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</a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_and_prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substances_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substances_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Substances used </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substances_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panchakarma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panchakarma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Panchakarma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panchakarma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Current status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Current status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The Indian subcontinent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Nepal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Sri Lanka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Outside the Indian subcontinent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_efficacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_efficacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Classification and efficacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_and_efficacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification and efficacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_efficacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_of_toxic_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_toxic_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Use of toxic metals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_toxic_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Main texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illnesses_portrayed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illnesses_portrayed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Illnesses portrayed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illnesses_portrayed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_development_and_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_development_and_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Further development and spread </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_development_and_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ayurveda</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="أيورفيدا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيورفيدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6" title="আয়ুৰ্বেদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আয়ুৰ্বেদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="आयुर्वेद – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आयुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurw%C3%A9da" title="Ayurwéda – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ayurwéda" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6" title="আয়ুর্বেদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আয়ুর্বেদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аюрведа – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аюрведа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="आयुर्वेद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आयुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аюрведа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аюрведа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཚེ་ཡི་རིག་བྱེད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཚེ་ཡི་རིག་བྱེད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiurveda" title="Aiurveda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aiurveda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81jurv%C3%A9da" title="Ájurvéda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ájurvéda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="आयुर्वेद – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="आयुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajurveeda" title="Ajurveeda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajurveeda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81_%CE%92%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αγιούρ Βέντα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγιούρ Βέντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajurvedo" title="Ajurvedo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ajurvedo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="آیورودا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیورودا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80yurveda" title="Āyurveda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Āyurveda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A6" title="આયુર્વેદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આયુર્વેદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9C%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%B2%A0%EB%8B%A4" title="아유르베다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아유르베다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="आयुर्वेद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajurveda" title="Ajurveda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ajurveda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurweda" title="Ayurweda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ayurweda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="איור ודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איור ודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6" title="ಆಯುರ್ವೇದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಯುರ್ವೇದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="აიურვედა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აიურვედა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80jurv%C4%93da" title="Ājurvēda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ājurvēda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajurveda" title="Ajurveda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ajurveda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81jurv%C3%A9da" title="Ájurvéda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ájurvéda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="आयुर्वेद – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आयुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ајурведа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ајурведа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ആയുർവേദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആയുർവേദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="आयुर्वेद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="აიურვედა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აიურვედა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8E%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Аюурвед – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аюурвед" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B9%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="အာယုဗ္ဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာယုဗ္ဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="आयुर्वेद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आयुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="आयुर्वेद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आयुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80" title="アーユルヴェーダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーユルヴェーダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A6" title="ਆਯੁਰਵੇਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਯੁਰਵੇਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="आयुर्वेद – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="आयुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آیوروید – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آیوروید" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="آيورويدا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آيورويدا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajurweda" title="Ajurweda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ajurweda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiurveda" title="Aiurveda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aiurveda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аюрведа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аюрведа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83" title="आयुर्वेदः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आयुर्वेदः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajurveda" title="Ajurveda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ajurveda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ආයුර්වේදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආයුර්වේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="آيرويد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آيرويد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajurveda" title="Ajurveda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ajurveda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ајурведа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ајурведа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajurveda" title="Ajurveda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ajurveda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆயுர்வேதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆயுர்வேதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аюрведа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аюрведа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="ఆయుర్వేదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆయుర్వేదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97" title="อายุรเวท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อายุรเวท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аюрведа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аюрведа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آیور وید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آیور وید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ayurveda" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="阿育吠陀 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿育吠陀" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Alternative medicine with roots in India</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhanvantari-at-Ayurveda-expo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dhanvantari-at-Ayurveda-expo.jpg/220px-Dhanvantari-at-Ayurveda-expo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dhanvantari-at-Ayurveda-expo.jpg/330px-Dhanvantari-at-Ayurveda-expo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dhanvantari-at-Ayurveda-expo.jpg/440px-Dhanvantari-at-Ayurveda-expo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a>, an avatar of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, is the Hindu god associated with ayurveda.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medicine" title="Category:Alternative medicine">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline-body-aura.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/60px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/90px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/120px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">General information</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_alternative_medicine" title="Terminology of alternative medicine">Terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_veterinary_medicine" title="Alternative veterinary medicine">Alternative veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a> (health fraud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine#19th_century:_rise_of_modern_medicine" title="History of medicine">Rise of modern medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_nihilism" title="Therapeutic nihilism">Therapeutic nihilism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Fringe medicine and science</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">Acupressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_diet" title="Alkaline diet">Alkaline diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Research_and_Enlightenment" title="Association for Research and Enlightenment">Association for Research and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auriculotherapy" title="Auriculotherapy">Auriculotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_terrain_assessment" title="Biological terrain assessment">Biological terrain assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_salve" title="Black salve">Black salve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodywork_(alternative_medicine)" title="Bodywork (alternative medicine)">Bodywork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_bone-setting" title="Traditional bone-setting">Bone-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_technique" title="Bowen technique">Bowen technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathwork_(New_Age)" title="Breathwork (New Age)">Breathwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Fake COVID-19 treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_urine" title="Camel urine">Camel urine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_cancer_treatments" title="Alternative cancer treatments">Cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal_cleanse" title="Activated charcoal cleanse">Charcoal cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic_treatment_techniques" title="Chiropractic treatment techniques">Chiropractic treatment techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal silver">Colloidal silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_enema" title="Coffee enema">Coffee enema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorpuncture" title="Colorpuncture">Colorpuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniosacral_therapy" title="Craniosacral therapy">Craniosacral therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_amalgam_controversy" title="Dental amalgam controversy">Dental amalgam controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_foot_baths" title="Detoxification foot baths">Foot detox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_needling" title="Dry needling">Dry needling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Esoteric energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_touch" title="Therapeutic touch">Therapeutic touch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_dominance" title="Estrogen dominance">Estrogen dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabunan_Antiviral_Injection" title="Fabunan Antiviral Injection">Fabunan Antiviral Injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldenkrais_Method" title="Feldenkrais Method">Feldenkrais Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_medicine" title="Functional medicine">Functional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_analysis_(alternative_medicine)" title="Hair analysis (alternative medicine)">Hair analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_dentistry" title="Holistic dentistry">Holistic dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologram_bracelet" title="Hologram bracelet">Hologram bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_flower_remedies" title="Bach flower remedies">Bach flower remedies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">Hydrotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionized_jewelry" title="Ionized jewelry">Ionized jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilly_Juice" title="Jilly Juice">Jilly Juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lightning_Process" title="The Lightning Process">Lightning Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotherapy" title="Lymphotherapy">Lymphotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_therapy" title="Manual therapy">Manual therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_lymphatic_drainage" title="Manual lymphatic drainage">Manual lymphatic drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_intuitive" title="Medical intuitive">Medical intuitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megavitamin_therapy" title="Megavitamin therapy">Megavitamin therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">Mesmerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofascial_release" title="Myofascial release">Myofascial release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambudripad%27s_Allergy_Elimination_Techniques" title="Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques">NAET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pulling" title="Oil pulling">Oil pulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthomolecular_medicine" title="Orthomolecular medicine">Orthomolecular medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomyology" title="Osteomyology">Osteomyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">Osteopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_therapy" title="Ozone therapy">Ozone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_Integration" title="Postural Integration">Postural Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodermatology" title="Psychodermatology">Psychodermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_healing" title="Quantum healing">Quantum healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexology" title="Reflexology">Reflexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_body-oriented_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichian body-oriented psychotherapy">RBOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolfing" title="Rolfing">Rolfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThetaHealing" title="ThetaHealing">ThetaHealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomsonianism" title="Thomsonianism">Thomsonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_Field_Therapy" title="Thought Field Therapy">Thought Field Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urophagia" title="Urophagia">Urophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_steaming" title="Vaginal steaming">Vaginal steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetotherapy" title="Vegetotherapy">Vegetotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_therapy" title="Vision therapy">Vision therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_balancing" title="Zero balancing">Zero