevents further corrosion of the alloy. The main component of the passivation film is the oxide of Cr, so a layer of oxide film formed by Cr on the surface of Co-Cr-Mo alloy is the reason for its good corrosion resistance. In biocompatibility, cytotoxicity is the first choice and necessary option for biological evaluation, and cytotoxicity can quickly detect the effect of materials on cells in a relatively short time. Therefore, this research conducted a comparative evaluation on the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of forged Co-Cr-Mo alloys produced in domestic and foreign alloys in line with medical standards. Three simulated human body fluids and Princeton electrochemical station were selected for corrosion resistance experiments, and it was found that the corrosion resistance of four alloys in sodium citrate solution inside and outside China would be reduced. All the alloys exhibit secondary passivation behavior in Hanks solution, which improves the corrosion resistance of the alloys. According to the self-corrosion potential Ecorr analysis, the corrosion resistance of domestic B alloy is the best, while that of foreign R31537 alloy is poor. In the biocompatibility experiment, the biocompatibility of Co-Cr-Mo alloy was evaluated through the measurement of contact Angle and cytotoxicity reaction. The experimental results show that Co-Cr-Mo alloy is a hydrophilic material, and the contact Angle of foreign R31537 alloy is smaller, indicating that the surface of R31537 alloy is more suitable for cell adhesion and spreading. According to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the cytotoxicity experiment, the toxic reaction grade of domestic A, B and R31537 alloy is grade 1, the toxic reaction grade of C alloy is grade 2, and C alloy has a slight toxic reaction. <a href="/2674-063X/3/4/16">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/4/16/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1501234"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1501234"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1501234" data-cycle-prev="#prev1501234" data-cycle-progressive="#images1501234" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1501234-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g001-550.jpg?1729224638" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1501234" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1501234-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g002-550.jpg?1729224641'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1501234-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g003-550.jpg?1729224643'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1501234-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g004-550.jpg?1729224644'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1501234-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g005-550.jpg?1729224646'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1501234-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g006-550.jpg?1729224648'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1501234-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g007-550.jpg?1729224649'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1501234-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g008-550.jpg?1729224651'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1501234-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g001-550.jpg?1729224638" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Optical micrographs of (<b>a</b>) alloy A; (<b>b</b>) alloy B; (<b>c</b>) alloy C; (<b>d</b>) R31537 alloy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g002-550.jpg?1729224641" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Anodic polarization curves for (<b>a</b>) alloy A; (<b>b</b>) alloy B; (<b>c</b>) alloy C; (<b>d</b>) R31537 alloy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g003-550.jpg?1729224643" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Self-corrosion potential of the four alloys tested in (<b>a</b>) 0.9%NaCl solution; (<b>b</b>) 0.05%M/L sodium citrate solution; (<b>c</b>) Hanks solution.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g004-550.jpg?1729224644" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Surface contact angle measurements for (<b>a</b>) alloy A; (<b>b</b>) alloy B; (<b>c</b>) alloy C; (<b>d</b>) R31537 alloy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g005-550.jpg?1729224646" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Cell growth after 24 h of domestic alloy A. (<b>a</b>) Domestic A alloy. (<b>b</b>) Domestic A alloy. (<b>c</b>) Control.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g006-550.jpg?1729224648" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Cell growth after 24 h of domestic alloy B. (<b>a</b>) Domestic B alloy. (<b>b</b>) Domestic B alloy. (<b>c</b>) Control.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g007-550.jpg?1729224649" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Cell growth after 24 h of domestic alloy C. (<b>a</b>) Domestic C alloy. (<b>b</b>) Domestic C alloy. (<b>c</b>) Control.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00016/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00016-g008-550.jpg?1729224651" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Cell growth after 24 h of foreign alloy C. (<b>a</b>) Foreign R31537 alloy. (<b>b</b>) Foreign R31537 alloy. (<b>c</b>) Control.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 4591 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/4/15/pdf?version=1728456559" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Assessing the Corrosive Effects of Unmelted Particles in Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V: A Study in Simulated Body Fluid" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/4/15">Assessing the Corrosive Effects of Unmelted Particles in Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V: A Study in Simulated Body Fluid</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Surinder Pal</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xavier Velay</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Waqas Saleem</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(4), 257-268; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3040015">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3040015</a> - 9 Oct 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study investigates the corrosion behavior of Grade 23 Ti6Al4V alloys produced through laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) when exposed to simulated body fluid at room temperature, focusing on the role of unmelted particles. This research aims to understand how these microstructural features, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/4/15/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study investigates the corrosion behavior of Grade 23 Ti6Al4V alloys produced through laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) when exposed to simulated body fluid at room temperature, focusing on the role of unmelted particles. This research aims to understand how these microstructural features, resulting from the additive manufacturing process, influence the corrosion resistance of the alloys. It was observed that unmelted particles serve as critical sites for initiating localized corrosion, including pitting, which significantly compromises the material’s overall durability. Electrochemical testing and detailed surface analysis revealed that these particles, alongside other defects such as voids, exacerbate the susceptibility to corrosion in biomedical environments where high material reliability is paramount. Weight loss measurements conducted over exposure periods of 48 h, 96 h, and 144 h demonstrated a progressive increase in corrosion, correlating with the presence of unmelted particles. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing L-PBF processing parameters to minimize the formation of unmelted particles, thereby enhancing corrosion resistance and extending the operational lifespan of Ti6Al4V implants in biomedical applications. <a href="/2674-063X/3/4/15">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/4/15/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1494539"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1494539"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1494539" data-cycle-prev="#prev1494539" data-cycle-progressive="#images1494539" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1494539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g001-550.jpg?1728456793" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1494539" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1494539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g002-550.jpg?1728456793'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1494539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g003-550.jpg?1728456797'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1494539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g004-550.jpg?1728456801'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1494539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g005-550.jpg?1728456805'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1494539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g006-550.jpg?1728456806'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1494539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g007-550.jpg?1728456807'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1494539-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g001-550.jpg?1728456793" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Samples fabricated via L-PBF; (<b>b</b>) AD model created using AutoCAD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/15'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g002-550.jpg?1728456793" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of surface imperfections of L-PBF-Ti6Al4V.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/15'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g003-550.jpg?1728456797" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The sample condition after the exposure of 48 h. (<b>a</b>) Surface morphology; (<b>b</b>) Formation of voids.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/15'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g004-550.jpg?1728456801" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The sample condition after the exposure of 96 h. (<b>a</b>) small voids and unmelted particles; (<b>b</b>) Larger voids and dispersed unmelted particles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/15'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g005-550.jpg?1728456805" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The sample images after the exposure of 144 h. (<b>a</b>) Exposed unmelted particles; (<b>b</b>) Unmelted particle with visible pores.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/15'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g006-550.jpg?1728456806" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Corrosion rate and weight loss of Ti6Al4V alloy exposed to SBF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/15'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00015/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00015-g007-550.jpg?1728456807" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Graph showing the open-circuit potential (OCP) measured over 6 days for L-PBF Ti6Al4V.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/4/15'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 4315 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/3/14/pdf?version=1726562594" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="SHS-Hydrogenation, Thermal Dehydrogenation, and Plasma Spheroidization to Produce Spherical Titanium Powders from Titanium Sponge" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/3/14">SHS-Hydrogenation, Thermal Dehydrogenation, and Plasma Spheroidization to Produce Spherical Titanium Powders from Titanium Sponge</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nikita Cherezov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrey Fadeev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrey Samokhin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mikhail Alymov</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(3), 246-256; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3030014">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3030014</a> - 17 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Additive manufacturing is a promising and actively developing method for the synthesis of metal products. The development of techniques for the production of spherical powder particles with specified properties from metals and alloys represents a significant challenge in the field of additive manufacturing. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/3/14/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Additive manufacturing is a promising and actively developing method for the synthesis of metal products. The development of techniques for the production of spherical powder particles with specified properties from metals and alloys represents a significant challenge in the field of additive manufacturing. A new method for the production of titanium powders with spherical particles has been proposed, including the method of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation with subsequent spheroidization in thermal plasma. Titanium sponge, used as a feedstock, was saturated with hydrogen using the energy-efficient self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) method. The resulting hydride was then mechanically ground and then dehydrogenated by thermal decomposition in a vacuum furnace. The resulting precursor was subjected to plasma treatment, which resulted in a product (titanium powder) with a high degree of spheroidization. The physical, chemical, and technological parameters of the titanium powders were investigated. It was found that the final product, spherical titanium powder, has the necessary properties for use in additive manufacturing technologies. <a href="/2674-063X/3/3/14">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/3/14/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1479562"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1479562"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1479562" data-cycle-prev="#prev1479562" data-cycle-progressive="#images1479562" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1479562-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g001-550.jpg?1726562690" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1479562" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1479562-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g002-550.jpg?1726562691'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1479562-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g003-550.jpg?1726562692'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1479562-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g004-550.jpg?1726562694'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1479562-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g005-550.jpg?1726562695'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1479562-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g006-550.jpg?1726562696'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1479562-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g007-550.jpg?1726562697'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1479562-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g008-550.jpg?1726562699'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1479562-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g009-550.jpg?1726562701'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1479562-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g001-550.jpg?1726562690" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic showing SHS-hydrogenation of a titanium sponge in a reactor: 1—titanium sponge; 2—titanium powder for ignition; 3—nichrome coil for ignition; 4—output of unreacted hydrogen; 5—hydrogen supply.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g002-550.jpg?1726562691" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart of the SHS-hydrogenation-dehydrogenation process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g003-550.jpg?1726562692" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of plasma spheroidizing the powder materials: 1—electric arc plasma torch; 2—plasma powder treatment chamber; 3—filtration apparatus; 4—collector of the target product; 5—piston dispenser of dispersed raw materials; 6—power supply of the plasma torch; 7—shut-off valve for unloading the target product.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g004-550.jpg?1726562694" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Images of a titanium sponge: (<b>a</b>) overall view, (<b>b</b>) (SEM) image at a magnification of ×250, (<b>c</b>) ×5000.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g005-550.jpg?1726562695" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>XRD pattern of SHS-hydrogenated titanium sponge.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g006-550.jpg?1726562696" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>SEM image of titanium hydride powder obtained by SHS-hydrogenation at magnifications of (<b>a</b>) ×300, (<b>b</b>) ×3000, and (<b>c</b>) ×20,000.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g007-550.jpg?1726562697" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of titanium powder after dehydrogenation: (<b>a</b>) ×250 and (<b>b</b>) ×1000.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g008-550.jpg?1726562699" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of dehydrated titanium powder after plasma treatment: (<b>a</b>) ×2500, (<b>b</b>) ×5000, and (<b>c</b>) ×10000.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00014-g009-550.jpg?1726562701" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Particle size distribution before and after plasma spheroidization.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 1411 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/3/13/pdf?version=1726224191" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Production of Neutron-Absorbing Zirconium-Boron Alloy by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis and Its Refining via Electron Beam Melting" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/3/13">Production of Neutron-Absorbing Zirconium-Boron Alloy by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis and Its Refining via Electron Beam Melting</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anatoly Mukhachev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dmytro Yelatontsev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Olena Kharytonova</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nickolay Grechanyuk</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(3), 232-245; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3030013">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3030013</a> - 13 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The paper presents the results of the study of the processes of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of Zr-1%B alloy and its refining by electron beam melting. Experiments on the influence of boron’s amorphous and crystalline modifications on the safety parameters of the synthesis process <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/3/13/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The paper presents the results of the study of the processes of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of Zr-1%B alloy and its refining by electron beam melting. Experiments on the influence of boron’s amorphous and crystalline modifications on the safety parameters of the synthesis process of Zr-1%B alloy necessitated the conversion of amorphous boron into crystalline form by electron beam melting, with an increase in its purity from 94% to 99.9%. High efficiency of vacuum induction and electron beam equipment was demonstrated, which provided a high purity of the Zr-1%B alloy of at least 99.9%. The alloy ingots had a uniform distribution of the alloying element (boron) all over the volume. The obtained alloy is suitable for the production of materials with thermal neutron capture cross-sections of up to 40 barns for neutron protection. <a href="/2674-063X/3/3/13">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/3/13/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1477583"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1477583"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1477583" data-cycle-prev="#prev1477583" data-cycle-progressive="#images1477583" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1477583-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00013-g001-550.jpg?1726224301" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1477583" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1477583-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00013-g002-550.jpg?1726224302'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1477583-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00013-g003-550.jpg?1726224304'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1477583-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00013-g004-550.jpg?1726224304'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1477583-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00013-g005-550.jpg?1726224305'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1477583-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00013-g006-550.jpg?1726224306'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1477583-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00013-g001-550.jpg?1726224301" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>A technological scheme of SHS process for the production of Zr-1%Nb alloy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00013-g002-550.jpg?1726224302" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of IPHT-200 unit: 1—furnace chamber; 2—cold crucible; 3—inductor; 4—pan; 5—drawing mechanism; 6—booster pump; 7, 8—vacuum pumps; 9, 10, 11, and 12—vacuum gates.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00013-g003-550.jpg?1726224304" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Thermocouple layout diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00013-g004-550.jpg?1726224304" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Thermocouple layout for charge heating control.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00013-g005-550.jpg?1726224305" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of UE-177RL unit: 1—cart; 2—ingot moving device; 3—electron cannon; 4—ingot; 5—inspection gate; 6—crystallizer; and 7—chamber.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00013-g006-550.jpg?1726224306" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Scheme of cutting and sampling from the ingot.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 42 pages, 9688 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/3/12/pdf?version=1725279054" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Microstructure and Properties of Complex Concentrated C14–MCr2 Laves, A15–M3X and D8m M5Si3 Intermetallics in a Refractory Complex Concentrated Alloy" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/3/12">Microstructure and Properties of Complex Concentrated C14–MCr<sub>2</sub> Laves, A15–M<sub>3</sub>X and D8<sub>m</sub> M<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> Intermetallics in a Refractory Complex Concentrated Alloy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nik Tankov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Claire Utton</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Panos Tsakiropoulos</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(3), 190-231; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3030012">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3030012</a> - 2 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Abstract:</b> The refractory complex concentrated alloy (RCCA) 5Al–5Cr–5Ge–1Hf–6Mo–33Nb–19Si–20Ti–5Sn–1W (at.%) was studied in the as-cast and heat-treated conditions. The partitioning of solutes in the as-cast and heat-treated microstructures and relationships between solutes, between solutes and the parameters VEC and Δχ, and between these parameters, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/3/12/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Abstract:</b> The refractory complex concentrated alloy (RCCA) 5Al–5Cr–5Ge–1Hf–6Mo–33Nb–19Si–20Ti–5Sn–1W (at.