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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>NFL and CFL formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NFL_and_CFL_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NCAA_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NCAA_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>NCAA formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NCAA_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flaws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flaws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flaws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flaws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_measurements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_measurements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other measurements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_measurements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other measurements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_measurements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Total_quarterback_rating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_quarterback_rating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Total quarterback rating</span> </div> 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passer_rating" title="Passer rating – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Passer rating" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passer_rating" title="Passer rating – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Passer rating" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="パサーレイティング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パサーレイティング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Total_quarterback_rating" title="Total quarterback rating">total quarterback rating</a>.</div> <p> <b>Passer rating</b> (also known as <b>passing efficiency</b> in college football) is a measure of the performance of passers, primarily <a href="/wiki/Quarterback" title="Quarterback">quarterbacks</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron football</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NFLQBRating_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFLQBRating-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two formulas currently in use: one used by both the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL) and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> (CFL), and the other used in <a href="/wiki/NCAA_football" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA football">NCAA football</a>. Passer rating is calculated using a player's passing attempts, completions, yards, <a href="/wiki/Touchdown" title="Touchdown">touchdowns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interception" title="Interception">interceptions</a>. Passer rating in the NFL is on a scale from 0 to 158.3. Passing efficiency in college football is on a scale from −731.6 to 1261.6. </p><p>Since 1973, passer rating has been the official formula used by the NFL to determine its passing leader.<sup id="cite_ref-b_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passer rating is sometimes colloquially referred to as <i>quarterback rating</i> or <i>QB rating</i>; however, the statistic applies only to passing (not to other contributions by a quarterback) and applies to any player at any position who throws a <a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">forward pass</a>, not just to quarterbacks. Other measurements, such as <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Total_quarterback_rating" title="Total quarterback rating">total quarterback rating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Focus" title="Pro Football Focus">Pro Football Focus</a> grades have been produced to take account for non-passing contributions or mistakes made by passers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the development of the passer rating, the NFL struggled with how to crown a passing leader. </p><p>From 1932 to 1937, it was the quarterback with the most passing yardage, and from 1938 to 1940, it was the quarterback with the highest completion percentage. In 1941, a system was created that ranked the league's quarterbacks relative to their peers' performance. Over the next thirty years, the criteria used to crown a passing leader changed several times, however, the ranking system made it impossible to determine a quarterback's rank until all quarterbacks had completed their games that week, or to compare quarterback performances across multiple seasons. </p><p>With this in mind, in 1971, <a href="/wiki/NFL_commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL commissioner">NFL commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a> asked the league's statistical committee to develop a better system:<sup id="cite_ref-a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this committee was headed by Don Smith of the <a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Pro Football Hall of Fame">Pro Football Hall of Fame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Siwoff" title="Seymour Siwoff">Seymour Siwoff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Elias_Sports_Bureau" title="Elias Sports Bureau">Elias Sports Bureau</a>, and NFL executive Don Weiss. Smith and Siwoff established passing performance standards based on data from all qualified pro football passers between 1960 and 1970, and used those data to create the passer rating, with the formula being adopted by the NFL in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-b_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NFL_and_CFL_formula">NFL and CFL formula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: NFL and CFL formula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NFL passer rating formula includes five variables: pass attempts, completions, passing yards, touchdown passes, and interceptions. Each of those variables is scaled to a value between 0 and 2.375, with 1.0 being statistically average (based on league data between 1960 and 1970). When the formula was first created, a 66.7 rating indicated an average performance, and a 100+ rating indicated an excellent performance.<sup id="cite_ref-a_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, passing performance has improved steadily since then and in 2017 the league average rating was 88.6,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 2020 it was 93.6.