balancing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">OPV AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccinationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccine misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">Vaccines and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">Turbo cancer</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine#NCCIH_classification" title="Alternative medicine">Classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medical_systems" title="Category:Alternative medical systems">Alternative medical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Category:Mind–body interventions">Mind–body intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biologically_based_therapies" title="Category:Biologically based therapies">Biologically based therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manual_therapy" title="Category:Manual therapy">Manipulative methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_therapies" title="Category:Energy therapies">Energy therapy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muti" title="Muti">Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ayurveda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dosha" title="Dosha">Dosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health" title="Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health">MVAH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneotherapy" title="Balneotherapy">Balneotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_traditional_medicine" title="Brazilian traditional medicine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Cambodian_medicine" title="Traditional Cambodian medicine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_stasis" title="Blood stasis">Blood stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dit_da" title="Dit da">Dit da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_sha" title="Gua sha">Gua sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_plate_trade" title="Gill plate trade">Gill plate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gu" title="Long gu">Long gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_point" title="Pressure point">Pressure point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jiao" title="San Jiao">San Jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_na" title="Tui na">Tui na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zang-fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zang-fu">Zang-fu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_traditional_medicine" title="Chumash traditional medicine">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curandero" title="Curandero">Curandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine" title="Iranian traditional medicine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">Jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayakalpa" title="Kayakalpa">Kayakalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambo_cleanse" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambo cleanse">Kambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mien_Shiang" title="Mien Shiang">Mien Shiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftalan_oil" title="Naftalan oil">Naftalan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_medicine" title="Prophetic medicine">Prophetic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiatsu" title="Shiatsu">Shiatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine" title="Sri Lankan traditional medicine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_massage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai massage">Thai massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Alternative diagnoses</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerotoxic_syndrome" title="Aerotoxic syndrome">Aerotoxic syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_hypersensitivity" title="Candida hypersensitivity">Candida hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_Lyme_disease" title="Chronic Lyme disease">Chronic Lyme disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_legs" title="Heavy legs">Heavy legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_chemical_sensitivity" title="Multiple chemical sensitivity">Multiple chemical sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANDAS" title="PANDAS">PANDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_temperature_syndrome" title="Wilson's temperature syndrome">Wilson's temperature syndrome</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template talk:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ayurveda (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɑːjʊərˈveɪdə, -ˈviː-/</a>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: āyurveda<a href="#cite_note-oxford-1">[1]</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> system with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-HIML-intro-2">[2]</a> It is heavily practiced throughout India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, where as much as 80% of the population report using ayurveda.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> The theory and practice of ayurveda is <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> and toxic metals such as lead are used as ingredients in many ayurvedic medicines.<a href="#cite_note-kaufman-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quack-2011-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dargan-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Ayurveda therapies have varied and evolved over more than two millennia.<a href="#cite_note-HIML-intro-2">[2]</a> Therapies include <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieting#Detox" title="Dieting">special diets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditation#Hinduism" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">massage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laxative#Historical_and_health_fraud_uses" title="Laxative">laxatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enema#Alternative_medicine" title="Enema">enemas</a>, and medical oils.<a href="#cite_note-WebMD-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-cruk-11">[11]</a> Ayurvedic preparations are typically based on complex herbal compounds, minerals, and metal substances (perhaps under the influence of early Indian alchemy or <a href="/wiki/Rasashastra" title="Rasashastra">rasashastra</a>). Ancient ayurveda texts also taught surgical techniques, including <a href="/wiki/Rhinoplasty" title="Rhinoplasty">rhinoplasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithotomy" title="Lithotomy">lithotomy</a>, sutures, <a href="/wiki/Cataract_surgery" title="Cataract surgery">cataract surgery</a>, and the extraction of foreign objects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWujastyk2003a-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-mukh-surg-13">[13]</a> Historical evidence for ayurvedic texts, terminology and concepts appears from the middle of the first millennium BCE onwards.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The main classical ayurveda texts begin with accounts of the transmission of medical knowledge from the gods to sages, and then to human physicians.<a href="#cite_note-zysk-myth-15">[15]</a> Printed editions of the <a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a> (Sushruta's Compendium), frame the work as the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu god">Hindu deity</a> of ayurveda, incarnated as King <a href="/wiki/Divod%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Divodāsa">Divodāsa</a> of Varanasi, to a group of physicians, including <a href="/wiki/Sushruta" title="Sushruta">Sushruta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica-17">[17]</a> The oldest manuscripts of the work, however, omit this frame, ascribing the work directly to King Divodāsa.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In ayurveda texts, <a href="/wiki/Dosha" title="Dosha">dosha</a> balance is emphasized, and suppressing natural urges is considered unhealthy and claimed to lead to illness.<a href="#cite_note-WujastykXVIII-19">[19]</a> Ayurveda treatises describe three elemental doshas: vāta, pitta and kapha, and state that balance (<a href="/wiki/Skt." class="mw-redirect" title="Skt.">Skt.</a> sāmyatva) of the doshas results in health, while imbalance (viṣamatva) results in disease. Ayurveda treatises divide medicine into eight canonical components. Ayurveda practitioners had developed various medicinal preparations and surgical procedures from at least the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">common era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shar-hist-20">[20]</a> Ayurveda has been adapted for Western consumption, notably by <a href="/wiki/Baba_Hari_Dass" title="Baba Hari Dass">Baba Hari Dass</a> in the 1970s and <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_ayurveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharishi ayurveda">Maharishi ayurveda</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-:9-21">[21]</a> Although some Ayurvedic treatments can help relieve the symptoms of cancer, there is no good evidence that the disease can be treated or cured through ayurveda.<a href="#cite_note-cruk-11">[11]</a> Some ayurvedic preparations have been found to contain <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">arsenic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WebMD-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-22">[22]</a> substances known to be <a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">harmful to humans</a>. A 2008 study found the three substances in close to 21% of U.S. and Indian-manufactured patent ayurvedic medicines sold through the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-Saper2008-23">[23]</a> The public health implications of such metallic contaminants in India are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Saper2008-23">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The term āyurveda (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:आयुर्वेद">आयुर्वेद</a>) is composed of two words, āyus, आयुस्, "life" or "longevity", and veda, वेद, "knowledge", translated as "knowledge of longevity"<a href="#cite_note-MaasCambridge_2018-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith+Wujastyk-25">[25]</a> or "knowledge of life and longevity".<a href="#cite_note-GregoryFields-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eight_components">Eight components</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagarjuna.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nagarjuna.gif/220px-Nagarjuna.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Nagarjuna.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a>, known for the <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> (middle path), wrote the medical works The Hundred Prescriptions and The Precious Collection.<a href="#cite_note-CliffordMLBD-27">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest classical <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> works on ayurveda describe medicine as being divided into eight components (Skt. aṅga).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> This characterization of the physician's art, "the medicine that has eight components" (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: चिकित्सायामष्टाङ्गायाम्, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: cikitsāyām aṣṭāṅgāyāṃ), is first found in the Sanskrit epic the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahābhārata</a>, c. 4th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The components are:<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-GregoryFields-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <ul><li>Kāyachikitsā: general medicine, medicine of the body</li> <li>Kaumāra-bhṛtya (Pediatrics): Discussions about prenatal and postnatal care of baby and mother; methods of conception; choosing the child's sex, intelligence, and constitution; childhood diseases; and midwifery<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li>Śalyatantra: <a href="/wiki/History_of_surgery#India" title="History of surgery">surgical techniques</a> and the extraction of foreign objects</li> <li>Śhālākyatantra: treatment of ailments affecting openings or cavities in the upper body: ears, eyes, nose, mouth, etc.</li> <li>Bhūtavidyā: pacification of possessing spirits, and the people whose minds are affected by such possession</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agada" title="Agada">Agadatantra</a>/Vishagara-vairodh Tantra (Toxicology): includes epidemics; toxins in animals, vegetables and minerals; and keys for recognizing those anomalies and their antidotes</li> <li>Rasāyantantra: <a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation" title="Rejuvenation">rejuvenation</a> and tonics for increasing lifespan, intellect and strength</li> <li>Vājīkaraṇatantra: <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphrodisiacs">aphrodisiacs</a>; treatments for increasing the volume and viability of semen and sexual pleasure; infertility problems; and spiritual development (transmutation of sexual energy into spiritual energy)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles_and_terminology">Principles and terminology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C5%ABta" title="Mahābhūta">Mahābhūta</a></div> The central theoretical ideas of ayurveda show parallels with <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a> philosophies, as well as with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Balance is emphasized, and suppressing natural urges is considered unhealthy and claimed to lead to illness.<a href="#cite_note-WujastykXVIII-19">[19]</a> For example, to suppress sneezing is said to potentially give rise to shoulder pain.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> However, people are also cautioned to stay within the limits of reasonable balance and measure when following nature's urges.<a href="#cite_note-WujastykXVIII-19">[19]</a> For example, emphasis is placed on moderation of food intake,<a href="#cite_note-Chopra75-37">[37]</a> sleep, and sexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-WujastykXVIII-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayurveda_humors.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ayurveda_humors.svg/220px-Ayurveda_humors.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ayurveda_humors.svg/330px-Ayurveda_humors.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ayurveda_humors.svg/440px-Ayurveda_humors.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>The three <a href="/wiki/Dosha" title="Dosha">doshas</a> and the five elements from which they are composed</figcaption></figure> According to ayurveda, the human body is composed of tissues (<a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81tu_(ayurveda)" title="Dhātu (ayurveda)">dhatus</a>), waste (malas), and humeral biomaterials (<a href="/wiki/Dosha" title="Dosha">doshas</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Mishra-38">[38]</a> The seven dhatus are chyle (rasa), blood (rakta), muscles (māmsa), fat (meda), bone (asthi), <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">marrow</a> (majja), and semen (shukra). Like the medicine of classical antiquity, the classic treatises of ayurveda divided bodily substances into five <a href="/wiki/Classical_element#Classical_elements_in_Hinduism" title="Classical element">classical elements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Panchamahabhuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchamahabhuta">panchamahabhuta</a>) viz. <a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ap_(water)" title="Ap (water)">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ether_(classical_element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ether (classical element)">ether</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Underwood&Rhodes(2008)-39">[39]</a> There are also twenty <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">gunas</a> (qualities or characteristics) which are considered to be inherent in all matter. These are organized in ten pairs: heavy/light, cold/hot, unctuous/dry, dull/sharp, stable/mobile, soft/hard, non-slimy/slimy, smooth/coarse, minute/gross, and viscous/liquid.<a href="#cite_note-Chopra76-40">[40]</a> The three postulated elemental bodily humours, the doshas or tridosha, are vata (air, which some modern authors equate with the nervous system), pitta (bile, fire, equated by some with enzymes), and kapha (phlegm, or earth and water, equated by some with mucus). Contemporary critics assert that doshas are not real, but are a fictional concept.<a href="#cite_note-sn-41">[41]</a> The humours (doshas) may also affect mental health. Each dosha has particular attributes and roles within the body and mind; the natural predominance of one or more doshas thus explains a person's physical constitution (prakriti) and personality.<a href="#cite_note-Mishra-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Payya-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Ayurvedic tradition holds that imbalance among the bodily and mental doshas is a major etiologic component of disease. One ayurvedic view is that the doshas are balanced when they are equal to each other, while another view is that each human possesses a unique combination of the doshas which define this person's temperament and characteristics. In either case, it says that each person should modulate their behavior or environment to increase or decrease the doshas and maintain their natural state. Practitioners of ayurveda must determine an individual's bodily and mental dosha makeup, as certain prakriti are said to predispose one to particular diseases.<a href="#cite_note-mental-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mishra-38">[38]</a> For example, a person who is thin, shy, excitable, has a pronounced <a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a>, and enjoys esoteric knowledge is likely vata prakriti and therefore more susceptible to conditions such as flatulence, stuttering, and rheumatism.