%) was studied in the as-cast and heat-treated conditions. The partitioning of solutes in the as-cast and heat-treated microstructures and relationships between solutes, between solutes and the parameters VEC and Δχ, and between these parameters, most of which are reported for the first time for metallic UHTMs, were shown to be important for the properties of the stable phases A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X and the D8<sub>m</sub> βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>. The nano-hardness and Young’s modulus of the A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X and the D8<sub>m</sub> βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> of the heat-treated alloy were measured using nanoindentation and changes in these properties per solute addition were discussed. The aforementioned relationships, the VEC versus Δχ maps and the VEC, Δχ, time, or VEC, Δχ, Young’s modulus or VEC, Δχ, nano-hardness diagrams of the phases in the as-cast and heat-treated alloy, and the properties of the two phases demonstrated the importance of synergy and entanglement of solutes, parameters and phases in the microstructure and properties of the RCCA. The significance of the new data and the synergy and entanglement of solutes and phases for the design of metallic ultra-high temperature materials were discussed. <a href="/2674-063X/3/3/12">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/3/12/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1469795"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1469795"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1469795" data-cycle-prev="#prev1469795" data-cycle-progressive="#images1469795" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g001-550.jpg?1725279157" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1469795" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g002-550.jpg?1725279160'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g003-550.jpg?1725279166'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g004-550.jpg?1725279172'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g005-550.jpg?1725279176'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g006-550.jpg?1725279177'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g007-550.jpg?1725279183'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g008-550.jpg?1725279187'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g009-550.jpg?1725279191'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g010-550.jpg?1725279192'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g011a-550.jpg?1725279195'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g011b-550.jpg?1725279199'><p>Figure 11 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g012-550.jpg?1725279202'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g013-550.jpg?1725279205'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g014-550.jpg?1725279206'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g015-550.jpg?1725279209'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g016-550.jpg?1725279211'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g017-550.jpg?1725279215'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g018-550.jpg?1725279217'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g019a-550.jpg?1725279219'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g019b-550.jpg?1725279224'><p>Figure 19 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g019c-550.jpg?1725279226'><p>Figure 19 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g020a-550.jpg?1725279228'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g020b-550.jpg?1725279230'><p>Figure 20 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='24' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g021a-550.jpg?1725279232'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='25' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g021b-550.jpg?1725279238'><p>Figure 21 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='26' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g022-550.jpg?1725279241'><p>Figure 22</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='27' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g023-550.jpg?1725279242'><p>Figure 23</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='28' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g024a-550.jpg?1725279244'><p>Figure 24</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='29' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g024b-550.jpg?1725279246'><p>Figure 24 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='30' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g025-550.jpg?1725279248'><p>Figure 25</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='31' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g026-550.jpg?1725279251'><p>Figure 26</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='32' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g027-550.jpg?1725279252'><p>Figure 27</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='33' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g028-550.jpg?1725279254'><p>Figure 28</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='34' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g029-550.jpg?1725279256'><p>Figure 29</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='35' data-target='article-1469795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g030-550.jpg?1725279258'><p>Figure 30</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1469795-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g001-550.jpg?1725279157" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>X-ray diffractograms of the as-cast and heat-treated alloy NT1.1. (<b>a</b>) NT1.1–AC, (<b>b</b>) NT1.1–HT200.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g002-550.jpg?1725279160" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Back scatter electron images of the microstructure of NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) show low and higher magnification images of the microstructure, where the grey phase is the βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, the dark phase is the C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves and the brighter phase is the A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X, (<b>c</b>) shows microstructure with eutectic and (<b>d</b>) shows the magnified eutectic in (<b>c</b>), where 1 = A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X low &lt;X&gt; (&lt;X&gt; = Al + Ge + Si + Sn), 2 = Laves phase, 3 = A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X high &lt;X&gt;. In (<b>d</b>), the very thin and bright contrast phase between A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X low &lt;X&gt; grains in the bottom left-hand corner of the image is hafnia. Average values for 1, 2 and 3 are as follows: the A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X low &lt;X&gt; had &lt;X&gt; = 21.9 at.%, Ti = 19.8 at.%, Ge + Sn = 11 at.%, Sn/Ge = 8, Mo + W = 21.5 at.%, the Laves phase had &lt;Cr&gt; = 58.9 at.%, Ti = 12.4 at.%, Ge + Sn = 2.8 at.%, Al + Cr = 50.8 at.%, Mo + W = 7.2 at.%, and the A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X high &lt;X&gt; had &lt;X&gt; = 35 at.%, Ti = 34.4 at.%, Ge + Sn = 21.4 at.%, Mo + W = 5.8 at.%, Sn/Ge = 9.6. &lt;Cr&gt; =Al + Cr + Ge + Si.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g003-550.jpg?1725279166" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Relationships of Ti with Al, Cr, Ge, Hf, Mo, Si and Sn in the C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase in NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>) Ti versus Cr, (<b>b</b>) Ti vs. Al, (<b>c</b>) Ti vs. Sn, (<b>d</b>) Ti vs. Ge, (<b>e</b>) Ti vs. Si, (<b>f</b>) Ti vs. &lt;Cr&gt; =Al + Cr + Ge + Si + Sn, (<b>g</b>) Ti vs. Hf and (<b>h</b>) Ti vs. Mo.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g004-550.jpg?1725279172" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between solutes in the C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub> based Laves phase in NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>) Nb versus Mo, (<b>b</b>) Cr vs. Al, (<b>c</b>) Cr vs. Si, (<b>d</b>) Cr vs. Sn, (<b>e</b>) Cr vs. Ge, (<b>f</b>) Al vs. Si, (<b>g</b>) Al vs. Sn, (<b>h</b>) Si vs. Sn.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g005-550.jpg?1725279176" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between the solutes Al, Cr and Si and the parameters VEC and Δχ in the C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase in NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>) VEC versus Cr, (<b>b</b>) VEC vs. Al, (<b>c</b>) VEC vs. Si, (<b>d</b>) Δχ vs. Cr, (<b>e</b>) Δχ vs. Al, (<b>f</b>) Δχ vs. Si.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g006-550.jpg?1725279177" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Map of the parameters Δχ and VEC of the C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase in NT1.1–AC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g007-550.jpg?1725279183" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between solutes in βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> in NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>) Ti versus Cr, (<b>b</b>) Ti vs. Ge, (<b>c</b>) Ti vs. Sn, (<b>d</b>) Ti vs. Al, (<b>e</b>) Ti vs. Mo, (<b>f</b>) Cr vs. Ge, (<b>g</b>) Cr vs. Al, (<b>h</b>) Cr vs. Sn.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g008-550.jpg?1725279187" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between the parameter VEC of βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> and solutes in the silicide in NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>) VEC versus Ti, (<b>b</b>) VEC vs. Cr, (<b>c</b>) VEC vs. Ge, (<b>d</b>) VEC vs. Sn, (<b>e</b>) VEC vs. Al, (<b>f</b>) VEC vs. Mo.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g009-550.jpg?1725279191" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between the parameter Δχ of βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> and solutes in the silicide in NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>) Δχ versus Al, (<b>b</b>) Δχ vs. Cr, (<b>c</b>) Δχ vs. Ti, (<b>d</b>) Δχ vs. Ge, (<b>e</b>) Δχ vs. Sn, (<b>f</b>) Δχ vs. Mo.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g010-550.jpg?1725279192" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Maps of the parameters VEC and Δχ of the alloyed βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> in NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>) VEC versus Δχ, (<b>b</b>) Δχ vs. VEC with data (diamond) for the binary (unalloyed) βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g011a-550.jpg?1725279195" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between solutes in A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X (X = Al, Ge, Si, Sn) in NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>) Nb versus Mo, (<b>b</b>) Nb vs. Sn, (<b>c</b>) Nb vs. Ge, (<b>d</b>) Mo vs. Sn, (<b>e</b>) Mo vs. Ge, (<b>f</b>) Sn vs. Al, (<b>g</b>) Sn vs. Ge, (<b>h</b>) Cr vs. Al, (<b>i</b>) Ti vs. Sn, (<b>j</b>) Ti vs. Ge.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g011b-550.jpg?1725279199" title=" <strong>Figure 11 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between solutes in A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X (X = Al, Ge, Si, Sn) in NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>) Nb versus Mo, (<b>b</b>) Nb vs. Sn, (<b>c</b>) Nb vs. Ge, (<b>d</b>) Mo vs. Sn, (<b>e</b>) Mo vs. Ge, (<b>f</b>) Sn vs. Al, (<b>g</b>) Sn vs. Ge, (<b>h</b>) Cr vs. Al, (<b>i</b>) Ti vs. Sn, (<b>j</b>) Ti vs. Ge.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g012-550.jpg?1725279202" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between the parameter VEC of A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X and solutes in NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>) VEC versus Nb, (<b>b</b>) VEC vs. Mo, (<b>c</b>) VEC vs. Sn, (<b>d</b>) VEC vs. Ge.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g013-550.jpg?1725279205" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between the parameter Δχ of A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X and solutes in NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>) Δχ versus Nb, (<b>b</b>) Δχ vs. Mo, (<b>c</b>) Δχ vs. Sn, (<b>d</b>) Δχ vs. Ge.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g014-550.jpg?1725279206" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Map of the parameters VEC and Δχ of A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X in NT1.1–AC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g015-550.jpg?1725279209" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between solutes and between parameters and solutes for the eutectic in NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>) Ti versus Cr, (<b>b</b>) Ti vs. Al, (<b>c</b>) VEC vs. Ti, (<b>d</b>) Δχ vs. &lt;Si&gt; = Al + Ge + Si + Sn.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g016-550.jpg?1725279211" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Map of the parameters VEC and Δχ of the phases in NT1.1–AC. Colours as follows: blue, C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase; green, A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X; brown, βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>; red, eutectic, squares for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X with high &lt;X&gt; value (and Ti-rich). R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9867 for the relationship between C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase and A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X high &lt;X&gt;, R<sup>2</sup> = 9389 for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X high &lt;X&gt; and low &lt;X&gt; (see <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f014" class="html-fig">Figure 14</a>), R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9255 for eutectic and A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X high &lt;X&gt;, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9152 for C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase and eutectic, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9013 for βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> and eutectic, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8714 for βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> and A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X low &lt;X&gt;, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.4588 for C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase and A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X low &lt;X&gt;, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.3765 for eutectic and A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X low &lt;X&gt;. Note that the same colours were used for the data of the phases in <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>, <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>, <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>, <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>, <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>, <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>, <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>, <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f010" class="html-fig">Figure 10</a>, <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f011" class="html-fig">Figure 11</a>, <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f012" class="html-fig">Figure 12</a>, <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f013" class="html-fig">Figure 13</a>, <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f014" class="html-fig">Figure 14</a>, <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f015" class="html-fig">Figure 15</a> and <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f016" class="html-fig">Figure 16</a>. &lt;X&gt; = Al + Ge + Si + Sn.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g017-550.jpg?1725279215" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between solutes in βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>-, A15-Nb<sub>3</sub>X- and C14 NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves in NT1.1–AC. (<b>a</b>) Ti in silicide versus Ti in A15, (<b>b</b>) Al in silicide vs. Al in A15, (<b>c</b>) Al in silicide vs. Cr in A15, (<b>d</b>) Al in A15 high &lt;X&gt; vs. Al in Laves, (<b>e</b>) Ti in A15 high &lt;X&gt; vs. Ti in Laves, (<b>f</b>) Cr in A15 high &lt;X&gt; vs. Cr in Laves.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g018-550.jpg?1725279217" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Back scatter electron image of the microstructure of NT1.1–HT200. Dark phase: βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, very dark phase: Ti-rich silicide, grey phase: A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X, bright phase: hafnia. The numbers correspond to nanoindentation points.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g019a-550.jpg?1725279219" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between solutes in A15-Nb<sub>3</sub>X (X = Al, Ge, Si, Sn) in NT1.1–HT200. (<b>a</b>) Cr versus Ti, (<b>b</b>) Si vs. Ti, (<b>c</b>) Ge vs. Ti, (<b>d</b>) Sn vs. Ti, (<b>e</b>) Ge vs. Si, (<b>f</b>) Sn vs. Si, (<b>g</b>) Sn vs. Ge, (<b>h</b>) Mo vs. Ti, (<b>i</b>) Mo vs. Ge, (<b>j</b>) Mo vs. Sn, (<b>k</b>) Mo vs. Si, (<b>l</b>) W vs. Si.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g019b-550.jpg?1725279224" title=" <strong>Figure 19 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between solutes in A15-Nb<sub>3</sub>X (X = Al, Ge, Si, Sn) in NT1.1–HT200. (<b>a</b>) Cr versus Ti, (<b>b</b>) Si vs. Ti, (<b>c</b>) Ge vs. Ti, (<b>d</b>) Sn vs. Ti, (<b>e</b>) Ge vs. Si, (<b>f</b>) Sn vs. Si, (<b>g</b>) Sn vs. Ge, (<b>h</b>) Mo vs. Ti, (<b>i</b>) Mo vs. Ge, (<b>j</b>) Mo vs. Sn, (<b>k</b>) Mo vs. Si, (<b>l</b>) W vs. Si.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g019c-550.jpg?1725279226" title=" <strong>Figure 19 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between solutes in A15-Nb<sub>3</sub>X (X = Al, Ge, Si, Sn) in NT1.1–HT200. (<b>a</b>) Cr versus Ti, (<b>b</b>) Si vs. Ti, (<b>c</b>) Ge vs. Ti, (<b>d</b>) Sn vs. Ti, (<b>e</b>) Ge vs. Si, (<b>f</b>) Sn vs. Si, (<b>g</b>) Sn vs. Ge, (<b>h</b>) Mo vs. Ti, (<b>i</b>) Mo vs. Ge, (<b>j</b>) Mo vs. Sn, (<b>k</b>) Mo vs. Si, (<b>l</b>) W vs. Si.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g020a-550.jpg?1725279228" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between the parameters VEC, Δχ and solutes in A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X in NT1.1–HT. (<b>a</b>) Δχ versus Mo, (<b>b</b>) VEC vs. Mo, (<b>c</b>) Δχ vs. &lt;X&gt;, (<b>d</b>) VEC vs. &lt;X&gt;, (<b>e</b>) VEC vs. Δχ map. &lt;X&gt; = Al + Ge + Si + Sn.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g020b-550.jpg?1725279230" title=" <strong>Figure 20 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between the parameters VEC, Δχ and solutes in A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X in NT1.1–HT. (<b>a</b>) Δχ versus Mo, (<b>b</b>) VEC vs. Mo, (<b>c</b>) Δχ vs. &lt;X&gt;, (<b>d</b>) VEC vs. &lt;X&gt;, (<b>e</b>) VEC vs. Δχ map. &lt;X&gt; = Al + Ge + Si + Sn.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g021a-550.jpg?1725279232" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between solutes in βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> in NT1.1–HT. Squares for Ti-rich silicide. (<b>a</b>) Al versus Ti, (<b>b</b>) Al vs. Mo, (<b>c</b>) Al vs. Cr, (<b>d</b>) Al vs. Si, (<b>e</b>) Al vs. Sn, (<b>f</b>) Al vs. Ge, (<b>g</b>) Ge vs. Cr, (<b>h</b>) Ge vs. Mo, (<b>i</b>) Ge vs. Sn, (<b>j</b>) Ge vs. Si, (<b>k</b>) Si vs. Sn, (<b>l</b>) Ti vs. Mo.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g021b-550.jpg?1725279238" title=" <strong>Figure 21 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between solutes in βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> in NT1.1–HT. Squares for Ti-rich silicide. (<b>a</b>) Al versus Ti, (<b>b</b>) Al vs. Mo, (<b>c</b>) Al vs. Cr, (<b>d</b>) Al vs. Si, (<b>e</b>) Al vs. Sn, (<b>f</b>) Al vs. Ge, (<b>g</b>) Ge vs. Cr, (<b>h</b>) Ge vs. Mo, (<b>i</b>) Ge vs. Sn, (<b>j</b>) Ge vs. Si, (<b>k</b>) Si vs. Sn, (<b>l</b>) Ti vs. Mo.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g022-550.jpg?1725279241" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between the parameters VEC and Δχ and solutes in Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> in NT1.1-HT. Squares for Ti-rich silicide. (<b>a</b>) VEC versus Ti, (<b>b</b>) VEC vs. Ge, (<b>c</b>) Δχ vs. Ti, (<b>d</b>) Δχ vs. Ge.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g023-550.jpg?1725279242" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Maps of the parameters VEC and Δχ of the alloyed βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> in NT1.1–HT. (<b>a</b>) VEC versus Δχ, (<b>b</b>) Δχ vs. VEC with data (diamond) for the binary (unalloyed) βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g024a-550.jpg?1725279244" title=" <strong>Figure 24</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) VEC versus Δχ map of the phases in NT1.1–HT200. Data are shown with filled circles. Colours as follows: green, A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X; blue, βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>; red, Ti-rich silicide. Correlations as follows: R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9774 data for Ti-rich silicide, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9758 data for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X and Ti-rich silicide, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9688 data for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X and βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>. (<b>b</b>) VEC, Δχ, time diagram showing “evolution” of microstructure at T = 1500 °C. See <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f016" class="html-fig">Figure 16</a> for the NT1.1–AC. For the VEC versus Δχ map of the as-cast alloy, the colours are as follows: blue for C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase, red for eutectic, brown for βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, green for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X. Square for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X with high &lt;X&gt;. For the VEC versus Δχ map of the heat-treated alloy, the triangles correspond to the silicide and the colours are as follows: green for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X, red for Ti-rich silicide and blue for βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g024b-550.jpg?1725279246" title=" <strong>Figure 24 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) VEC versus Δχ map of the phases in NT1.1–HT200. Data are shown with filled circles. Colours as follows: green, A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X; blue, βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>; red, Ti-rich silicide. Correlations as follows: R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9774 data for Ti-rich silicide, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9758 data for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X and Ti-rich silicide, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9688 data for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X and βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>. (<b>b</b>) VEC, Δχ, time diagram showing “evolution” of microstructure at T = 1500 °C. See <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f016" class="html-fig">Figure 16</a> for the NT1.1–AC. For the VEC versus Δχ map of the as-cast alloy, the colours are as follows: blue for C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase, red for eutectic, brown for βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, green for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X. Square for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X with high &lt;X&gt;. For the VEC versus Δχ map of the heat-treated alloy, the triangles correspond to the silicide and the colours are as follows: green for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X, red for Ti-rich silicide and blue for βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g025-550.jpg?1725279248" title=" <strong>Figure 25</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Nano-hardness and (<b>b</b>) Young’s modulus data for the microstructure shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f018" class="html-fig">Figure 18</a>. Colours as follows: brown—βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, green—A15 Nb<sub>3</sub>X, square for Ti-rich silicide (indentation point 28 in <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f018" class="html-fig">Figure 18</a>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g026-550.jpg?1725279251" title=" <strong>Figure 26</strong><br/> <p>The parameters VEC (<b>a</b>) and Δχ (<b>b</b>) of the microstructure shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f018" class="html-fig">Figure 18</a>. The analysis point numbers correspond as closely as possible to the nanoindentations. Colours as follows: brown, βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>; green, A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X; red, Ti-rich silicide (very dark contrast grains above points 7, 8, near 28, between 39 and 40 and below 40 in <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f018" class="html-fig">Figure 18</a>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g027-550.jpg?1725279252" title=" <strong>Figure 27</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) VEC, Δχ, E<sub>s</sub> and (<b>b</b>) VEC, Δχ, nanoH diagrams of the phases in NT1.1–HT200. For colours and shapes, see the caption of <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f024" class="html-fig">Figure 24</a>b.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g028-550.jpg?1725279254" title=" <strong>Figure 28</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) VEC, Δχ, time diagram of the alloy NT1.2 showing the “evolution” of microstructure at 1500 °C. Colours as follows: blue C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub> Laves phase, green A2 solid solution, red Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> silicide. (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) VEC versus Δχ maps of phases in NT1.2–HT100 and NT1.2–HT200, respectively. Triangle for the “core” silicide, diamond for the “boundary” silicide, square for the Ti-rich silicide, see text and [<a href="#B46-alloys-03-00012" class="html-bibr">46</a>]. (<b>b</b>) R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9633 for A2 solid solution and “core” and “boundary” silicide, and R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8829 for “core”, “boundary” and Ti-rich silicide. (<b>c</b>) R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9861 for A2 solid solution and “core” and “boundary” silicide, and R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8865 for “core”, “boundary” and Ti-rich silicide.