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four separate calculations can be expressed in the following equations: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=\left({{\text{CMP}} \over {\text{ATT}}}-0.3\right)\times 5}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CMP</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ATT</mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.3</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=\left({{\text{CMP}} \over {\text{ATT}}}-0.3\right)\times 5}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e143be369234c7829fa991c941680d94f9fa7aa4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:23.792ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=\left({{\text{CMP}} \over {\text{ATT}}}-0.3\right)\times 5}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b=\left({{\text{YDS}} \over {\text{ATT}}}-3\right)\times 0.25}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>YDS</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ATT</mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>0.25</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b=\left({{\text{YDS}} \over {\text{ATT}}}-3\right)\times 0.25}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d8bcabf9f9cbba53e97e7be7e2a6280ca4c5e735" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.43ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b=\left({{\text{YDS}} \over {\text{ATT}}}-3\right)\times 0.25}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=\left({{\text{TD}} \over {\text{ATT}}}\right)\times 20}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>TD</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ATT</mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>20</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=\left({{\text{TD}} \over {\text{ATT}}}\right)\times 20}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8783a051cb0c490058e607291976288210839be2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:18.627ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=\left({{\text{TD}} \over {\text{ATT}}}\right)\times 20}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d=2.375-\left({{\text{INT}} \over {\text{ATT}}}\times 25\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2.375</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>INT</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ATT</mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>25</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d=2.375-\left({{\text{INT}} \over {\text{ATT}}}\times 25\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53b626cff6ce1beba0c6bf3c02aca666a9f3a697" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:26.973ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d=2.375-\left({{\text{INT}} \over {\text{ATT}}}\times 25\right)}"></span> </p><p>where </p> <dl><dd><b>ATT</b> = Number of passing attempts</dd> <dd><b>CMP</b> = Number of completions</dd> <dd><b>YDS</b> = Passing yards</dd> <dd><b>TD</b> = Touchdown passes</dd> <dd><b>INT</b> = Interceptions</dd></dl> <p>If the result of any calculation is greater than 2.375, it is set to 2.375. If the result is a negative number, it is set to zero. </p><p>Then, the above calculations are used to complete the passer rating: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Passer Rating}}=\left({a+b+c+d \over 6}\right)\times 100}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Passer Rating</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> <mn>6</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>100</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Passer Rating}}=\left({a+b+c+d \over 6}\right)\times 100}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/74bf3853aaebfe14e792e4a57b891b7df933e800" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:40.637ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Passer Rating}}=\left({a+b+c+d \over 6}\right)\times 100}"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left; width: 50%">A perfect passer rating (158.3) requires at least:<sup id="cite_ref-NFLQBRating_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFLQBRating-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="text-align: left;">A minimum rating (0.0) requires at best: </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p>77.5% completion percentage (31 completions in 40 attempts)<br /> 12.5 yards per attempt<br /> 11.875% TD/ATT (1 TD/8.421ATT)<br /> No interceptions </p> </td> <td> <p>30.0% completion percentage<br /> 3.0 yards per attempt<br /> No touchdowns<br /> 9.5% INT/ATT (1INT/10.526ATT) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NCAA_formula">NCAA formula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: NCAA formula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> passing efficiency formula is similar to that of the NFL passer rating, but does not impose limits on the four components. The formula is based on college football data between 1965 and 1978, and when the formula was first created, a 100 passer efficiency indicated an average performance. </p><p>The passing efficiency formula is:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Passer Efficiency}}_{\text{NCAA}}={(8.4\times {\text{YDS}})+(330\times {\text{TDP}})+(100\times {\text{CMP}})-(200\times {\text{INT}}) \over {\text{ATT}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Passer Efficiency</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>NCAA</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>8.4</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>YDS</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>330</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>TDP</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>100</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CMP</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>200</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>INT</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ATT</mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Passer Efficiency}}_{\text{NCAA}}={(8.4\times {\text{YDS}})+(330\times {\text{TDP}})+(100\times {\text{CMP}})-(200\times {\text{INT}}) \over {\text{ATT}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dd0a529fc91d359f620c5cccbfaa9d03d563988f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:86.125ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Passer Efficiency}}_{\text{NCAA}}={(8.4\times {\text{YDS}})+(330\times {\text{TDP}})+(100\times {\text{CMP}})-(200\times {\text{INT}}) \over {\text{ATT}}}}"></span> </p><p>where </p> <dl><dd><b>ATT</b> = Number of passing attempts</dd> <dd><b>CMP</b> = Number of completions</dd> <dd><b>YDS</b> = Passing yards</dd> <dd><b>TDP</b> = Touchdown passes</dd> <dd><b>INT</b> = Interceptions</dd></dl> <p>The NCAA passer efficiency has an upper limit of 1,261.6 (every attempt is a 99-yard completion for a touchdown), and a lower limit of −731.6 (every attempt is completed, but results in a 99-yard loss). A passer who throws only interceptions will have a −200 efficiency, as would a passer who only throws completed passes losing an average of 35.714 yards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a></i> published an article by Kerry Byrne of <i>Cold Hard Football Facts</i> highlighting the importance of passer rating in determining a team's success.