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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian politician</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ehsan Jafri</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EhsanJafri.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/19/EhsanJafri.gif" decoding="async" width="175" height="333" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="333" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Ehsan Jafri</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Lok_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha">Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1977–1980</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Indulal Kanaiyalal Yagnik</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maganbhai_Barot" title="Maganbhai Barot">Maganbhai Barot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Ahmedabad Lok Sabha constituency">Ahmedabad</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1929<br /><a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces and Berar</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 2002<span style="display:none">(2002-02-28)</span> (aged 72–73)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Zakia Jafri</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1 daughter</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ehsan Jafri</b> (1929 – 28 February 2002) was an Indian politician and former member of the <a href="/wiki/6th_Lok_Sabha" title="6th Lok Sabha">6th Lok Sabha</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a>, who was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Gulbarg_Society_massacre" title="Gulbarg Society massacre">Gulbarg Society massacre</a>. </p><p>A Special Investigating Team appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> concluded that he was killed after he fired at an agitated Hindu mob outside his house. His widow Zakia Jafri has subsequently alleged that the state of Gujarat and its then-chief minister, now the current prime minister of India, <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, was partly responsible for the violence and lack of police intervention in favor of the victims at Gulbarg Society. The argument was rejected by a Special Investigation Committee appointed by the Supreme Court in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TH1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TH1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review petition was filed by her which gave Prime Minister Narendra Modi a clean chit.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A three judge bench of The Supreme Court rejected her review petition, giving the reason that "the petition is devoid of any merit".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Jafri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ehsan Jafri belongs to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> Muslim community. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a>, present day Madhya Pradesh in 1929, and his father was Dr. Allahbaksh Jafri. In 1935, Ehsan moved to Ahmedabad, studying at the <a href="/wiki/RC_Commercial_High_School" title="RC Commercial High School">R.C. High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, he was elected General Secretary of the Progressive Editor's Union. Around this time, he also completed his law degree and started practising as an attorney in Ahmedabad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His family had to suffer during <a href="/wiki/1969_Gujarat_riots" title="1969 Gujarat riots">1969 Gujarat riots</a> too.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, he had joined the Congress Party of <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, and was heading the city unit by 1972. In 1977, after the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Emergency_(1975%E2%80%931977)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Emergency (1975–1977)">emergency</a> when the party was routed in most Indian states, Ehsan managed to win the Ahmedabad seat and became a parliamentarian in the <a href="/wiki/6th_Lok_Sabha" title="6th Lok Sabha">6th Lok Sabha</a>. Thereafter, he remained active in the party and held several key organizational posts in the Congress Party Administration in Gujarat. </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">General Election, 1977</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#19AAED; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Ehsan Jafri </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>187,715 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>50.59 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b> </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #0000FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal" title="Bharatiya Lok Dal">BLD</a> </td> <td class="fn">Brahmkumar Bhatt </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">177,702 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">47.90 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND.</a> </td> <td class="fn">Mahendrakumar Maganlal Dave </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,971 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.53 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND.</a> </td> <td class="fn">Chandulal Keshavlal Khamar </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,752 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.47 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND.</a> </td> <td class="fn">Jagatsinh Chandansinh </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,208 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.33 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">10,013 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.69 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3,71,018 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">64.72 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Jafri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gulbarg_Society_massacre" title="Gulbarg Society massacre">Gulbarg Society massacre</a></div> <p>On 28 February 2002, when riots broke out in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, he was killed by a rampaging mob. By early morning, a large mob gathered at the Gulberg Society in the Chamanpura suburb of Ahmedabad. This was an almost entirely Muslim housing society where the septuagenarian Ehsan Jafri lived. According to <a href="/wiki/First_Information_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="First Information Report">First Information Report</a> of the incident filed by police inspector K.G. Erda,<sup id="cite_ref-FIR_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the violent mob started attacking Muslim owned establishments in the morning and were dispersed by the police. However, they reassembled around 1 PM armed with swords, sticks, pipe and kerosene.<sup id="cite_ref-book_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mob had blown up gas cylinders to blast through walls in the Gulbarg Society. The report also mentions that the rioters were guided by voter lists and computer printouts with the addresses of Muslim-owned properties, information obtained from the local municipal administration.