<a href="#cite_note-Mishra-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Deranged vata is also associated with certain mental disorders due to excited or excess vayu (gas), although the ayurvedic text <a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a> also attributes "insanity" (unmada) to cold food and possession by the ghost of a sinful Brahman (<a href="/wiki/Brahmarakshasa" title="Brahmarakshasa">brahmarakshasa</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Mishra-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-mental-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Ama (a Sanskrit word meaning "uncooked" or "undigested") is used to refer to the concept of anything that exists in a state of incomplete transformation. With regards to <a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">oral hygiene</a>, it is claimed to be a toxic byproduct generated by improper or incomplete <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The concept has no equivalent in <a href="/wiki/Standard_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard medicine">standard medicine</a>. In medieval taxonomies of the Sanskrit knowledge systems, ayurveda is assigned a place as a subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Veda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">upaveda</a>).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Some medicinal plant names from the <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a> and other Vedas can be found in subsequent ayurveda literature.<a href="#cite_note-zysk-veda-52">[52]</a> Some other school of thoughts considers 'ayurveda' as the '<a href="/wiki/Fifth_Veda" title="Fifth Veda">Fifth Veda</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The earliest recorded theoretical statements about the canonical models of disease in ayurveda occur in the earliest <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Canon">Buddhist Canon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zysk-asce-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physician_taking_pulse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Physician_taking_pulse.jpg/220px-Physician_taking_pulse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Physician_taking_pulse.jpg/330px-Physician_taking_pulse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Physician_taking_pulse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Physician taking pulse, Delhi, c. 1825</figcaption></figure> Ayurvedic practitioners regard physical existence, mental existence, and personality as three separate elements of a whole person with each element being able to influence the others.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Holistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic">holistic</a> approach used during diagnosis and healing is a fundamental aspect of ayurveda. Another part of ayurvedic treatment says that there are channels (srotas) which transport fluids, and that the channels can be opened up by massage treatment using oils and <a href="/wiki/Swedana" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedana">Swedana</a> (fomentation). Unhealthy, or blocked, channels are thought to cause disease.<a href="#cite_note-WujastykXIX-XX-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayurweda_kopfmassage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ayurweda_kopfmassage.JPG/170px-Ayurweda_kopfmassage.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ayurweda_kopfmassage.JPG/255px-Ayurweda_kopfmassage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ayurweda_kopfmassage.JPG/340px-Ayurweda_kopfmassage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="2430" /></a><figcaption>An ayurvedic practitioner applying oil using head massage</figcaption></figure> Ayurveda has eight ways to diagnose illness, called <a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">nadi</a> (pulse), mootra (urine), <a href="/wiki/Malas_(ayurveda)" title="Malas (ayurveda)">mala</a> (stool), jihva (tongue), shabda (speech), sparsha (touch), druk (vision), and aakruti (appearance).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Ayurvedic practitioners approach diagnosis by using the five senses.<a href="#cite_note-Chopra79-58">[58]</a> For example, hearing is used to observe the condition of breathing and speech.<a href="#cite_note-Underwood&Rhodes(2008)-39">[39]</a> The study of vulnerable points, or marma, is particular to ayurvedic medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Chopra76-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayurvedic_treatment_procedures.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ayurvedic_treatment_procedures.svg/440px-Ayurvedic_treatment_procedures.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ayurvedic_treatment_procedures.svg/660px-Ayurvedic_treatment_procedures.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ayurvedic_treatment_procedures.svg/880px-Ayurvedic_treatment_procedures.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Treatment procedures</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_and_prevention">Treatment and prevention</h3></div> Two of the eight branches of classical ayurveda deal with surgery (Śalya-cikitsā and Śālākya-tantra), but contemporary ayurveda tends to stress attaining vitality by building a healthy <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic system</a> and maintaining good digestion and <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chopra76-40">[40]</a> Ayurveda also focuses on exercise, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encarta-ayurveda-59">[59]</a> One type of prescription is a <a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a>. Ayurveda follows the concept of <a href="/wiki/Dinacharya" title="Dinacharya">Dinacharya</a>, which says that natural cycles (waking, sleeping, working, meditation etc.) are important for health. Hygiene, including regular bathing, cleaning of teeth, <a href="/wiki/Oil_pulling" title="Oil pulling">oil pulling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongue_scraping" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongue scraping">tongue scraping</a>, skin care, and eye washing, is also a central practice.<a href="#cite_note-Underwood&Rhodes(2008)-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substances_used">Substances used</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethnobotany_of_India" title="Medical ethnobotany of India">Medical ethnobotany of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contemporary_Ayurveda_(156350019).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Contemporary_Ayurveda_%28156350019%29.jpeg/220px-Contemporary_Ayurveda_%28156350019%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Contemporary_Ayurveda_%28156350019%29.jpeg/330px-Contemporary_Ayurveda_%28156350019%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Contemporary_Ayurveda_%28156350019%29.jpeg/440px-Contemporary_Ayurveda_%28156350019%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Ayurvedic preparations displayed in Delhi in 2016</figcaption></figure> The vast majority (90%) of ayurvedic remedies are plant based.<a href="#cite_note-:7-60">[60]</a> Plant-based treatments in ayurveda may be derived from roots, leaves, fruits, bark, or seeds; some examples of plant-based substances include <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>. In the 19th century, William Dymock and co-authors summarized hundreds of plant-derived medicines along with the uses, microscopic structure, chemical composition, toxicology, prevalent myths and stories, and relation to commerce in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Triphala" title="Triphala">Triphala</a>, an herbal formulation of three fruits, <a href="/wiki/Amalaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalaki">Amalaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibhitaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibhitaki">Bibhitaki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haritaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Haritaki">Haritaki</a>, is one of the most commonly used<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Ayurvedic remedies.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The herbs <a href="/wiki/Withania_somnifera" title="Withania somnifera">Withania somnifera</a> (Ashwagandha)<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Ocimum tenuiflorum</a> (Tulsi)<a href="#cite_note-:7-60">[60]</a> are also routinely used in ayurveda. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tulsi-flower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tulsi-flower.JPG/165px-Tulsi-flower.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tulsi-flower.JPG/247px-Tulsi-flower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tulsi-flower.JPG/330px-Tulsi-flower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Tulsi-flower (<a href="/wiki/Holy_basil" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy basil">holy basil</a>), an ayurvedic herb</figcaption></figure> Animal products used in ayurveda include milk, bones, and <a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">gallstones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In addition, fats are prescribed both for consumption and for external use. Consumption of minerals, including <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, lead, <a href="/wiki/Copper_sulfate" title="Copper sulfate">copper sulfate</a> and gold, are also prescribed.<a href="#cite_note-Underwood&Rhodes(2008)-39">[39]</a> The addition of minerals to herbal medicine is called <a href="/wiki/Rasashastra" title="Rasashastra">rasashastra</a>. Ayurveda uses alcoholic beverages called Madya,<a href="#cite_note-IJTNJAN07-67">[67]</a> which are said to adjust the doshas by increasing pitta and reducing vatta and kapha.<a href="#cite_note-IJTNJAN07-67">[67]</a> Madya are classified by the raw material and fermentation process, and the categories include: sugar-based, fruit-based, cereal-based, cereal-based with herbs, fermentated with vinegar, and tonic wines. The intended outcomes can include causing purgation, improving digestion or taste, creating dryness, or loosening joints. Ayurvedic texts describe Madya as non-viscid and fast-acting, and say that it enters and cleans minute pores in the body.<a href="#cite_note-IJTNJAN07-67">[67]</a> Purified <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a><a href="#cite_note-ISHS1036-68">[68]</a> is used in eight ayurvedic preparations<a href="#cite_note-UNODC-69">[69]</a> and is said to balance the vata and kapha doshas and increase the pitta dosha.<a href="#cite_note-ISHS1036-68">[68]</a> It is prescribed for diarrhea and dysentery, for increasing the sexual and muscular ability, and for affecting the brain. The sedative and pain-relieving properties of opium are considered in ayurveda. The use of opium is found in the ancient ayurvedic texts, and is first mentioned in the Sarngadhara Samhita (1300–1400 CE), a book on pharmacy used in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> in Western India, as an ingredient of an aphrodisiac to delay male ejaculation.<a href="#cite_note-IJHS051981-70">[70]</a> It is possible that opium was brought to India along with or before <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNODC-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chopra80-71">[71]</a> The book Yoga Ratnakara (1700–1800 CE, unknown author), which is popular in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, uses opium in a herbal-mineral composition prescribed for diarrhea.<a href="#cite_note-IJHS051981-70">[70]</a> In the Bhaisajya Ratnavali, opium and <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> are used for acute gastroenteritis. In this drug, the respiratory depressant action of opium is counteracted by the respiratory stimulant property of camphor.<a href="#cite_note-IJHS051981-70">[70]</a> Later books have included the narcotic property for use as analgesic pain reliever.<a href="#cite_note-IJHS051981-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_indica" title="Cannabis indica">Cannabis indica</a> is also mentioned in the ancient ayurveda books, and is first mentioned in the Sarngadhara Samhita as a treatment for diarrhea.<a href="#cite_note-IJHS051981-70">[70]</a> In the Bhaisajya Ratnavali it is named as an ingredient in an aphrodisiac.<a href="#cite_note-IJHS051981-70">[70]</a> Ayurveda says that both oil and tar can be used to stop bleeding,<a href="#cite_note-Underwood&Rhodes(2008)-39">[39]</a> and that traumatic bleeding can be stopped by four different methods: <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(medicine)" title="Ligature (medicine)">ligation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cauterisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cauterisation">cauterisation</a> by heat, use of preparations to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Clotting" class="mw-redirect" title="Clotting">clotting</a>, and use of preparations to <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">constrict</a> the blood vessels. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ennappathy_ayurveda_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ennappathy_ayurveda_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF.jpg/220px-Ennappathy_ayurveda_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ennappathy_ayurveda_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF.jpg/330px-Ennappathy_ayurveda_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ennappathy_ayurveda_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF.jpg/440px-Ennappathy_ayurveda_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Ayurvedic treatment set up used for applying oil to patients, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, 2017</figcaption></figure> Massage with oil is commonly prescribed by ayurvedic practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Oils are used in a number of ways, including regular consumption, anointing, smearing, head massage, application to affected areas,<a href="#cite_note-WujastykXX-73">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] and oil pulling. Liquids may also be poured on the patient's forehead, a technique called shirodhara.<a href="#cite_note-Cacho_Lum-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panchakarma">Panchakarma</h3></div> According to ayurveda, panchakarma are techniques to <a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">eliminate toxic elements from the body</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Panchakarma refers to five actions, which are meant to be performed in a designated sequence with the stated aim of restoring balance in the body through a process of purgation.<a href="#cite_note-Sujatha_UniversalGlobal_2020-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2></div> Ayurveda is widely practiced in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal<a href="#cite_note-who01-77">[77]</a> where public institutions offer formal study in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Ayurvedic_Medicine_and_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery">Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery</a> (BAMS) degree. In certain parts of the world, the legal standing of practitioners is equivalent to that of conventional medicine.<a href="#cite_note-who01-77">[77]</a> Several scholars have described the contemporary Indian application of ayurvedic practice as being "biomedicalized" relative to the more "spiritualized" emphasis to practice found in variants in the West.<a href="#cite_note-london_\2-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sujatha_UniversalGlobal_2020-76">[76]</a> Exposure to European developments in medicine from the nineteenth century onwards, through <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonization of India">European colonization of India</a> and the subsequent institutionalized support for European forms of medicine amongst European heritage settlers in India<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> were challenging to ayurveda, with the entire <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> called into question. From the twentieth century, ayurveda became politically, conceptually, and commercially dominated by modern <a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biomedicine</a>, resulting in "modern ayurveda" and "global ayurveda".<a href="#cite_note-MaasCambridge_2018-24">[24]</a> Modern ayurveda is geographically located in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and tends towards secularization through minimization of the magic and mythic aspects of ayurveda.<a href="#cite_note-MaasCambridge_2018-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith+Wujastyk-25">[25]</a> Global ayurveda encompasses multiple forms of practice that developed through dispersal to a wide geographical area outside of India.<a href="#cite_note-MaasCambridge_2018-24">[24]</a> Smith and Wujastyk further delineate that global ayurveda includes those primarily interested in the ayurveda <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopoeia" title="Pharmacopoeia">pharmacopeia</a>, and also the practitioners of <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> ayurveda (which may link ayurveda to yoga and Indian spirituality and/or emphasize preventative practice, mind body medicine, or <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_ayurveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharishi ayurveda">Maharishi ayurveda</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Smith+Wujastyk-25">[25]</a> Since the 1980s, ayurveda has also become the subject of interdisciplinary studies in <a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">ethnomedicine</a> which seeks to integrate the biomedical sciences and humanities to improve the pharmacopeia of ayurveda.