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Put most simply," the article states, "you cannot be a smart football analyst and dismiss passer rating. In fact, it's impossible to look at the incredible correlation of victory to passer rating and then dismiss it. You might as well dismiss the score of a game when determining a winner. [...] Few, if any, are more indicative of wins and losses than passer rating. Teams that posted a higher passer rating went 203–53 (.793) in <a href="/wiki/2010_NFL_season" title="2010 NFL season">2010</a> and an incredible 151–29 (.839) after Week 5." Byrne made an expanded defense of the passer rating and its importance for the <a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Researchers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro Football Researchers Association">Pro Football Researchers Association</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study showed that all of the eight teams since 1940 that led the league in both offensive passer rating and defensive passer rating won championships.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flaws">Flaws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flaws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The passer rating equation does not take into account sacks, fumbles, or a quarterback's rushing production, although by definition it only measures passing statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to rule changes and improvement in quarterback play, the league-wide passer rating has increased by an average of 0.63 points per season since its introduction in 1973, from 61.7 that year to 93.6 in 2020, which makes passer rating a poor statistic for comparing quarterbacks from different seasons or eras.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_measurements">Other measurements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other measurements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_quarterback_rating">Total quarterback rating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Total quarterback rating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Total_quarterback_rating" title="Total quarterback rating">Total quarterback rating</a></div> <p>ESPN's total quarterback rating is a proprietary statistic that was introduced in 2011 and is designed to measure the total effectiveness and performance of a quarterback. The metric takes into account all of a quarterback's contribution to a game, including passing, rushing, sacks, penalties, touchdowns, and turnovers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, each play is weighted based on its "difficulty", the context of the game, and the strength of the opposing defense. This means that statistics in garbage time of a blowout game hold less merit than statistics in a close game. Also, a quarterback who throws for four touchdowns and 300 yards against a strong defense will have a higher QBR than a quarterback who has the same stat line against the worst defense in the NFL.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>QBR functions on a 0–100 scale, where an average NFL quarterback typically has around a 50 QBR, while a <a href="/wiki/Pro_Bowl" title="Pro Bowl">Pro Bowl</a> caliber quarterback will have approximately a 75. This scale also represents a percentile of overall quarterback performances since 2006. This means that if a quarterback has a QBR of 90 their performance in that game is, on average, better than 90% of other quarterback performances.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also very common for there to be significant differences between QBR and passer rating leaders due to the additional variables and situational play context that contribute to the calculation of QBR. For example, in 2019, <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Jackson" title="Lamar Jackson">Lamar Jackson</a> had a league leading QBR of 83.0 and earned <a href="/wiki/NFL_Most_Valuable_Player_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL Most Valuable Player Award">MVP honors</a>. However, in terms of passer rating, Jackson (113.3) finished behind <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Tannehill" title="Ryan Tannehill">Ryan Tannehill</a> (117.5) and <a href="/wiki/Drew_Brees" title="Drew Brees">Drew Brees</a> (116.3), who finished ninth and third in QBR, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PFF_Player_Grades">PFF Player Grades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: PFF Player Grades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Focus" title="Pro Football Focus">Pro Football Focus</a> (PFF) is a football website that conducts in-depth analysis on NFL and NCAA games and players. Part of this analysis involves assigning each player in the NFL, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Power_Four_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Four conferences">Power Four</a> at the collegiate level, a grade that indicates their performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to PFF, the group's algorithm analyzes every play for each individual player and measures the impact that said player has while on the field. A player's impact is then given a grade between −2 and +2 in 0.5 increments.