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g029-550.jpg?1725279256" title=" <strong>Figure 29</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) VEC versus Δχ map of phases in the as-cast RCCAs alloys JZ5, NT1.1 and NT1.2 with Al, Cr, Ge, Hf, Mo, Nb, Si, Sn, Ti, W. Shapes and colours as follows: blue filled circles C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase, blue square A2 solid solution, light blue triangle TM<sub>5</sub>Sn<sub>2</sub>X, purple diamond eutectic of C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase, A15-Nb<sub>3</sub>X low &lt;X&gt; and A15-Nb<sub>3</sub>X high &lt;X&gt; where &lt;X&gt; = Al + Ge + Si + Sn, brown filled circles Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, brown triangle Ti-rich Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, red square A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X high &lt;X&gt;, red circles A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X low &lt;X&gt;, red triangle Ti-rich A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X. Blue ellipse for C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase “territory”, brown ellipse for Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> “territory” and red ellipse for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X “territory”. (<b>b</b>) The same VEC versus Δχ map showing correlations between phases, as follows: R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9998 for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X high &lt;X&gt; and A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X low &lt;X&gt;, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9985 for eutectic, A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X low &lt;X&gt;, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9944 for TM<sub>5</sub>Sn<sub>2</sub>X, A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X low &lt;X&gt;, A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X high &lt;X&gt;, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9775 for C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase, A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X low &lt;X&gt;, A2 solid solution, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9765 for Ti-rich A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X, A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X low &lt;X&gt;, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9753 for C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub>-based Laves phase, eutectic, Ti-rich A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9675 for TM<sub>5</sub>Sn<sub>2</sub>X and C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub> Laves phase, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9617 for eutectic, C14–NbCr<sub>2</sub> Laves phase (line not shown) and R<sup>2</sup> = 0.7806 for eutectic, Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> and A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X high &lt;X&gt;. (<b>c</b>) Pink “territory” JZ5–AC, green “territory” NT1.1–AC, see <a href="#alloys-03-00012-f016" class="html-fig">Figure 16</a>, black “territory” (triangle) NT1.2–AC, see Figure 13a in [<a href="#B46-alloys-03-00012" class="html-bibr">46</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00012-g030-550.jpg?1725279258" title=" <strong>Figure 30</strong><br/> <p>VEC versus Δχ map of phases in the heat-treated RCCAs alloys JZ5 and NT1.2. Shapes and colours as follows: blue data for A2 solid solution, red data for A15–Nb<sub>3</sub>X, brown data for Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, circles for Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, triangles for Ti-rich Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, light brown circle for “boundary” Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> in NT1.2. R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9558 for A15-Nb<sub>3</sub>X and all Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> data. Dark blue for the Nb- and W-rich solid solution (JZ5), light blue for the Nb- and Mo-rich solid solution (NT1.2).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 3683 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/3/11/pdf?version=1722955151" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Activation of Magnesium Sintering by Zinc Addition" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/3/11">The Activation of Magnesium Sintering by Zinc Addition</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Serhii Teslia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mykyta Kovalenko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mariia Teslia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mykhailo Vterkovskiy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ievgen Solodkyi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Petro Loboda</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tetiana Soloviova</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(3), 178-189; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3030011">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3030011</a> - 6 Aug 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Light alloys based on magnesium are widely used in most areas of science and technology. However, magnesium powder alloys are quite difficult to sinter due to the stable film of oxides that counteracts diffusion. Therefore, finding a method to activate magnesium sintering is <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/3/11/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Light alloys based on magnesium are widely used in most areas of science and technology. However, magnesium powder alloys are quite difficult to sinter due to the stable film of oxides that counteracts diffusion. Therefore, finding a method to activate magnesium sintering is urgent. This study examines the effect of adding 5 wt. % and 10 wt. % zinc to the sintering pattern of magnesium powders at 430 °C; a dwell of 30 min was used to homogenize at the densification’s temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the alloy’s microstructure, while the phase composition was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). The sintering densities of Mg–5Zn and Mg–10Zn were found to be 88% and 92%, respectively. The results show that after sintering, a heterophase structure of the alloy is formed based on a solid solution and phases MgZn and Mg<sub>50</sub>Zn<sub>21</sub>. To establish the sintering mechanism, the interaction at the MgO and Zn melt phase interface was analyzed using the sessile drop method. The minimum contact angle—65°—was discovered at 500 °C with a 20 min holding time. It was demonstrated that the sintering process in the Mg–Zn system proceeds through the following stages: (1) penetration of zinc into oxide-free surfaces; (2) crystallization of a solid solution, intermetallics; and (3) the removal of magnesium oxide from the particle surface, with oxide particles deposited on the surface of the sample. <a href="/2674-063X/3/3/11">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/3/11/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1451232"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1451232"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1451232" data-cycle-prev="#prev1451232" data-cycle-progressive="#images1451232" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1451232-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g001-550.jpg?1722955218" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1451232" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1451232-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g002-550.jpg?1722955219'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1451232-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g003-550.jpg?1722955220'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1451232-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g004-550.jpg?1722955224'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1451232-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g005-550.jpg?1722955224'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1451232-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g006-550.jpg?1722955225'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1451232-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g007-550.jpg?1722955227'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1451232-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g008-550.jpg?1722955229'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1451232-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g009-550.jpg?1722955230'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1451232-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g001-550.jpg?1722955218" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Characteristics of the initial materials. (<b>a</b>) Particle size distribution obtained via laser diffraction and (<b>b</b>) SEM morphology of magnesium and (<b>c</b>) zinc particles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g002-550.jpg?1722955219" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Relative density of green and sintered Mg and Mg–Zn alloys (<b>a</b>). Volume shrinkage of Mg and Mg–Zn alloys (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g003-550.jpg?1722955220" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The XRD pattern of magnesium (<b>a</b>) and Mg–5Zn (<b>b</b>) and Mg–10Zn (<b>c</b>) alloys.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g004-550.jpg?1722955224" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SEM image of sintered (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) pure Mg, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Mg–5Zn, (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) Mg–10Zn, and (<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>) white coating on cold side muffle. The numbers in the image refer to the EDS analysis results, which are showcased in <a href="#alloys-03-00011-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g005-550.jpg?1722955224" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Compressive strength of Mg and Mg–Zn alloys.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g006-550.jpg?1722955225" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>General view (<b>a</b>) and microstructure of the substrate Mg/MgO (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>); EDS elemental mapping for Mg/MgO layer (<b>d</b>). Contact zone between Zn melt and porous MgO layer. Yellow arrows indicate the penetration of zinc melt into porous MgO (<b>e</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g007-550.jpg?1722955227" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Evolution of the contact angle on the MgO/Zn interface at different temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g008-550.jpg?1722955229" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Zinc sleeve with Mg/MgO; (<b>b</b>) microstructure on the zinc side. (<b>c</b>) Microstructure on the magnesium side. (<b>d</b>,<b>e</b>) Morphology of oxide layers on the surface of magnesium.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00011-g009-550.jpg?1722955230" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Activation mechanism of magnesium sintering with zinc additives. (<b>a</b>) First stage of the migration of zinc through MgO to the magnesium surface; (<b>b</b>) second stage of sintering the reaction between the melt and magnesium surface; and (<b>c</b>) the influence of oxide layer on zinc penetration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 6941 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/3/10/pdf?version=1721445613" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Reduction of Copper Smelting Slag by Carbon for Smelting Cu-Fe Alloy" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/3/10">Reduction of Copper Smelting Slag by Carbon for Smelting Cu-Fe Alloy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weijun Huang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yajing Liu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tao Jiang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(3), 164-177; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3030010">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3030010</a> - 20 Jul 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> An innovative technology for the direct reduction of copper slag was studied while smelting Cu-Fe alloy by carbon to recover the main valuable elements from the copper smelting slag. The melting temperature of samples first decreased, followed by an increase in Fe<sub>3</sub> <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/3/10/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> An innovative technology for the direct reduction of copper slag was studied while smelting Cu-Fe alloy by carbon to recover the main valuable elements from the copper smelting slag. The melting temperature of samples first decreased, followed by an increase in Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> content in slag. The melting temperature reached the minimum temperature of 1157 °C once the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> content was about 8 wt%. The recovery rate of copper and iron first increased gradually, followed by a rapid increase in the modifier (CaO). Subsequently, the rise in the recovery rate slowed down. The reduction rate of copper and iron only increased by 1.61% and 1.05% from 5 wt% CaO to 10 wt% CaO, but significantly increased by 8.89% and 14.21% from 10 wt% CaO to 25 wt% CaO, and remained almost unchanged beyond 25 wt% CaO. This could be attributed to the reaction between modifier (CaO) and silicate in acidic copper slag to generate low melting point composite oxide while replacing free iron oxides, improving the melting properties and reduction reaction. Meanwhile, the recovery rates of copper and iron increased with the increase of reaction time, reaction temperature, and reduction agent in a certain range. To obtain good element yield, the optimum conditions for reducing copper and iron from the molten copper slag were determined to be 1500 °C, 14 wt% C, 20–25 wt% CaO, and 60–80 min. The recovery rates of iron and copper reached about 90% and 85%, and the contents of iron and copper in alloy reached about 91–93 wt% and 5–7 wt%, respectively. The tailing was mainly composed of Ca<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>9</sub>, Ca(Mg,Al)(Si,Al)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>, and SiO<sub>2</sub>, which could be used as a raw material for cement and pelletizing. <a href="/2674-063X/3/3/10">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/3/10/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1439073"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1439073"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1439073" data-cycle-prev="#prev1439073" data-cycle-progressive="#images1439073" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1439073-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g001-550.jpg?1721445792" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1439073" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1439073-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g002-550.jpg?1721445796'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1439073-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g003-550.jpg?1721445797'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1439073-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g004-550.jpg?1721445801'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1439073-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g005-550.jpg?1721445804'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1439073-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g006-550.jpg?1721445805'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1439073-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g007-550.jpg?1721445808'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1439073-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g008-550.jpg?1721445809'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1439073-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g009-550.jpg?1721445811'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1439073-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g010-550.jpg?1721445812'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1439073-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g011-550.jpg?1721445813'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1439073-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g001-550.jpg?1721445792" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>XRD pattern of actual converter copper.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g002-550.jpg?1721445796" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Microstructure of actual converter copper slag: (<b>a</b>) SEM photo of converter copper slag; (<b>b</b>) Cu; (<b>c</b>) Cu<sub>2</sub>S; (<b>d</b>) Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>; (<b>e</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g003-550.jpg?1721445797" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Effect of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> on melting property of copper slag.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g004-550.jpg?1721445801" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Element distribution of the alloy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g005-550.jpg?1721445804" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Element distribution of the reduced tailing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g006-550.jpg?1721445805" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>XRD pattern of the tailing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g007-550.jpg?1721445808" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Macrographs of the samples after reduction at different conditions: (<b>a</b>) 1400 °C; (<b>b</b>) 1500 °C; (<b>c</b>) 1600 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g008-550.jpg?1721445809" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Effect of modifier on recovery of copper and iron from copper slag. (<b>a</b>) Recovery rate of Cu and Fe, (<b>b</b>) Content of Cu and Fe in the alloy, (<b>c</b>) Reduction amount of Cu and Fe.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g009-550.jpg?1721445811" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Effect of reducing temperatures on recovery of copper and iron from copper slag. (<b>a</b>) Recovery rate of Cu and Fe, (<b>b</b>) Content of Cu and Fe in the alloy, (<b>c</b>) Reduction amount of Cu and Fe.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g010-550.jpg?1721445812" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Effect of reducing agent on recovery of copper and iron from copper slag. (<b>a</b>) Recovery rate of Cu and Fe, (<b>b</b>) Content of Cu and Fe in the alloy, (<b>c</b>) Reduction amount of Cu and Fe.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00010-g011-550.jpg?1721445813" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Effect of reducing times on recovery of copper and iron from copper slag. (<b>a</b>) Recovery rate of Cu and Fe, (<b>b</b>) Content of Cu and Fe in the alloy, (<b>c</b>) Reduction amount of Cu and Fe.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 3 pages, 167 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/3/9/pdf?version=1719387893" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Preamble for the “Feature Paper Collection of Advanced Research on Alloys”" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Editorial</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/3/9">Preamble for the “Feature Paper Collection of Advanced Research on Alloys”</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nikki Stanford</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(3), 161-163; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3030009">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3030009</a> - 26 Jun 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-full inline"> This year, several hot topics have emerged in alloy research and design; we have collected a few of these in this feature paper collection for your enjoyment [...] <a href="/2674-063X/3/3/9">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Collection <a href=" /journal/alloys/topical_collections/FP_Alloys2022 ">Feature Paper Collection of Advanced Research on Alloys</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 12498 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/2/8/pdf?version=1716452093" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Solid Solution Extruded Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr Alloys" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/2/8">Effect of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Solid Solution Extruded Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr Alloys</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Junguang He</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhenfei Cheng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiuba Wen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peiwu Tian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wuyun Feng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiangyang Zheng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuan Gong</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(2), 140-160; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3020008">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3020008</a> - 23 May 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this investigation, the effects of different annealing temperatures (180, 200, 220, 240, 260, and 280 °C) on the microstructure evolution and properties of an extruded Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr (wt%) magnesium alloys were determined. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), immersion corrosion, electrochemical corrosion <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/2/8/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this investigation, the effects of different annealing temperatures (180, 200, 220, 240, 260, and 280 °C) on the microstructure evolution and properties of an extruded Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr (wt%) magnesium alloys were determined. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), immersion corrosion, electrochemical corrosion experiments, and tensile testing were performed. Research has found that combining hot extrusion with subsequent low-temperature annealing significantly improves the strength, plasticity, and corrosion resistance of alloys due to grain refinement and a reduced dislocation density. The alloy was completely recrystallized at an annealing temperature of 240 °C for 4 h after solid solution extrusion, and the grains were fine and uniform, demonstrating the best comprehensive properties. Its corrosion rate, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation were 0.454 ± 0.023 mm/y, 346.7 ± 8.9 MPa, 292.4 ± 6.9 MPa, and 19.0 ± 0.4%, respectively. The corrosion mechanism of the specimens under extruded and annealed conditions was analyzed. After annealing at 240 °C for 4 h, the dislocation and bimodal grain structure of the samples were almost eliminated, resulting in uniform and fine grains, which were conducive to the formation of a more uniform and denser oxide film, thus improving the corrosion resistance of the alloy. <a href="/2674-063X/3/2/8">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/2/8/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1399900"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1399900"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1399900" data-cycle-prev="#prev1399900" data-cycle-progressive="#images1399900" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div 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data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g004-550.jpg?1716452193'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g005-550.jpg?1716452194'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g006-550.jpg?1716452195'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g007-550.jpg?1716452196'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g008-550.jpg?1716452199'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g009-550.jpg?1716452200'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g010-550.jpg?1716452202'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g011-550.jpg?1716452205'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g012-550.jpg?1716452206'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g013-550.jpg?1716452208'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g014-550.jpg?1716452210'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g015-550.jpg?1716452211'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g016-550.jpg?1716452212'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1399900-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g017-550.jpg?1716452214'><p>Figure 17</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1399900-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g001-550.jpg?1716452188" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>DTA curve of the Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr alloy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g002-550.jpg?1716452189" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of the extrusion (<b>b</b>), the block (<b>a</b>), and the extruded bar (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g003-550.jpg?1716452192" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Optical images of solid solution extruded Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr alloys annealed at different temperatures: (<b>a</b>) as-cast, (<b>b</b>) unheated, (<b>c</b>) 180 °C, (<b>d</b>) 200 °C, (<b>e</b>) 220 °C, (<b>f</b>) 240 °C, (<b>g</b>) 260 °C, and (<b>h</b>) 280 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g004-550.jpg?1716452193" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Grain size distribution of Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr alloys annealed at different temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g005-550.jpg?1716452194" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>XRD patterns of Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr alloys annealed at different temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g006-550.jpg?1716452195" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>TEM bright-field micrographs of extruded SE46 (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) and annealed SEA24 (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g007-550.jpg?1716452196" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Mechanical properties of Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr alloys annealed at different temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g008-550.jpg?1716452199" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Mechanical properties of solid solution extruded Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr alloys annealed at different temperatures: (<b>a</b>) unheated; (<b>b</b>) 220 °C; (<b>c</b>) 240 °C; and (<b>d</b>) 280 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g009-550.jpg?1716452200" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Corrosion rate (<b>a</b>) and hydrogen volume (<b>b</b>) of Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr alloys annealed at different temperatures after immersion in SBF for 120 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g010-550.jpg?1716452202" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Surface macrographs of annealed alloys immersed in SBF for 120 h: (<b>a</b>) unheated; (<b>b</b>) 180 °C; (<b>c</b>) 200 °C; (<b>d</b>) 220 °C; (<b>e</b>) 240 °C; (<b>f</b>) 260 °C; and (<b>g</b>) 280 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g011-550.jpg?1716452205" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Fracture morphologies of solid solution extruded Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr alloys annealed at different temperatures: (<b>a</b>) unheated; (<b>b</b>) 220 °C; (<b>c</b>) 240 °C; and (<b>d</b>) 280 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g012-550.jpg?1716452206" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Contour map of removing corrosion products after annealing alloys at different temperatures and soaking in SBF for 120 h: (<b>a</b>) unheated; (<b>b</b>) 220 °C × 4 h; (<b>c</b>) 240 °C × 4 h; and (<b>d</b>) 280 °C × 4 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g013-550.jpg?1716452208" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional morphology of alloys annealed at different temperatures and soaked in SBF for 120 h: (<b>a</b>) unheated; (<b>b</b>) 220 °C × 4 h; (<b>c</b>) 240 °C × 4 h; and (<b>d</b>) 280 °C × 4 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g014-550.jpg?1716452210" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>The corrosion morphology of the alloy without the removal of corrosion products after 120 h of immersion in simulated body fluids: (<b>a</b>) EH48, (<b>b</b>) EH48 local magnification, (<b>c</b>) EHA24, and (<b>d</b>) EHA24 local magnification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g015-550.jpg?1716452211" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Polarization curves of Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr alloys annealed at different temperatures after immersion in SBF for 1 h at OCP.