<sup id="cite_ref-dawn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim was repeated by at least five Muslim witnesses presented before the <a href="/wiki/Nanavati-Mehta_Commission" title="Nanavati-Mehta Commission">Nanavati-Mehta Commission</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Gory details of how former Congress MP Ehsan Jafri was hacked limb by limb at Gulbarg Society, then burnt, have been reported in Indian media exposés, in the words of those who did it but not by survivors and victims. These details were part of undercover video reporting by Tehelka news channel.<sup id="cite_ref-thetruth-website_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetruth-website-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamanpura is in central Ahmedabad and barely a kilometre from the police station, and less than 2 km from the Police Commissioner's office.<sup id="cite_ref-indexp_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indexp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing the area to be safe given Jafri's presence, many Muslims in the area had gathered in his compound. Around 10:30 in the morning, the Ahmedabad Commissioner of Police, P.C. Pandey, personally visited Jafri and apparently assured him that police reinforcement would be coming. In the next five hours, Jafri and top Congress officials of the state repeatedly kept calling the police and other government officials requesting safe transport for the residents, but no help arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-indexp_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indexp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FIR by Erda<sup id="cite_ref-FIR_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further stated that the police station had 130 policemen on duty that day, and were well armed with teargas shells. However, no one was deployed to disperse the crowd, despite Ehsan Jafri and top Congress politicians repeatedly contacting the Director General of Police, Police Commissioner, the Mayor, Leader of Opposition in the State and the Parliament, and other top government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigation_of_death">Investigation of death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Jafri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Investigation of death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tehelka report elicited no response from the Gujarat police, and four months later, the Supreme Court appointed a high level investigative team, including the ex-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation</a> to investigate eleven major unresolved cases arising from the riots, including this murder.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gulbarg_Society_massacre" title="Gulbarg Society massacre">Gulbarg Society massacre</a> trial restarted at a special court with Supreme Court monitored Special Investigation Team acting as prosecution. On 18 June 2016, Court convicted 24 persons: 11 for life, one for 10 years and the remaining 12 given seven years of rigorous imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-IndianExpress_newspaper_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndianExpress_newspaper-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judgment termed the killings "unfortunate" and the "darkest day in the civil society of Gujarat", but reiterated that "it was the private firing by Ehsan Jafri that acted as a catalyst and which infuriated the mob to such an extent that the mob went out of control…".<sup id="cite_ref-IndianExpress_newspaper_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndianExpress_newspaper-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the survivors of the Gulbarg massacre say that Jafri fired his gun only in self-defense after the violent mob started attacking the complex.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2012, a Special Investigation Team absolved the then Gujarat Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> from killing of Ehsan Jafri<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later a protest petition was filed by his wife Zakia Jafri seeking rejection of the said SIT report to local Metropolitan Magistrate B J Ganatra.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indianexpress.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zeenews.india.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeenews.india.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SIT has strongly opposed this petition<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and said that "Modi has never said that go and kill people".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the Supreme Court, through the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_High_Court" title="Gujarat High Court">Gujarat High Court</a>, stayed the routine transfer of the metropolitan magistrate who was hearing the petition on the information of the <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus curiae</a> <a href="/wiki/Harish_Salve" title="Harish Salve">Harish Salve</a> that the routine transfer due to the end of his term may delay the case.<sup id="cite_ref-indianexpress.com_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zeenews.india.com_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeenews.india.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in December 2013, metropolitan court rejected the petition.<sup id="cite_ref-cleanchit2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cleanchit2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zakia subsequently filed an appeal against it in the higher court.<sup id="cite_ref-cleanchit2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cleanchit2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A three judge bench of The Supreme Court rejected her review petition, on 24 June 2022, giving the reason that "the petition is devoid of any merit".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Jafri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jafri's wife, Zakia Jafri, survived the carnage. His daughter, Nishrin Hussain, lives in <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ur_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ur-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ehsan Jafri had a lifelong interest in literature. While at school, he had brought out an Urdu magazine. He kept writing even during his years of Labour union struggle. In 1996, he published his volume of poetry titled <i>Qandeel</i> ("Lantern") in Urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-ur_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ur-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Jafri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-18031124">"SIT says Ehsan Jafri 'provoked' murderous mob"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27He+made+200+phone+calls+for+help%27+%7C+India+News&rft.date=2002-03-05&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Rajiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FHe-made-200-phone-calls-for-help%2Farticleshow%2F2861381.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEhsan+Jafri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIR-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FIR_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIR_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FIR no. 4/5.200, filed at Meghani Nagar police station, quoted in book by Varadarajan, p. 140-141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-book_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGujarat:_the_making_of_a_tragedy2002" class="citation book cs1">Gujarat: the making of a tragedy (2002). <i>Siddharth Varadarajan</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Express+Investigation%3A+Top+cops+knew+ex-Cong+MP+Ehsan+Jafri+was+burning%2C+his+friend+had+sent+out+SOS&rft.date=2004-11-28&rft.au=Stavan+Desai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Findia-news%2Ffull_story.php%3Fcontent_id%3D59771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEhsan+Jafri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibnlive.com/news/top-guns-given-go-ahead-to-reinvestigate-guj-riots/61997-3.html">"Top guns given go ahead to reinvestigate Guj riots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN-IBN" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN-IBN">CNN-IBN</a>. 