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each position has a scale with a unique algorithm and rules. The scale also takes into account game context, so a strong play in the fourth quarter of a close matchup will be graded higher than one in the 2nd quarter of a blowout game. </p><p>A 0 player grade on any given play represents any position player performing at an expected level and in a manner that neither positively nor negatively impacts their team. An example of this is a running back taking a carry through the correct hole and picking up three to four yards in a <a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">1st and ten</a> situation. Meanwhile, a +2 represents an incredible performance on a play that shifts the dynamic of a game in favor of the player's team. Philadelphia Eagles defensive end <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Graham" title="Brandon Graham">Brandon Graham</a>'s strip sack on <a href="/wiki/Tom_Brady" title="Tom Brady">Tom Brady</a> in <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LII" title="Super Bowl LII">Super Bowl LII</a> would have easily been a +2 rating.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, a −2 is a play that catastrophically hinders a team's chance of winning, such as a quarterback throwing a pick-six in the fourth quarter of a close game. Ambiguous plays where the outcome is unclear on how a player impacted their team are typically given a 0. </p><p>The sum of these plus-minuses are then converted on a 0–100 scale and produce a grade for a single game. However, a player's season grade is not the average of the 17 grades a player receives each game. Instead, PFF credits a player's entire body of work and longevity throughout the season. It is, therefore, possible for a player to have a higher season grade than any individual grade that a player received in any game he played in.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Records">Records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NFL">NFL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: NFL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_records_(individual)#Passer_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Football League records (individual)">NFL passer rating records</a></div> <ul><li><b>Highest passer rating, career</b> (minimum 1,500 attempts): 103.6, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Rodgers" title="Aaron Rodgers">Aaron Rodgers</a>, 2005–2023<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Highest passer rating, season</b> (minimum 200 attempts): 122.5, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Rodgers" title="Aaron Rodgers">Aaron Rodgers</a>, 2011<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Wide receiver <a href="/wiki/Antwaan_Randle_El" title="Antwaan Randle El">Antwaan Randle El</a>, with a passer rating of 157.5 from 21 completed passes of a possible 26, has the highest career rating of any non-QB with more than twenty attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-randle_el_passer_rating_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randle_el_passer_rating-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Jackson" title="Lamar Jackson">Lamar Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roethlisberger" title="Ben Roethlisberger">Ben Roethlisberger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peyton_Manning" title="Peyton Manning">Peyton Manning</a> are tied for the record for the most games with a perfect passer rating (4). As of 2023, 78 NFL quarterbacks have <a href="/wiki/List_of_NFL_quarterbacks_who_have_posted_a_perfect_passer_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating">completed a game with a perfect passer rating</a> of 158.3, and seven have done so multiple times. <a href="/wiki/Phil_Simms" title="Phil Simms">Phil Simms</a> holds the record for the highest passer rating in a Super Bowl, at 150.92 in <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXI" title="Super Bowl XXI">Super Bowl XXI</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All-time_NFL_passer_rating_leaders">All-time NFL passer rating leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: All-time NFL passer rating leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_career_passer_rating_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Football League career passer rating leaders">List of National Football League career passer rating leaders</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NCAA_(Division_I_FBS)"><span id="NCAA_.28Division_I_FBS.29"></span>NCAA (Division I FBS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: NCAA (Division I FBS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_NCAA_football_records#Passing" title="List of NCAA football records">NCAA passing efficiency records</a></div> <ul><li><b>Highest passing efficiency, career</b> (minimum 325 completions): 199.4, <a href="/wiki/Tua_Tagovailoa" title="Tua Tagovailoa">Tua Tagovailoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football" title="Alabama Crimson Tide football">Alabama</a>, 2017–2019<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Highest passing efficiency, season</b> (minimum 15 attempts per game): 208.0 – <a href="/wiki/Jayden_Daniels" title="Jayden Daniels">Jayden Daniels</a>, <a href="/wiki/2023_LSU_Tigers_football_team" title="2023 LSU Tigers football team">LSU Tigers</a>, 2023<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NFL_quarterbacks_who_have_posted_a_perfect_passer_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating">List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NFL_quarterbacks_who_have_posted_a_passer_rating_of_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a passer rating of zero">List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a passer rating of zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_career_passer_rating_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL career passer rating leaders">NFL career passer rating leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_season_passer_rating_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Football League season passer rating leaders">List of National Football League season passer rating leaders</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NFLQBRating-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NFLQBRating_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NFLQBRating_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bleacher+report&rft.atitle=Did+NFL+Passer+Ratings+Spike+in+2004+Or+Have+They+Risen+Steadily%3F&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.aulast=SteelersFan&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbleacherreport.com%2Farticles%2F222790-did-nfl-passer-ratings-spike-in-2004-or-standardly-evolve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasser+rating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2020/">"2020 NFL Standings & Team Stats"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pro-Football-Reference.