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crash</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: road crash"> <meta name="keywords" content="road crash"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="road crash"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1345</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: road crash</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1345</span> Geographic Information System-Based Identification of Road Traffic Crash Hotspots on Rural Roads in Oman</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Bakhit%20Kashoob">Mohammed Bakhit Kashoob</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Salim%20Al-Maashani"> Mohammed Salim Al-Maashani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Abdullah%20Al-Marhoon"> Ahmed Abdullah Al-Marhoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools in the analysis of traffic crash data can help to identify locations or hotspots with high instances or risk of traffic crashes. The identification of traffic crash hotspots can effectively improve road safety measures. Mapping of road traffic crash hotspots can help the concerned authorities to give priority and take targeted measures and improvements to the road structure at these locations to reduce traffic crashes and fatalities. In Oman, there are countless rural roads that have more risks for traveling vehicles compared to urban roads. The likelihood of traffic crashes as well as fatality rate may increase with the presence of risks that are associated with the rural type of community. In this paper, the traffic crash hotspots on rural roads in Oman are specified using spatial analysis methods in GIS and traffic crash data. These hotspots are ranked based on the frequency of traffic crash occurrence (i.e., number of traffic crashes) and the rate of fatalities. The result of this study presents a map visualization of locations on rural roads with high traffic crashes and high fatalities rates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title="road safety">road safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20roads" title=" rural roads"> rural roads</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20crash" title=" traffic crash"> traffic crash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS%20tools" title=" GIS tools"> GIS tools</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153334/geographic-information-system-based-identification-of-road-traffic-crash-hotspots-on-rural-roads-in-oman" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153334.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1344</span> Latent Factors of Severity in Truck-Involved and Non-Truck-Involved Crashes on Freeways</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shin-Hyung%20Cho">Shin-Hyung Cho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong-Kyu%20Kim"> Dong-Kyu Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Young%20Kho"> Seung-Young Kho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Truck-involved crashes have higher crash severity than non-truck-involved crashes. There have been many studies about the frequency of crashes and the development of severity models, but those studies only analyzed the relationship between observed variables. To identify why more people are injured or killed when trucks are involved in the crash, we must examine to quantify the complex causal relationship between severity of the crash and risk factors by adopting the latent factors of crashes. The aim of this study was to develop a structural equation or model based on truck-involved and non-truck-involved crashes, including five latent variables, i.e. a crash factor, environmental factor, road factor, driver’s factor, and severity factor. To clarify the unique characteristics of truck-involved crashes compared to non-truck-involved crashes, a confirmatory analysis method was used. To develop the model, we extracted crash data from 10,083 crashes on Korean freeways from 2008 through 2014. The results showed that the most significant variable affecting the severity of a crash is the crash factor, which can be expressed by the location, cause, and type of the crash. For non-truck-involved crashes, the crash and environment factors increase severity of the crash; conversely, the road and driver factors tend to reduce severity of the crash. For truck-involved crashes, the driver factor has a significant effect on severity of the crash although its effect is slightly less than the crash factor. The multiple group analysis employed to analyze the differences between the heterogeneous groups of drivers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20severity" title="crash severity">crash severity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20structural%20equation%20modeling%20%28SEM%29" title=" structural structural equation modeling (SEM)"> structural structural equation modeling (SEM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=truck-involved%20crashes" title=" truck-involved crashes"> truck-involved crashes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20group%20analysis" title=" multiple group analysis"> multiple group analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20on%20freeway" title=" crash on freeway"> crash on freeway</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69612/latent-factors-of-severity-in-truck-involved-and-non-truck-involved-crashes-on-freeways" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69612.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1343</span> Numerical Simulation of Truck Collision with Road Blocker </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Engin%20Metin%20Kaplan">Engin Metin Kaplan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kemal%20Yaman"> Kemal Yaman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the crash of a medium heavy vehicle onto a designed Road blocker (vehicle barrier) is studied numerically. Structural integrity of the Road blocker is studied by nonlinear dynamic methods under the loading conditions which are defined in the standards. NASTRAN® and LS-DYNA® which are commercial software are used to solve the problem. Outer geometry determination, alignment of the inner part and material properties of the road blocker are studied linearly to yield design parameters. Best design parameters are determined to achieve the most structurally optimized road blocker. Strain and stress values of the vehicle barrier are obtained by solving the partial differential equations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20barrier" title="vehicle barrier">vehicle barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=truck%20collision" title=" truck collision"> truck collision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20blocker" title=" road blocker"> road blocker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20analysis" title=" crash analysis"> crash analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35365/numerical-simulation-of-truck-collision-with-road-blocker" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35365.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">475</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1342</span> Review of the Road Crash Data Availability in Iraq </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abeer%20K.%20Jameel">Abeer K. Jameel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harry%20Evdorides"> Harry Evdorides </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Iraq is a middle income country where the road safety issue is considered one of the leading causes of deaths. To control the road risk issue, the Iraqi Ministry of Planning, General Statistical Organization started to organise a collection system of traffic accidents data with details related to their causes and severity. These data are published as an annual report. In this paper, a review of the available crash data in Iraq will be presented. The available data represent the rate of accidents in aggregated level and classified according to their types, road users’ details, and crash severity, type of vehicles, causes and number of causalities. The review is according to the types of models used in road safety studies and research, and according to the required road safety data in the road constructions tasks. The available data are also compared with the road safety dataset published in the United Kingdom as an example of developed country. It is concluded that the data in Iraq are suitable for descriptive and exploratory models, aggregated level comparison analysis, and evaluation and monitoring the progress of the overall traffic safety performance. However, important traffic safety studies require disaggregated level of data and details related to the factors of the likelihood of traffic crashes. Some studies require spatial geographic details such as the location of the accidents which is essential in ranking the roads according to their level of safety, and name the most dangerous roads in Iraq which requires tactic plan to control this issue. Global Road safety agencies interested in solve this problem in low and middle-income countries have designed road safety assessment methodologies which are basing on the road attributes data only. Therefore, in this research it is recommended to use one of these methodologies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title="road safety">road safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iraq" title=" Iraq"> Iraq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20data" title=" crash data"> crash data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20risk%20assessment" title=" road risk assessment"> road risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=The%20International%20Road%20Assessment%20Program%20%28iRAP%29" title=" The International Road Assessment Program (iRAP)"> The International Road Assessment Program (iRAP)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70430/review-of-the-road-crash-data-availability-in-iraq" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70430.