26 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Gujarat+report+says+MP+Ehsan+Jafri+%27provoked+murderers%27&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-18031124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEhsan+Jafri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120410213717/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Gujarat/Narendra-Modi-had-no-hand-in-Jafri-killing-says-SIT/Article1-838214.aspx">Narendra Modi had no hand in Jafri killing, says SIT</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a> - 10 April 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424133145/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Gujarat/Court-may-hear-Zakia-Jafri-s-protest-plea-against-Modi-others/Article1-1049452.aspx">"Zakia Jafri's plea against Modi to be heard"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 24 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Gujarat/Court-may-hear-Zakia-Jafri-s-protest-plea-against-Modi-others/Article1-1049452.aspx">the original</a> on 24 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Zakia+Jafri%27s+plea+against+Modi+to+be+heard&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FIndia-news%2FGujarat%2FCourt-may-hear-Zakia-Jafri-s-protest-plea-against-Modi-others%2FArticle1-1049452.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEhsan+Jafri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indianexpress.com-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indianexpress.com_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indianexpress.com_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sc-steps-in-hc-revokes-transfer-of-magistrate-hearing-zakia-plea/1114730/">"SC steps in, HC revokes transfer of magistrate hearing Zakia plea"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 12 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=SC+steps+in%2C+HC+revokes+transfer+of+magistrate+hearing+Zakia+plea&rft.date=2013-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fsc-steps-in-hc-revokes-transfer-of-magistrate-hearing-zakia-plea%2F1114730%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEhsan+Jafri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zeenews.india.com-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zeenews.india.com_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zeenews.india.com_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeenews.india.com/news/gujarat/hearing-on-zakia-jafri-s-plea-to-resume_848851.html">"Hearing on Zakia Jafri's plea to resume"</a>. <i>Zee News</i>. 15 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zee+News&rft.atitle=Hearing+on+Zakia+Jafri%27s+plea+to+resume&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fnews%2Fgujarat%2Fhearing-on-zakia-jafri-s-plea-to-resume_848851.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEhsan+Jafri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425172249/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/SIT-opposes-Zakia-s-plea-on-Modi-clean-chit/Article1-1049815.aspx">"SIT opposes Zakia's plea on Modi clean chit"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 24 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/SIT-opposes-Zakia-s-plea-on-Modi-clean-chit/Article1-1049815.aspx">the original</a> on 25 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=SIT+opposes+Zakia%27s+plea+on+Modi+clean+chit&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FIndia-news%2FAhmedabad%2FSIT-opposes-Zakia-s-plea-on-Modi-clean-chit%2FArticle1-1049815.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEhsan+Jafri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426135632/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/Modi-did-not-incite-riots-SIT/Article1-1050396.aspx">"Modi did not incite riots: SIT"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 25 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/Modi-did-not-incite-riots-SIT/Article1-1050396.aspx">the original</a> on 26 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Modi+did+not+incite+riots%3A+SIT&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FIndia-news%2FAhmedabad%2FModi-did-not-incite-riots-SIT%2FArticle1-1050396.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEhsan+Jafri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cleanchit2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cleanchit2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cleanchit2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/zakias-plea-against-clean-chit-to-modi-rejected/article5504467.ece">"Zakia's plea against clean chit to Modi rejected"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 26 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Zakia%27s+plea+against+clean+chit+to+Modi+rejected&rft.date=2013-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fzakias-plea-against-clean-chit-to-modi-rejected%2Farticle5504467.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEhsan+Jafri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/2002-gujarat-riots-sc-dismisses-zakia-jafri-plea-sit-clean-chit-modi-7987962/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'No larger conspiracy behind Gujarat riots': SC rejects Zakia Jafri plea against clean chit to Modi"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 25 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98No+larger+conspiracy+behind+Gujarat+riots%E2%80%99%3A+SC+rejects+Zakia+Jafri+plea+against+clean+chit+to+Modi&rft.date=2022-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2F2002-gujarat-riots-sc-dismisses-zakia-jafri-plea-sit-clean-chit-modi-7987962%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEhsan+Jafri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ur-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ur_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ur_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Jafris-NRI-daughter-pays-tearful-visit-to-Gulbarg-Society/articleshow/21695522.cms">"Jafri's NRI daughter pays tearful visit to Gulbarg Society"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 9 September 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811064616/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-09-09/ahmedabad/27319288_1_godhra-gulbarg-society-communal-forces">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Jafri%27s+NRI+daughter+pays+tearful+visit+to+Gulbarg+Society&rft.date=2002-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2FJafris-NRI-daughter-pays-tearful-visit-to-Gulbarg-Society%2Farticleshow%2F21695522.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEhsan+Jafri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Jafri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/the-gulbarg-society-massacre-what-happened-17556.php">The Gulbarg Society massacre: What happened</a> at <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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