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g016-550.jpg?1716452212" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>EIS of Mg–2.0Zn–1.0Y–0.5Zr alloys that were extruded and subsequently annealed at different temperatures after immersion in SBF for hour at OCP: (<b>a</b>) Nyquist diagram, (<b>b</b>) Bode impedance diagram, (<b>c</b>) Bode phase angle, and (<b>d</b>) equivalent circuit (the characteristic frequency is marked in Nyquist plots).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00008/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00008-g017-550.jpg?1716452214" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagrams of the corrosion behaviors of the extruded SE46 (<b>a1</b>–<b>a3</b>) and annealed SEA24 (<b>b1</b>–<b>b3</b>) specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1375924" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1375924" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1375924" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2674-063X/3/2/7/s1?version=1713174807"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 106 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 3201 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/2/7/pdf?version=1713174806" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="First-Principles Study on Thermodynamic, Structural, Mechanical, Electronic, and Phonon Properties of tP16 Ru-Based Alloys" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/2/7">First-Principles Study on Thermodynamic, Structural, Mechanical, Electronic, and Phonon Properties of tP16 Ru-Based Alloys</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bhila Oliver Mnisi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Moseti Evans Benecha</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Malebo Meriam Tibane</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(2), 126-139; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3020007">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3020007</a> - 15 Apr 2024 </div> <a href="/2674-063X/3/2/7#metrics">Cited by 2</a> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Transition metal-ruthenium alloys are promising candidates for ultra-high-temperature structural applications. However, the mechanical and electronic characteristics of these alloys are not well understood in the literature. This study uses first-principles density functional theory calculations to explore the structural, electronic, mechanical, and phonon properties <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/2/7/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Transition metal-ruthenium alloys are promising candidates for ultra-high-temperature structural applications. However, the mechanical and electronic characteristics of these alloys are not well understood in the literature. This study uses first-principles density functional theory calculations to explore the structural, electronic, mechanical, and phonon properties of X<sub>3</sub>Ru (X = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) binary alloys in the tP16 crystallographic phase. We find that Mn<sub>3</sub>Ru, Sc<sub>3</sub>Ru, Ti<sub>3</sub>Ru, V<sub>3</sub>Ru, and Zn<sub>3</sub>Ru have negative heats of formation and hence are thermodynamically stable. Mechanical analysis (C<sub>ij</sub>) indicates that all tP16-X<sub>3</sub>Ru alloys are mechanically stable except, Fe<sub>3</sub>Ru and Cr<sub>3</sub>Ru. Moreover, these compounds exhibit ductility and possess high melting temperatures. Furthermore, phonon dispersion curves indicate that Cr<sub>3</sub>Ru, Co<sub>3</sub>Ru, Ni<sub>3</sub>Ru, and Cu<sub>3</sub>Ru are dynamically stable, while the electronic density of states reveals all the X<sub>3</sub>Ru alloys are metallic, with a significant overlap between the valence and conduction bands at the Fermi energy. These findings offer insights into the novel properties of the tP16 X<sub>3</sub>Ru intermetallic alloys for the exploration of high-temperature structural applications. <a href="/2674-063X/3/2/7">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/1L0RC55D36">Microstructure and Properties in Metals and Alloys, 3rd Volume</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/2/7/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1375924"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1375924"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1375924" data-cycle-prev="#prev1375924" data-cycle-progressive="#images1375924" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1375924-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00007/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00007-g001-550.jpg?1713175007" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1375924" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1375924-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00007/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00007-g002-550.jpg?1713175010'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1375924-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00007/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00007-g003-550.jpg?1713175012'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1375924-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00007/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00007-g004-550.jpg?1713175016'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1375924-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00007/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00007-g001-550.jpg?1713175007" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Crystal structure of primitive tetragonal X<sub>3</sub>Ru alloy. The green balls represent Ru atoms, while the purple balls represent X (X = Sc − Zn) atoms.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00007/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00007-g002-550.jpg?1713175010" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Partial density of states of tP16 X<sub>3</sub>Ru (X = Sc − Mn) structures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00007/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00007-g003-550.jpg?1713175012" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Partial density of states of tP16 X<sub>3</sub>Ru (X = Fe − Zn) structures, where the dotted line is the Fermi energy (E<sub>f</sub> = zero). The arrows represent the spin-up and -down DOS for all the structures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00007/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00007-g004-550.jpg?1713175016" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Dispersion curves for (<b>a</b>) Sc<sub>3</sub>Ru, (<b>b</b>) Ti<sub>3</sub>Ru, (<b>c</b>) V<sub>3</sub>Ru, (<b>d</b>) Cr<sub>3</sub>Ru (<b>e</b>) Mn<sub>3</sub>Ru, (<b>f</b>) Fe<sub>3</sub>Ru, (<b>g</b>) Co<sub>3</sub>Ru, (<b>h</b>) Ni<sub>3</sub>Ru, (<b>i</b>) Co<sub>3</sub>Ru, and (<b>j</b>) Zn<sub>3</sub>Ru alloys in tP16 phase at high symmetric points in the Brillouin zone. The blue lines indicate the zero-phonon frequency.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/2/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 30 pages, 16184 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/6/pdf?version=1711446105" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Mechanism of Electropulsing Treatment Technology for Flow Stress of Metal Material: A Review" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/1/6">Mechanism of Electropulsing Treatment Technology for Flow Stress of Metal Material: A Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bobo Lu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kai Tang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mingxia Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yi Yang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gang Yang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(1), 96-125; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3010006">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3010006</a> - 21 Mar 2024 </div> <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/6#metrics">Cited by 3</a> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Residual stress is caused by non–uniform deformation caused by non–uniform force, heat and composition, which is of great significance in engineering applications. It is assumed that the residual stress is always the upper limit of the elastic limit, so the reduction of the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/1/6/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Residual stress is caused by non–uniform deformation caused by non–uniform force, heat and composition, which is of great significance in engineering applications. It is assumed that the residual stress is always the upper limit of the elastic limit, so the reduction of the flow stress will reduce the residual elastic stress. It is particularly important to control the flow stress in metal materials. Compared with traditional methods, the use of electropulsing treatment (EPT) technology stands out due to its energy–efficient, highly effective, straightforward and pollution–free characteristics. However, there are different opinions about the mechanism of reducing flow stress through EPT due to the conflation of the effects from pulsed currents. Herein, a clear correlation is identified between induced stress levels and the application of pulsed electrical current. It was found that the decrease in flow stress is positively correlated with the current density and the duration of electrical contact and current action time. We first systematically and comprehensively summarize the influence mechanisms of EPT on dislocations, phase, textures and recrystallization. An analysis of Joule heating, electron wind effect, and thermal–induced stress within metal frameworks under the influence of pulsed currents was conducted. And the distribution of electric, thermal and stress fields under EPT are discussed in detail based on a finite element simulation (FES). Finally, some new insights into the issues and challenges of flow stress drops caused by EPT are proposed, which is critically important for advancing related mechanism research and the revision of theories and models. <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/6">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/1/6/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1360986"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1360986"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1360986" data-cycle-prev="#prev1360986" data-cycle-progressive="#images1360986" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1360986-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g001-550.jpg?1711446233" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1360986" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1360986-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g002-550.jpg?1711446235'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1360986-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g003-550.jpg?1711446238'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1360986-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g004-550.jpg?1711446241'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1360986-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g005-550.jpg?1711446244'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1360986-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g006-550.jpg?1711446246'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1360986-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g007-550.jpg?1711446250'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1360986-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g008-550.jpg?1711446252'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1360986-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g009-550.jpg?1711446254'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1360986-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g010-550.jpg?1711446257'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1360986-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g011-550.jpg?1711446259'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1360986-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g012-550.jpg?1711446261'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1360986-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g001-550.jpg?1711446233" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of reduction in flow stress from the perspectives of organizational evolution and FES under EPT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g002-550.jpg?1711446235" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Graph detailing the curvature radius of samples under varied current densities and relaxation periods [<a href="#B51-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">51</a>]. (<b>B</b>) Diagram depicting stress relaxation trends at different temperatures post EPT [<a href="#B52-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">52</a>]. (<b>C</b>) (<b>a</b>) The total stress drop; (<b>b</b>) the relationship between the stress drop caused by non–thermal effects and the root mean square current density of steady-state temperature, pulsed current and continuous current. The stress drop during Joule heating is provided for comparison (CC: continuous current) [<a href="#B53-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">53</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g003-550.jpg?1711446238" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) (<b>a</b>) XRD patterns of AA2195 alloy under creep aging test (CCA) and electric–assisted creep aging (ECA) conditions; (<b>b</b>) impact of electrical pulsing on dislocation density within AA2195 alloy [<a href="#B63-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">63</a>]. (<b>B</b>) Depiction of the dislocation development mechanism in ECA–treated samples (green lines, dislocations, green spheres, electrons; orange panels, T1 precursor; I, II, III and IV all represent dislocation lines during evolution) [<a href="#B64-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">64</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g004-550.jpg?1711446241" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Illustration depicting how dislocation varies due to local Joule heat effects near the δ phase throughout the EPT [<a href="#B75-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">75</a>]. (<b>B</b>) Local Joule heat effect map of dislocations in different directions (A represents a dislocation in the current direction, and B and C represent a dislocation in the vertical current direction) [<a href="#B76-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">76</a>]. (<b>C</b>) Schematic of electrons orbiting edge dislocations in various orientations, in which the colored parabolic areas represent the strain fields surrounding these dislocations (The red curve indicates that when the direction of electron movement is not parallel to the dislocation, the electron will move to the left or right of the dislocation core, and then be strongly scattered by the dislocation core. The black curve indicates that when the electrons move parallel to the dislocation, the electrons are hardly scattered by the strain field.) [<a href="#B77-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">77</a>]. (<b>D</b>) Observations of dislocation arrangements via TEM: (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) display the dislocation patterns for samples T1 and T2, respectively, in the absence of electrical pulses, while (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) present the configurations for samples T1-EP, T2-EP and T3, with EP indicating the application of electrical pulses [<a href="#B78-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">78</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g005-550.jpg?1711446244" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The green and orange arrows represent the direction of drift electron motion and dislocation structure, respectively. (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) The stress before and after EPT at the current densities of (<b>a</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) 4482 A/mm<sup>2</sup> and (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>) 5184 A/mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. (<b>a</b>) 355 MPa and 270 MPa; (<b>b</b>) 345 MPa and 172 MPa, respectively; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) 396 MPa and 197 MPa, respectively; (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) 456 MPa and 197 MPa, respectively (A and B represent the two ends of the dislocation line respectively; The red arrow indicates the direction parallel to the dislocation the direction of the electron wind force; c,d,e with circle indicate where the actual dislocation structure is located) [<a href="#B94-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">94</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g006-550.jpg?1711446246" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of the dynamics of helical dislocations in NICF and ECF specimens, depicted in parts (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>), respectively, with the climbing plane PN oriented perpendicular to vector b. (<b>c</b>) presents a visual representation of the dislocation arrangements observed during the progression of the NICF and ECF specimens [<a href="#B95-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">95</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g007-550.jpg?1711446250" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) (<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) TEM images of EPT samples treated at different temperatures for 20 min [<a href="#B96-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">96</a>]: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) at 700 °C; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) at 800 °C; (<b>e</b>) compressed without electropulsing; (<b>f</b>) compressed with electropulsing [<a href="#B97-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">97</a>]. (<b>B</b>) TEM images showing &lt;011&gt;Al electron diffraction patterns and brightfield images of samples under different test conditions: (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) EAUT; (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) conventional high–temperature tensile test [<a href="#B69-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">69</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g008-550.jpg?1711446252" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) (<b>a</b>) illustrates the interaction between the electron flow direction and various crystal planes; (<b>b</b>) demonstrates the Schmid factor for each slip system when subjected to this specific direction of electron force; (<b>c</b>) depicts the behavior of dislocations on the (110) plane over time [<a href="#B101-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">101</a>]. (<b>B</b>) offers a graphical representation of how electron wind influences a screw dislocation, considering different Burgers vectors [<a href="#B102-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">102</a>]. (<b>C</b>) (<b>a</b>) displays a Ti–6Al–4V alloy before the application of electrical current and (<b>b</b>) shows the same alloy after being subjected to a current density of 5 × 10<sup>5</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>, with arrows and ellipses highlighting areas of dislocation build–up, clustering and elimination, and arrows and ellipses showing dislocation accumulation, aggregation and annihilation [<a href="#B103-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">103</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g009-550.jpg?1711446254" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Conceptual sketch of the α→β→α′ phase transformation pattern in Ti–6Al–4V under EAMC [<a href="#B115-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">115</a>]. (<b>B</b>) Conceptual sketch of the Cu–Ni–Si alloy undergoing EPT to create precipitates [<a href="#B116-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">116</a>]. (<b>C</b>) Conceptual visualization of the mechanism for crack healing, the stages of crack healing are shown in (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) [<a href="#B117-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">117</a>]. (<b>D</b>) (<b>a</b>) The generation of micropores due to plastic deformation; (<b>b</b>) the rerouting effect of the current in the defect zone; (<b>c</b>) Joule heating and thermal compressive stress surrounding the micropores; (<b>d</b>) the collapse and recrystallization of the micropores [<a href="#B118-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">118</a>]. (<b>E</b>) High–resolution TEM (HRTEM) images of the α/β interface in EST3: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) chosen areas of the α and β interfaces; (<b>c</b>,<b>c1</b>) the coherent α/β interface of the three–point grain boundary; (<b>d</b>,<b>d1</b>) distorted α/β interface and imperfections; (<b>e</b>,<b>e1</b>) imperfections at the edge and inside of the interface; (<b>f</b>,<b>f1</b>) distortion of three–point grain boundaries and imperfections along the interface [<a href="#B119-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">119</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g010-550.jpg?1711446257" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) The IPF and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>45</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>°</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> ODF maps of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>°</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> direction specimens (<b>a</b>) without treatment and (<b>b</b>) with EST2 treatment [<a href="#B142-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">142</a>]. (<b>B</b>) Pole figure of samples under different conditions: (<b>a</b>) uncompressed; (<b>b</b>) compressed at 0 A/mm<sup>2</sup>; (<b>c</b>) compressed at 57.16 A/mm<sup>2</sup>; (<b>d</b>) compressed at 70.23 A/mm<sup>2</sup> [<a href="#B143-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">143</a>]. (<b>C</b>): KAM distributions of (<b>a</b>) A0 sample; (<b>b</b>) A4 sample; and (<b>c</b>) A6 sample and (<b>d</b>) KAM numerical statistics [<a href="#B144-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">144</a>]. (<b>D</b>) Inverse pole figures (IPFs) of the α^′–Fe phase in the samples: (<b>a</b>) initial; (<b>b</b>) CQ + CT, (<b>c1</b>) EQ + ET, (<b>c2</b>) IPFs of γ–Fe phase in EQ + ET sample; note: ND denotes the normal direction [<a href="#B145-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">145</a>]. (<b>E</b>) Characteristics of the external load and electron wind stress and the rotation law of the crystal grains under the coupled stress field: (<b>a</b>) stress state in different regions during simple compression; (<b>b</b>) relationship between the stress state and grain rotation at A3 in sample A during simple compression; (<b>c</b>) relationship between the stress state and grain rotation at A2 in sample A during simple compression; (<b>d</b>) stress state and grain rotation angle at A3 in sample A during simple compression; (<b>e</b>) stress state and grain rotation angle at A2 in sample A during simple compression; (<b>f</b>) coupled stress field and grain rotation at B3 in sample B during electroplastic compression; (<b>g</b>) coupled stress field and grain rotation at B2 in sample B during electroplastic compression [<a href="#B146-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">146</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g011-550.jpg?1711446259" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) TEM images at various stages of the HMPT process: (<b>a</b>) initial state; (<b>b</b>–<b>f</b>) after HMPT 0.58 s, 1.16 s, 1.74 s, 2.32 s and 2.90 s, respectively [<a href="#B157-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">157</a>]. (<b>B</b>) EBSD grain diagrams and recrystallization fractions of cold–rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy strip at 250 °C before and after electrical pulse and annealing treatments at different times: (<b>a</b>) as received; (<b>b</b>) electrical–pulsed for 1800 s; (<b>c</b>) annealed for 19,200 s [<a href="#B158-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">158</a>]. (<b>C</b>) (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Images showing grain misorientation along selected lines (L1–L3) in samples subjected to EHT at temperatures of 805, 855 and 905 °C for 5 min each; (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) local misorientation maps in the black spots treated with different EHT temperature at 805, 855 and 905 °C for 5 min, respectively [<a href="#B159-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">159</a>]. (<b>D</b>) Diffusion and recrystallization mechanism of interface elements of TA1/304 composite plate under EPT [<a href="#B160-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">160</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00006/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00006-g012-550.jpg?1711446261" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) FEM simulation illustrating the impact of electropulsing on dislocation entanglement in the untreated AA6061 alloy: (<b>a</b>) model representation; (<b>b</b>) meshing configuration; (<b>c</b>–<b>e</b>) and (<b>f</b>–<b>h</b>) illustrations of current density and thermal distribution across the XY, ZY and ZX planes; (<b>i</b>) depiction of thermal compressive stress affecting dislocations aligned with the electric current (along the <span class="html-italic">Y</span>–axis) [<a href="#B176-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">176</a>]. (<b>B</b>) (<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>) Current distribution around needle TCP phases of different sizes ((<b>a</b>): a = 0.5 µm, b = 0.5 µm; (<b>b</b>): a = 1.0 µm, b = 1.0 µm; (<b>c</b>): a = 1.0 µm, b = 2.0 µm; (<b>d</b>): a = 1.0 µm, b = 4.0 µm; (<b>e</b>): a = 1.0 µm, b = 6.0 µm); (<b>f</b>) graph illustrating the variation of electrical free energy corresponding to size diminution [<a href="#B177-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">177</a>]. (<b>C</b>) Simulated outcomes for (<b>a</b>) Group A; (<b>b</b>) Group B; (<b>c</b>) Group C, alongside experimental findings for (<b>d</b>) Group A; (<b>e</b>) Group B; (<b>f</b>) Group C [<a href="#B178-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">178</a>]. (<b>D</b>) (<b>a</b>) Dislocation density metrics; (<b>b</b>) room–temperature strain–hardening rate juxtaposed with constant–amplitude DC–enhanced (EA) deformation across true plastic strain; (<b>c</b>) FES data showcasing the Joule heating effect during electrically assisted compression testing, presented on true stress–true plastic strain graphs along with EA and RT deformation readings [<a href="#B169-alloys-03-00006" class="html-bibr">169</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 37 pages, 19071 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/5/pdf?version=1709785144" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="On the Microstructure and Properties of Complex Concentrated bcc Solid Solution and Tetragonal D8m M5Si3 Silicide Phases in a Refractory Complex Concentrated Alloy" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/1/5">On the Microstructure and Properties of Complex Concentrated bcc Solid Solution and Tetragonal D8<sub>m</sub> M<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> Silicide Phases in a Refractory Complex Concentrated Alloy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nik Tankov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Claire Utton</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Panos Tsakiropoulos</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(1), 59-95; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3010005">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3010005</a> - 7 Mar 2024 </div> <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/5#metrics">Cited by 1</a> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this work, the refractory complex concentrated alloy (RCCA) 3.5Al–4Cr–6Ge–1Hf–5Mo–36Nb–22Si–1.5Sn–20Ti–1W (at.