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1341</span> Vision Zero for the Caribbean Using the Systemic Approach for Road Safety: A Case Study Analyzing Jamaican Road Crash Data (Ongoing)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachelle%20McFarlane">Rachelle McFarlane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Second Decade of Action Road Safety has begun with increased focus on countries who are disproportionately affected by road fatalities. Researchers highlight the low effectiveness of road safety campaigns in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) still reporting approximately 130,000 deaths and six million injuries annually. The regional fatality rate 19.2 per 100,000 with heightened concern for persons 15 to 44 years. In 2021, 483 Jamaicans died in 435 crashes, with 33% of these fatalities occurring during Covid-19 curfew hours. The study objective is to conduct a systemic safety review of Jamaican road crashes and provide a framework for its use in complementing traditional methods. The methodology involves the use of the FHWA Systemic Safety Project Selection Tool for analysis. This tool reviews systemwide data in order to identify risk factors across the network associated with severe and fatal crashes, rather that only hotspots. A total of 10,379 crashes with 745 fatalities and serious injuries were reviewed. Of the focus crash types listed, 50% of ‘Pedestrian Accidents’ resulted in fatalities and serious injuries, followed by 32% ‘Bicycle’, 24% ‘Single’ and 12% of ‘Head-on’. This study seeks to understand the associated risk factors with these priority crash types across the network and recommend cost-effective countermeasures across common sites. As we press towards Vision Zero, the inclusion of the systemic safety review method, complementing traditional methods, may create a wider impact in reducing road fatalities and serious injury by targeting issues across network with similarities; focus crash types and contributing factors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systemic%20safety%20review" title="systemic safety review">systemic safety review</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20factors" title=" risk factors"> risk factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20crashes" title=" road crashes"> road crashes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20types" title=" crash types"> crash types</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155908/vision-zero-for-the-caribbean-using-the-systemic-approach-for-road-safety-a-case-study-analyzing-jamaican-road-crash-data-ongoing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155908.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1340</span> Data Challenges Facing Implementation of Road Safety Management Systems in Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Anis">A. Anis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Bekheet"> W. Bekheet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20El%20Hakim"> A. El Hakim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Implementing a Road Safety Management System (SMS) in a crowded developing country such as Egypt is a necessity. Beginning a sustainable SMS requires a comprehensive reliable data system for all information pertinent to road crashes. In this paper, a survey for the available data in Egypt and validating it for using in an SMS in Egypt. The research provides some missing data, and refer to the unavailable data in Egypt, looking forward to the contribution of the scientific society, the authorities, and the public in solving the problem of missing or unreliable crash data. The required data for implementing an SMS in Egypt are divided into three categories; the first is available data such as fatality and injury rates and it is proven in this research that it may be inconsistent and unreliable, the second category of data is not available, but it may be estimated, an example of estimating vehicle cost is available in this research, the third is not available and can be measured case by case such as the functional and geometric properties of a facility. Some inquiries are provided in this research for the scientific society, such as how to improve the links among stakeholders of road safety in order to obtain a consistent, non-biased, and reliable data system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety%20management%20system" title="road safety management system">road safety management system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20crash" title=" road crash"> road crash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20fatality" title=" road fatality"> road fatality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20injury" title=" road injury"> road injury</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125471/data-challenges-facing-implementation-of-road-safety-management-systems-in-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125471.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1339</span> Probabilistic Crash Prediction and Prevention of Vehicle Crash</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lavanya%20Annadi">Lavanya Annadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fahimeh%20Jafari"> Fahimeh Jafari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Transportation brings immense benefits to society, but it also has its costs. Costs include such as the cost of infrastructure, personnel and equipment, but also the loss of life and property in traffic accidents on the road, delays in travel due to traffic congestion and various indirect costs in terms of air transport. More research has been done to identify the various factors that affect road accidents, such as road infrastructure, traffic, sociodemographic characteristics, land use, and the environment. The aim of this research is to predict the probabilistic crash prediction of vehicles using machine learning due to natural and structural reasons by excluding spontaneous reasons like overspeeding etc., in the United States. These factors range from weather factors, like weather conditions, precipitation, visibility, wind speed, wind direction, temperature, pressure, and humidity to human made structures like road structure factors like bump, roundabout, no exit, turning loop, give away, etc. Probabilities are dissected into ten different classes. All the predictions are based on multiclass classification techniques, which are supervised learning. This study considers all crashes that happened in all states collected by the US government. To calculate the probability, multinomial expected value was used and assigned a classification label as the crash probability. We applied three different classification models, including multiclass Logistic Regression, Random Forest and XGBoost. The numerical results show that XGBoost achieved a 75.2% accuracy rate which indicates the part that is being played by natural and structural reasons for the crash. The paper has provided in-deep insights through exploratory data analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title="road safety">road safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20prediction" title=" crash prediction"> crash prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exploratory%20analysis" title=" exploratory analysis"> exploratory analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148423/probabilistic-crash-prediction-and-prevention-of-vehicle-crash" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148423.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1338</span> Assessment of the Road Safety Performance in National Scale</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abeer%20K.%20Jameel">Abeer K. Jameel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harry%20Evdorides"> Harry Evdorides</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Assessment of the road safety performance is a challengeable issue. This is not only because of the ineffective and unreliability of road and traffic crash data system but also because of its systematic character. Recent strategic plans and interventions implemented in some of the developed countries where a significant decline in the rate of traffic and road crashes considers that the road safety is a system. This system consists of four main elements which are: road user, road infrastructure, vehicles and speed in addition to other supporting elements such as the institutional framework and post-crash care system. To assess the performance of a system, it is required to assess all its elements. To present an understandable results of the assessment, it is required to present a unique term representing the performance of the overall system. This paper aims to develop an overall performance indicator which may be used to assess the road safety system. The variables of this indicators are the main elements of the road safety system. The data regarding these variables will be collected from the World Health Organization report. Multi-criteria analysis method is used to aggregate the four sub-indicators for the four variables. Two weighting methods will be assumed, equal weights and different weights. For the different weights method, the factor analysis method is used. The weights then will be converting to scores. The total score will be the overall indicator for the road safety performance in a national scale. This indicator will be used to compare and rank countries according to their road safety performance indicator. The country with the higher score is the country which provides most sustainable and effective interventions for successful road safety system. These indicator will be tested by comparing them with the aggregate real crash rate for each country. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factor%20analysis" title="factor analysis">factor analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Multi-criteria%20analysis" title=" Multi-criteria analysis"> Multi-criteria analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety%20assessment" title=" road safety assessment"> road safety assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safe%20system%20indicator" title=" safe system indicator"> safe system indicator</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86763/assessment-of-the-road-safety-performance-in-national-scale" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86763.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1337</span> Performances of Two-Segment Crash Box with Holes under Oblique Load</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moch%20Agus%20Choiron">Moch Agus Choiron</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Crash box design has been developed to obtain optimum energy absorption. In this study, two-segment crash box design with holes is investigated under oblique load. The deformation behavior and crash energy absorption are observed. The analysis was performed using finite element method. The crash test components were impactor, crash box, and fixed rigid base. Impactor and the fixed base material are modelled as a rigid, and crash box material as bilinear isotropic hardening. The models consist of 2 and 4 holes laid within ¼, ½ and ¾ from first segment length. 100 mm aluminum crash box and frontal crash velocity of 16 km/jam were selected. Based on simulation results, it can be concluded that 2 holes located at ¾ has the largest crash energy absorption. This behavior associated with deformation pattern, which produces higher number of folding than other models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20Box" title="crash Box">crash Box</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-segments" title=" two-segments"> two-segments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=holes%20configuration" title=" holes configuration"> holes configuration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oblique%20load" title=" oblique load"> oblique load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deformation%20pattern" title=" deformation pattern"> deformation pattern</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40085/performances-of-two-segment-crash-box-with-holes-under-oblique-load" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40085.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">360</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1336</span> Causes of Road Crashes Among Students Attending Schools in Huye District and Kigali City</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ami%20Nkumbuye">Ami Nkumbuye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Every year 1.3 million people die due to Road crashes, according to the Global status report. Road crashes remain the greatest killer aged between 15-29 years. Young people are paying an unacceptable price for their own safer mobility. 23,498 students attending class daily from home crossing the roads of 3 districts Kigali and Southern province is showing a similar trend with 40320 cross road daily. As most of them don't have any idea about the safety, they should have when they are crossing roads and traffic rules and signs as well. Despite the high number of mortality related to road crashes in Rwanda, we don't have any approved calendar to teach young people road safety as the most affected age group. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the causes of road crashes and the outcome of victims after being involved in road crashes over a period of two years, from January 2020 to December 2021, in Huye district and Kigali City. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study with open questions and then data analysis, students were identified from 15 schools in Kigali City and Southern Province and through the Local Action Project supported by Global Youth Coalition for Road Safety and Youth for Road Safety (YOURS), students asked about the cause of road crashes through open and closed question and data analyzed. Result: There were 354 students from 15 schools: 198 males and 156 females. Their age ranged from 10 to 25 years. The commonest cause of road crashes among students attending schools daily was: high speed, lack of education on safe behavior on the road, drinking and driving, and poor road infrastructures, with 47%, 32%, 13% and 8 %, respectively. The hospital admission after road crashes for the victims was 32.3%. In most scenes where road crashes occur, students report that they didn't see any person who could provide post-crash care until the ambulance came, in some cases, resulted in bad outcomes for the victims after road crashes. Conclusion: This study revealed that high speed and lack of education n road safety are the major cause of road crashes among young people in Rwanda. If local Non-Governmental Organization and Decision makers work on these issues like never before, we can see a decrease in road crash among young people and adult as well. We would like to give a recommendation to two institutions: the first is the Rwanda National Police Traffic department to set 30km/m as the maximum speed limit in City and near schools. The second is for the Ministry of Education to put Road Safety and Post Crash Care curricula in both Primary and Secondary schools. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title="road safety">road safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-crash%20care" title=" post-crash care"> post-crash care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=young%20people" title=" young people"> young people</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=students" title=" students"> students</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158034/causes-of-road-crashes-among-students-attending-schools-in-huye-district-and-kigali-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158034.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1335</span> An Approach to Apply Kernel Density Estimation Tool for Crash Prone Location Identification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazi%20Md.%20Shifun%20Newaz">Kazi Md. Shifun Newaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Miaji"> S. Miaji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahnewaz%20Hazanat-E-Rabbi"> Shahnewaz Hazanat-E-Rabbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the kernel density estimation tool has been used to identify most crash prone locations in a national highway of Bangladesh. Like other developing countries, in Bangladesh road traffic crashes (RTC) have now become a great social alarm and the situation is deteriorating day by day. Today’s black spot identification process is not based on modern technical tools and most of the cases provide wrong output. In this situation, characteristic analysis and black spot identification by spatial analysis would be an effective and low cost approach in ensuring road safety. The methodology of this study incorporates a framework on the basis of spatial-temporal study to identify most RTC occurrence locations. In this study, a very important and economic corridor like Dhaka to Sylhet highway has been chosen to apply the method. This research proposes that KDE method for identification of Hazardous Road Location (HRL) could be used for all other National highways in Bangladesh and also for other developing countries. Some recommendations have been suggested for policy maker to reduce RTC in Dhaka-Sylhet especially in black spots. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hazardous%20road%20location%20%28HRL%29" title="hazardous road location (HRL)">hazardous road location (HRL)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash" title=" crash"> crash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title=" GIS"> GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kernel%20density" title=" kernel density"> kernel density</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43744/an-approach-to-apply-kernel-density-estimation-tool-for-crash-prone-location-identification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43744.