<a href="#cite_note-Smith+Wujastyk-25">[25]</a> According to industry research, the global ayurveda market was worth US$4.5 billion in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-market-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Indian_subcontinent">The Indian subcontinent</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Ayurvedic_Pharmacy,_Rishikesh_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/An_Ayurvedic_Pharmacy%2C_Rishikesh_%281%29.jpg/220px-An_Ayurvedic_Pharmacy%2C_Rishikesh_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/An_Ayurvedic_Pharmacy%2C_Rishikesh_%281%29.jpg/330px-An_Ayurvedic_Pharmacy%2C_Rishikesh_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/An_Ayurvedic_Pharmacy%2C_Rishikesh_%281%29.jpg/440px-An_Ayurvedic_Pharmacy%2C_Rishikesh_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A typical ayurvedic pharmacy, <a href="/wiki/Rishikesh" title="Rishikesh">Rishikesh</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare in India</a></div> It was reported in 2008<a href="#cite_note-Dargan-8">[8]</a> and again in 2018<a href="#cite_note-:0-81">[81]</a> that 80 percent of people in India used ayurveda exclusively or combined with conventional Western medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Dargan-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-81">[81]</a> A 2014 national health survey found that, in general, forms of the Indian system of medicine or <a href="/wiki/AYUSH" class="mw-redirect" title="AYUSH">AYUSH</a> (ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, <a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">unani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">siddha</a>, and homeopathy) were used by about 3.5% of patients who were seeking outpatient care over a two-week reference period.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> passed the Indian Medical Central Council Act which aimed to standardise qualifications for ayurveda practitioners and provide accredited institutions for its study and research.<a href="#cite_note-WujastykXXII-83">[83]</a> In 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Indian_Medicine" title="Central Council of Indian Medicine">Central Council of Indian Medicine</a> (CCIM) was established under the Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha medicine and Homoeopathy (AYUSH), <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a>, to monitor higher education in ayurveda in India.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The Indian government supports research and teaching in ayurveda through many channels at both the national and state levels, and helps institutionalise traditional medicine so that it can be studied in major towns and cities.<a href="#cite_note-WujastykXVI-85">[85]</a> The state-sponsored Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) is designed to do research on ayurveda.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Many clinics in urban and rural areas are run by professionals who qualify from these institutes.<a href="#cite_note-WujastykXXII-83">[83]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayurveda&action=edit">[update]</a>, India had over 180 training centers that offered degrees in traditional ayurvedic medicine.<a href="#cite_note-encarta-ayurveda-59">[59]</a> To fight <a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a> and unethical patents, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">government of India</a> set up the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Knowledge_Digital_Library" title="Traditional Knowledge Digital Library">Traditional Knowledge Digital Library</a> in 2001 to serve as a repository for formulations from systems of Indian medicine, such as ayurveda, <a href="/wiki/Unani" class="mw-redirect" title="Unani">unani</a> and siddha medicine.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-pt-88">[88]</a> The formulations come from over 100 traditional ayurveda books.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Indian Academy of Sciences">Indian Academy of Sciences</a> document quoting a 2003–04 report states that India had 432,625 registered medical practitioners, 13,925 dispensaries, 2,253 hospitals and a bed strength of 43,803. 209 undergraduate teaching institutions and 16 postgraduate institutions.<a href="#cite_note-IAS-20150613-90">[90]</a> In 2012, it was reported that insurance companies covered expenses for ayurvedic treatments in case of conditions such as spinal cord disorders, bone disorder, arthritis and cancer. Such claims constituted 5–10 percent of the country's health insurance claims.<a href="#cite_note-Hindu-20120328-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Andhashraddha_Nirmoolan_Samiti" title="Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti">Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti</a>, an organisation dedicated to fighting <a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_India" title="Superstition in India">superstition in India</a>, considers ayurveda to be pseudoscience.<a href="#cite_note-Quack-2011-7">[7]</a> On 9 November 2014, India formed the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_AYUSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of AYUSH">Ministry of AYUSH</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> National Ayurveda Day is also observed in India on the birth of <a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Dhanteras" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) published a report titled "The Health Workforce in India" which found that 31 percent of those who claimed to be doctors in India in 2001 were educated only up to the secondary school level and 57 percent went without any medical qualification.<a href="#cite_note-:6-95">[95]</a> The WHO study found that the situation was worse in rural India with only 18.8 percent of doctors holding a medical qualification.<a href="#cite_note-:6-95">[95]</a> Overall, the study revealed that nationally the density of all doctors (mainstream, ayurvedic, homeopathic and unani) was 8 doctors per 10,000 people compared to 13 per 10,000 people in China.<a href="#cite_note-:6-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepal">Nepal</h4></div> About 75% to 80% of the population of Nepal use ayurveda.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> As of 2009, ayurveda was considered to be the most common and popular form of medicine in Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SwaSwara_Ayurveda_and_Yoga_on_Om_Beach_meditation_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/SwaSwara_Ayurveda_and_Yoga_on_Om_Beach_meditation_%284%29.jpg/220px-SwaSwara_Ayurveda_and_Yoga_on_Om_Beach_meditation_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/SwaSwara_Ayurveda_and_Yoga_on_Om_Beach_meditation_%284%29.jpg/330px-SwaSwara_Ayurveda_and_Yoga_on_Om_Beach_meditation_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/SwaSwara_Ayurveda_and_Yoga_on_Om_Beach_meditation_%284%29.jpg/440px-SwaSwara_Ayurveda_and_Yoga_on_Om_Beach_meditation_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Practitioners in 2017 in Sri Lanka, where ayurveda spas are common</figcaption></figure> The Sri Lankan tradition of ayurveda is similar to the Indian tradition. Practitioners of ayurveda in Sri Lanka refer to Sanskrit texts which are common to both countries. However, they do differ in some aspects, particularly in the herbs used. In 1980, the Sri Lankan government established a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Indigenous_Medicine" title="Ministry of Indigenous Medicine">Ministry of Indigenous Medicine</a> to revive and regulate ayurveda.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Indigenous_Medicine" title="Institute of Indigenous Medicine">Institute of Indigenous Medicine</a> (affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colombo" title="University of Colombo">University of Colombo</a>) offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and MD degrees in ayurveda medicine and surgery, and similar degrees in unani medicine.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 2010, the public system had 62 ayurvedic hospitals and 208 central dispensaries, which served about 3 million people (about 11% of Sri Lanka's population). There are an estimated 20,000 registered practitioners of ayurveda in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, an ancient chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> royalty from the sixth century CE, King <a href="/wiki/Pandukabhaya" title="Pandukabhaya">Pandukabhaya</a> (reigned 437 BCE to 367 BCE) had lying-in-homes and ayurvedic hospitals (Sivikasotthi-Sala) built in various parts of the country. This is the earliest documented evidence available of institutions dedicated specifically to the care of the sick anywhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The hospital at <a href="/wiki/Mihintale" title="Mihintale">Mihintale</a> is the oldest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent">Outside the Indian subcontinent</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aankomst_Maharish_Makesh_Yogi_op_Schiphol._M._M._Yogi_vergezeld_van_Dramayari_Do,_Bestanddeelnr_920-6590.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aankomst_Maharish_Makesh_Yogi_op_Schiphol._M._M._Yogi_vergezeld_van_Dramayari_Do%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-6590.jpg/220px-Aankomst_Maharish_Makesh_Yogi_op_Schiphol._M._M._Yogi_vergezeld_van_Dramayari_Do%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-6590.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aankomst_Maharish_Makesh_Yogi_op_Schiphol._M._M._Yogi_vergezeld_van_Dramayari_Do%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-6590.jpg/330px-Aankomst_Maharish_Makesh_Yogi_op_Schiphol._M._M._Yogi_vergezeld_van_Dramayari_Do%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-6590.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aankomst_Maharish_Makesh_Yogi_op_Schiphol._M._M._Yogi_vergezeld_van_Dramayari_Do%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-6590.jpg/440px-Aankomst_Maharish_Makesh_Yogi_op_Schiphol._M._M._Yogi_vergezeld_van_Dramayari_Do%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-6590.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a> in Amsterdam in 1967</figcaption></figure> Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine developed during antiquity and the medieval period, and as such is comparable to pre-modern <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">European systems of medicine</a>. In the 1960s, ayurveda began to be advertised as <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> in the Western world. Due to different laws and medical regulations around the globe, the expanding practice and commercialisation of ayurveda raised ethical and legal issues.<a href="#cite_note-:10-105">[105]</a> Ayurveda was adapted for Western consumption, particularly by Baba Hari Dass in the 1970s and by Maharishi Ayurveda in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-:9-21">[21]</a> In some cases, this involved active fraud on the part of proponents of ayurveda in an attempt to falsely represent the system as equal to the standards of modern <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Baba_Hari_Dass" title="Baba Hari Dass">Baba Hari Dass</a> was an early proponent who helped bring ayurveda to the United States in the early 1970s. His teachings led to the establishment of the Mount Madonna Institute.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> He invited several notable ayurvedic teachers, including Vasant Lad, Sarita Shrestha, and <a href="/wiki/Ram_Harsh_Singh" title="Ram Harsh Singh">Ram Harsh Singh</a>. The ayurvedic practitioner Michael Tierra wrote that the "history of Ayurveda in North America will always owe a debt to the selfless contributions of Baba Hari Dass".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In the United States, the practice of ayurveda is not licensed or regulated by any state. The <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health" title="National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health">National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health</a> (NCCIH) stated that "Few well-designed clinical trials and systematic research reviews suggest that Ayurvedic approaches are effective". The NCCIH warned against the issue of heavy metal poisoning, and emphasised the use of conventional health providers first.<a href="#cite_note-:5-110">[110]</a> As of 2018, the NCCIH reported that 240,000 Americans were using ayurvedic medicine.<a href="#cite_note-:5-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4></div> The first ayurvedic clinic in Switzerland was opened in 1987 by <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In 2015, the government of Switzerland introduced a federally recognized diploma in ayurveda.<a href="#cite_note-:8-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_efficacy">Classification and efficacy</h2></div> Ayurvedic medicine is considered <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> because its premises are not based on science.<a href="#cite_note-oxpsych-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-kaufman-6">[6]</a> Both the lack of scientific soundness in the theoretical foundations of ayurveda and the quality of research have been criticized.<a href="#cite_note-oxpsych-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sujatha2011-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manohar2013-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bausell-116">[116]</a> Although laboratory experiments suggest that some herbs and substances in ayurveda might be developed into effective treatments, there is no evidence that any are effective in themselves.<a href="#cite_note-ACS2011-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> There is no good evidence that ayurvedic medicine is effective to treat or cure cancer in people.<a href="#cite_note-cruk-11">[11]</a> Although ayurveda may help "improve quality of life" and <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK" title="Cancer Research UK">Cancer Research UK</a> also acknowledges that "researchers have found that some Ayurvedic treatments can help relieve cancer symptoms", the organization warns that some ayurvedic drugs contain toxic substances or may <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">interact</a> with legitimate cancer drugs in a harmful way.<a href="#cite_note-cruk-11">[11]</a> Ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Quack" title="Johannes Quack">Johannes Quack</a> writes that although the rationalist movement Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti officially labels ayurveda a pseudoscience akin to <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, these practices are in fact embraced by many of the movement's members.<a href="#cite_note-Quack-2011-7">[7]</a> A review of the use of ayurveda for <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a> concluded that the evidence is not convincing for the use of any ayurvedic herbal treatment for heart disease or hypertension, but that many herbs used by ayurvedic practitioners could be appropriate for further research.<a href="#cite_note-Mamtani2005-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3></div> In India, research in ayurveda is undertaken by the Ministry of AYUSH through a national network of research institutes.<a href="#cite_note-ccras-120">[120]</a> In Nepal, the National Ayurvedic Training and Research Centre (NATRC) researches medicinal herbs in the country.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In Sri Lanka, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Nutrition_and_Indigenous_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine">Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine</a> looks after the research in ayurveda through various national research institutes.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_of_toxic_metals">Use of toxic metals</h4></div> Rasashastra, the practice of adding metals, minerals or gems to herbal preparations, may include <a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">toxic heavy metals</a> such as lead, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-Saper2008-23">[23]</a> The public health implications of metals in rasashastra in India is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Saper2008-23">[23]</a> Adverse reactions to herbs are described in traditional ayurvedic texts, but practitioners are reluctant to admit that herbs could be toxic and that reliable information on herbal toxicity is not readily available. There is a communication gap between practitioners of medicine and ayurveda.<a href="#cite_note-Urmila2008-123">[123]</a> Some traditional Indian herbal medicinal products contain harmful levels of heavy metals, including lead.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst2002-124">[124]</a> For example, ghasard, a product commonly given to infants for digestive issues, has been found to have up to 1.6% lead concentration by weight, leading to <a href="/wiki/Lead_encephalopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead encephalopathy">lead encephalopathy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> A 1990 study on ayurvedic medicines in India found that 41% of the products tested contained arsenic, and that 64% contained lead and mercury.<a href="#cite_note-Dargan-8">[8]</a> A 2004 study found toxic levels of heavy metals in 20% of ayurvedic preparations made in South Asia and sold in the Boston area, and concluded that ayurvedic products posed serious health risks and should be tested for heavy-metal contamination.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15598918-126">[126]</a> A 2008 study of more than 230 products found that approximately 20% of remedies (and 40% of rasashastra medicines) purchased over the Internet from U.S. and Indian suppliers contained lead, mercury or arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-Saper2008-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewYorkTimes2008-09-17-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Szabo-128">[128]</a> A 2015 study of users in the United States found elevated blood lead levels in 40% of those tested, leading physician and former U.S. Air Force <a href="/wiki/Flight_surgeon" title="Flight surgeon">flight surgeon</a> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_A._Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Harriet A. Hall">Harriet Hall</a> to say that "Ayurveda is basically superstition mixed with a soupçon of practical health advice. And it can be dangerous."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> A 2022 study found that ayurvedic preparations purchased over-the-counter in Chandigarh, India, had levels of zinc, mercury, arsenic and lead over the limits set by the Food and Agriculture Organisation / World Health Organisation. 