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<span>Arabesque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabesque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geometric_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geometric_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geometric patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geometric_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calligraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calligraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Calligraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calligraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Western_ornament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Western_ornament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence on Western ornament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Western_ornament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_Islamic_ornament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_Islamic_ornament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Theories of Islamic ornament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_Islamic_ornament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrones_isl%C3%A1micos" title="Patrones islámicos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patrones islámicos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornementation_islamique" title="Ornementation islamique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ornementation islamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivo_islamico_interlacciato" title="Motivo islamico interlacciato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motivo islamico interlacciato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯏꯁ꯭ꯂꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯇꯦꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯁ꯭ꯂꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯇꯦꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamento_isl%C3%A2mico" title="Ornamento islâmico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ornamento islâmico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Decorative forms and patterns in Islamic art and architecture</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid,_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg/330px-Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg/495px-Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg/660px-Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2189" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">arabesque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphic patterns</a> ornamenting the <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Fatehpur_Sikri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri">Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Islamic ornament</b> is the use of decorative forms and patterns in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>. Its elements can be broadly divided into the <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">arabesque</a>, using curving plant-based elements, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometric patterns</a> with straight lines or regular curves, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, consisting of religious texts with stylized appearance, used both decoratively and to convey meaning. All three often involve elaborate interlacing in various mediums. </p><p>Islamic <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornament</a> has had a significant influence on European decorative art forms, especially as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Arabesque#Terminology_and_Western_arabesque" title="Arabesque">Western arabesque</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_ornament&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_%27Inaniya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abu_%27Inaniya.jpg/280px-Abu_%27Inaniya.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abu_%27Inaniya.jpg/420px-Abu_%27Inaniya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abu_%27Inaniya.jpg/560px-Abu_%27Inaniya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Geometric <i><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></i> tilework, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_stucco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic stucco">stucco decoration</a> with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesques</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania Madrasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> mostly avoids <a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">figurative</a> images to avoid becoming objects of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-Bouaissa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouaissa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonner_2017_p1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonner_2017_p1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">aniconism in Islamic</a> culture encouraged artists to explore non-figural art, creating a general aesthetic shift toward <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">mathematically-based decoration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before the preaching of Islam, the regions associated with the Islamic world today showed a preference for geometric and stylized vegetal decoration. As early as the fourth century, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a> showcased influential forms of abstract ornament in stonework. <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> artists were influential in part through their experimentation with <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> as a decorative medium. </p><p>The Islamic geometric patterns derived from designs used in earlier cultures: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a>. They are one of three forms of Islamic decoration, the others being the <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> based on curving and branching plant forms, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>; all three are frequently used together, in mediums such as mosaic, stucco, brickwork, and ceramics, to decorate religious buildings and objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilbrunn_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilbrunn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hankin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hankin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer199841_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer199841-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClevenot20177–8,_63–112_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClevenot20177–8,_63–112-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Keith_Critchlow" title="Keith Critchlow">Keith Critchlow</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue that Islamic patterns are created to lead the viewer to an understanding of the underlying reality, rather than being mere decoration, as writers interested only in pattern sometimes imply.<sup id="cite_ref-Critchlow_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Critchlow-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Field_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Islamic culture, the patterns are believed to be the bridge to the spiritual realm, the instrument to purify the mind and the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Wade<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that "Much of the art of Islam, whether in architecture, ceramics, textiles or books, is the art of decoration – which is to say, of transformation."<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wade argues that the aim is to transfigure, turning mosques "into lightness and pattern", while "the decorated pages of a <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur’an</a> can become windows onto the infinite."