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1334</span> The Influence of Environmental Attributes on Children's Pedestrian-Crash Risk in School Zones</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeongwoo%20Lee">Jeongwoo Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Children are the most vulnerable travelers and they are at risk for pedestrian injury. Creating a safe route to school is important because walking to school is one of the main opportunities for promotion of needed physical exercise among children. This study examined how the built environmental attributes near an elementary school influence traffic accidents among school-aged children. The study used two complementary data sources including the locations of police-reported pedestrian crashes and the built environmental characteristics of school areas. The environmental attributes of road segments were collected through GIS measurements of local data and actual site audits using the inventory developed for measuring pedestrian-crash risk scores. The inventory data collected at 840 road segments near 32 elementary schools in the city of Ulsan. We observed all segments in a 300-meter-radius area from the entrance of an elementary school. Segments are street block faces. The inventory included 50 items, organized into four domains: accessibility (17items), pleasurability (11items), perceived safety from traffic (9items), and traffic and land-use measures (13items). Elementary schools were categorized into two groups based on the distribution of the pedestrian-crash hazard index scores. A high pedestrian-crash zone was defined as an school area within the eighth, ninth, and tenth deciles, while no pedestrian-crash zone was defined as a school zone with no pedestrian-crash accident among school-aged children between 2013 and 2016. No- and high pedestrian-crash zones were compared to determine whether different settings of the built environment near the school lead to a different rate of pedestrian-crash incidents. The results showed that a crash risk can be influenced by several environmental factors such as a shape of school-route, number of intersections, visibility and land-use in a street, and a type of sidewalk. The findings inform policy for creating safe routes to school to reduce the pedestrian-crash risk among children by focusing on school zones. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20school%20travel" title="active school travel">active school travel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school%20zone" title=" school zone"> school zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedestrian%20crash" title=" pedestrian crash"> pedestrian crash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20route%20to%20school" title=" safety route to school"> safety route to school</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69990/the-influence-of-environmental-attributes-on-childrens-pedestrian-crash-risk-in-school-zones" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69990.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1333</span> Calibrating Risk Factors for Road Safety in Low Income Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atheer%20Al-Nuaimi">Atheer Al-Nuaimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harry%20Evdorides"> Harry Evdorides</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Daily, many individuals die or get harmed on streets around the globe, which requires more particular solutions for transport safety issues. International road assessment program (iRAP) is one of the models that are considering many variables which influence road user’s safety. In iRAP, roads have been partitioned into five-star ratings from 1 star (the most reduced level) to 5 star (the most noteworthy level). These levels are calculated from risk factors which represent the effect of the geometric and traffic conditions on rod safety. The result of iRAP philosophy are the countermeasures that can be utilized to enhance safety levels and lessen fatalities numbers. These countermeasures can be utilized independently as a single treatment or in combination with other countermeasures for a section or an entire road. There is a general understanding that the efficiency of a countermeasure is liable to reduction when it is used in combination with various countermeasures. That is, crash diminishment estimations of single countermeasures cannot be summed easily. In the iRAP model, the fatalities estimations are calculated using a specific methodology. However, this methodology suffers overestimations. Therefore, this study has developed a calibration method to estimate fatalities numbers more accurately. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20risk%20factors" title="crash risk factors">crash risk factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20road%20assessment%20program" title=" international road assessment program"> international road assessment program</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-income%20countries" title=" low-income countries"> low-income countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title=" road safety"> road safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106648/calibrating-risk-factors-for-road-safety-in-low-income-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106648.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1332</span> Accidents Involving Pedestrians Walking along with/against Traffic: An Evaluation of Crash Characteristics and Injuries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chih-Wei%20Pai">Chih-Wei Pai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rong-Chang%20Jou"> Rong-Chang Jou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using A1 A2 police-reported accident data for years 2003–2010 in Taiwan, the paper examines anatomic injuries and crash characteristics specific to pedestrians in “facing traffic” and “back to traffic” crashes. There were 2768 and 7558 accidents involving pedestrians walking along with/against traffic respectively. Injuries sustained by pedestrians and crash characteristics in these two crash types were compared with those in other crash types (nearside crash, nearside dart-out crash, offside crash, offside dart-out crash). Main findings include that “back to traffic” crashes resulted in more severe injuries, and pedestrians in “back to traffic” crashes had increased head, neck, and spine injuries than those in other crash types; and there was an elevated risk of head injuries in unlit darkness and NBU (non-built-up) roadways. Several crash features (e.g. unlit darkness, overtaking maneuvers, phone use by pedestrians and drivers, intoxicated drivers) appear to be over-involved in “back to traffic” crashes. The implications of the research findings regarding pedestrian/driver education, enforcement, and remedial engineering design are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedestrian%20accident" title="pedestrian accident">pedestrian accident</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20characteristics" title=" crash characteristics"> crash characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injury" title=" injury"> injury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=facing%20traffic" title=" facing traffic"> facing traffic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=back%20to%20traffic" title=" back to traffic"> back to traffic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28180/accidents-involving-pedestrians-walking-along-withagainst-traffic-an-evaluation-of-crash-characteristics-and-injuries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28180.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">378</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1331</span> Analysis of Truck Drivers’ Distraction on Crash Risk</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20%20Nderitu%20Muchiri">Samuel Nderitu Muchiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tracy%20Wangechi%20Maina"> Tracy Wangechi Maina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Truck drivers face a myriad of challenges in their profession. Enhancements in logistics effectiveness can be pivotal in propelling economic developments. The specific objective of the study was to assess the influence of driver distraction on crash risk. The study is significant as it elucidates best practices that truck drivers can embrace in an effort to enhance road safety. These include amalgamating behaviors that enable drivers to fruitfully execute multifaceted functions such as finding and following routes, evading collisions, monitoring speed, adhering to road regulations, and evaluating vehicle systems’ conditions. The analysis involved an empirical review of ten previous studies related to the research topic. The articles revealed that driver distraction plays a substantial role in road accidents and other crucial road security incidents across the globe. Africa depends immensely on the freight transport sector to facilitate supply chain operations. Several studies indicate that drivers who operate primarily on rural roads, such as those found in Sub-Saharan Africa, have an increased propensity to engage in distracted activities such as cell phone usage while driving. The findings also identified the need for digitalization in truck driving operations, including carrier management techniques such as fatigue management, artificial intelligence, and automating functions like cell phone usage controls. The recommendations can aid policymakers and commercial truck carriers in deepening their understanding of driver distraction and enforcing mitigations to foster road safety. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=truck%20drivers" title="truck drivers">truck drivers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distraction" title=" distraction"> distraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digitalization" title=" digitalization"> digitalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20risk" title=" crash risk"> crash risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title=" road safety"> road safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185139/analysis-of-truck-drivers-distraction-on-crash-risk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185139.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">49</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1330</span> Characteristics of the Severe Rollover Crashes in the UAE Using In-Depth Crash Investigation Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yaser%20E.