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Football-Reference.com">Pro-Football-Reference.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pro-Football-Reference.com&rft.atitle=2020+NFL+Standings+%26+Team+Stats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pro-football-reference.com%2Fyears%2F2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasser+rating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://football.stassen.com/pass-eff/">"NCAA and NFL Passing Efficiency computation"</a>. 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So Let's Fix Passer Rating"</a>. <i>FiveThirtyEight</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN+Press+Room+U.S.&rft.atitle=ESPN+Introduces+The+Total+Quarterback+Rating&rft.date=2011-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespnpressroom.com%2Fus%2Fpress-releases%2F2011%2F08%2Fespn-introduces-the-total-quarterback-rating%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasser+rating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/blog/statsinfo/post/_/id/123701/how-is-total-qbr-calculated-we-explain-our-quarterback-rating">"How is Total QBR calculated? We explain our quarterback rating"</a>. <i>ESPN.com</i>. September 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=How+is+Total+QBR+calculated%3F+We+explain+our+quarterback+rating&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fblog%2Fstatsinfo%2Fpost%2F_%2Fid%2F123701%2Fhow-is-total-qbr-calculated-we-explain-our-quarterback-rating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasser+rating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pff.com/grades">"PFF Player Grades"</a>. <i>PFF</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pro+Football+Reference&rft.atitle=NFL+Passer+Rating+Career+Stats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pro-football-reference.com%2Fleaders%2Fpass_rating_career.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasser+rating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfref.com/tiny/aFdHe">"Player Game Finder Query Results"</a>. <i>Pro Football Reference</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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There are no super NFL teams this season"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/peter_king/11/14/monday-morning-qb-week-10/3.html">the original</a> on December 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=Patriots%3F+Jets%3F+Giants%3F+There+are+no+super+NFL+teams+this+season&rft.date=2010-11-15&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsportsillustrated.cnn.com%2F2010%2Fwriters%2Fpeter_king%2F11%2F14%2Fmonday-morning-qb-week-10%2F3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasser+rating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/tua-tagovailoa-1.html">"Tua Tagovailoa College Stats"</a>. <i>College Football at Sports-Reference.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+Football+at+Sports-Reference.com&rft.atitle=Tua+Tagovailoa+College+Stats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sports-reference.com%2Fcfb%2Fplayers%2Ftua-tagovailoa-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasser+rating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2023" class="citation web cs1">Alexander, Wilson (December 9, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/sports/lsu/lsu-quarterback-jayden-daniels-wins-the-heisman-trophy/article_48f8a28a-96f6-11ee-bafb-3fed75c48468.html">"Jayden Daniels claims the Heisman Trophy, becoming 3rd winner in LSU history"</a>. <i>NOLA.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times-Picayune/The_New_Orleans_Advocate" title="The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate">The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513170900/https://www.nola.com/sports/lsu/lsu-quarterback-jayden-daniels-wins-the-heisman-trophy/article_48f8a28a-96f6-11ee-bafb-3fed75c48468.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOLA.com&rft.atitle=Jayden+Daniels+claims+the+Heisman+Trophy%2C+becoming+3rd+winner+in+LSU+history&rft.date=2023-12-09&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fsports%2Flsu%2Flsu-quarterback-jayden-daniels-wins-the-heisman-trophy%2Farticle_48f8a28a-96f6-11ee-bafb-3fed75c48468.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasser+rating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passer_rating&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfl.com/help/quarterbackratingformula">NFL.com QB Rating Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primecomputing.com/">Online passer rating calculator for NFL/CFL, NCAA and AFL formulas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic17.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/nfl-passer-ratings/">A look at and breakdown of the NFL Passer Rating</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pro-football-reference.com/leaders/pass_rating_career.htm">NFL Career Passer Rating Leaders</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brucey.net/nflab/statistics/qb_rating.html">QB Rating Calculator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615214855/http://qbranking.com/">Adjustable NFL passer rating calculator and database. Stats from 1932 – present.