<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against this, Doris Behrens-Abouseif<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states in her book <i>Beauty in Arabic Culture</i> that a "major difference" between the philosophical thinking of Medieval Europe and the Islamic world is exactly that the concepts of the good and the beautiful are separated in Arabic culture. She argues that beauty, whether in poetry or in the visual arts, was enjoyed "for its own sake, without commitment to religious or moral criteria".<sup id="cite_ref-Behrens-Abouseif_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrens-Abouseif-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabesque">Arabesque</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_ornament&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arabesque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_jemasmith_-_Umayyad_Mosque,_Damascus,_Detail..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flickr_-_jemasmith_-_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus%2C_Detail..jpg/220px-Flickr_-_jemasmith_-_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus%2C_Detail..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flickr_-_jemasmith_-_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus%2C_Detail..jpg/330px-Flickr_-_jemasmith_-_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus%2C_Detail..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flickr_-_jemasmith_-_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus%2C_Detail..jpg/440px-Flickr_-_jemasmith_-_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus%2C_Detail..jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Stone relief with <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesques</a> of tendrils, <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmettes</a> and half-palmettes in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> at <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></figcaption></figure><p>The Islamic arabesque is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often combined with other elements. It usually consists of a single design which can be 'tiled' or seamlessly repeated as many times as desired.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique, which emerged thanks to artistic interest in older geometric compositions in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique">Late Antique</a> art, made it possible for the viewer to imagine what the pattern would look like if it continued beyond its actual limits. This is a characteristic which made it distinctive to Islamic art.<sup id="cite_ref-:242_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:242-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fully "geometricized" arabesques appeared in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:242_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:242-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vegetal forms commonly used within the patterns, such as <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(plant)" title="Acanthus (plant)">acanthus</a> leaves, grapes, and more abstract <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmettes</a>, were initially derived from Late Antique and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_art" title="Sasanian art">Sasanian art</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanians</a> characteristic use of the scrolling vine as a decorative element derived from the Romans through <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a>. In the Islamic period, this vine scroll evolved into the arabesque.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vine ornament which is popular in Islamic ornament is believed to come out of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the vine scroll has experienced stylistic changes which has transformed the vine pattern into a more abstract ornament with only remnants of the Hellenistic model. Additional motifs, such as flowers, began to be added towards the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:242_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:242-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 14th century onward, the geometrically-configured arabesque began to be displaced by freer vegetal motifs inspired by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Saz_style" title="Saz style">Saz style</a> that became popular in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman art">Ottoman art</a> during the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:242_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:242-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geometric_patterns">Geometric patterns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_ornament&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geometric patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG/220px-Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG/330px-Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG/440px-Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> geometric pattern at the <a href="/wiki/Darb-e_Imam" title="Darb-e Imam">Darb-e Imam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The historic world of Islamic art is widely known to be the most proficient in its use of geometric patterns for artistic expression.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic geometric patterns developed in two different regions. Those locations being in the eastern regions of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a>, and in the western regions of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometric</a> designs in Islamic art are often built on combinations of repeated squares and circles, which may be overlapped and interlaced, as can arabesques, with which they are often combined, to form intricate and complex patterns, including a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellations</a>. These may constitute the entire decoration, may form a framework for floral or calligraphic embellishments, or may retreat into the background around other motifs. The complexity and variety of patterns used evolved from simple stars and lozenges in the ninth century, through a variety of 6- to 13-point patterns by the 13th century, and finally to include also 14- and 16-point stars in the sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilbrunn_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilbrunn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broug2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broug2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hankin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hankin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abdullahi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geometric forms such as circles, squares, rhombs, dodecagons, and stars vary in their representation and configuration across the world of Islam. </p><p>Geometric patterns occur in a variety of forms in Islamic art and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">architecture</a> including <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilim</a> carpets,<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">girih</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tebyan_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tebyan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and western <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a> tilework,<sup id="cite_ref-BloomBlair20092_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair20092-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Njoku_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Njoku-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a> decorative vaulting,<sup id="cite_ref-Tabbaa_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabbaa-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">jali</a> pierced stone screens,<sup id="cite_ref-MetJali_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetJali-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics">ceramics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MWNFceramics_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWNFceramics-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leather,<sup id="cite_ref-MWNFleather_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWNFleather-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stained glass,<sup id="cite_ref-King_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> woodwork,<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and metalwork.