%20Hawas">Yaser E. Hawas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20Didarul%20Alam"> Md. Didarul Alam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rollover crashes are complex events entailing interactions of driver, road, vehicle, and environmental factors. The primary objective of this paper is to present an empirical approach that can be used to characterise the rollover crashes and to identify some of the important factors that may lead to rollovers. Among the studied factors are the vehicle types and the rollover occurrence rate after hitting various barrier types. The carried analysis indicated that 71% of the rollover crashes occurred after impact and the type of rollover initiation is “trip/turn over” (nearly 50%). It was also found that light trucks (LTVs) vehicles are more likely to rollover than the sedan vehicles. Barrier impacts are associated with increased incidence of rollover. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empirical" title="empirical">empirical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hitting%20barrier" title=" hitting barrier"> hitting barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-depth%20crash%20investigation" title=" in-depth crash investigation"> in-depth crash investigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rollover" title=" rollover"> rollover</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=severe%20crash" title=" severe crash"> severe crash</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82681/characteristics-of-the-severe-rollover-crashes-in-the-uae-using-in-depth-crash-investigation-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82681.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1329</span> Analysis and Identification of Trends in Electric Vehicle Crash Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cody%20Stolle">Cody Stolle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mojdeh%20Asadollahipajouh"> Mojdeh Asadollahipajouh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaleb%20Pafford"> Khaleb Pafford</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jada%20Iwuoha"> Jada Iwuoha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samantha%20White"> Samantha White</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Becky%20Mueller"> Becky Mueller</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) are growing in sales and popularity in the United States as an alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). BEVs are generally heavier than corresponding models of ICEVs, with large battery packs located beneath the vehicle floorpan, a “skateboard” chassis, and have front and rear crush space available in the trunk and “frunk” or front trunk. The geometrical and frame differences between the vehicles may lead to incompatibilities with gasoline vehicles during vehicle-to-vehicle crashes as well as run-off-road crashes with roadside barriers, which were designed to handle lighter ICEVs with higher centers-of-mass and with dedicated structural chasses. Crash data were collected from 10 states spanning a five-year period between 2017 and 2021. Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) codes were processed with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) VIN decoder to extract BEV models from ICEV models. Crashes were filtered to isolate only vehicles produced between 2010 and 2021, and the crash circumstances (weather, time of day, maximum injury) were compared between BEVs and ICEVs. In Washington, 436,613 crashes were identified, which satisfied the selection criteria, and 3,371 of these crashes (0.77%) involved a BEV. The number of crashes which noted a fire were comparable between BEVs and ICEVs of similar model years (0.3% and 0.33%, respectively), and no differences were discernable for the time of day, weather conditions, road geometry, or other prevailing factors (e.g., run-off-road). However, crashes involving BEVs rose rapidly; 31% of all BEV crashes occurred in just 2021. Results indicate that BEVs are performing comparably to ICEVs, and events surrounding BEV crashes are statistically indistinguishable from ICEV crashes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=battery-electric%20vehicles" title="battery-electric vehicles">battery-electric vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transportation%20safety" title=" transportation safety"> transportation safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure%20crashworthiness" title=" infrastructure crashworthiness"> infrastructure crashworthiness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=run-off-road%20crashes" title=" run-off-road crashes"> run-off-road crashes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ev%20crash%20data%20analysis" title=" ev crash data analysis"> ev crash data analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167829/analysis-and-identification-of-trends-in-electric-vehicle-crash-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167829.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1328</span> Financial Ethics: A Review of 2010 Flash Crash</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omer%20Farooq">Omer Farooq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salman%20Ahmed%20Khan"> Salman Ahmed Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadaf%20Khalid"> Sadaf Khalid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Modern day stock markets have almost entirely became automated. Even though it means increased profits for the investors by algorithms acting upon the slightest price change in order of microseconds, it also has given birth to many ethical dilemmas in the sense that slightest mistake can cause people to lose all of their livelihoods. This paper reviews one such event that happened on May 06, 2010 in which $1 trillion dollars disappeared from the Dow Jones Industrial Average. We are going to discuss its various aspects and the ethical dilemmas that have arisen due to it. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flash%20crash" title="flash crash">flash crash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=market%20crash" title=" market crash"> market crash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20market" title=" stock market"> stock market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20market%20crash" title=" stock market crash"> stock market crash</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10063/financial-ethics-a-review-of-2010-flash-crash" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10063.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">519</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1327</span> Emergency Management and Patient Transportation of Road Traffic Accident Victims Admitted to the District General Hospital, Matale, Sri Lanka </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asanka%20U.%20K.%20Godamunne">Asanka U. K. Godamunne</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Road traffic accidents (RTA) are a leading cause of death globally as well as in Sri Lanka and results in a large proportion of disability especially among young people. Ninety-percent of world’s road traffic deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. The gross disparities in injury outcomes relate to immediate post-crash and hospital management. Emergency management, methods of patient transportation following road traffic accidents and safety measures are important factors to reduce mortality and morbidity. Studies in this area are limited in Sri Lanka. The main objective of this research was to assess the emergency management and proper method of transportation of road traffic accident victims. This offers the best way to explore the ways to reduce the mortality and morbidity and raise the public awareness. This study was conducted as a descriptive cross-sectional study. All the consecutive road traffic accident victims admitted to surgical wards at District General Hospital, Matale, Sri Lanka, over a period of three months were included in the study. Data from 387 victims were analyzed. The majority were in the 20-30 year age group. Seventy six percent of the patients were males. Motorcycles and trishaws were most affected. First-aid was given to only 2% of patients and it was given by non-medical persons. A significant proportion of patients (75%) were transported to the hospital by trishaws and only 1% transported by ambulance. About 86% of the patients were seated while transport and 14% were flat. Limbs and head were the most affected areas of the body. As per this study, immediate post-crash management and patient transportation were not satisfactory. There is a need to strengthen certain road safety laws and make sure people follow them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20management" title="emergency management">emergency management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient%20transportation" title=" patient transportation"> patient transportation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20traffic%20accident%20victims" title=" road traffic accident victims"> road traffic accident victims</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sri%20Lanka" title=" Sri Lanka"> Sri Lanka</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87073/emergency-management-and-patient-transportation-of-road-traffic-accident-victims-admitted-to-the-district-general-hospital-matale-sri-lanka" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87073.