%) was studied in the as cast and heat treated conditions (100 h or 200 h at 1500 °C). There was strong macrosegregation of Si in the 0.6 kg button/ingot of the cast <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/1/5/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this work, the refractory complex concentrated alloy (RCCA) 3.5Al–4Cr–6Ge–1Hf–5Mo–36Nb–22Si–1.5Sn–20Ti–1W (at.%) was studied in the as cast and heat treated conditions (100 h or 200 h at 1500 °C). There was strong macrosegregation of Si in the 0.6 kg button/ingot of the cast alloy, in which A2 solid solution, D8<sub>m</sub> βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, C14-NbCr<sub>2</sub> Laves phase and Ti<sub>ss</sub> and a ternary eutectic of the A2, D8<sub>m</sub> and C14 phases were formed. The partitioning of Ti in the as cast and heat treated microstructure and its relationships with other solutes was shown to be important for the properties of the A2 solid solution and the D8<sub>m</sub> βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, which were the stable phases at 1500 °C. The near surface microstructure of the alloy was contaminated with oxygen after heat treatment under flowing Ar. For the aforementioned phases, it was shown, for the first time, that there are relationships between solutes, between solutes and the parameters VEC, Δχ and δ, between the said parameters, and between parameters and phase properties. For the contaminated with oxygen solid solution and silicide, trends in relationships between solutes, between solutes and oxygen content and between the aforementioned parameters and oxygen content also were shown for the first time. The nano-hardness and Young’s modulus of the A2 solid solution and the D8<sub>m</sub> βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> of the as cast and heat-treated alloy were measured using nanoindentation. Changes of nano-hardness and Young’s modulus of the A2 solid solution and D8<sub>m</sub> βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> per solute addition for this multiphase RCCA were discussed. The nano-hardness and Young’s modulus of the solid solution and the βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, respectively, were 9.5 ± 0.2 GPa and 177.4 ± 5.5 GPa, and 17.55 ± 0.5 GPa and 250.27 ± 6.3 GPa after 200 h at 1500 °C. The aforementioned relationships and properties of the two phases demonstrated the importance of synergy and entanglement of solutes, parameters and phases in the microstructure and properties of the RCCA. Implications of synergy and entanglement for the design of metallic ultra-high temperature materials were emphasised. <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/5">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Collection <a href=" /journal/alloys/topical_collections/FP_Alloys2022 ">Feature Paper Collection of Advanced Research on Alloys</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/1/5/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1352627"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1352627"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1352627" data-cycle-prev="#prev1352627" data-cycle-progressive="#images1352627" 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3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g004a-550.jpg?1709785304'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g004b-550.jpg?1709785305'><p>Figure 4 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g005-550.jpg?1709785310'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g006-550.jpg?1709785314'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g007-550.jpg?1709785318'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g008a-550.jpg?1709785321'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g008b-550.jpg?1709785323'><p>Figure 8 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g009a-550.jpg?1709785327'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g009b-550.jpg?1709785328'><p>Figure 9 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g010-550.jpg?1709785332'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g011-550.jpg?1709785336'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g012a-550.jpg?1709785337'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g012b-550.jpg?1709785338'><p>Figure 12 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g013a-550.jpg?1709785342'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g013b-550.jpg?1709785345'><p>Figure 13 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g014a-550.jpg?1709785347'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g014b-550.jpg?1709785349'><p>Figure 14 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g015a-550.jpg?1709785352'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g015b-550.jpg?1709785353'><p>Figure 15 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g016a-550.jpg?1709785356'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g016b-550.jpg?1709785359'><p>Figure 16 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='24' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g017-550.jpg?1709785360'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='25' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g018-550.jpg?1709785362'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='26' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g019-550.jpg?1709785367'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='27' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g020-550.jpg?1709785369'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='28' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g021a-550.jpg?1709785370'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='29' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g021b-550.jpg?1709785376'><p>Figure 21 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='30' data-target='article-1352627-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g021c-550.jpg?1709785378'><p>Figure 21 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1352627-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g001-550.jpg?1709785292" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Concentration of Si and Ti and vol.% of βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> between the bottom and top of the button/ingot of NT 1.2-AC. Thickness (bottom to top) of button/ingot about 5 cm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g002-550.jpg?1709785294" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>X ray diffractograms of (<b>a</b>) as cast and (<b>b</b>) heat treated (1500 °C/200 h) NT1.2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g003-550.jpg?1709785298" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Back scatter electron (BSE) images of NT 1.2-AC showing (<b>a</b>) microstructure in the bottom of the button/ingot consisting of βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> and eutectic, (<b>b</b>) microstructure of eutectic with Ti<sub>ss</sub> (very dark contrast), (<b>c</b>) microstructure in the bulk with βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> and eutectic, and (<b>d</b>) magnified image of selected area in (<b>c</b>). The light phase is A2 solid solution (Nb<sub>ss</sub>), the grey phase is βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> silicide, and the dark contrast phase is the C14-NbCr<sub>2</sub> Laves phase. Note strong solute partitioning in A2 and the silicide, exhibited by the darker areas in the solid solution in (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>), and by the darker areas in the silicide in (<b>d</b>). For microstructure where no eutectic was formed, see <a href="#sec3dot2-alloys-03-00005" class="html-sec">Section 3.2</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g004a-550.jpg?1709785304" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Bulk microstructures of NT 1.2-HT after (<b>a</b>) 100 h, (<b>b</b>) 200 h at 1500 °C, and (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) solute concentrations along the line 1234 in (<b>b</b>) where 1 = Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> very rich in Ti, 2 = A2 solid solution, 3 = “boundary” Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, 4 = “core” Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>. In (<b>a</b>) the thin white contrast needle like phase is hafnia.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g004b-550.jpg?1709785305" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Bulk microstructures of NT 1.2-HT after (<b>a</b>) 100 h, (<b>b</b>) 200 h at 1500 °C, and (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) solute concentrations along the line 1234 in (<b>b</b>) where 1 = Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> very rich in Ti, 2 = A2 solid solution, 3 = “boundary” Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, 4 = “core” Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>. In (<b>a</b>) the thin white contrast needle like phase is hafnia.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g005-550.jpg?1709785310" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Microstructure of NT 1.2-AC without eutectic. The indentations are numbered. Light contrast phase is the solid solution, grey contrast phase is the βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, darker contrast areas in the silicide were Ti rich.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g006-550.jpg?1709785314" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Nano-hardness and (<b>b</b>) Young’s modulus data for the microstructure of NT 1.2-AC shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>. In both figures the red data point is for a measurement of the interface/boundary “area” between the solid solution and silicide (see text).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g007-550.jpg?1709785318" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Microstructure of NT1.2-HT200. The nanoindentations are numbered. Light contrast phase is the solid solution, grey contrast phase is the βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, very dark contrast areas show the silicide that was very rich in Ti, and the bright phase near indent numbers 57 and 58 is hafnia.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g008a-550.jpg?1709785321" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Nano-hardness and (<b>b</b>) Young’s modulus data for the microstructure shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>. Red data points correspond to silicide that was very rich in Ti.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g008b-550.jpg?1709785323" title=" <strong>Figure 8 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Nano-hardness and (<b>b</b>) Young’s modulus data for the microstructure shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>. Red data points correspond to silicide that was very rich in Ti.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g009a-550.jpg?1709785327" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Data for the C14-NbCr<sub>2</sub> Laves phase in NT 1.2-AC. Relationships between solutes, between the parameters VEC and Δχ, and between Cr and the said parameters. (<b>a</b>) Ti versus Sn, (<b>b</b>) Ti versus Ge, (<b>c</b>) Ti versus Cr, (<b>d</b>) Ti versus Si, (<b>e</b>) Ti versus (Al + Cr + Ge + Si + Sn), (<b>f</b>) VEC versus Cr, (<b>g</b>) Δχ versus Cr, and (<b>h</b>) Δχ versus VEC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g009b-550.jpg?1709785328" title=" <strong>Figure 9 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Data for the C14-NbCr<sub>2</sub> Laves phase in NT 1.2-AC. Relationships between solutes, between the parameters VEC and Δχ, and between Cr and the said parameters. (<b>a</b>) Ti versus Sn, (<b>b</b>) Ti versus Ge, (<b>c</b>) Ti versus Cr, (<b>d</b>) Ti versus Si, (<b>e</b>) Ti versus (Al + Cr + Ge + Si + Sn), (<b>f</b>) VEC versus Cr, (<b>g</b>) Δχ versus Cr, and (<b>h</b>) Δχ versus VEC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g010-550.jpg?1709785332" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Relationships between solutes in the A2 solid solution in NT 1.2-AC. (<b>a</b>) Ti versus Al, (<b>b</b>) Ti versus Cr, (<b>c</b>) Ti versus Mo, (<b>d</b>) Ti versus W, (<b>e</b>) Ti versus Al + Ge + Si + Sn, and (<b>f</b>) Al versus Ge + Sn.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g011-550.jpg?1709785336" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Data for the βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> in NT 1.2-AC. Relationships between solutes and between solutes and the parameter VEC. (<b>a</b>) Ti versus Al, (<b>b</b>) Ti versus Cr, (<b>c</b>) Ti versus VEC, (<b>d</b>) Al versus VEC, and (<b>e</b>) relationship between the Nb/(Ti + Hf) ratio and the parameter VEC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g012a-550.jpg?1709785337" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Data for the A2 solid solution in NT 1.2-AC. Relationships between Ti content of the A2 solid solution and its parameters (<b>a</b>) Δχ and (<b>b</b>) δ and between the parameters (<b>c</b>) Δχ versus δ and (<b>d</b>) VEC versus Δχ.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g012b-550.jpg?1709785338" title=" <strong>Figure 12 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Data for the A2 solid solution in NT 1.2-AC. Relationships between Ti content of the A2 solid solution and its parameters (<b>a</b>) Δχ and (<b>b</b>) δ and between the parameters (<b>c</b>) Δχ versus δ and (<b>d</b>) VEC versus Δχ.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g013a-550.jpg?1709785342" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Map of the parameters VEC and Δχ for the A2 solid solution (green data), C14-Laves phase (blue data) and D8<sub>m</sub> βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> silicide (red data) in NT 1.2-AC. R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9915 for correlation between C14-NbCr<sub>2</sub> Laves phase and βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9073 for the correlation between βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> and A2 solid solution, and R<sup>2</sup> = 0.4998 for the correlation between A2 solid solution and C14-NbCr<sub>2</sub> Laves phase. (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>) Relationships between Ti concentrations in the A2 solid solution, C14-Laves phase and D8<sub>m</sub> βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> silicide. (<b>b</b>) Ti in Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> versus Ti in Nb<sub>ss</sub>, (<b>c</b>) Ti in Nb<sub>ss</sub> versus Ti in Laves, (<b>d</b>) Ti in Laves versus Ti in Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g013b-550.jpg?1709785345" title=" <strong>Figure 13 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Map of the parameters VEC and Δχ for the A2 solid solution (green data), C14-Laves phase (blue data) and D8<sub>m</sub> βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> silicide (red data) in NT 1.2-AC. R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9915 for correlation between C14-NbCr<sub>2</sub> Laves phase and βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9073 for the correlation between βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> and A2 solid solution, and R<sup>2</sup> = 0.4998 for the correlation between A2 solid solution and C14-NbCr<sub>2</sub> Laves phase. (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>) Relationships between Ti concentrations in the A2 solid solution, C14-Laves phase and D8<sub>m</sub> βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> silicide. (<b>b</b>) Ti in Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> versus Ti in Nb<sub>ss</sub>, (<b>c</b>) Ti in Nb<sub>ss</sub> versus Ti in Laves, (<b>d</b>) Ti in Laves versus Ti in Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g014a-550.jpg?1709785347" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Data for the contaminated-with-oxygen A2 solid solution in the near surface areas of NT 1.2-HT200. (<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>) Trends in relationships between solutes and oxygen and (<b>f</b>–<b>h</b>) between solutes. (<b>a</b>) Ti versus O, (<b>b</b>) Al versus O, (<b>c</b>) Cr versus O, (<b>d</b>) Mo versus O, (<b>e</b>) &lt;Si&gt; = (Al + Ge + Si + Sn) versus O, (<b>f</b>) Ti versus &lt;Si&gt; = (Al + Ge + Si + Sn), (<b>g</b>) Ti versus Al, and (<b>h</b>) Ti versus Cr.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g014b-550.jpg?1709785349" title=" <strong>Figure 14 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Data for the contaminated-with-oxygen A2 solid solution in the near surface areas of NT 1.2-HT200. (<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>) Trends in relationships between solutes and oxygen and (<b>f</b>–<b>h</b>) between solutes. (<b>a</b>) Ti versus O, (<b>b</b>) Al versus O, (<b>c</b>) Cr versus O, (<b>d</b>) Mo versus O, (<b>e</b>) &lt;Si&gt; = (Al + Ge + Si + Sn) versus O, (<b>f</b>) Ti versus &lt;Si&gt; = (Al + Ge + Si + Sn), (<b>g</b>) Ti versus Al, and (<b>h</b>) Ti versus Cr.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g015a-550.jpg?1709785352" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Data for the contaminated with oxygen A2 solid solution in the near surface areas of NT 1.2-HT200. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Trends in relationships between the parameters VEC, Δχ and δ and the oxygen concentration, (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) trends in relationships between the parameters VEC, Δχ and δ. (<b>a</b>) VEC versus O, (<b>b</b>) Δχ versus O, (<b>c</b>) δ versus O, (<b>d</b>) Δχ versus δ, (<b>e</b>) VEC versus Δχ, (<b>f</b>) VEC versus δ.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g015b-550.jpg?1709785353" title=" <strong>Figure 15 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Data for the contaminated with oxygen A2 solid solution in the near surface areas of NT 1.2-HT200. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Trends in relationships between the parameters VEC, Δχ and δ and the oxygen concentration, (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) trends in relationships between the parameters VEC, Δχ and δ. (<b>a</b>) VEC versus O, (<b>b</b>) Δχ versus O, (<b>c</b>) δ versus O, (<b>d</b>) Δχ versus δ, (<b>e</b>) VEC versus Δχ, (<b>f</b>) VEC versus δ.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g016a-550.jpg?1709785356" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Data for the contaminated with oxygen Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> in the near surface areas of NT 1.2-HT200. Squares for “normal” Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, triangles for Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> very rich in Ti. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Trends in relationships between solutes and oxygen. (<b>a</b>) Si versus O, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8366 for all data, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8569 for “normal” Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.882 for silicide rich in Ti, (<b>b</b>) Nb versus O, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8642 for “normal” Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9965 for silicide rich in Ti. (<b>d</b>) Nb versus Al + Ge + Si + Sn in Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g016b-550.jpg?1709785359" title=" <strong>Figure 16 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Data for the contaminated with oxygen Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> in the near surface areas of NT 1.2-HT200. Squares for “normal” Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, triangles for Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> very rich in Ti. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Trends in relationships between solutes and oxygen. (<b>a</b>) Si versus O, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8366 for all data, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8569 for “normal” Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.882 for silicide rich in Ti, (<b>b</b>) Nb versus O, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8642 for “normal” Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9965 for silicide rich in Ti. (<b>d</b>) Nb versus Al + Ge + Si + Sn in Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g017-550.jpg?1709785360" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Data for the contaminated with oxygen Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> in the near surface areas of NT 1.2-HT200. VEC versus O, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.7211 for all data, squares for “normal” Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>, triangles for Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> very rich in Ti. The parameter VEC of the silicide was calculated as described in [<a href="#B66-alloys-03-00005" class="html-bibr">66</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g018-550.jpg?1709785362" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Solute relationships in the A2 solid solution and silicide very rich in Ti in uncontaminated microstructures in NT 1.2-HT200. (<b>a</b>) Al versus Ge + Sn in A2, (<b>b</b>) Nb versus &lt;Si&gt; = Al + Ge + Si + Sn in Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> very rich in Ti.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g019-550.jpg?1709785367" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>The microstructure shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a> (top left) and element maps.