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CEFD61330F937A25752C0A9629C8B63">New York Times – The N.F.L.'s Passer Rating, Arcane and Misunderstood – January 14, 2004</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_American_football" title="Modern history of American football">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_rules" title="American football rules">Rules</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football" title="Comparison of American and Canadian football">American–Canadian comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnside_rules" title="Burnside rules">Burnside rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Canadian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of Canadian football">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">9-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">8-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">7-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">6-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(American)" title="Street football (American)">Street/Backyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powderpuff_(sports)" title="Powderpuff (sports)">Powderpuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football_rules" title="List of gridiron football rules">Rules of gridiron football codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels of play</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Youth/midget <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Warner_Little_Scholars" title="Pop Warner Little Scholars">Pop Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Youth_Football" title="American Youth Football">AYF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">High school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varsity_team" title="Varsity team">Varsity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_varsity_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior varsity team">Junior varsity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">College</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Club football">Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">Sprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-professional">Semi-pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_gridiron_football" title="Professional gridiron football">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's American football">Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_football_field" title="American football field">Field</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yard_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Yard lines">Yard lines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hash_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hash marks">Hash marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_line" title="End line">End line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goal_line_(gridiron_football)" title="Goal line (gridiron football)">Goal line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidelines">Sidelines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage" title="Line of scrimmage">Line of scrimmage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_goal_range" title="Field goal range">Field goal range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/End_zone" title="End zone">End zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Red zone (gridiron football)">Red zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Dead zone (gridiron football)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Neutral zone (gridiron football)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_corner_(American_football)" title="Coffin corner (American football)">Coffin corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(gridiron_football)" title="Flat (gridiron football)">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_(American_football)" title="Gap (American football)">Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_(American_football)" title="Hole (American football)">Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_pocket" title="Passing pocket">Pocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scoring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown" title="Touchdown">Touchdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_(gridiron_football)" title="Conversion (gridiron football)">One-point conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-point_conversion" title="Two-point conversion">Two-point conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_goal" title="Field goal">Field goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_score)" title="Safety (gridiron football score)">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_(football)" title="Single (football)">Single (rouge)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ball handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap (football)">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">Forward pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_pass" title="Lateral pass">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incomplete_pass" title="Incomplete pass">Incomplete pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop-back_pass" title="Drop-back pass">Drop-back pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass" title="Hail Mary pass">Hail Mary pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-off" title="Hand-off">Hand-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_(gridiron_football)" title="Rush (gridiron football)">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_(gridiron_football)" title="Punt (gridiron football)">Punt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Touchback" title="Touchback">Touchback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_kick" title="Drop kick">Drop kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickoff_(gridiron_football)" title="Kickoff (gridiron football)">Kickoff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onside_kick" title="Onside kick">Onside kick</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(gridiron_football)" title="Turnover (gridiron football)">Turnovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fumble" title="Fumble">Fumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interception" title="Interception">Interception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffed_punt" title="Muffed punt">Muffed punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tillman" title="Charles Tillman">"Peanut Punch"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_on_downs" title="Turnover on downs">Turnover on downs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">Downs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">First down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)#Three-and-out" title="Down (gridiron football)">Three-and-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_down_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth down conversion">Fourth down conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_ball#Gridiron_football" title="Dead ball">Dead ball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Play_clock" title="Play clock">Play clock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time-out_(sport)#American_and_Canadian_football" title="Time-out (sport)">Timeout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarterback_kneel" title="Quarterback kneel">Kneel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(gridiron_football)" title="Spike (gridiron football)">Spike</a></li> <li>Time warnings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-minute_warning" title="Three-minute warning">3 min.