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1326</span> Identifying and Quantifying Factors Affecting Traffic Crash Severity under Heterogeneous Traffic Flow</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Praveen%20Vayalamkuzhi">Praveen Vayalamkuzhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Veeraragavan%20Amirthalingam"> Veeraragavan Amirthalingam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Studies on safety on highways are becoming the need of the hour as over 400 lives are lost every day in India due to road crashes. In order to evaluate the factors that lead to different levels of crash severity, it is necessary to investigate the level of safety of highways and their relation to crashes. In the present study, an attempt is made to identify the factors that contribute to road crashes and to quantify their effect on the severity of road crashes. The study was carried out on a four-lane divided rural highway in India. The variables considered in the analysis includes components of horizontal alignment of highway, viz., straight or curve section; time of day, driveway density, presence of median; median opening; gradient; operating speed; and annual average daily traffic. These variables were considered after a preliminary analysis. The major complexities in the study are the heterogeneous traffic and the speed variation between different classes of vehicles along the highway. To quantify the impact of each of these factors, statistical analyses were carried out using Logit model and also negative binomial regression. The output from the statistical models proved that the variables viz., horizontal components of the highway alignment; driveway density; time of day; operating speed as well as annual average daily traffic show significant relation with the severity of crashes viz., fatal as well as injury crashes. Further, the annual average daily traffic has significant effect on the severity compared to other variables. The contribution of highway horizontal components on crash severity is also significant. Logit models can predict crashes better than the negative binomial regression models. The results of the study will help the transport planners to look into these aspects at the planning stage itself in the case of highways operated under heterogeneous traffic flow condition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geometric%20design" title="geometric design">geometric design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20traffic" title=" heterogeneous traffic"> heterogeneous traffic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20crash" title=" road crash"> road crash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20analysis" title=" statistical analysis"> statistical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=level%20of%20safety" title=" level of safety"> level of safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64524/identifying-and-quantifying-factors-affecting-traffic-crash-severity-under-heterogeneous-traffic-flow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64524.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1325</span> Understanding the Safety Impacts of Imbalances in Truck Parking Supply and Demand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahil%20Saeedi">Rahil Saeedi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The imbalance in truck parking supply and demand can create important safety issues for truck drivers and the public. Research has shown that breaks at specific intervals can increase drivers’ alertness by reducing the monotony of the task. However, if fatigued truck drivers are unable to find a safe parking spot for rest, they may continue to drive or choose to park at remote and insecure areas or undesignated locations. All of these situations pose serious safety and security risks to truck drivers and other roadway users. This study uses 5-year truck crash data in Ohio to develop and test a framework for identifying crashes that happen as a result of imbalances in truck parking supply and demand. The societal impacts of these crashes are then interpreted as monetary values, calculated using the costs associated with various crash severity levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=truck%20parking" title="truck parking">truck parking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title=" road safety"> road safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20data" title=" crash data"> crash data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geofencing" title=" geofencing"> geofencing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driver%20fatigue" title=" driver fatigue"> driver fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=undesignated%20parking" title=" undesignated parking"> undesignated parking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143110/understanding-the-safety-impacts-of-imbalances-in-truck-parking-supply-and-demand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143110.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1324</span> The Development of Traffic Devices Using Natural Rubber in Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weeradej%20Cheewapattananuwong">Weeradej Cheewapattananuwong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keeree%20Srivichian"> Keeree Srivichian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Godchamon%20Somchai"> Godchamon Somchai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wasin%20Phusanong"> Wasin Phusanong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nontawat%20Yoddamnern"> Nontawat Yoddamnern </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Natural rubber used for traffic devices in Thailand has been developed and researched for several years. When compared with Dry Rubber Content (DRC), the quality of Rib Smoked Sheet (RSS) is better. However, the cost of admixtures, especially CaCO₃ and sulphur, is higher than the cost of RSS itself. In this research, Flexible Guideposts and Rubber Fender Barriers (RFB) are taken into consideration. In case of flexible guideposts, the materials used are both RSS and DRC60%, but for RFB, only RSS is used due to the controlled performance tests. The objective of flexible guideposts and RFB is to decrease a number of accidents, fatal rates, and serious injuries. Functions of both devices are to save road users and vehicles as well as to absorb impact forces from vehicles so as to decrease of serious road accidents. This leads to the mitigation methods to remedy the injury of motorists, form severity to moderate one. The solution is to find the best practice of traffic devices using natural rubber under the engineering concepts. In addition, the performances of materials, such as tensile strength and durability, are calculated for the modulus of elasticity and properties. In the laboratory, the simulation of crashes, finite element of materials, LRFD, and concrete technology methods are taken into account. After calculation, the trials' compositions of materials are mixed and tested in the laboratory. The tensile test, compressive test, and weathering or durability test are followed and based on ASTM. Furthermore, the Cycle-Repetition Test of Flexible Guideposts will be taken into consideration. The final decision is to fabricate all materials and have a real test section in the field. In RFB test, there will be 13 crash tests, 7 Pickup Truck tests, and 6 Motorcycle Tests. The test of vehicular crashes happens for the first time in Thailand, applying the trial and error methods; for example, the road crash test under the standard of NCHRP-TL3 (100 kph) is changed to the MASH 2016. This is owing to the fact that MASH 2016 is better than NCHRP in terms of speed, types, and weight of vehicles and the angle of crash. In the processes of MASH, Test Level 6 (TL-6), which is composed of 2,270 kg Pickup Truck, 100 kph, and 25 degree of crash-angle is selected. The final test for real crash will be done, and the whole system will be evaluated again in Korea. The researchers hope that the number of road accidents will decrease, and Thailand will be no more in the top tenth ranking of road accidents in the world. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LRFD" title="LRFD">LRFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load%20and%20resistance%20factor%20design" title=" load and resistance factor design"> load and resistance factor design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASTM" title=" ASTM"> ASTM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=american%20society%20for%20testing%20and%20materials" title=" american society for testing and materials"> american society for testing and materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NCHRP" title=" NCHRP"> NCHRP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20cooperation%20highway%20research%20program" title=" national cooperation highway research program"> national cooperation highway research program</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MASH" title=" MASH"> MASH</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manual%20for%20assessing%20safety%20hardware" title=" manual for assessing safety hardware"> manual for assessing safety hardware</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120164/the-development-of-traffic-devices-using-natural-rubber-in-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120164.