<sup id="cite_ref-Baer1983_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baer1983-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibb1954_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibb1954-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_ornament&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Calligraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowl_with_Kufic_Calligraphy,_10th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bowl_with_Kufic_Calligraphy%2C_10th_century.jpg/220px-Bowl_with_Kufic_Calligraphy%2C_10th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bowl_with_Kufic_Calligraphy%2C_10th_century.jpg/330px-Bowl_with_Kufic_Calligraphy%2C_10th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bowl_with_Kufic_Calligraphy%2C_10th_century.jpg/440px-Bowl_with_Kufic_Calligraphy%2C_10th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1221" /></a><figcaption>Bowl decorated with <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> calligraphy, 10th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a> is a central element of Islamic art, combining aesthetic appeal and religious message. Sometimes it is the dominant form of ornament; at other times it is combined with arabesque.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of the written word in Islam ensured that epigraphic or calligraphic decoration played a prominent role in architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-:244253_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:244253-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calligraphy is used to ornament buildings such as <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleums</a>; wooden objects such as caskets; and ceramics such as tiles and bowls.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Epigraphic decoration can also indicate further political or religious messages through the selection of a textual program of inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the calligraphic inscriptions adorning the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> include quotations from the Qur'an that reference the miracle of Jesus and his human nature (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Quran_19" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 19">Quran 19</a>:33–35), the <a href="/wiki/Oneness_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneness of God">oneness of God</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Al-Ikhlas" title="Al-Ikhlas">Qur'an 112</a>), and the role of Muhammad as the "Seal of the Prophets", which have been interpreted as an attempt to announce the rejection of the Christian concept of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a> and to proclaim the triumph of Islam over Christianity and Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Chapter:_Jerusalem_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Chapter:_Jerusalem-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, foundation inscriptions on buildings commonly indicate its founder or patron, the date of its construction, the name of the reigning sovereign, and other information.<sup id="cite_ref-:244253_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:244253-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest examples of epigraphic inscriptions in Islamic art demonstrate a more unplanned approach in which calligraphy is not integrated with other decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 10th century, a new approach to writing emerged. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muqla" title="Ibn Muqla">Ibn Muqla</a> is known as the originator of the <i>khatt al-mansub,</i> or proportioned script style.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Khatt," meaning the "marking out," emphasized calligraphic writing's physical demarcation of space. This concept of rationalizing space is inherent in Islamic ornament.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 9th and 10th centuries inscriptions were fully integrated into the rest of an object or building's decorative program, and by the 14th century they became the dominant decorative feature on many objects.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common style of script during the early period was <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a>, in which straight angular lines dominated. In monumental inscriptions, certain flourishes were added over time to create variations such as "floriated" Kufic (in which flower or <a href="/wiki/Tendril" title="Tendril">tendril</a> forms spring from the letters) or "knotted" Kufic (in which some letters form interlacing knots).<sup id="cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the elaboration of Kufic scripts also made them less legible, which led to the adoption of rounder "cursive" scripts in architectural decoration, such as <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a>, and others. These scripts first appeared on monuments in the 11th century, initially for religious inscriptions but then for other inscriptions as well. Cursive scripts underwent further elaborations over the following centuries while Kufic was relegated to a secondary role. Inscriptions became longer and more crowded as more information was included and more titles were added to the names of patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Western_ornament">Influence on Western ornament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_ornament&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influence on Western ornament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Ornament" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Islamic influences on Western art § Ornament</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Design_for_Seven_Vertical_Panels_of_Arabesque_Decoration,_Farnsborough,_England_MET_67.827.22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Design_for_Seven_Vertical_Panels_of_Arabesque_Decoration%2C_Farnsborough%2C_England_MET_67.827.22.jpg/220px-Design_for_Seven_Vertical_Panels_of_Arabesque_Decoration%2C_Farnsborough%2C_England_MET_67.827.22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Design_for_Seven_Vertical_Panels_of_Arabesque_Decoration%2C_Farnsborough%2C_England_MET_67.827.22.jpg/330px-Design_for_Seven_Vertical_Panels_of_Arabesque_Decoration%2C_Farnsborough%2C_England_MET_67.827.22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Design_for_Seven_Vertical_Panels_of_Arabesque_Decoration%2C_Farnsborough%2C_England_MET_67.827.22.jpg/440px-Design_for_Seven_Vertical_Panels_of_Arabesque_Decoration%2C_Farnsborough%2C_England_MET_67.827.22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Seven Western arabesque panels, Farnsborough, England. Drawings by Jules Lachaise and Eugène-Pierre Gourdet, 1880–1886</figcaption></figure> <p>A Western style of <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornament</a> based on Islamic arabesque developed in Europe, starting in late 15th century <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>; it has been called either <a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">moresque</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(European_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (European art)">western arabesque</a>. It has been used in a great variety of the <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a>, especially in book design and <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbinding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a> was influenced by all three types of Islamic ornament.