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-minute_warning" title="Two-minute warning">2 min.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-minute_warning" title="One-minute warning">1 min.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_management" title="Clock management">Clock management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_out_the_clock" title="Running out the clock">Running out the clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untimed_play" title="Untimed play">Untimed play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_time" title="Garbage time">Garbage time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-purpose_yardage" title="All-purpose yardage">All-purpose yardage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carry_(gridiron_football)" title="Carry (gridiron football)">Carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(American_football)" title="Completion (American football)">Completion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Gen_Stats" title="Next Gen Stats">Next Gen Stats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pass_deflected" title="Pass deflected">Pass deflected</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Passer rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_yards" class="mw-redirect" title="Passing yards">Passing yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_(gridiron_football)" title="Reception (gridiron football)">Receiving yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_(gridiron_football)" title="Reception (gridiron football)">Reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_yards" title="Return yards">Return yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carry_(gridiron_football)" title="Carry (gridiron football)">Rushing yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarterback_sack" title="Quarterback sack">Sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_offense" title="Total offense">Total offense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_quarterback_rating" title="Total quarterback rating">Total quarterback rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown_pass" title="Touchdown pass">Touchdown pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yards_after_catch" title="Yards after catch">Yards after catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yards_from_scrimmage" title="Yards from scrimmage">Yards from scrimmage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Practice_squad" title="Practice squad">Practice squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-a-days_(football)" title="Two-a-days (football)">Two-a-days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_drill" title="Oklahoma drill">Oklahoma drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-cone_drill" title="Three-cone drill">Three-cone drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_session" title="Film session">Film session</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officiating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_(gridiron_football)" title="Official (gridiron football)">Official</a> (<a href="/wiki/Official_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Official (American football)">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official_(Canadian_football)" title="Official (Canadian football)">Canadian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_crew" title="Chain crew">Chain crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_(gridiron_football)" title="Penalty (gridiron football)">Penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_flag" title="Penalty flag">Penalty flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replay_review_in_gridiron_football" title="Replay review in gridiron football">Instant replay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Gridiron ball">Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(American_football)" title="Blocking (American football)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_tree" title="Coaching tree">Coaching tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_American_football" title="Concussions in American football">Concussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_equipment_in_gridiron_football" title="Protective equipment in gridiron football">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_IQ" title="Football IQ">Football IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_(American_football)" title="Formation (American football)">Formations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formations_in_American_football" title="List of formations in American football">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterman_(sports)" title="Letterman (sports)">Letterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatorade_shower" title="Gatorade shower">Gatorade shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#American_and_Canadian_football" title="Overtime (sports)">Overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_plays" title="American football plays">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_positions" title="American football positions">Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_up_the_score" title="Running up the score">Running up the score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="American football strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown_celebration" title="Touchdown celebration">Touchdown celebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuck_rule_(American_football)" title="Tuck rule (American football)">Tuck rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_card" title="American football card">Trading card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_man_(football)" title="12th man (football)">Twelfth man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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