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g020-550.jpg?1709785369" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Data for nano-hardness and Young’s modulus of A2 solid solution in NT 1.2-AC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g021a-550.jpg?1709785370" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Data showing how the nano-hardness and Young’s modulus (E<sub>s</sub>) of βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> changed with solute concentration along the third line of nanoindentations (numbers 34 to 44 in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>) of the microstructure shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>. Note that no data for the properties of the A2 solid solution is included in this figure, and that the element maps shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f019" class="html-fig">Figure 19</a> correspond to the microstructure shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>. (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>g</b>,<b>i</b>,<b>k</b>,<b>m</b>,<b>o</b>) Solute versus nano-hardness for Al, Ti, Nb, Mo, Si, Cr, Sn, and Hf, respectively, and (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>,<b>h</b>,<b>j</b>,<b>l</b>,<b>n</b>,<b>p</b>) solutes versus Young’s modulus for Al, Ti, Nb, Mo, Si, Cr, Sn, and Hf, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g021b-550.jpg?1709785376" title=" <strong>Figure 21 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Data showing how the nano-hardness and Young’s modulus (E<sub>s</sub>) of βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> changed with solute concentration along the third line of nanoindentations (numbers 34 to 44 in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>) of the microstructure shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>. Note that no data for the properties of the A2 solid solution is included in this figure, and that the element maps shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f019" class="html-fig">Figure 19</a> correspond to the microstructure shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>. (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>g</b>,<b>i</b>,<b>k</b>,<b>m</b>,<b>o</b>) Solute versus nano-hardness for Al, Ti, Nb, Mo, Si, Cr, Sn, and Hf, respectively, and (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>,<b>h</b>,<b>j</b>,<b>l</b>,<b>n</b>,<b>p</b>) solutes versus Young’s modulus for Al, Ti, Nb, Mo, Si, Cr, Sn, and Hf, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00005/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00005-g021c-550.jpg?1709785378" title=" <strong>Figure 21 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Data showing how the nano-hardness and Young’s modulus (E<sub>s</sub>) of βNb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> changed with solute concentration along the third line of nanoindentations (numbers 34 to 44 in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>) of the microstructure shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>. Note that no data for the properties of the A2 solid solution is included in this figure, and that the element maps shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f019" class="html-fig">Figure 19</a> correspond to the microstructure shown in <a href="#alloys-03-00005-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>. (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>g</b>,<b>i</b>,<b>k</b>,<b>m</b>,<b>o</b>) Solute versus nano-hardness for Al, Ti, Nb, Mo, Si, Cr, Sn, and Hf, respectively, and (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>,<b>h</b>,<b>j</b>,<b>l</b>,<b>n</b>,<b>p</b>) solutes versus Young’s modulus for Al, Ti, Nb, Mo, Si, Cr, Sn, and Hf, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 16034 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/4/pdf?version=1708685389" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Oxidation of Fe35Mn21Ni20Cr12Al12 High Entropy Alloy in Dry Air" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/1/4">Oxidation of Fe<sub>35</sub>Mn<sub>21</sub>Ni<sub>20</sub>Cr<sub>12</sub>Al<sub>12</sub> High Entropy Alloy in Dry Air</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lamiaa Z. Mohamed</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sanaa S. Abd ElMoamen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seung Jo Yoo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mohamed Abdel-Hady Gepreel</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(1), 43-58; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3010004">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3010004</a> - 23 Feb 2024 </div> <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/4#metrics">Cited by 1</a> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The isothermal oxidation of a Fe<sub>35</sub>Mn<sub>21</sub>Ni<sub>20</sub>Cr<sub>12</sub>Al<sub>12</sub> high entropy alloy (HEA) was investigated in dry air for 50 h at 500, 600, and 700 °C after 90% cold rolling. The Fe<sub>35</sub>Mn<sub>21</sub>Ni<sub></sub> <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/1/4/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The isothermal oxidation of a Fe<sub>35</sub>Mn<sub>21</sub>Ni<sub>20</sub>Cr<sub>12</sub>Al<sub>12</sub> high entropy alloy (HEA) was investigated in dry air for 50 h at 500, 600, and 700 °C after 90% cold rolling. The Fe<sub>35</sub>Mn<sub>21</sub>Ni<sub>20</sub>Cr<sub>12</sub>Al<sub>12</sub> HEA behaves according to the linear oxidation rate with rate constants of 1 × 10<sup>−6</sup>, 3 × 10<sup>−6</sup>, and 7 × 10<sup>−6</sup> g/(cm<sup>2</sup>·s) for oxidation at 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C, respectively. The activation energy for oxidation of the HEA was calculated to be 60.866 KJ/mole in the 500–700 °C temperature range. The surface morphology and phase identification of the oxide layers were characterized. The formation of MnO<sub>2</sub>, Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in the oxide layers along with Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is the key to the oxidation mechanism. The elemental mapping and line EDX scans were performed to identify the oxidation mechanisms. <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/4">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Collection <a href=" /journal/alloys/topical_collections/FP_Alloys2022 ">Feature Paper Collection of Advanced Research on Alloys</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/1/4/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1344607"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1344607"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1344607" data-cycle-prev="#prev1344607" data-cycle-progressive="#images1344607" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1344607-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g001-550.jpg?1708685482" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1344607" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1344607-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g002-550.jpg?1708685483'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1344607-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g003-550.jpg?1708685484'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1344607-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g004-550.jpg?1708685486'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1344607-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g005-550.jpg?1708685488'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1344607-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g006-550.jpg?1708685491'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1344607-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g007-550.jpg?1708685491'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1344607-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g008-550.jpg?1708685492'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1344607-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g009-550.jpg?1708685494'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1344607-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g010-550.jpg?1708685497'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1344607-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g011-550.jpg?1708685497'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1344607-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g012-550.jpg?1708685498'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1344607-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g013-550.jpg?1708685501'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1344607-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g001-550.jpg?1708685482" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) BF TEM image with (<b>b</b>) the corresponding SAD pattern image in the red circle of a, and (<b>c</b>) XRD patterns of cold-rolled Fe<sub>35</sub>Mn<sub>21</sub>Ni<sub>20</sub>Cr<sub>12</sub>Al<sub>12</sub> HEA before oxidation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g002-550.jpg?1708685483" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Weight gain (ΔW/A) versus oxidation time of cold-rolled Fe<sub>35</sub>Mn<sub>21</sub>Ni<sub>20</sub>Cr<sub>12</sub>Al<sub>12</sub> HEA at 500, 600, and 700 °C in dry air for 50 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g003-550.jpg?1708685484" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Variation of log k with 1/T of Fe<sub>35</sub>Mn<sub>21</sub>Ni<sub>20</sub>Cr<sub>12</sub>Al<sub>12</sub> HEA oxidation according to Arrhenius Equation (2).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g004-550.jpg?1708685486" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>XRD patterns of cold-rolled Fe<sub>35</sub>Mn<sub>21</sub>Ni<sub>20</sub>Cr<sub>12</sub>Al<sub>12</sub> HEA oxidized at 500, 600, and 700 °C in dry air for 50 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g005-550.jpg?1708685488" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>SEM images in the normal plane and corresponding EDX patterns of the surface of the alloy oxidized at 500 °C after (<b>a</b>) 20 h and (<b>b</b>) 50 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g006-550.jpg?1708685491" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of the cross-section (CS) of the oxidized HEA at 500 °C for (<b>a</b>) 20 h and (<b>c</b>) 50 h and the corresponding Line–EDX analysis (<b>b</b>) and (<b>d</b>), respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g007-550.jpg?1708685491" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>SEM/EDX cross-section elemental mapping of the oxide layer formed on the HEA after oxidation at 500 °C for 50 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g008-550.jpg?1708685492" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>SEM morphologies and corresponding EDX patterns of the surface of alloy oxidized at 600 °C after (<b>a</b>) 20 h, and (<b>b</b>) 50 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g009-550.jpg?1708685494" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of the alloy cross-section of the oxidized at 600 °C for (<b>a</b>) 20 h and (<b>c</b>) 50 h and the corresponding Line–EDX analysis (<b>b</b>) and (<b>d</b>), respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g010-550.jpg?1708685497" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>EDX mapping of the oxide layer formed on oxidized HEA at 600 °C for 50 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g011-550.jpg?1708685497" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs and corresponding EDX patterns after oxidation at 700 °C for (<b>a</b>) 20 h and (<b>b</b>) 50 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g012-550.jpg?1708685498" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of the alloy cross-section of the oxidized at 700 °C for (<b>a</b>) 20 h and (<b>c</b>) 50 h and the corresponding Line–EDX analysis (<b>b</b>) and (<b>d</b>), respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00004/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00004-g013-550.jpg?1708685501" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Mapping of the oxide layer formed on oxidized HEA at 700 °C for 50 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1341881" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1341881" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1341881" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/3/s1?version=1708411722"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 2988 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 3480 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/3/pdf?version=1709103271" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Optical Properties of AgAu Alloy Clusters: Effect of Chemical Configuration along a Rearrangement Pathway" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/1/3">Optical Properties of AgAu Alloy Clusters: Effect of Chemical Configuration along a Rearrangement Pathway</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hans-Christian Weissker</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Florent Calvo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(1), 31-42; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3010003">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3010003</a> - 20 Feb 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Gold and silver are, for all their chemical similarities, optically very different. Small Ag clusters show a localized surface-plasmon resonance (LSPR), whereas in Au clusters smaller than about 300 atoms, the resonance is absent due to the coupling with the interband transitions from <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/1/3/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Gold and silver are, for all their chemical similarities, optically very different. Small Ag clusters show a localized surface-plasmon resonance (LSPR), whereas in Au clusters smaller than about 300 atoms, the resonance is absent due to the coupling with the interband transitions from the d electrons. This opens the possibility of tuning the cluster properties depending on their composition and chemical configuration. Earlier work on AgAu alloy clusters has shown that the outermost shell of atoms is crucial to their overall optical properties. In the present contribution, we consider the optical spectroscopic properties associated with the structural rearrangement in 55-atom AgAu alloy clusters in which the core transforms from pure silver to pure gold. Calculations using time-dependent density-functional theory are complemented by an in-depth study of the subtle effects that the chemical configuration has on the details of the materials’ d bands. Although the cluster surface remains alloyed, the geometrical changes translate into strong variations in the optical properties. <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/3">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Collection <a href=" /journal/alloys/topical_collections/FP_Alloys2022 ">Feature Paper Collection of Advanced Research on Alloys</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/1/3/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1341881"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1341881"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1341881" data-cycle-prev="#prev1341881" data-cycle-progressive="#images1341881" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1341881-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00003/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00003-g001-550.jpg?1709103397" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1341881" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1341881-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00003/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00003-g002-550.jpg?1709103398'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1341881-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00003/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00003-g003-550.jpg?1709103400'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1341881-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00003/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00003-g004-550.jpg?1709103403'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1341881-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00003/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00003-g005-550.jpg?1709103404'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1341881-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00003/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00003-g001-550.jpg?1709103397" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Rearrangement pathway connecting the two lowest-energy core-shell Ag-Au nanoalloys with either metal at the core, as obtained from a discrete path-sampling simulation employing a semiempirical many-body potential. Among the 233 stationary points it contains, only a subset of states, roughly equidistant along this pathway, was selected for further investigation of their electronic and optical properties.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00003/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00003-g002-550.jpg?1709103398" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Calculated optical spectra of relevant configurations along the path connecting the <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ag</mi> <mi>core</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> and the <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Au</mi> <mi>core</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> nanoalloys: the two endpoints and one configuration midway between them (c.f. <a href="#alloys-03-00003-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00003/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00003-g003-550.jpg?1709103400" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Total densities of states of the pure icosahedral clusters <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ag</mi> <mn>55</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Au</mi> <mn>55</mn> </msub> </semantics></math>, with broadenings of 0.100 eV (thick solid lines) and 0.025 eV (thin solid lines, to obtain a better view of fine details). The picture is complicated by the fact that the number of surface atoms and of interior atoms are very different (42 vs. 13) for the 55-atom clusters, which partially hides the relevant differences in panel (<b>a</b>). Therefore, in panel (<b>b</b>), we show the same densities of states, each divided by the respective numbers of atoms. This shows more clearly the respective nature of the bands: the d band in the local DOS of the interior part is broader than that of the surface atoms. In addition, the upper edges of the d-band contributions coincide. For comparison, in panel (<b>c</b>), we show the result for the larger 309-atom Ag and Au clusters, which have comparable numbers of surface (162) and interior (147) atoms. In this case, the higher number of states (electrons) produces naturally a smoother, clearer picture. It is interesting to see that, nonetheless, the general behavior of the two contributions remains unchanged between the small 55-atom clusters and the 309-atom nanoparticle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00003/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00003-g004-550.jpg?1709103403" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Projected densities of states of the three configurations depicted in <a href="#alloys-03-00003-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>. (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Au</mi> <mi>core</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) intermediate, and (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ag</mi> <mi>core</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>. In each case, the SAC projection (upper panels) along with the d contributions of the atomistic PDOS (lower panels) are shown. The latter are resolved into groups corresponding to the interior and surface atoms of each element.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00003/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00003-g005-550.jpg?1709103404" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Projected density of states (d contributions) of the <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Au</mi> <mi>core</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> (upper panel) and <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ag</mi> <mi>core</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> (lower panel) configurations. While the increase in the contributions of the surface gold atoms appears clearly, the overall change is more easily discerned in the middle panel, which shows that the subtle difference between the two PDOSs is almost always positive.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 3002 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/2/pdf?version=1707299276" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Exploring Synergistic Effect on the Stability of Ni-, Pd-, Ir-Doped TiN (N = 1–15) Nanoparticles" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/1/2">Exploring Synergistic Effect on the Stability of Ni-, Pd-, Ir-Doped Ti<sub>N</sub> (N = 1–15) Nanoparticles</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tshegofatso Phaahla</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Phuti Ngoepe</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hasani Chauke</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(1), 15-30; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3010002">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3010002</a> - 26 Jan 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Bimetallic nanoclusters have attracted great interest due to their ability to enhance the catalytic properties of nanoclusters through synergetic effects that emerge from the combination of the metal nanocluster with different transition metal (TM) species. However, their indefinite composition and broad distribution hinder <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/1/2/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Bimetallic nanoclusters have attracted great interest due to their ability to enhance the catalytic properties of nanoclusters through synergetic effects that emerge from the combination of the metal nanocluster with different transition metal (TM) species. However, their indefinite composition and broad distribution hinder the insightful understanding of the interaction between these invasive metals in bimetallic doped nanoalloys. In this study, we report a density functional theory calculation with the PBEsol exchange-correlation functional for 16-atom Ti<sub>N−1</sub>TM (TM = Ni, Ir, Pd) nanoalloys, which provides new insights into the synergetic effect of these invasive metals. The probe into the effect of these metal impurities revealed that the replacement of a Ti atom with Ni, Ir and Pd enhances the relative stability of the nanoalloys, and the maximum stability for a lower bimetallic composition is reached for Ti<sub>4</sub>Ir, Ti<sub>5</sub>Pd and Ti<sub>7</sub>Ni. The most stable nanoalloy is reached for the Ti<sub>12</sub>Ir cluster in comparison with the Ti<sub>12</sub>Pd and Ti<sub>12</sub>Ni clusters and pure Ti<sub>13</sub> monoatomic nanocluster. This stability trend is as revealed well by both the binding energy and the dissociation energy. The average HOMO-LUMO gap for the bigger clusters revealed that the valence electrons in the HOMO can absorb lower energy, which is indicatory of a higher reactivity and lower stability. The quantum confinement is higher for the smaller clusters, which illustrates a higher stability and lower reactivity for those systems. <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/2">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/1/2/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1327273"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1327273"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1327273" data-cycle-prev="#prev1327273" data-cycle-progressive="#images1327273" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1327273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g001-550.jpg?1707299356" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1327273" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1327273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g002-550.jpg?1707299357'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1327273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g003-550.jpg?1707299358'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1327273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g004-550.jpg?1707299360'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1327273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g005-550.jpg?1707299362'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1327273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g006-550.jpg?1707299364'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1327273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g007-550.jpg?1707299365'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1327273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g008-550.jpg?1707299367'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1327273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g009-550.jpg?1707299368'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1327273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g010-550.jpg?1707299370'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1327273-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g001-550.jpg?1707299356" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the binding energies of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> where M represents Pd, Ir, Ni. Plot (<b>a</b>) show energy comparison for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, Pd &amp; Ni doped <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> clusters and (<b>b</b>) show energy comparison for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and Ir doped <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> clusters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g002-550.jpg?1707299357" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The second energy difference energies per atom for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> (M = Pd, Ni, Ir) and the corresponding pure <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> clusters (N = 2−16).