83% exceeded the limit for zinc, 69% for mercury, 14% for arsenic and 5% for lead.<a href="#cite_note-:11-22">[22]</a> Heavy metals are thought of as active ingredients by advocates of Indian herbal medicinal products.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst2002-124">[124]</a> According to ancient ayurvedic texts, certain physico-chemical purification processes such as <a href="/wiki/Samskara_(ayurvedic)" title="Samskara (ayurvedic)">samskaras</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shodhana" title="Shodhana">shodhanas</a> (for metals) 'detoxify' the heavy metals in it.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-132">[132]</a> These are similar to the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Pao_zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pao zhi">pao zhi</a>, although the ayurvedic techniques are more complex and may involve physical pharmacy techniques as well as <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>. However, these products have nonetheless caused severe <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a> and other toxic effects.<a href="#cite_note-NewYorkTimes2008-09-17-127">[127]</a> Between 1978 and 2008, "more than 80 cases of lead poisoning associated with Ayurvedic medicine use [were] reported worldwide".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-133">[133]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/US_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) linked ayurvedic drugs to lead poisoning, based on cases where toxic materials were found in the blood of pregnant women who had taken ayurvedic drugs.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Ayurvedic practitioners argue that the toxicity of bhasmas (ash products) comes from improper manufacturing processes, contaminants, improper use of ayurvedic medicine, quality of raw materials and that the end products and improper procedures are used by charlatans.<a href="#cite_note-:4-132">[132]</a> In India, the government ruled that ayurvedic products must be labelled with their metallic content.<a href="#cite_note-Valiathan06-135">[135]</a> However, in <a href="/wiki/Current_Science" title="Current Science">Current Science</a>, a publication of the Indian Academy of Sciences, M. S. Valiathan said that "the absence of post-market surveillance and the paucity of test laboratory facilities [in India] make the quality control of Ayurvedic medicines exceedingly difficult at this time".<a href="#cite_note-Valiathan06-135">[135]</a> In the United States, most ayurvedic products are marketed without having been reviewed or approved by the FDA. Since 2007, the FDA has placed an import alert on some ayurvedic products in order to prevent them from entering the United States.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> A 2012 toxicological review of mercury-based traditional herbo-metallic preparations concluded that the long-term pharmacotherapeutic and in-depth toxicity studies of these preparations are lacking.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this section's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a>. 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(April 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Third-party plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may rely excessively on sources <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">too closely associated with the subject</a>, potentially preventing the article from being <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayurveda&action=edit">improve it</a> by replacing them with more appropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources">reliable, independent, third-party sources</a>. (April 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Some scholars assert that the concepts of traditional ayurvedic medicine have existed since the times of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> but since the <a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus script</a> has not been deciphered, such assertions are moot.<a href="#cite_note-MaasCambridge_2018-24">[24]</a>: <span title="Page: 535–536
Quotation: "nothing definite can be said about the religion of the Indus Valley civilization due to the absence of intelligible written sources. ... All attempts to decipher these symbols consistently have failed so far. ... Although this can hardly be disputed with historical arguments, we find the anachronistic claim in some currents of modern Ayurveda that Ayurveda originated in the peak period of the Indus Valley civilization."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">535–536  The <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a> contains hymns and prayers aimed at curing disease. There are various legendary accounts of the origin of ayurveda, such as that it was received by Dhanvantari (or <a href="/wiki/Divodasa" title="Divodasa">Divodasa</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Underwood&Rhodes(2008)-39">[39]</a> Tradition also holds that the writings of ayurveda were influenced by a lost text by the sage <a href="/wiki/Agnivesha" title="Agnivesha">Agnivesha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thakara-138">[138]</a> Ayurveda is one of the few systems of medicine developed in ancient times that is still widely practised in modern times.<a href="#cite_note-Smith+Wujastyk-25">[25]</a> As such, it is open to the criticism that its conceptual basis is obsolete and that its contemporary practitioners have not taken account of the developments in medicine.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Responses to this situation led to an impassioned debate in India during the early decades of the twentieth century, between proponents of unchanging tradition (śuddha "pure" ayurveda) and those who thought ayurveda should modernize and syncretize (aśuddha "impure, tainted" ayurveda).<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The political debate about the place of ayurveda in contemporary India has continued to the present, both in the public arena and in government.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Debate about the place of ayurvedic medicine in the contemporary internationalized world also continues today.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_texts">Main texts</h3></div> Many ancient works on ayurvedic medicine are lost to posterity,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> but manuscripts of three principal early texts on ayurveda have survived to the present day. These works are the Charaka Samhita, the <a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bhela_Samhita" title="Bhela Samhita">Bhela Samhita</a>. The dating of these works is historically complicated since they each internally present themselves as composite works compiled by several editors. All past scholarship on their dating has been evaluated by Meulenbeld in volumes IA and IB of his History of Indian Medical Literature.<a href="#cite_note-HIML-intro-2">[2]</a> After considering the evidence and arguments concerning the Suśrutasaṃhitā, Meulenbeld stated (IA, 348), <blockquote>The Suśrutasaṃhitā is most probably the work of an unknown author who drew much of the material he incorporated in his treatise from a multiplicity of earlier sources from various periods. This may explain that many scholars yield to the temptation to recognize a number of distinct layers and, consequently, try to identify elements belonging to them. As we have seen, the identification of features thought to belong to a particular stratum is in many cases determined by preconceived ideas on the age of the strata and their supposed authors.</blockquote> The dating of this work to 600 BCE was first proposed by Hoernle over a century ago,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> but has long since been overturned by subsequent historical research. The current consensus amongst medical historians of South Asia is that the Suśrutasaṃhitā was compiled over a period of time starting with a kernel of medical ideas from the century or two BCE and then being revised by several hands into its present form by about 500 CE.<a href="#cite_note-HIML-intro-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-shar-hist-20">[20]</a> The view that the text was updated by the Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> in the 2nd century CE<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> has been disproved, although the last chapter of the work, the Uttaratantra, was added by an unknown later author before 500 CE.<a href="#cite_note-HIML-intro-2">[2]</a> Similar arguments apply to the Charaka Samhita, written by <a href="/wiki/Charaka" title="Charaka">Charaka</a>, and the Bhela Samhita, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Atreya" title="Atreya">Atreya</a> Punarvasu, that are also dated to the 6th century BCE by non-specialist scholars<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> but are in fact, in their present form, datable to a period between the second and fifth centuries CE.<a href="#cite_note-HIML-intro-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-shar-hist-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWujastyk2003a-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita#Contents" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a> was also updated by <a href="/wiki/Dridhabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Dridhabala">Dridhabala</a> during the early centuries of the Common Era.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Charak.jpg/220px-Charak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Charak.jpg/330px-Charak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Charak.jpg/440px-Charak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Charaka" title="Charaka">Charaka</a>, ancient Indian physician, in <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a>, India</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bower_Manuscript" title="Bower Manuscript">Bower Manuscript</a> (dated to the early 6th century CE<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a>) includes of excerpts from the Bheda Samhita<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> and its description of concepts in Central Asian Buddhism. In 1987, A. F. R. Hoernle identified the scribe of the medical portions of the manuscript to be a native of India using a northern variant of the Gupta script, who had migrated and become a Buddhist monk in a monastery in Kucha. The Chinese pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Fa_Hsien" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa Hsien">Fa Hsien</a> (c. 337–422 CE) wrote about the healthcare system of the Gupta empire (320–550) and described the institutional approach of Indian medicine. This is also visible in the works of Charaka, who describes hospitals and how they should be equipped.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Some dictionaries of materia medica include Astanga nighantu (8th century) by Vagbhata, Paryaya ratnamala (9th century) by Madhava, Siddhasara nighantu (9th century) by Ravi Gupta, Dravyavali (10th century), and Dravyaguna sangraha (11th century) by <a href="/wiki/Chakrapani_Datta" title="Chakrapani Datta">Chakrapani Datta</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illnesses_portrayed">Illnesses portrayed</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cataract_in_human_eye.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cataract_in_human_eye.png/200px-Cataract_in_human_eye.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cataract_in_human_eye.png/300px-Cataract_in_human_eye.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cataract_in_human_eye.png/400px-Cataract_in_human_eye.png 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">Cataract</a> surgery is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a>, to be performed with a jabamukhi salaka, a curved needle used to loosen and remove the obstructing phlegm,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] with eye soaked with warm butter and bandaged afterward.<a href="#cite_note-finger66-159">[159]</a></figcaption></figure>Underwood and Rhodes state that the early forms of traditional Indian medicine identified fever, cough, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">consumption</a>, diarrhea, <a href="/wiki/Dropsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropsy">dropsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abscesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Abscesses">abscesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, tumours, and <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Underwood&Rhodes(2008)-39">[39]</a> and that treatments included <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithotomy" title="Lithotomy">lithotomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonsillectomy" title="Tonsillectomy">tonsillectomy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Couching_(ophthalmology)" title="Couching (ophthalmology)">couching</a> (a form of cataract surgery), puncturing to release fluids in the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, extraction of foreign bodies, treatment of <a href="/wiki/Anal_fistula" title="Anal fistula">anal fistulas</a>, treating fractures, <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section#History" title="Caesarean section">cesarean sections</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[Vagbhata 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-160">[160]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">disputed</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ayurveda" title="Talk:Ayurveda">discuss</a>] and stitching of wounds.<a href="#cite_note-Underwood&Rhodes(2008)-39">[39]</a> The use of herbs and surgical instruments became widespread.<a href="#cite_note-Underwood&Rhodes(2008)-39">[39]</a> During this period, treatments were also prescribed for complex ailments, including <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina pectoris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calculus_(medicine)" title="Calculus (medicine)">stones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi&Dwivedi07-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lock836-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_development_and_spread">Further development and spread</h3></div> Ayurveda flourished throughout the Indian Middle Ages. <a href="/wiki/Dalhana" title="Dalhana">Dalhana</a> (fl. 1200), Sarngadhara (fl. 1300) and Bhavamisra (fl. 1500) compiled works on Indian medicine.<a href="#cite_note-WujastykXXVI-165">[164]</a> The medical works of both Sushruta and Charaka were also translated into the Chinese language in the 5th century,<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> and during the 8th century, they were translated into the Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> The 9th-century Persian physician <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi</a> was familiar with the text.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rao-169">[168]</a> The Arabic works derived from the ayurvedic texts eventually also reached Europe by the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lock607-171">[170]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Italy">Renaissance Italy</a>, the Branca family of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (<a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>) were influenced by the Arabic reception of the Sushruta's surgical techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Lock607-171">[170]</a> British physicians traveled to India to observe <a href="/wiki/Rhinoplasty" title="Rhinoplasty">rhinoplasty</a> being performed using Indian methods, and reports on their rhinoplasty methods were published in the <a href="/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman's Magazine">Gentleman's Magazine</a> in 1794.<a href="#cite_note-Lock651-172">[171]</a> Instruments described in the Sushruta Samhita were further modified in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Lock652-173">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Constantine_Carpue" title="Joseph Constantine Carpue">Joseph Constantine Carpue</a> studied plastic surgery methods in India for 20 years and, in 1815, was able to perform the first major rhinoplasty surgery in the western world, using the "Indian" method of nose reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-Lock651/2-174">[173]</a> In 1840 Brett published an article about this technique.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> The British had shown some interest in understanding local medicinal practices in the early nineteenth century. A Native Medical Institution was setup in 1822 where both indigenous and European medicine were taught. After the <a href="/wiki/English_Education_Act_1835" title="English Education Act 1835">English Education Act 1835</a>, their policy changed to champion European medicine and disparage local practices.<a href="#cite_note-Hardiman2009-176">[175]</a> After Indian independence, there was more focus on ayurveda and other traditional medical systems. Ayurveda became a part of the Indian National healthcare system, with state hospitals for ayurveda established across the country. However, the treatments of traditional medicines were not always integrated with others.<a href="#cite_note-who01-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Ayurveda,_Medicine_and_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery">Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaisajyaguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81tu_(ayurveda)" title="Dhātu (ayurveda)">Dhātu (ayurveda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History of alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ayurveda_colleges" title="List of ayurveda colleges">List of ayurveda colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_and_disproven_cancer_treatments" title="List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments">List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramuan" title="Ramuan">Ramuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethnobotany_of_India" title="Medical ethnobotany of India">Medical ethnobotany of India</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Vāgbhaṭa's Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā describes a procedure for the removal of a dead foetus from the womb of a living mother, and of a living child from the womb of a mother who has died (शारीरस्थान २, गर्भव्यापद्, २.