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1323</span> Traffic Calming Measures at Rural Roads in Dhofar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Bakhit%20Kashoob">Mohammed Bakhit Kashoob</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Salim%20Al-Maashani"> Mohammed Salim Al-Maashani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Abdullah%20Al-Marhoon"> Ahmed Abdullah Al-Marhoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traffic calming measures are different design features or strategies used to reduce the speed of a traveling vehicle on a particular road. These calming measures are common on rural roads of Oman. Some of these measures are road speed limits, vertical deflections, horizontal deflections, and road signs. In general, vertical deflections such as rumble strips, road studs (cat’s eye), speed tables, and speed humps are widely used. In this paper, as vehicle speeding is a major cause of road traffic crashes and high fatalities in Oman, the effectiveness of existing traffic calming measures at current locations on rural roads is assessed. The study was conducted on the rural roads of Dhofar Governorate, which is located in the south of Oman. A special focus is given to the calming measures implemented on the mountain roads of Dhofar. It is shown that vertical deflection calming measures are effective in reducing vehicle speed to 20 to 40 kph, depending on the vertical deflection type and spacing. Calming measures are also proposed at locations with a high probability of traffic crashes based on the number of traffic crashes at these locations, road type, and road geometry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title="road safety">road safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20roads" title=" rural roads"> rural roads</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speed" title=" speed"> speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20calming%20measures" title=" traffic calming measures"> traffic calming measures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20crash" title=" traffic crash"> traffic crash</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153200/traffic-calming-measures-at-rural-roads-in-dhofar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153200.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1322</span> In-Depth Analysis of Involved Factors to Car-Motorcycle Accidents in Budapest City</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Danish%20Farooq">Danish Farooq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Janos%20Juhasz"> Janos Juhasz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Car-motorcycle accidents have been observed higher in recent years, which caused mainly riders’ fatalities and serious injuries. In-depth crash investigation methods aim to investigate the main factors which are likely involved in fatal road accidents and injury outcomes. The main objective of this study is to investigate the involved factors in car-motorcycle accidents in Budapest city. The procedure included statistical analysis and data sampling to identify car-motorcycle accidents by dominant accident types based on collision configurations. The police report was used as a data source for specified accidents, and simulation models were plotted according to scale (M 1:200). Car-motorcycle accidents were simulated in Virtual Crash software for 5 seconds before the collision. The simulation results showed that the main involved factors to car-motorcycle accidents were human behavior and view obstructions. The comprehensive, in-depth analysis also found that most of the car drivers and riders were unable to perform collision avoidance manoeuvres before the collision. This study can help the traffic safety authorities to focus on simulated involved factors to solve road safety issues in car-motorcycle accidents. The study also proposes safety measures to improve safe movements among road users. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=car%20motorcycle%20accidents" title="car motorcycle accidents">car motorcycle accidents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-depth%20analysis" title=" in-depth analysis"> in-depth analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microscopic%20simulation" title=" microscopic simulation"> microscopic simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20measures" title=" safety measures"> safety measures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109658/in-depth-analysis-of-involved-factors-to-car-motorcycle-accidents-in-budapest-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109658.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1321</span> Slovenia Rider/Driver Gaze Behavior Comparative Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toma%C5%BE%20Tollazzi">Tomaž Tollazzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matja%C5%BE%20%C5%A0raml"> Matjaž Šraml</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chiara%20Gruden"> Chiara Gruden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marko%20Ren%C4%8Delj"> Marko Renčelj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Motorcycle riders are an increasing group of road users. The intrinsic characteristics of powered two-wheelers (PTW) allow them to be particularly flexible, both in urban and extra-urban environments. Nevertheless, crash statistics indicate that riders involved in road accidents are highly likely to suffer severe injuries, underlining the vulnerability of this group of road users. An element that can greatly affect the safety of PTW users is road design, as roads are usually designed for two-track vehicles (cars, buses, and lorries) and usually do not consider the needs of PTWs. Additionally, handling a motorcycle is quite different from driving a car; thus, the behavior of riders is different from that of drivers. The aim of this research was to compare how different road designs are perceived by riders and drivers and to preliminarily assess if riders’ behavior and attention allocation are related. For this research, an eye-tracking experiment was developed outdoors. Both drivers and riders travelled along a route comprising four different road designs and various road layouts, and the output was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Although it was not possible to carry out a statistical analysis due to the limited number of participants, the results demonstrate that there is a difference in the gaze behavior of drivers and riders, with the latter being far more focused on the left-hand side of the road and concentrating on defined elements of road design. Furthermore, the experiment demonstrated that a higher number of fixations is related to lower speeds. Finally, it was noted that both kinds of road users focus well on the carriageway, leading to the conclusion that the indications given through road markings may be much more effective than vertical signalization, which has rarely been observed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title="road safety">road safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=powered%20two-wheelers" title=" powered two-wheelers"> powered two-wheelers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eye-tracking" title=" eye-tracking"> eye-tracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gaze%20behavior" title=" gaze behavior"> gaze behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162504/slovenia-riderdriver-gaze-behavior-comparative-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162504.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1320</span> Options Trading and Crash Risk</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cameron%20Truong">Cameron Truong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mikhail%20Bhatia"> Mikhail Bhatia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yangyang%20Chen"> Yangyang Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viet%20Nga%20Cao"> Viet Nga Cao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using a sample of U.S. firms between 1996 and 2011, this paper documents a positive association between options trading volume and future stock price crash risk. This relation is evidently more pronounced among firms with higher information asymmetry, business uncertainty, and short-sale constraints. In a dichotomous cross-sectional setting, we also document that firms with options trading have higher future crash risk than firms without options trading. We further show in a difference-in-difference analysis that firms experience an increase in crash risk immediately after the listing of options. The results suggest that options traders are able of identifying bad news hoarding by management and choose to trade in a liquid options market in anticipation of future crashes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bad%20news%20hoarding" title="bad news hoarding">bad news hoarding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-sectional%20setting" title=" cross-sectional setting"> cross-sectional setting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=options%20trading" title=" options trading"> options trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20price%20crash" title=" stock price crash"> stock price crash</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22837/options-trading-and-crash-risk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22837.