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g003-550.jpg?1707299358" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The dissociation energies per atom for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> (M = Pd, Ni, Ir), (N = 2−16) clusters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g004-550.jpg?1707299360" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The electronic properties (HOMO-LUMO) of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>I</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> nanoclusters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g005-550.jpg?1707299362" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The electronic properties (HOMO-LUMO) of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>N</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> nanoclusters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g006-550.jpg?1707299364" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The electronic properties (HOMO-LUMO) of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>P</mi> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> nanoclusters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g007-550.jpg?1707299365" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Representation of the total density of states for Ni, Ir and Pd dopants on (<b>a</b>) Ti<sub>13</sub> and (<b>b</b>)Ti<sub>15</sub>. This plot compares the most stable doped systems of titanium with bare titanium for N ≥ 10 nanoclusters. The Fermi energy is taken as the zero energy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g008-550.jpg?1707299367" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Representation of the total density of states for (<b>a</b>) Ti<sub>6</sub>, (<b>b</b>) Ti<sub>7</sub> and (<b>c</b>) Ti<sub>8</sub> nanoclusters, where Pd, Ir &amp; Ni doped Ti nanoclusters are more stable for N ≤ 10. The Fermi energy is taken as zero energy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g009-550.jpg?1707299368" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Charge density difference for (<b>a</b>) Ti<sub>12</sub>Ir, (<b>b</b>) Ti<sub>12</sub>Ni, (<b>c</b>) Ti<sub>12</sub>Pd. The blue region represents accumulation while the yellow region represents electron depletion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00002/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00002-g010-550.jpg?1707299370" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>The computed iso-surfaces of the HOMO-LUMO for Ti<sub>12</sub>M (M = Pd, Ir, Ni), where the blue, violet and maroon atoms on Ti<sub>12</sub>M iso-surfaces represents Ir, Pd and Ni respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 4443 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/1/pdf?version=1709535836" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Effect of the Environment on the Case Hardening Characteristics of AISI 1018 Steel during Cassava Leaf Pack Cyaniding" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/3/1/1">The Effect of the Environment on the Case Hardening Characteristics of AISI 1018 Steel during Cassava Leaf Pack Cyaniding</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Renee Erica Gordon</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Egwu Eric Kalu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adelana Rasak Adetunji</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dorr Campbell</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter N. Kalu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(1), 1-14; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3010001">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys3010001</a> - 31 Dec 2023 </div> <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/1#metrics">Cited by 1</a> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> As part of a comprehensive study on eco-friendly processing techniques, the influence of the heat treatment environment on the case hardening of AISI 1018 steel using pulverized cassava leaf was studied. The process was carried out at two different temperatures (850 °C and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/1/1/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> As part of a comprehensive study on eco-friendly processing techniques, the influence of the heat treatment environment on the case hardening of AISI 1018 steel using pulverized cassava leaf was studied. The process was carried out at two different temperatures (850 °C and 950 °C) and under three environmental conditions: Process 1, the control experiment, was carried out in air only; in Process 2, the medium comprised pulverized cassava leaves; and in Process 3 a combination of pulverized cassava leaves plus barium carbonate (BaCO<sub>3</sub>) was used as an energizer (CBC mixture). Vickers microhardness testing and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the effect of the processing environment on the case hardening of the steel. As expected, regardless of the processing temperature, Process 1 resulted in little or no hardening of the steel surface. However, notable case hardening occurred when the steel specimens were subjected to either Process 2 or Process 3. Furthermore, the inclusion of barium carbonate in Process 3 significantly enhanced the case hardening effectiveness of the cassava leaf in terms of the rate of and maximum hardness achieved. A maximum enhancement was observed at 950 °C. After 1 h, the increase in hardness was 160% and 280% for Process 2 and Process 3, respectively. Upon increasing the processing time to 5 h, the increase in hardness due to Process 2 was raised to 254%, while that of Process 3 remained at approximately 280%. The diffusivity of AISI 1018 was calculated using the microhardness data. The diffusivity was highest in Process 2 samples with values of 1.568 × 10<sup>−9</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s at 850 °C and 1.893 × 10<sup>−9</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s at 950 °C. Effective case hardening of AISI 1018 steel was carried out using the medium of cassava leaf, without the addition of barium carbonate (BaCO<sub>3</sub>) as an energizer. <a href="/2674-063X/3/1/1">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/3/1/1/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1311532"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1311532"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1311532" data-cycle-prev="#prev1311532" data-cycle-progressive="#images1311532" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1311532-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-ag-550.jpg?1709535985" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1311532" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1311532-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g001-550.jpg?1709535963'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1311532-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g002a-550.jpg?1709535964'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1311532-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g002b-550.jpg?1709535966'><p>Figure 2 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1311532-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g003a-550.jpg?1709535969'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1311532-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g003b-550.jpg?1709535972'><p>Figure 3 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1311532-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g004-550.jpg?1709535977'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1311532-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g005-550.jpg?1709535981'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1311532-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g006-550.jpg?1709535983'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1311532-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g007-550.jpg?1709535985'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1311532-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-ag-550.jpg?1709535985" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g001-550.jpg?1709535963" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Catabolism of linamarin in cassava (manihot esculenta) to produce hydrogen cyanide (<b>left</b>). Hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL) converts acetone cyanohydrin to hydrogen cyanide. This is compared with the thermal decomposition of the linamarin in cassava due to pulverization, with a subsequent high temperature to produce experimental diffusing species (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g002a-550.jpg?1709535964" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Microhardness profiles of AISI 1018 as received (unprocessed), in air (Process 1—air), pulverized cassava leaf (Process 2—cassava), and pulverized cassava leaf + BaCO<sub>3</sub> (Process 3—CBC mixture) at (<b>a</b>) 850 °C for 1 h processing time; (<b>b</b>) 850 °C for 5 h processing time; (<b>c</b>) 950 °C for 1 h processing time; and (<b>d</b>) 950 °C for 5 h processing time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g002b-550.jpg?1709535966" title=" <strong>Figure 2 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Microhardness profiles of AISI 1018 as received (unprocessed), in air (Process 1—air), pulverized cassava leaf (Process 2—cassava), and pulverized cassava leaf + BaCO<sub>3</sub> (Process 3—CBC mixture) at (<b>a</b>) 850 °C for 1 h processing time; (<b>b</b>) 850 °C for 5 h processing time; (<b>c</b>) 950 °C for 1 h processing time; and (<b>d</b>) 950 °C for 5 h processing time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g003a-550.jpg?1709535969" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Graphs for AISI 1018 processed in pulverized cassava leaf (cassava) and pulverized cassava leaf + BaCO<sub>3</sub> (CBC mixture) displaying (<b>a</b>) maximum microhardness with respect to time and (<b>b</b>) case depth with respect to time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g003b-550.jpg?1709535972" title=" <strong>Figure 3 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Graphs for AISI 1018 processed in pulverized cassava leaf (cassava) and pulverized cassava leaf + BaCO<sub>3</sub> (CBC mixture) displaying (<b>a</b>) maximum microhardness with respect to time and (<b>b</b>) case depth with respect to time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g004-550.jpg?1709535977" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron micrograph of AISI 1018 in the (<b>a</b>) as-received condition. The micrograph is characterized by a pearlite and ferrite structure. A similar pearlite and ferrite microstructure is shown in (<b>b</b>) after processing in air (Process 1) at 950 °C for 5 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g005-550.jpg?1709535981" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron micrograph of AISI 1018 processed at 950 °C for 5 h in pulverized cassava leaf (Process 2) at (<b>a</b>) case region at x = 250 μm and (<b>b</b>) core region at x = 2000 μm, where x denotes a distance from the surface. CBC mixture (Process 3) micrographs were similar to those of pulverized cassava leaf (Process 2). The case region (<b>c</b>) formed martensite and the (<b>d)</b> core region was characterized by a pearlite and ferrite microstructure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g006-550.jpg?1709535983" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Carbon concentration with respect to the distance from surface of AISI 1018 processed in various media, at a treatment temperature of 950 °C for 5 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-03-00001/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-03-00001-g007-550.jpg?1709535985" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Case depth (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>) as a function of the square root of time (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>/</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) for AISI 1018 processed in pulverized cassava leaf and CBC mixture, at 850 °C and 950 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/3/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1289442" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1289442" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1289442" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2674-063X/2/4/21/s1?version=1701162698"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 10550 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 10692 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/2/4/21/pdf?version=1701162697" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Modelling Microstructure in Casting of Steel via CALPHAD-Based ICME Approach" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/2/4/21">Modelling Microstructure in Casting of Steel via CALPHAD-Based ICME Approach</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chunhui Luo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karin Hansson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhili Song</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Debbie Ågren</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ewa Sjöqvist Persson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fredrik Cederholm</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Changji Xuan</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 321-343; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys2040021">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys2040021</a> - 28 Nov 2023 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) is emerging as an increasingly powerful approach to integrate computational materials science tools into a holistic system and address the multiscale modeling challenges in the processing of advanced steels. This work aims at incorporating macroscopic model (finite element-based <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/2/4/21/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) is emerging as an increasingly powerful approach to integrate computational materials science tools into a holistic system and address the multiscale modeling challenges in the processing of advanced steels. This work aims at incorporating macroscopic model (finite element-based thermal model) and microscopic model (CALPHAD-based microstructure model), building an industry-oriented computational tool (MICAST) for casting of steels. Two case studies were performed for solidification simulations of tool steel and stainless steel by using the CALPHAD approach (Thermo-Calc package and CALPHAD database). The predicted microsegregation results agree with the measured ones. In addition, two case studies were performed for continuous casting and ingot casting with selected steel grades, mold geometries and process conditions. The temperature distributions and histories in continuous casting and ingot casting process of steels were calculated using in-house finite-element code which is integrated in MICAST. The predicted temperature history from the casting process simulation was exported as input data for the DICTRA simulation of solidification. The resulting microsegregation by the DICTRA simulation can reflect the microstructure evolution in the real casting process. Current computational practice demonstrates that CALPHAD-based material models can be directly linked with casting process models to predict location-specific microstructures for smart material processing. <a href="/2674-063X/2/4/21">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Collection <a href=" /journal/alloys/topical_collections/FP_Alloys2022 ">Feature Paper Collection of Advanced Research on Alloys</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/2/4/21/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1289442"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1289442"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" 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data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g007-550.jpg?1701162795'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g008-550.jpg?1701162796'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g009-550.jpg?1701162796'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g010-550.jpg?1701162797'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g011-550.jpg?1701162798'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g012-550.jpg?1701162800'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g013a-550.jpg?1701162801'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g013b-550.jpg?1701162804'><p>Figure 13 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g014-550.jpg?1701162806'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g015-550.jpg?1701162809'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g016-550.jpg?1701162810'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g017-550.jpg?1701162811'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g018-550.jpg?1701162812'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g019-550.jpg?1701162813'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g020-550.jpg?1701162814'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g021-550.jpg?1701162815'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g022-550.jpg?1701162816'><p>Figure 22</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g023a-550.jpg?1701162819'><p>Figure 23</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='24' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g023b-550.jpg?1701162821'><p>Figure 23 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='25' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g024-550.jpg?1701162822'><p>Figure 24</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='26' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g025a-550.jpg?1701162824'><p>Figure 25</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='27' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g025b-550.jpg?1701162826'><p>Figure 25 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='28' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g026-550.jpg?1701162827'><p>Figure 26</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='29' data-target='article-1289442-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g027-550.jpg?1701162828'><p>Figure 27</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1289442-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g001-550.jpg?1701162786" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of Scheil–Gulliver model [<a href="#B42-alloys-02-00021" class="html-bibr">42</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g002-550.jpg?1701162787" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Solidification path for AISI 314 stainless steel during solidification using both Scheil model and DICTRA; (<b>b</b>) Micro segregation of elements in the liquid phase during solidification using Scheil model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g003-550.jpg?1701162791" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram for CALPHAD-based ICME approach on a MICAST platform.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g004-550.jpg?1701162792" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Linkage between FEM and CALPHAD tools.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g005-550.jpg?1701162793" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Calculated solid fraction vs. temperature using Scheil and DICTRA for solidification of the stainless steel used: (<b>a</b>) comparison using DICTRA and Scheil; (<b>b</b>) detailed phases using Scheil.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g006-550.jpg?1701162794" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Fe–Ni isopleth phase diagram for the stainless steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g007-550.jpg?1701162795" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Calculated solid fraction vs. temperature using Scheil and DICTRA for solidification of the tool steel: (<b>a</b>) comparison using DICTRA and Scheil; (<b>b</b>) detailed phases using Scheil.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g008-550.jpg?1701162796" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Stable Fe–C isopleth phase diagram for the tool steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g009-550.jpg?1701162796" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Segregation indexes of all elements just before final solidification (57.8 s, solid fraction 0.88, temperature 1354 °C) for the stainless steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g010-550.jpg?1701162797" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Segregation indexes of all elements after final solidification (125 s, temperature 1287 °C) for stainless steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g011-550.jpg?1701162798" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Concentration profiles of all elements just after 0.4 s (corresponding to a solid fraction of 0.76, temperature 1440 °C) for the tool steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g012-550.jpg?1701162800" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>EPMA mapping of elements for the stainless steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g013a-550.jpg?1701162801" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Experimental and predicted concentration profiles of elements for the stainless steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g013b-550.jpg?1701162804" title=" <strong>Figure 13 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Experimental and predicted concentration profiles of elements for the stainless steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g014-550.jpg?1701162806" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Microstructure with secondary dendrite arms of tool steel after solidification. A yellow line is used to measure the concentration profiles of elements.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g015-550.jpg?1701162809" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Experimental and predicted concentration profiles of elements for the tool steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g016-550.jpg?1701162810" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of continuous casting; (<b>b</b>) geometry with tracing points (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I) on the cross-section of 150 mm × 150 mm billet; (<b>c</b>) 2D finite element mesh.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g017-550.jpg?1701162811" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>The temperature histories at the selected points from continuous casting of stainless steel billet.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g018-550.jpg?1701162812" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Time–temperature curves at the selected positions (E and I) for continuous casting case.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g019-550.jpg?1701162813" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of ingot casting; (<b>b</b>) geometry with tracing points on the vertical cross-section; (<b>c</b>) 2D finite element mesh.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g020-550.jpg?1701162814" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Time—temperature curves at the selected position (H and I) for ingot casting case.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g021-550.jpg?1701162815" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Time–temperature curves at the selected positions (H and I) for ingot casting case.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g022-550.jpg?1701162816" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>Calculated solid fraction vs. temperature with different cooling rates for positions E and I, respectively in continuous casting of stainless steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g023a-550.jpg?1701162819" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Segregation indexes of all elements using different cooling curves at solidified fraction (0.95) in continuous casting of stainless steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g023b-550.jpg?1701162821" title=" <strong>Figure 23 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Segregation indexes of all elements using different cooling curves at solidified fraction (0.95) in continuous casting of stainless steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g024-550.jpg?1701162822" title=" <strong>Figure 24</strong><br/> <p>Calculated solid fraction vs. temperature with different cooling rates for positions E and I, respectively in ingot casting of tool steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g025a-550.jpg?1701162824" title=" <strong>Figure 25</strong><br/> <p>Segregation indexes of all elements for the two positions (H and I) at solidified fraction (0.9) in ingot casting of tool steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g025b-550.jpg?1701162826" title=" <strong>Figure 25 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Segregation indexes of all elements for the two positions (H and I) at solidified fraction (0.9) in ingot casting of tool steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g026-550.jpg?1701162827" title=" <strong>Figure 26</strong><br/> <p>The results of DICTRA simulation for position H in ingot casting of tool steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00021/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00021-g027-550.jpg?1701162828" title=" <strong>Figure 27</strong><br/> <p>The results of DICTRA simulation for position I in ingot casting of tool steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 33 pages, 17525 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/2/4/20/pdf?version=1700014141" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Processing of Carbon Nanoparticle-Enriched AISI H11 Tool Steel Powder Mixtures in DED-LB/M for the AM of Forging Tools with Tailored Properties (Part II): Influence of Nanoscale Carbon Additives on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/2/4/20">Processing of Carbon Nanoparticle-Enriched AISI H11 Tool Steel Powder Mixtures in DED-LB/M for the AM of Forging Tools with Tailored Properties (Part II): Influence of Nanoscale Carbon Additives on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Oliver Hentschel</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jan Kohlstruck</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pavel Krakhmalev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dimitrios Nikas</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michael Schmidt</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 288-320; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys2040020">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys2040020</a> - 14 Nov 2023 </div> <a href="/2674-063X/2/4/20#metrics">Cited by 2</a> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A promising approach for producing parts with outstanding properties in directed energy deposition (DED-LB/M) provides the application of tailored powder mixtures processed by applying in situ alloying strategies. In this work, DED-LB/M was used to manufacture multilayer specimens from AISI H11 steel powders <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/2/4/20/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A promising approach for producing parts with outstanding properties in directed energy deposition (DED-LB/M) provides the application of tailored powder mixtures processed by applying in situ alloying strategies. In this work, DED-LB/M was used to manufacture multilayer specimens from AISI H11 steel powders enriched with carbon nanoparticles (C-np) in concentrations of 0.1 wt.-% and 0.2 wt.-%. The scientific aim was to investigate the impact of C-np on the microstructural (particularly retained austenite content (RA-c) and grain size) and mechanical properties (specifically hardness and compression yield strength) of the manufactured specimens. It was shown that the addition of C-np to the H11 powder leads to a stronger distortion of martensite as well as significantly enhancing the RA-c. Furthermore, the C-np seem to favor the formation of finer martensite, as can be verified with XRD and EBSD. Under as-built conditions, the mean hardness increases from 653 ± 10 HV1 for the H11 sample to 770 ± 14 HV1 for the sample reinforced with 0.2 wt.