२६-२७, २.५३).<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Both these descriptions speak of removal of the fetus through the uterine passage, rather than from the front lower abdomen as with the caesarian section procedure. The earlier description of the Suśrutasaṃhitā (चिकित्सास्थान १५ "मूढगर्भ") is similar. A dead fetus is removed through the uterine passage and vagina. Although Suśruta does not describe removing a living child from a dead mother. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxford-1"><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161210124157/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Ayurveda">"Ayurveda"</a>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ayurveda">the original</a> on 10 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+University+Press&rft.atitle=Ayurveda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fayurveda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HIML-intro-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HIML-intro_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIML-intro_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIML-intro_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIML-intro_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIML-intro_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIML-intro_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeulenbeld1999" class="citation book cs1">Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999). "Introduction". A History of Indian Medical Literature. Groningen: Egbert Forsten. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6980-124-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6980-124-7"><bdi>978-90-6980-124-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Medical+Literature&rft.place=Groningen&rft.pub=Egbert+Forsten&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-6980-124-7&rft.aulast=Meulenbeld&rft.aufirst=Gerrit+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-HE20-PURL-gpo29672/pdf/GOVPUB-HE20-PURL-gpo29672.pdf">"Backgrounder. Ayurvedic Mecicine: an Introduction"</a> (PDF). US Department of Health and Human Services. GovInfo: Discover U.S. Government Information. 2009. D287. Retrieved 3 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Backgrounder.+Ayurvedic+Mecicine%3A+an+Introduction&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGOVPUB-HE20-PURL-gpo29672%2Fpdf%2FGOVPUB-HE20-PURL-gpo29672.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323212717/http://thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Weeklong+programme+to+observe+Health+Day&NewsID=395245">"Weeklong programme to observe Health Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Himalayan_Times" title="The Himalayan Times">The Himalayan Times</a>. 28 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Weeklong+programme+to+observe+Health+Day&NewsID=395245">the original</a> on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2015. <q>In Nepal, 80 per cent of the population receives Ayurvedic medicine as first aid treatment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=Weeklong+programme+to+observe+Health+Day&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2FfullNews.php%3Fheadline%3DWeeklong%2Bprogramme%2Bto%2Bobserve%2BHealth%2BDay%26NewsID%3D395245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam2008" class="citation book cs1">Alam, Zulfeequar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5PfzF86mtEC&q=Ayurveda&pg=PA10">Herbal Medicines</a>. New Delhi, India: A.P.H. Publishing. pp. 8–13, 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0358-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0358-0"><bdi>978-81-313-0358-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110230/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5PfzF86mtEC&q=Ayurveda&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbal+Medicines&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=8-13%2C+122&rft.pub=A.P.H.+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-313-0358-0&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Zulfeequar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5PfzF86mtEC%26q%3DAyurveda%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaufman-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaufman_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaufman_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeall2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Beall" title="Jeffrey Beall">Beall, Jeffrey</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293">"Scientific soundness and the problem of predatory journals"</a>. In Kaufman, Allison B.; Kaufman, James C. (eds.). Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science. MIT Press. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03742-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03742-6"><bdi>978-0-262-03742-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105226/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2020. <q>Ayurveda, a traditional Indian medicine, is the subject of more than a dozen, with some of these 'scholarly' journals devoted to Ayurveda alone ..., others to Ayurveda and some other pseudoscience. ... Most current Ayurveda research can be classified as 'tooth fairy science,' research that accepts as its premise something not scientifically known to exist. ... Ayurveda is a long-standing system of beliefs and traditions, but its claimed effects have not been scientifically proven. Most Ayurveda researchers might as well be studying the tooth fairy. The German publisher Wolters Kluwer bought the Indian open-access publisher Medknow in 2011....It acquired its entire fleet of journals, including those devoted to pseudoscience topics such as An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scientific+soundness+and+the+problem+of+predatory+journals&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience%3A+The+Conspiracy+Against+Science&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03742-6&rft.aulast=Beall&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdwFKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quack-2011-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quack-2011_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quack-2011_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quack-2011_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuack2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Quack" title="Johannes Quack">Quack, Johannes</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55wFpydSZ8oC">Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-981260-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-981260-8"><bdi>978-0-19-981260-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907113453/https://books.google.com/books?id=55wFpydSZ8oC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2022. p. 213: <q>There are some ideological realms where the official agenda of ANiS is not applied in the ideal way by the majority of its members. Two of these are summarized here under Astrology and Ayurveda [...] Both are labeled "pseudosciences" in the official agenda of the rationalists [...] Rationalists told me openly many times that against the official agenda of the movement, they consider Ayurveda highly scientific and that they refuse to call it a pseudoscience. During the FIRA conference this official perspective was represented by several of the speakers, while ordinary members told me how they practice some of these pseudosciences, either privately or as certified doctors themselves, most often Ayurveda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disenchanting+India%3A+Organized+Rationalism+and+Criticism+of+Religion+in+India&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-981260-8&rft.aulast=Quack&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D55wFpydSZ8oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dargan-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dargan_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dargan_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dargan_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dargan_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarganGawarammanaArcherHouse2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dargan, Paul I.; Gawarammana, Indika B.; Archer, John R.H.; House, Ivan M.; Shaw, Debbie; Wood, David M. (2008). "Heavy metal poisoning from Ayurvedic traditional medicines: An emerging problem?". International Journal of Environment and Health. 2 (3/4): 463. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.561.9726">10.1.1.561.9726</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1504%2FIJENVH.2008.020936">10.1504/IJENVH.2008.020936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environment+and+Health&rft.atitle=Heavy+metal+poisoning+from+Ayurvedic+traditional+medicines%3A+An+emerging+problem%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=463&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.561.9726%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2FIJENVH.2008.020936&rft.aulast=Dargan&rft.aufirst=Paul+I.&rft.au=Gawarammana%2C+Indika+B.&rft.au=Archer%2C+John+R.H.&rft.au=House%2C+Ivan+M.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Debbie&rft.au=Wood%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaper2008" class="citation journal cs1">Saper, Robert B. (27 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755247">"Lead, Mercury, and Arsenic in US- and Indian-Manufactured Ayurvedic Medicines Sold via the Internet"</a>. JAMA. 300 (8): 915–923. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.300.8.915">10.1001/jama.300.8.915</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484">0098-7484</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755247">2755247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18728265">18728265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Lead%2C+Mercury%2C+and+Arsenic+in+US-+and+Indian-Manufactured+Ayurvedic+Medicines+Sold+via+the+Internet&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=915-923&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2755247%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0098-7484&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18728265&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.300.8.915&rft.aulast=Saper&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2755247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WebMD-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WebMD_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WebMD_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2021" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Kelli (20 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/balance/qa/is-ayurveda-treatment-approved-in-the-us">"What Is Ayurveda?"</a>. WebMD. Medically Reviewed by Melinda Ratini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200704232004/https://www.webmd.com/balance/qa/is-ayurveda-treatment-approved-in-the-us">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=What+Is+Ayurveda%3F&rft.date=2021-03-20&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fbalance%2Fqa%2Fis-ayurveda-treatment-approved-in-the-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cruk-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cruk_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cruk_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cruk_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cruk_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/ayurvedic-medicine">"Ayurvedic medicine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK" title="Cancer Research UK">Cancer Research UK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124090704/https://about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/ayurvedic-medicine">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2022. <q>There is no scientific evidence to prove that Ayurvedic medicine can treat or cure cancer. Researchers have found that some Ayurvedic treatments can help relieve cancer symptoms. It can also improve quality of life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research+UK&rft.atitle=Ayurvedic+medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fabout-cancer%2Fcancer-in-general%2Ftreatment%2Fcomplementary-alternative-therapies%2Findividual-therapies%2Fayurvedic-medicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWujastyk2003a-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWujastyk2003a_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWujastyk2003a_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWujastyk2003a">Wujastyk 2003a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-mukh-surg-13"><a href="#cite_ref-mukh-surg_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhopadhyaya1913" class="citation book cs1">Mukhopadhyaya, Girindranath (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924012165522">The Surgical Instruments of the Hindus, with a Comparative Study of the Surgical Instruments of the Greek, Roman, Arab, and the Modern European Surgeons</a>. Calcutta: Calcutta University. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Surgical+Instruments+of+the+Hindus%2C+with+a+Comparative+Study+of+the+Surgical+Instruments+of+the+Greek%2C+Roman%2C+Arab%2C+and+the+Modern+European+Surgeons&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Calcutta+University&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Mukhopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Girindranath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924012165522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeulenbeld1999–2000" class="citation book cs1">Meulenbeld, G. Jan (1999–2000). A history of Indian medical literature. 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Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=27.+Indian+Medicine+and+Ayurveda&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Science%3A+Volume+1%2C+Ancient+Science&rft.pages=532-550&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209267391%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9780511980145.029&rft.isbn=978-1-108-68262-6&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Philipp+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWV9DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2BCambridge%2BHistory%2Bof%2BScience%2Bvol%2B1%2BIndian%2BMedicine%2Band%2BAyurveda%26pg%3DPT727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith+Wujastyk-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith+Wujastyk_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith+Wujastyk_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith+Wujastyk_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith+Wujastyk_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith+Wujastyk_25-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithWujastyk2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Frederick M.; Wujastyk, Dagmar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3XBu-vpXgoC&pg=PP1">"Introduction"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Modern+and+Global+Ayurveda%3A+Pluralism+and+Paradigms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-28&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244771011&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7816-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Frederick+M.&rft.au=Wujastyk%2C+Dagmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3XBu-vpXgoC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GregoryFields-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GregoryFields_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregoryFields_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields2001" class="citation book cs1">Fields, Gregory P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvQhuyGpB3wC&pg=PA37">Religious Therapeutics: Body and Health in Yoga, Ayurveda, and Tantra</a>. SUNY Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4915-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4915-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-4915-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105227/https://books.google.com/books?id=rvQhuyGpB3wC&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Therapeutics%3A+Body+and+Health+in+Yoga%2C+Ayurveda%2C+and+Tantra&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4915-8&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Gregory+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvQhuyGpB3wC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CliffordMLBD-27"><a href="#cite_ref-CliffordMLBD_27-0">^</a> Clifford, Terry; Chandra, Lokesh (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FiEzEAAAQBAJ&q=Ayurveda">Tibetan Buddhist Medicine and Psychiatry.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508175039/https://books.google.com/books?id=FiEzEAAAQBAJ&q=Ayurveda">Archived</a> 8 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 42. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120812055" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120812055">978-8120812055</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĀcārya1945" class="citation book cs1">Ācārya, Yādava Trivikramātmaja, ed. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sushrutasamhita/sushruta_samhita_critical#page/n229/mode/2up">"Sūtrasthāna 1.7–9"</a>. Suśrutasaṃhitā. Bombay: Nirṇayasāgara Press. pp. 2–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C5%ABtrasth%C4%81na+1.7%E2%80%939&rft.btitle=Su%C5%9Brutasa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Nir%E1%B9%87ayas%C4%81gara+Press&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsushrutasamhita%2Fsushruta_samhita_critical%23page%2Fn229%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĀcārya1941" class="citation book cs1">Ācārya, Yādava Trivikramātmaja, ed. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheCarakasahitOrCharakasamhitaOfCarakaEditedByYadavaarman/Carakasamhita-Trikamji1941#page/n253/mode/2up">"Sūtrasthāna 30.28"</a>. The Carakasaṃhitā of Caraka, with the commentary by Cakrapāṇidatta, edited by Yadavaśarman Trivikarama Ācārya. Bombay: Nirṇayasāgara Press. p. 189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C5%ABtrasth%C4%81na+30.28&rft.btitle=The+Carakasa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81+of+Caraka%2C+with+the+commentary+by+Cakrap%C4%81%E1%B9%87idatta%2C+edited+by+Yadava%C5%9Barman+Trivikarama+%C4%80c%C4%81rya&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Nir%E1%B9%87ayas%C4%81gara+Press&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTheCarakasahitOrCharakasamhitaOfCarakaEditedByYadavaarman%2FCarakasamhita-Trikamji1941%23page%2Fn253%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWujastyk2003b" class="citation book cs1">Wujastyk, Dominik (2003b). "Indian Medicine". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3251-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3251-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-3251-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+Medicine&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3251-0&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1999" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Priya Vrat (1999). Suśruta-Samhitā With English Translation of text…. Vol. 1. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Visvabharati. pp. 7–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Su%C5%9Bruta-Samhit%C4%81+With+English+Translation+of+text%E2%80%A6&rft.place=Varanasi&rft.pages=7-11&rft.pub=Chaukhambha+Visvabharati&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Priya+Vrat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhishagratna1907" class="citation book cs1">Bhishagratna, Kaviraj Kunja Lal (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati01susruoft#page/2/mode/2up">An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita Based on Original Sanskrit Text</a>. Vol. 1. Calcutta: The Author. pp. 2–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+English+Translation+of+the+Sushruta+Samhita+Based+on+Original+Sanskrit+Text&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=2-6&rft.pub=The+Author&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Bhishagratna&rft.aufirst=Kaviraj+Kunja+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fenglishtranslati01susruoft%23page%2F2%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Sadashiva_Tirtha1998" class="citation book cs1">Swami Sadashiva Tirtha (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ayurvedaencyclop00tirt">The Ãyurveda Encyclopedia: Natural Secrets to Healing, Prevention & Longevity</a>. Ayurveda Holistic Center Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9658042-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9658042-2-4"><bdi>0-9658042-2-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C3%83yurveda+Encyclopedia%3A+Natural+Secrets+to+Healing%2C+Prevention+%26+Longevity&rft.pub=Ayurveda+Holistic+Center+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-9658042-2-4&rft.au=Swami+Sadashiva+Tirtha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fayurvedaencyclop00tirt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComba2001" class="citation book cs1">Comba, Antonella (2001). "Carakasaṃhitā, Śārīrasthāna~I and Vaiśeṣika Philosophy". In Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan; Wujastyk, Dominik (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDvbumli2i0C">Studies on Indian Medical History</a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 39–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120817685" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120817685"><bdi>978-8120817685</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105227/https://books.google.com/books?id=xDvbumli2i0C">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carakasa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81%2C+%C5%9A%C4%81r%C4%ABrasth%C4%81na~I+and+Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Indian+Medical+History&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=39-55&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8120817685&rft.aulast=Comba&rft.aufirst=Antonella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxDvbumli2i0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasham1976" class="citation book cs1">Basham, A. L. (1976). "The Practice of Medicine in Ancient and Medieval India". In Leslie, Charles (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520322295-005/html">Asian Medical Systems</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 18–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520322295-005">10.1525/9780520322295-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-32229-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-32229-5"><bdi>978-0-520-32229-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301041952/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520322295-005/html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Practice+of+Medicine+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+India&rft.btitle=Asian+Medical+Systems&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=18-43&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520322295-005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-32229-5&rft.aulast=Basham&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520322295-005%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPathakRautVaidya2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pathak, Namyata; Raut, Ashwinikumar; Vaidya, Ashok (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23670923">"Acute cervical pain syndrome resulting from suppressed sneezing"</a>. 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New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1401-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1401-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1401-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine+in+the+Veda%3A+Religious+Healing+in+the+Veda+with+Translations+and+Annotations+of+Medical+Hymns+from+the+Rgveda+and+the+Atharvaveda+and+Renderings+from+the+Corresponding+Ritual+Texts&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1401-1&rft.aulast=Zysk&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2012" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Pradip Kumar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNc9QvzCfLYC&pg=PA486">History of Science and Philosophy of Science: A Philosophical Perspective of the Logic of Ideas in Science</a>. Longman. p. 486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1931-2"><bdi>978-81-317-1931-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105800/https://books.google.com/books?id=VNc9QvzCfLYC&pg=PA486">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2021. <q>Sometimes Ayurveda is also considered as the fifth Veda or Pañcama Veda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Science+and+Philosophy+of+Science%3A+A+Philosophical+Perspective+of+the+Logic+of+Ideas+in+Science&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1931-2&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Pradip+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNc9QvzCfLYC%26pg%3DPA486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zysk-asce-54"><a href="#cite_ref-zysk-asce_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZysk1998" class="citation book cs1">Zysk, Kenneth G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAFndFpP4oUC&pg=PP9">Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery</a>. Indian Medical Tradition. Vol. 2. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1507-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1507-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1507-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105729/https://books.google.com/books?id=BAFndFpP4oUC&pg=PP9">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asceticism+and+Healing+in+Ancient+India%3A+Medicine+in+the+Buddhist+Monastery&rft.place=Delhi&rft.series=Indian+Medical+Tradition&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1507-0&rft.aulast=Zysk&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBAFndFpP4oUC%26pg%3DPP9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelissenMisraVarma2013" class="citation book cs1">Cornelissen, R. M. Matthijs; Misra, Girishwar; Varma, Suneet, eds. (2013). "The blending of healing and pedagogy in Āyurveda". Foundations and Applications of Indian Psychology (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789-332537460" title="Special:BookSources/9789-332537460"><bdi>9789-332537460</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/987023188">987023188</a>. <q>Central to Āyurvedic healing is the notion of the human persona as a three-dimensional composite of body, mind and self. Āyurveda aims to empower the body to invigorate the mind and, consequently, to use the invigorated mind to generate self-awareness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+blending+of+healing+and+pedagogy+in+%C4%80yurveda&rft.btitle=Foundations+and+Applications+of+Indian+Psychology&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F987023188&rft.isbn=9789-332537460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WujastykXIX-XX-56"><a href="#cite_ref-WujastykXIX-XX_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWujastyk2003a">Wujastyk 2003a</a>, pp. xix–xx </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishraSinghDagenais2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mishra, Lakshmi-chandra; Singh, Betsy B.; Dagenais, Simon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12079940">"Healthcare and disease management in Ayurveda"</a>. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 7 (2): 44–50. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11253416">11253416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Therapies+in+Health+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Healthcare+and+disease+management+in+Ayurveda&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44-50&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11253416&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Lakshmi-chandra&rft.au=Singh%2C+Betsy+B.&rft.au=Dagenais%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F12079940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chopra79-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Chopra79_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChopra2003">Chopra 2003</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-encarta-ayurveda-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encarta-ayurveda_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encarta-ayurveda_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028105549/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761596196/Ayurveda.html">"Ayurveda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a>. Redmond, WA: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761596196/Ayurveda.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ayurveda&rft.btitle=Encarta&rft.place=Redmond%2C+WA&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761596196%2FAyurveda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarDobosRampp2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Syal; Dobos, Gustav J.; Rampp, Thomas (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5871155">"The Significance of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants"</a>. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 22 (3): 494–501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2156587216671392">10.1177/2156587216671392</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-5872">2156-5872</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5871155">5871155</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27707902">27707902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evidence-Based+Complementary+%26+Alternative+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+Ayurvedic+Medicinal+Plants&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=494-501&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5871155%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2156-5872&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27707902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2156587216671392&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Syal&rft.au=Dobos%2C+Gustav+J.&rft.au=Rampp%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5871155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36345#page/1/mode/1up">Pharmacographia Indica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705180847/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36345#page/1/mode/1up">Archived</a> 5 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A history of principal drugs of vegetable origin in British India – Volume 1, William Dymock et al. (1890), London </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'mathuna2011" class="citation news cs1">O'mathuna, Donal (12 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/does-it-work-can-triphala-act-as-an-antimicrobial-1.570237">"Does it work? Can triphala act as an antimicrobial?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707013905/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/does-it-work-can-triphala-act-as-an-antimicrobial-1.570237">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Does+it+work%3F+Can+triphala+act+as+an+antimicrobial%3F&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft.aulast=O%27mathuna&rft.aufirst=Donal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2Fdoes-it-work-can-triphala-act-as-an-antimicrobial-1.570237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2019" class="citation web cs1">Berry, Jennifer (3 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326547">"What are the benefits of triphala? Uses, evidence, and risks"</a>. Medical News Today. Medically reviewed by Zara Risoldi Cochrane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301194929/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326547">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2022. 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Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 23 (8): 607–614. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Facm.2017.0083">10.1089/acm.2017.0083</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1075-5535">1075-5535</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5567597">5567597</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28696777">28696777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alternative+and+Complementary+Medicine&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+Uses+of+Triphala+in+Ayurvedic+Medicine&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=607-614&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5567597%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1075-5535&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28696777&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Facm.2017.0083&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Christine+Tara&rft.au=Denniston%2C+Kate&rft.au=Chopra%2C+Deepak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5567597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2020" class="citation web cs1">Goldman, Rena (29 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318407">"What are the benefits of ashwagandha?"</a>. Medical News Today. Medically reviewed by Debra Rose Wilson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315210501/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318407">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+News+Today&rft.atitle=What+are+the+benefits+of+ashwagandha%3F&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Rena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F318407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgCorlettTanRaffles_Museum_of_Biodiversity_Research2011" class="citation book cs1">Ng, P.K.L.; Corlett, R.; Tan, H.T.W.; Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D1oW0EquxDAC">Singapore Biodiversity: An Encyclopedia of the Natural Environment and Sustainable Development</a>. Editions Didier Millet. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4260-08-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4260-08-4"><bdi>978-981-4260-08-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Biodiversity%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Natural+Environment+and+Sustainable+Development&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-4260-08-4&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=P.K.L.&rft.au=Corlett%2C+R.&rft.au=Tan%2C+H.T.W.&rft.au=Raffles+Museum+of+Biodiversity+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD1oW0EquxDAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IJTNJAN07-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IJTNJAN07_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IJTNJAN07_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IJTNJAN07_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekar,_S.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sekar, S. 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Retrieved 7 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Horticulturae+%28International+Symposium+on+Papaver%29&rft.atitle=Scientific+basis+of+therapeutic+uses+of+opium+poppy+%28Papaver+somniferum%29+in+Ayurveda&rft.issue=1036&rft.pages=175-180&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Mani%2C+Dayanandan&rft.au=Dhawan%2C+Sunita+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actahort.org%2Fbooks%2F1036%2F1036_20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNODC-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNODC_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNODC_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam_Nath_ChopraI._C._Chopra1955" class="citation web cs1">Ram Nath Chopra; I. C. 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(May 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028125555/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af3_31.pdf">"Medicinal Use of Opium and Cannabis in Medieval India"</a> (PDF). Indian Journal of History of Science. 16 (1): 31–35. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af3_31.