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1319</span> Exploration and Evaluation of the Effect of Multiple Countermeasures on Road Safety</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atheer%20Al-Nuaimi">Atheer Al-Nuaimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harry%20Evdorides"> Harry Evdorides</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Every day many people die or get disabled or injured on roads around the world, which necessitates more specific treatments for transportation safety issues. International road assessment program (iRAP) model is one of the comprehensive road safety models which accounting for many factors that affect road safety in a cost-effective way in low and middle income countries. In iRAP model road safety has been divided into five star ratings from 1 star (the lowest level) to 5 star (the highest level). These star ratings are based on star rating score which is calculated by iRAP methodology depending on road attributes, traffic volumes and operating speeds. The outcome of iRAP methodology are the treatments that can be used to improve road safety and reduce fatalities and serious injuries (FSI) numbers. These countermeasures can be used separately as a single countermeasure or mix as multiple countermeasures for a location. There is general agreement that the adequacy of a countermeasure is liable to consistent losses when it is utilized as a part of mix with different countermeasures. That is, accident diminishment appraisals of individual countermeasures cannot be easily added together. The iRAP model philosophy makes utilization of a multiple countermeasure adjustment factors to predict diminishments in the effectiveness of road safety countermeasures when more than one countermeasure is chosen. A multiple countermeasure correction factors are figured for every 100-meter segment and for every accident type. However, restrictions of this methodology incorporate a presumable over-estimation in the predicted crash reduction. This study aims to adjust this correction factor by developing new models to calculate the effect of using multiple countermeasures on the number of fatalities for a location or an entire road. Regression models have been used to establish relationships between crash frequencies and the factors that affect their rates. Multiple linear regression, negative binomial regression, and Poisson regression techniques were used to develop models that can address the effectiveness of using multiple countermeasures. Analyses are conducted using The R Project for Statistical Computing showed that a model developed by negative binomial regression technique could give more reliable results of the predicted number of fatalities after the implementation of road safety multiple countermeasures than the results from iRAP model. The results also showed that the negative binomial regression approach gives more precise results in comparison with multiple linear and Poisson regression techniques because of the overdispersion and standard error issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20road%20assessment%20program" title="international road assessment program">international road assessment program</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negative%20binomial" title=" negative binomial"> negative binomial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20multiple%20countermeasures" title=" road multiple countermeasures"> road multiple countermeasures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title=" road safety"> road safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63990/exploration-and-evaluation-of-the-effect-of-multiple-countermeasures-on-road-safety" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63990.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1318</span> Relationship between Driving under the Influence and Traffic Safety</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eun%20Hak%20Lee">Eun Hak Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young-Hyun%20Seo"> Young-Hyun Seo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hosuk%20Shin"> Hosuk Shin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Young%20Kho"> Seung-Young Kho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Among traffic crashes, driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol is the most dangerous behavior in Seoul, South Korea. In 2016 alone 40 deaths occurred on of 2,857 cases of DUI. Since DUI is one of the major factors in increasing the severity of crashes, the intensive management of DUI required to reduce traffic crash deaths and the crash damages. This study aims to investigate the relationship between DUI and traffic safety in order to establish countermeasures for traffic safety improvement. The analysis was conducted on the habitual drivers who drove under the influence. Information of habitual drivers is matched to crash data and fine data. The descriptive statistics on data used in this study, which consists of driver license acquisition, traffic fine, and crash data provided by the Korean National Police Agency, are described. The drivers under the influence are classified by statistically significant criteria, such as driver’s age, license type, driving experience, and crash reasons. With the results of the analysis, we propose some countermeasures to enhance traffic safety. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driving%20under%20influence" title="driving under influence">driving under influence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20safety" title=" traffic safety"> traffic safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20crash" title=" traffic crash"> traffic crash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20fine" title=" traffic fine"> traffic fine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85925/relationship-between-driving-under-the-influence-and-traffic-safety" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">222</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1317</span> The Two-Lane Rural Analysis and Comparison of Police Statistics and Results with the Help IHSDM</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Amanpour">S. Amanpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Mohamadian"> F. Mohamadian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Tabatabai"> S. A. Tabatabai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the number of accidents and fatalities in recent years can be concluded that Iran is the status of road accidents, remains in a crisis. Investigate the causes of such incidents in all countries is a necessity. By doing this research, the results of the number and type of accidents and the location of the crash will be available. It is possible to prioritize economic and rational solutions to fix the flaws in the way of short-term the results are all the more strict rules about the desire to have black spots and cursory glance at the change of but results in long-term are desired to change the system or increase the width of the path or add extra track. In general, the relationship between the analysis of the accidents and near police statistics is the number of accidents in one year. This could prove the accuracy of the analysis done. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic" title="traffic">traffic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IHSDM" title=" IHSDM"> IHSDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash" title=" crash"> crash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modeling" title=" modeling"> modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khuzestan" title=" Khuzestan"> Khuzestan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38594/the-two-lane-rural-analysis-and-comparison-of-police-statistics-and-results-with-the-help-ihsdm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">285</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1316</span> Stabilized Earth Roads Construction and Its Challenges</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mokhtar%20Nikgoo">Mokhtar Nikgoo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Road definition and road construction: in engineering literature, a road is defined as a means of communication between two different places by air, land, and sea. In this way, all sea, land, and air routes are considered as roads. Road construction is an operation to create a road on the ground between 2 points with a specified width, which includes works such as subgrade, paving, placing tables, and traffic signs on the road. In this article, the stages of road construction are explained from the beginning to the end. Road construction is generally done in the construction of rural, urban, and inter-city roads, and according to the special conditions of this area, the precision of engineers in its design and calculations is very important. For example, if the design of a road does not pay enough attention to the way the road curves, there will undoubtedly be countless accidents. Also, adjusting the road surface and its durability and uniformity are among the things that engineers solve according to the upcoming obstacles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20construction" title="road construction">road construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surveying" title=" surveying"> surveying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freeway" title=" freeway"> freeway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavement" title=" pavement"> pavement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=excavator" title=" excavator"> excavator</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173669/stabilized-earth-roads-construction-and-its-challenges" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173669.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20crash&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20crash&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20crash&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20crash&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20crash&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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