-% C-np. At the same time, Y<sub>0.2%</sub> rises up from 1839 ± 61 MPa to 2134 ± 68 MPa. The hardness- and strength-increasing effect of the added C-np is retained even after heat treatment, similarly to the industrial standard. <a href="/2674-063X/2/4/20">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/alloys/special_issues/design_New_metallic_alloys_AM ">Design of New Metallic Alloys for AM</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/2/4/20/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1279691"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1279691"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1279691" data-cycle-prev="#prev1279691" 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data-target='article-1279691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g0A1-550.jpg?1700014303'><p>Figure A1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1279691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g0A2-550.jpg?1700014307'><p>Figure A2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1279691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g0A3-550.jpg?1700014309'><p>Figure A3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1279691-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g001-550.jpg?1700014260" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>SEM image (<b>a</b>) of C-np powder agglomeration in different magnifications (measuring positions indicated by the red boxes) and (<b>b</b>) of the steel powder mixture No. 1 modified by adding 0.1 wt.-% C-np to the AISI H11 powder in different magnifications (measuring positions indicated by the red boxes), (<b>c</b>) manufactured specimens, (<b>d</b>) machined compression specimens. Experimental alignment for (<b>e</b>) local XRD measurements and for (<b>f</b>) chemical analysis using OES.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g002-550.jpg?1700014262" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of the bidirectional deposition used for manufacturing 30-layered specimens. Reprinted from Ref. [<a href="#B31-alloys-02-00020" class="html-bibr">31</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g003-550.jpg?1700014264" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Cross sections of polished sample used for density assessment of (<b>a</b>) pure AISI H11 and (<b>b</b>) sample comprising mixture No. 2 (+0.2 wt.-% C-np) [<a href="#B31-alloys-02-00020" class="html-bibr">31</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g004-550.jpg?1700014268" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Merged microscopic images of the etched cross section of the AISI H11 sample in as-built conditions and SEM images of microstructure (<b>b</b>) in the top layer and (<b>c</b>) in the first layer. (<b>d</b>) Merged microscopic images of the etched cross section of sample comprising mixture No. 2 (+0.2 wt.-% C.-np) in as-built conditions and SEM images of microstructure (<b>e</b>) in the top layer and (<b>f</b>) in the first layer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g005-550.jpg?1700014272" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Dendritic microstructure of the specimen manufactured with powder mixture No. 2 in the top layer. (<b>a</b>) SEM image (5000× magnification), (<b>b</b>) EDS layered image and (<b>c</b>) EDS elemental mappings for Fe, Cr, Mo, V, Si and O.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g006-550.jpg?1700014273" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of the in situ heat treatment thermal cycling of lower weld track layers according to the time–temperature–transformation (TTT) curve of AISI H11.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g007-550.jpg?1700014275" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) Measured diffraction diagrams and Rietveld approximations of manufactured specimens in as-built conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g008-550.jpg?1700014277" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Mean values of (<b>a</b>) RA content and the domain size of (<b>b</b>) martensite and of (<b>c</b>) RA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g009-550.jpg?1700014279" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>EBSD analysis including the phase fraction of Ra and martensite and the inverse pole figures of the specimen manufactured out of the mixture No. 2 (+0.2 wt.-% C-np) at different measuring positions: (<b>a</b>) top layer, (<b>b</b>) center and (<b>c</b>) bottom area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g010-550.jpg?1700014281" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>EBSD analysis including the phase fraction of Ra and martensite and the inverse pole figures of the AISI H11 specimen in as-built conditions (measuring position: center).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g011-550.jpg?1700014283" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Outcomes of grain size analysis performed with EBSD (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) AISI H11 and (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) powder mixture No. 2 (+0.2 wt.-% C-np).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g012-550.jpg?1700014285" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Microscopic images of a sample from mixture No. 2 (+0.2 wt.-% C-np) after carrying out S1-HT: bottom area (<b>left</b>) and middle part (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g013-550.jpg?1700014289" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>EDS elemental area mappings of specimens manufactured out of pure AISI H11 powder as-built conditions (<b>top</b>) and after carrying out thermal post-processing using 1S-HT (<b>below</b>) (measuring position: center).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g014-550.jpg?1700014291" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) Measured diffraction diagrams and Rietveld approximations for specimens manufactured out mixture No. 2 (+0.2 wt.-% C-np) in as-built conditions and after carrying out S1-HT and S2-HT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g015-550.jpg?1700014296" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Microstructure of the sample manufactured using mixture No. 2 (+0.2 wt.-% C-np) after carrying out S2-HT. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) SEM images at different magnifications. (<b>c</b>) Back-scattered electron (BSE) image, (<b>d</b>) EDS layered image and (<b>e</b>) EDS elemental mapping.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g016-550.jpg?1700014299" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Vickers hardness profiles of 30-layered tool steel samples as function of the sample height h in (<b>a</b>) as-built conditions and after carrying out (<b>b</b>) 1S-HT (one-time tempering at 550 °C for 2 h) and (<b>c</b>) 2S-HT (two-step hardening followed by one-time tempering at 550 °C for 2 h).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g017-550.jpg?1700014301" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Outcomes of compression testing: stress–strain curves of investigated specimens (<b>top</b>), and mean values of compression yield strength (<b>bottom left</b>) and of max. degree of deformation (max strain) (<b>bottom right</b>) for both specimens in as-built conditions as well as samples thermally post-processed using S1-HT and S2-HT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g0A1-550.jpg?1700014303" title=" <strong>Figure A1</strong><br/> <p>TTT curves calculated in JMAtPro for the investigated tool steel powder blends: AISI H11 (<b>top</b>); specimen produced from mixture No. 1 (+0.1 wt.-% C-np) (<b>middle</b>) and from mixture No. 2 (+0.2 wt.-% C-np) (<b>bottom</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g0A2-550.jpg?1700014307" title=" <strong>Figure A2</strong><br/> <p>SEM images and EDS mappings carried out for a specimen produced from mixture No. 2 (+0.2 wt.-% C-np) in as-built conditions. (<b>a</b>) Top layer and (<b>b</b>) bottom part.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00020/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00020-g0A3-550.jpg?1700014309" title=" <strong>Figure A3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) Experimental and reconstructed XRD diffractograms at three characteristic measuring positions for a specimen produced from mixture No. 1 (+0.1 wt.-% C-np).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 9774 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/2/4/19/pdf?version=1698653409" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Investigation on the Optimal Amount of Y and B Elements in High-Temperature Titanium Alloy Ti-5.9Al-4Sn-3.9Zr-3.8Mo-0.4Si-xY-yB" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/2/4/19">Investigation on the Optimal Amount of Y and B Elements in High-Temperature Titanium Alloy Ti-5.9Al-4Sn-3.9Zr-3.8Mo-0.4Si-xY-yB</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yingbo Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuanhui Peng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pu Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yunfeng Hu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dongliang Wu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xing Tu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 271-287; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys2040019">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys2040019</a> - 30 Oct 2023 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This article presents a novel and feasible approach for researching the quantity of the ceramic phase and component optimization in high-temperature titanium alloys with small trace amounts of ceramic phases. Different near-α titanium alloys with varying yttrium and boron contents were prepared through <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/2/4/19/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This article presents a novel and feasible approach for researching the quantity of the ceramic phase and component optimization in high-temperature titanium alloys with small trace amounts of ceramic phases. Different near-α titanium alloys with varying yttrium and boron contents were prepared through the utilization of a vacuum non-consumable arc furnace melting method. The alloy used was a Ti-5.9Al-4Sn-3.9Zr-3.8Mo-0.4Si base. Its microstructure, texture, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior were studied. The observation of the as-cast structure shows that the addition of different doses of trace Y and B elements significantly refines both the original β grains and α grains. Moreover, the addition of the B element transforms the Widmanstätten structure in the titanium alloy structure into a basketweave structure. The addition of Y can refine the grain structure, improve the uniformity of the matrix structure, and act as a strong deoxidizer, which will take away the oxygen in the matrix and purify it. The TiB whiskers generated with the addition of B promotes dynamic recrystallization behavior and leads to more equiaxed α grains being precipitated around them, resulting in a significant refinement of the microstructure of the as-cast alloy. After adding a small amount of B, the texture strength of the α phase is significantly reduced, indicating that TiB whiskers inhibit the formation of texture. After conducting performance screening and structure analysis, the study supplements the analysis of Y’s regulation of the titanium alloy structure. The regulation is primarily explained by combining the results of the analysis of boron content, phase diagram analysis, mechanical properties, and fracture analysis. The mechanical analysis introduces the unique load transfer strengthening of TiB whiskers combined with an analysis of high-temperature mechanical properties, as the threshold for addition. The optimal amounts of Y and B additions are 0.6 wt% and 0.8 wt%, respectively. The optimized alloy obtained under this condition can achieve a tensile strength of 950 Mpa at 500 °C without any plastic deformation or heat treatment. <a href="/2674-063X/2/4/19">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/2/4/19/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1270345"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1270345"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1270345" data-cycle-prev="#prev1270345" data-cycle-progressive="#images1270345" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1270345-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g001-550.jpg?1698653498" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1270345" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1270345-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g002-550.jpg?1698653501'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1270345-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g003-550.jpg?1698653504'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1270345-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g004-550.jpg?1698653507'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1270345-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g005-550.jpg?1698653511'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1270345-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g006-550.jpg?1698653514'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1270345-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g007-550.jpg?1698653517'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1270345-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g008-550.jpg?1698653518'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1270345-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g009-550.jpg?1698653521'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1270345-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g010-550.jpg?1698653522'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1270345-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g011-550.jpg?1698653526'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1270345-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g001-550.jpg?1698653498" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>SEM tissue micrography. (<b>a</b>) TA5.9, (<b>b</b>) TA5.9-0.1Y, (<b>c</b>) TA5.9-0.2Y, (<b>d</b>) TA5.9-0.4Y, (<b>e</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y, (<b>f</b>) TA5.9-0.8Y.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g002-550.jpg?1698653501" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Y element added before and after comparison. (<b>a</b>) TA5.9 SEM diagram and element distribution, (<b>b</b>) TA5.9-0.8Y SEM diagram and element distribution.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g003-550.jpg?1698653504" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>TA5.9-xY EBSD map. (<b>a</b>) TA5.9-0.1Y, (<b>b</b>) TA5.9-0.2Y, (<b>c</b>) TA5.9-0.4Y, (<b>d</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y, (<b>e</b>) TA5.9-0.8Y, (<b>f</b>) grain trend chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g004-550.jpg?1698653507" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>TA5.9-xY texture atlas. (<b>a</b>) TA5.9-0.1Y, (<b>b</b>) TA5.9-0.2Y, (<b>c</b>) TA5.9-0.4Y, (<b>d</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y, (<b>e</b>) TA5.9-0.8Y, (<b>f</b>) Texture strength trend chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g005-550.jpg?1698653511" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>SEM tissue micrography. (<b>a</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0B, (<b>b</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0.2B, (<b>c</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0.4B, (<b>d</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0.6B, (<b>e</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0.8B, (<b>f</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-1.0B.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g006-550.jpg?1698653514" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Includes before and after comparison chart of boron. (<b>a</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0.6 boron, (<b>b</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0 boron, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Element distribution diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g007-550.jpg?1698653517" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>TA5.9-0.6Y-xB EBSD tissue micrography. (<b>a</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0.2B, (<b>b</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0.4B, (<b>c</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0.6B, (<b>d</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0.8B, (<b>e</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-1.0B, (<b>f</b>) grain trend chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g008-550.jpg?1698653518" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>TA5.9-0.6Y-xB texture atlas. (<b>a</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0.2B, (<b>b</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0.4B, (<b>c</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0.6B, (<b>d</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-0.8B, (<b>e</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-1.0B, (<b>f</b>) texture strength trend chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g009-550.jpg?1698653521" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-xB XRD atlas, (<b>b</b>) β phase change diagram, (<b>c</b>) TiB phase change diagram, (<b>d</b>) TA5.9-0.6Y-xB 500 °C tensile graph.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g010-550.jpg?1698653522" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Load loading leads to an increase in alloy strength and a trend plot of change values.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00019/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00019-g011-550.jpg?1698653526" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Forward SEM scan of the fracture surface, (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) SEM scan on the side of the fracture surface.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 5753 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-063X/2/4/18/pdf?version=1698310556" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Research on Ultrasonic Vibration Amplitudes in Ti6Al4V DED Additive Manufacturing" data-journal="alloys"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-063X/2/4/18">The Research on Ultrasonic Vibration Amplitudes in Ti6Al4V DED Additive Manufacturing</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wei Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhenchao Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Suli Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chao Xu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Alloys</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 256-270; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys2040018">https://doi.org/10.3390/alloys2040018</a> - 19 Oct 2023 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Ultrasonic-assisted Ti6Al4V Directed Energy Deposition (DED) additive manufacturing technology can improve the problem of uneven microstructure caused by laser heating and sudden cooling of the molten pool. In this paper, the numerical analysis and experimental verification methods were adopted. The influencing factors, such <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/2/4/18/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Ultrasonic-assisted Ti6Al4V Directed Energy Deposition (DED) additive manufacturing technology can improve the problem of uneven microstructure caused by laser heating and sudden cooling of the molten pool. In this paper, the numerical analysis and experimental verification methods were adopted. The influencing factors, such as the cavitations’ effect, sound flow enhancement effect, and sound flow thermal effect related to the ultrasonic assistance in the molten pool, were analyzed. After equating the energy of the ultrasound, the model of additive manufacturing was introduced in the form of a heat source. The temperature gradient changes during the solidification process of the molten pool with the addition of ultrasound assistance and the effect of ultrasonic vibration during the manufacturing process on its deposited state and microstructure of solution-aged formed parts were studied. The results showed that when the wire feeding rate is 5 mm/s and the laser scanning speed is 5 mm/s, the optimal laser power is 1000 W~1100 W, corresponding to the optimal ultrasonic amplitude of 120 μm. Then, by comparing the temperature field with the same amplitude of 0 μm (i.e., no ultrasonic vibration) and the microstructure of the formed parts, it was verified that ultrasonic vibration facilitates fluid flow in the molten pool, which could lead to a more uniform temperature distribution. This optimized approach not only enhances the understanding of the process but also contributes significantly to the advancement of related research endeavors. <a href="/2674-063X/2/4/18">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/laser_welding">Laser Welding of Metallic Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-063X/2/4/18/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1263322"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1263322"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1263322" data-cycle-prev="#prev1263322" data-cycle-progressive="#images1263322" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g001-550.jpg?1698310624" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1263322" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g002-550.jpg?1698310626'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g003-550.jpg?1698310628'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g004-550.jpg?1698310631'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g005-550.jpg?1698310633'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g006-550.jpg?1698310634'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g007-550.jpg?1698310635'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g008-550.jpg?1698310636'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g009-550.jpg?1698310638'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g010a-550.jpg?1698310639'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g010b-550.jpg?1698310641'><p>Figure 10 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g011-550.jpg?1698310643'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g012-550.jpg?1698310645'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1263322-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g013-550.jpg?1698310646'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1263322-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g001-550.jpg?1698310624" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Principle of additive manufacturing and actual vibration load application method.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g002-550.jpg?1698310626" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Experimental device.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g003-550.jpg?1698310628" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Temperature distribution cloud map during additive manufacturing assisted by different ultrasonic amplitudes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g004-550.jpg?1698310631" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Temperature distribution in the middle section under different amplitudes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g005-550.jpg?1698310633" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Temperature variation curve of the lowest temperature point between lower layers with different amplitudes over time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g006-550.jpg?1698310634" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Temperature variation curve of the highest point of body temperature with time under different amplitudes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g007-550.jpg?1698310635" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The position of the highest temperature point in the middle section of <a href="#alloys-02-00018-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>, coordinates (0,0,1).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g008-550.jpg?1698310636" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Temperature variation of the highest point of body temperature with time under different ultrasonic amplitudes (Picture a = b = 5.0; c = 5.1 s; d = 5.2 s; e = 5.3 s; f = 5.6 s).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g009-550.jpg?1698310638" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Temperature gradient of molten pool at exactly complete solidification under different ultrasonic amplitudes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g010a-550.jpg?1698310639" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of simulated temperature distribution for multi-layer printed ultrasound with amplitudes of 0 and 120 μm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g010b-550.jpg?1698310641" title=" <strong>Figure 10 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of simulated temperature distribution for multi-layer printed ultrasound with amplitudes of 0 and 120 μm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g011-550.jpg?1698310643" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Comparison diagram of temperature contour distribution.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g012-550.jpg?1698310645" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of axis temperature of additive manufacturing center with and without ultrasonic vibration at different times.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/alloys/alloys-02-00018/article_deploy/html/images/alloys-02-00018-g013-550.jpg?1698310646" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Comparative analysis of microstructure in additive manufacturing with or without ultrasound assistance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-063X/2/4/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=alloys&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/alloys"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/alloys-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="alloys-logo" title="Alloys" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border" style="position: relative;"> <div class=""> <a class="button button--color button--color-journal button--full-width 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Alloys | An Open Access Journal from MDPI