<sup id="cite_ref-Wm_Morris_Soc_2020_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wm_Morris_Soc_2020-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_Islamic_ornament">Theories of Islamic ornament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_ornament&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theories of Islamic ornament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Islamic_ornament" title="Special:EditPage/Islamic ornament">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The representation of pattern is one of the earliest forms of artistic expression; however, scientific and theoretical studies on pattern are a relatively recent development. The systematic study of their properties and significance emerged in the late 19th century. Theories on ornament can be located in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Alois_Riegl" title="Alois Riegl">Alois Reigl</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Semper" title="Carl Semper">Carl Semper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Viollet-le-Duc</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Grabar" title="Oleg Grabar">Oleg Grabar</a> is one of the theorists to engage with ornament's capacity to evoke thought and interpretation. He argues that ornament is used not merely as embellishment but an intermediary for making and seeing. Furthermore, its decorative qualities seem to complete an object by providing it with quality. This "quality" is the feeling transmitted through ornament's visual messages. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)" title="Owen Jones (architect)">Owen Jones</a>, in his book <i>The Grammar of Ornament</i> (1856), proposes theories on color, geometry, and abstraction. One of his guiding principles states that all ornament is based on a geometric construction.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alhambra_Hall_of_Two_Sisters_DSCF6972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Alhambra_Hall_of_Two_Sisters_DSCF6972.jpg/220px-Alhambra_Hall_of_Two_Sisters_DSCF6972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Alhambra_Hall_of_Two_Sisters_DSCF6972.jpg/330px-Alhambra_Hall_of_Two_Sisters_DSCF6972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Alhambra_Hall_of_Two_Sisters_DSCF6972.jpg/440px-Alhambra_Hall_of_Two_Sisters_DSCF6972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Granada, Alhambra, Hall of the Two Sisters, muqarnas ceiling.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gombrich" title="Ernst Gombrich">Ernst Gombrich</a> emphasizes the <i>practical</i> effects of ornament as framing, filling, and linking.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He deems the most meaningful aspects of art to be non-ornamental, which stems from a preference to Western representational art. Geometric pattern in Islamic ornament involves this filling of space, technically described as "'tessellation through isometry.'"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary objective for geometric patterns "filling" of space is to enhance it. In his book,<i>The Meditation on Ornament</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Grabar" title="Oleg Grabar">Oleg Grabar</a> departs from <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gombrich" title="Ernst Gombrich">Gombrich's</a> European-influenced position to show how ornament can be <i>the</i> subject of a design. He differentiates between filling a space <i>with</i> design, and transforming a space <i>through</i> design. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kharaghan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kharaghan.jpg/220px-Kharaghan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kharaghan.jpg/330px-Kharaghan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kharaghan.jpg/440px-Kharaghan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Iran, Kharraqan, mausoleum, 1087, back.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Grabar" title="Oleg Grabar">Grabar</a> calls attention to the "iconophoric quality" of ornament. His use of the word "iconophoric" connotes "indicative" or "expressive." Regarding ornament for its own sake undermines its subjectivity. Geometric forms can be fashioned as subjects through their ability to communicate or enhance <a href="/wiki/Iconology" title="Iconology">iconographic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotic</a>, or symbolic meaning. Ornament in the Islamic work is used to convey the essence of an identifiable message or specific messages themselves. The richly textured geometric forms in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> function as a passageway, an essence, for viewers to meditate on life and afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of the use of geometry to indicate a specific message is visible over the entrance of one of the <a href="/wiki/Kharraqan_towers" title="Kharraqan towers">Kharraqan towers</a>, where star-shaped polygons frame the word "Allah" (God). </p><p>The development of vegetal ornament from Egypt, the ancient Near East, and the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> world culminated in the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vegetal ornament is the suggestion of evocation of life as opposed to the representation of it. Its organic, rhythmic lines create an essence of growth and movement. </p><p>A common misconception in understanding the <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> is resigning it to purely religious messages. This implies that the Islamic use of ornament emerged as a stylistic response to a rejection of idol or icon worship. Although ornament is used as a vehicle towards sacred contemplation and union with God, it is not confined to this function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_ornament&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Critchlow is a professor of architecture, and the author of a book on Islamic patterns.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade is the author of a series of books on pattern in various artforms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Behrens-Abouseif is a professor of the history of art and architecture at <a href="/wiki/SOAS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAS">SOAS</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_ornament&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bouaissa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bouaissa_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBouaissa2013" class="citation web cs1">Bouaissa, Malikka (27 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327135234/http://www.alartemag.be/en/en-art/the-crucial-role-of-geometry-in-islamic-art/">"The crucial role of geometry in Islamic art"</a>. Al Arte Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alartemag.be/en/en-art/the-crucial-role-of-geometry-in-islamic-art/">the original</a> on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+crucial+role+of+geometry+in+Islamic+art&rft.pub=Al+Arte+Magazine&rft.date=2013-07-27&rft.aulast=Bouaissa&rft.aufirst=Malikka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alartemag.be%2Fen%2Fen-art%2Fthe-crucial-role-of-geometry-in-islamic-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonner_2017_p1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonner_2017_p1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner2017" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, Jay (2017). <i>Islamic geometric patterns : their historical development and traditional methods of construction</i>. New York: Springer. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0216-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0216-0"><bdi>978-1-4419-0216-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1001744138">1001744138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+geometric+patterns+%3A+their+historical+development+and+traditional+methods+of+construction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1001744138&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0216-0&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBier2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bier, Carol (Sep 2008). "Art and Mithãl: Reading Geometry as Visual Commentary". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 491–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210860802246176">10.1080/00210860802246176</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25597484">25597484</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171003353">171003353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Art+and+Mith%C3%A3l%3A+Reading+Geometry+as+Visual+Commentary&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491-509&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171003353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25597484%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210860802246176&rft.aulast=Bier&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heilbrunn-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heilbrunn_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heilbrunn_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/geom/hd_geom.htm">"Geometric Patterns in Islamic Art"</a>. <i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>. Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Geometric+Patterns+in+Islamic+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fgeom%2Fhd_geom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hankin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hankin_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hankin_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHankin1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hanbury_Hankin" title="Ernest Hanbury Hankin">Hankin, Ernest Hanbury</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-art.org/ArticlesOnline/BAViewPDF.asp?ArticleID=108"><i>The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India No. 15</i></a>. Government of India Central Publication Branch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drawing+of+Geometric+Patterns+in+Saracenic+Art.+Memoirs+of+the+Archaeological+Survey+of+India+No.+15&rft.pub=Government+of+India+Central+Publication+Branch&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Hankin&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Hanbury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-art.org%2FArticlesOnline%2FBAViewPDF.asp%3FArticleID%3D108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer199841-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer199841_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaer1998">Baer 1998</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClevenot20177–8,_63–112-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClevenot20177–8,_63–112_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClevenot2017">Clevenot 2017</a>, pp. 7–8, 63–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Critchlow-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Critchlow_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCritchlow,_Keith1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Critchlow" title="Keith Critchlow">Critchlow, Keith</a> (1976). <i>Islamic Patterns : an analytical and cosmological approach</i>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27071-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27071-6"><bdi>0-500-27071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Patterns+%3A+an+analytical+and+cosmological+approach&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-500-27071-6&rft.au=Critchlow%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Field-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Field_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField,_Robert1998" class="citation book cs1">Field, Robert (1998). <i>Geometric Patterns from Islamic Art & Architecture</i>. Tarquin Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899618-22-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899618-22-4"><bdi>978-1-899618-22-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geometric+Patterns+from+Islamic+Art+%26+Architecture&rft.pub=Tarquin+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-899618-22-4&rft.au=Field%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhujaLoeb1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ahuja, Mangho; Loeb, A. L. (1995). "Tessellations in Islamic Calligraphy". <i>Leonardo</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 41–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1576154">10.2307/1576154</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1576154">1576154</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191368443">191368443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leonardo&rft.atitle=Tessellations+in+Islamic+Calligraphy&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-45&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191368443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1576154%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1576154&rft.aulast=Ahuja&rft.aufirst=Mangho&rft.au=Loeb%2C+A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wade-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wade_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wade_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade" class="citation web cs1">Wade, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patterninislamicart.com/the-evolution-of-style">"The Evolution of Style"</a>. <i>Pattern in Islamic Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2024</span>. <q>Much of the art of Islam, whether in architecture, ceramics, textiles or books, is the art of decoration – which is to say, of transformation. The aim, however, is never merely to ornament, but rather to transfigure. ... The vast edifices of mosques are transformed into lightness and pattern; the decorated pages of a Qur'an can become windows onto the infinite. Perhaps most importantly, the Word, expressed in endless calligraphic variations, always conveys the impression that it is more enduring than the objects on which it is inscribed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pattern+in+Islamic+Art&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Style&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatterninislamicart.com%2Fthe-evolution-of-style&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrens-Abouseif-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Behrens-Abouseif_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrens-Abouseif1999" class="citation book cs1">Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1999). <i>Beauty in Arabic Culture</i>. Markus Wiener. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-558-76199-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-558-76199-5"><bdi>978-1-558-76199-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beauty+in+Arabic+Culture&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-558-76199-5&rft.aulast=Behrens-Abouseif&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlemingHonour1977" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofdeco00john"><i>Dictionary of the Decorative Arts</i></a></span>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-82047-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-82047-4"><bdi>978-0-670-82047-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Decorative+Arts&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-670-82047-4&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Honour%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofdeco00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1996" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Francis (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66993-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66993-1"><bdi>978-0-521-66993-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66993-1&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521435109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:242-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:242_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:242_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:242_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:242_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomBlair2009">Bloom & Blair 2009</a>, pp. 65–66, Chapter: Arabesque</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin1997" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, Robert (1997). <i>Islamic Art in Context</i>. 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SUNY Press. pp. 122–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-602-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-602-4"><bdi>978-0-87395-602-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metalwork+in+Medieval+Islamic+Art&rft.pages=122-132&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-602-4&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds__yi4pD-VEC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibb1954-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibb1954_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb">Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_JY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA991"><i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></a>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (October 2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:244253-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:244253_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:244253_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomBlair2009">Bloom & Blair 2009</a>, Chapter: Architecture; X. Decoration</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMozzati2010" class="citation book cs1">Mozzati, Luca (2010). "Calligraphy: The Form of the Divine Word". <i>Islamic Art</i>. Prestel. pp. 52–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-4455-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-4455-3"><bdi>978-3-7913-4455-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calligraphy%3A+The+Form+of+the+Divine+Word&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art&rft.pages=52-59&rft.pub=Prestel&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-4455-3&rft.aulast=Mozzati&rft.aufirst=Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/125981">"Bowl with Kufic Calligraphy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Harvard University Press. pp. 91–95, 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02313-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02313-0"><bdi>978-0-674-02313-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dome+of+the+Rock&rft.pages=91-95%2C+119&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02313-0&rft.aulast=Grabar&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDUtEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgrabar%2Bdome%2Bof%2Bthe%2Brock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Chapter:_Jerusalem-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Chapter:_Jerusalem_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomBlair2009">Bloom & Blair 2009</a>, Chapter: Jerusalem.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattsteinDelius2011" class="citation book cs1">Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter, eds. 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London: Published by Day and Son. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsil.387695.39088012147732">10.5479/sil.387695.39088012147732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+grammar+of+ornament&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Published+by+Day+and+Son&rft.date=1856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsil.387695.39088012147732&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft.au=Bedford%2C+Francis&rft.au=Waring%2C+J.+B&rft.au=Westwood%2C+J.+O&rft.au=Wyatt%2C+M.+Digby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5479%2Fsil.387695.39088012147732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGombrich,_E._H._(Ernst_Hans),_1909–2001" class="citation book cs1">Gombrich, E. H. (Ernst Hans), 1909–2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1254557050"><i>The story of art</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3247-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3247-0"><bdi>978-0-7148-3247-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1254557050">1254557050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+art&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1254557050&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-3247-0&rft.au=Gombrich%2C+E.+H.+%28Ernst+Hans%29%2C+1909%E2%80%932001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1254557050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrettGrabar1993" class="citation journal cs1">Brett, David; Grabar, Oleg (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25557837">"The Mediation of Ornament"</a>. <i>Circa</i> (review) (65): 63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25557837">10.2307/25557837</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-9475">0263-9475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25557837">25557837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circa&rft.atitle=The+Mediation+of+Ornament&rft.issue=65&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0263-9475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25557837%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25557837&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Grabar%2C+Oleg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F25557837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_ornament&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer1998" class="citation book cs1">Baer, Eva (1998). <i>Islamic Ornament</i>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1329-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1329-7"><bdi>0-8147-1329-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Ornament&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8147-1329-7&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). <i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClevenot2017" class="citation book cs1">Clevenot, Dominique (2017). <i>Ornament and Decoration in Islamic Architecture</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-34332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-34332-6"><bdi>978-0-500-34332-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/961005036">961005036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ornament+and+Decoration+in+Islamic+Architecture&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F961005036&rft.isbn=978-0-500-34332-6&rft.aulast=Clevenot&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+ornament" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_art" title="Template talk:Islamic art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architectural_elements" title="Category:Islamic architectural elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Decoration</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Tiling_(186943375).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/110px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/165px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/220px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li>Stained glass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of<br />the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Calligraphy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums,<br />collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li>Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>London (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>Marrakech (<a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Paris (<a href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth:_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj:_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles,<br />influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Art:_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_architecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_architecture" title="Template talk:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<i>For overview, see</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive<br />cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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