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Medicinal+Use+of+Opium+and+Cannabis+in+Medieval+India&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-35&rft.date=1981-05&rft.aulast=Chaturvedi&rft.aufirst=G.+N.&rft.au=Tiwari%2C+S.+K.&rft.au=Rai%2C+N.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.new1.dli.ernet.in%2Fdata1%2Fupload%2Finsa%2FINSA_1%2F20005af3_31.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chopra80-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Chopra80_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChopra2003">Chopra 2003</a>, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatakeMcDaniel" class="citation web cs1">Satake, Alison; McDaniel, Andi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/india701/interviews/ayurveda101.html">"Frontline World India: A Second Opinion: Ayurveda 101"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026153917/https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/india701/interviews/ayurveda101.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Frontline+World+India%3A+A+Second+Opinion%3A+Ayurveda+101&rft.aulast=Satake&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=McDaniel%2C+Andi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffrontlineworld%2Fstories%2Findia701%2Finterviews%2Fayurveda101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WujastykXX-73"><a href="#cite_ref-WujastykXX_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWujastyk2003a">Wujastyk 2003a</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cacho_Lum-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Cacho_Lum_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCachoLum2021" class="citation book cs1">Cacho, V.; Lum, E. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qm8vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA296">Integrative Sleep Medicine</a>. Weil Integrative Medicine Library. Oxford University Press. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-088542-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-088542-7"><bdi>978-0-19-088542-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710050651/https://books.google.com/books?id=qm8vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA296">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023. <q>Shirodhara massage is an Ayurvedic oil- dripping treatment that is often used to treat sleep problems. It consists of pouring a gentle stream of warm oil (sesame or herbal oil) over the forehead</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrative+Sleep+Medicine&rft.series=Weil+Integrative+Medicine+Library&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-088542-7&rft.aulast=Cacho&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Lum%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqm8vEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjanalNayakPrasadKadam2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ajanal, M; Nayak, S; Prasad, BS; Kadam, A (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930110">"Adverse drug reaction and concepts of drug safety in Ayurveda: An overview"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=WHO+report+sounds+alarm+on+%27doctors%27+in+India&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Bansal&rft.aufirst=Samarth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fdata%2FWHO-report-sounds-alarm-on-%25E2%2580%2598doctors%25E2%2580%2599-in-India%2Farticle14495884.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnandFan2016" class="citation web cs1">Anand, Sudhir; Fan, Victoria (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/hrh/resources/16058health_workforce_India.pdf">"The Health Workforce in India"</a> (PDF). World Health Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328000701/https://www.who.int/hrh/resources/16058health_workforce_India.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=The+Health+Workforce+in+India&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=Sudhir&rft.au=Fan%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhrh%2Fresources%2F16058health_workforce_India.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuneratne2009" class="citation book cs1">Guneratne, Arjun (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2qLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Culture and the Environment in the Himalaya</a>. Routledge contemporary South Asia series, #24. New York: Routledge. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77883-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77883-1"><bdi>978-0-415-77883-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110230/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2qLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+the+Environment+in+the+Himalaya&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Routledge+contemporary+South+Asia+series%2C+%2324&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77883-1&rft.aulast=Guneratne&rft.aufirst=Arjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2qLAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121214094513/http://www.ayurveda.gov.lk/dept.html">"Ministry of Indigenous Medicine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ayurveda.gov.lk/dept.html">the original</a> on 14 December 2012. 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Retrieved 21 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Institute+of+indigenous+Medicine&rft.pub=Iim.cmb.ac.lk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiim.cmb.ac.lk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424031013/http://www.indigenousmedimini.gov.lk/Downloads/Statistics%20Report%20Final%202011.%20November.pdf">"Statistics Report"</a> (PDF). Sri Lanka Institute of Indigenous Medicine. November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indigenousmedimini.gov.lk/Downloads/Statistics%20Report%20Final%202011.%20November.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Report&rft.pub=Sri+Lanka+Institute+of+Indigenous+Medicine&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indigenousmedimini.gov.lk%2FDownloads%2FStatistics%2520Report%2520Final%25202011.%2520November.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108121932/http://www.indigenousmedimini.gov.lk/About_us.html">"About Us"</a>. The Ministry of Indigenous Medicine (Sri Lanka). 14 February 1980. 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Skolnick">Skolnick, Andrew A.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080716041551/http://www.aaskolnick.com/naswmav.htm">"The Maharishi Caper: Or How to Hoodwink Top Medical Journals"</a>. ScienceWriters: The Newsletter of the National Association of Science Writers (Fall). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaskolnick.com/naswmav.htm">the original</a> (print) on 16 July 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2016. <q>From time to time, even the most prestigious science journals publish erroneous or fraudulent data, unjustified conclusions, and sometimes balderdash. Balderdash was the right word when The <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a> (JAMA) published the article, 'Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Modern Insights Into Ancient Medicine,' in its 22/29 May issue. Discovering that they had been deceived by the article's authors, the editors published a correction in the 14 August issue, which was followed on 2 October by a six-page exposé on the people who had hoodwinked them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceWriters%3A+The+Newsletter+of+the+National+Association+of+Science+Writers&rft.atitle=The+Maharishi+Caper%3A+Or+How+to+Hoodwink+Top+Medical+Journals&rft.issue=Fall&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Skolnick%2C+Andrew+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaskolnick.com%2Fnaswmav.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolnick1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Skolnick" title="Andrew A. Skolnick">Skolnick, Andrew A.</a> (1991). "Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Guru's marketing scheme promises the world eternal 'perfect health'". JAMA. 266 (13): 1741–2, 1744–5, 1749–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1991.03470130017003">10.1001/jama.1991.03470130017003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1817475">1817475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Maharishi+Ayur-Veda%3A+Guru%27s+marketing+scheme+promises+the+world+eternal+%27perfect+health%27&rft.volume=266&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1741-2%2C+1744-5%2C+1749-50&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1991.03470130017003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1817475&rft.aulast=Skolnick&rft.aufirst=Andrew+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927001412/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s7916e/s7916e.pdf">"National Policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicines"</a> (PDF). World Health Organization. May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s7916e/s7916e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Policy+on+Traditional+Medicine+and+Regulation+of+Herbal+Medicines&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fmedicinedocs%2Fpdf%2Fs7916e%2Fs7916e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Melton, J. Gordon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PP1">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. Encyclopedia of World Religions. Infobase Publishing. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110231/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. 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Lotus Press. pp. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940985-98-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940985-98-8"><bdi>978-0-940985-98-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110311/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOK33vv_29UC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2022. <q>Independently, we both first learned Ayurvedic medicine from our respective spiritual mentors – myself with Baba Hari Dass and K.P., with Yogi Bhajan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+of+Ayurvedic+Herbs%3A+The+Most+Complete+Guide+to+Natural+Healing+and+Health+with+Traditional+Ayurvedic+Herbalism&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Lotus+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-940985-98-8&rft.aulast=Khalsa&rft.aufirst=Karta+Purkh+Singh&rft.au=Tierra%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOK33vv_29UC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ayurvedic-medicine-in-depth">"Ayurvedic Medicine: In Depth"</a>. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813090253/https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ayurvedic-medicine-in-depth">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Complementary+and+Integrative+Health&rft.atitle=Ayurvedic+Medicine%3A+In+Depth&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nccih.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fayurvedic-medicine-in-depth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWujastykSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Wujastyk, Dagmar; Smith, Frederick M. (9 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3XBu-vpXgoC&pg=PP1">Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms</a>. SUNY Press. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7816-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7816-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-7816-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105230/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3XBu-vpXgoC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+and+Global+Ayurveda%3A+Pluralism+and+Paradigms&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7816-5&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rft.au=Smith%2C+Frederick+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3XBu-vpXgoC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-112"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar2017" class="citation web cs1">Chandrasekhar, Anand (4 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/traditional-indian-medicine_ayurveda-seeks-respectability-through-swiss-diploma/43189578">"Ayurveda seeks respectability through Swiss diploma"</a>. SWI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316015131/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/traditional-indian-medicine_ayurveda-seeks-respectability-through-swiss-diploma/43189578">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SWI&rft.atitle=Ayurveda+seeks+respectability+through+Swiss+diploma&rft.date=2017-06-04&rft.aulast=Chandrasekhar&rft.aufirst=Anand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fsociety%2Ftraditional-indian-medicine_ayurveda-seeks-respectability-through-swiss-diploma%2F43189578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxpsych-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxpsych_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxpsych_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSempleSmyth2019" class="citation book cs1">Semple D, Smyth R (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=626fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">"Chapter 1: Thinking about psychiatry"</a>. Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmed%2F9780198795551.003.0001">10.1093/med/9780198795551.003.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879555-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879555-1"><bdi>978-0-19-879555-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105316/https://books.google.com/books?id=626fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2020. <q>These pseudoscientific theories may ... confuse metaphysical with empirical claims (e.g. ... Ayurvedic medicine)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Thinking+about+psychiatry&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Psychiatry&rft.pages=24&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmed%2F9780198795551.003.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879555-1&rft.aulast=Semple&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Smyth%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D626fDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sujatha2011-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Sujatha2011_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSujatha2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sujatha, V (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193682">"What could 'integrative' medicine mean? Social science perspectives on contemporary Ayurveda"</a>. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2 (3): 115–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0975-9476.85549">10.4103/0975-9476.85549</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193682">3193682</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22022153">22022153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ayurveda+and+Integrative+Medicine&rft.atitle=What+could+%27integrative%27+medicine+mean%3F+Social+science+perspectives+on+contemporary+Ayurveda&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=115-23&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3193682%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22022153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0975-9476.85549&rft.aulast=Sujatha&rft.aufirst=V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3193682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manohar2013-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Manohar2013_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManohar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Manohar, PR (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4078466">"Uniform standards and quality control of research publications in the field of Ayurveda"</a>. Ancient Science of Life. 32 (4): 185–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0257-7941.131968">10.4103/0257-7941.131968</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4078466">4078466</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24991064">24991064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Science+of+Life&rft.atitle=Uniform+standards+and+quality+control+of+research+publications+in+the+field+of+Ayurveda&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=185-6&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4078466%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24991064&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0257-7941.131968&rft.aulast=Manohar&rft.aufirst=PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4078466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bausell-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Bausell_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBausell2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._Barker_Bausell" title="R. Barker Bausell">Bausell, R. Barker</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195313680">Snake Oil Science: The Truth About Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195313680/page/259">259</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538342-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538342-3"><bdi>978-0-19-538342-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snake+Oil+Science%3A+The+Truth+About+Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538342-3&rft.aulast=Bausell&rft.aufirst=R.+Barker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195313680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACS2011-117"><a href="#cite_ref-ACS2011_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/mindbodyandspirit/ayurveda">"Ayurveda"</a>. American Cancer Society. 26 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222053347/http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/mindbodyandspirit/ayurveda">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2015. <q>The effectiveness of Ayurveda has not been proven in scientific studies, but early research suggests that certain herbs may offer potential therapeutic value ... Although Ayurveda has been largely untested by Western researchers, there is a growing interest in integrating some parts of the system into medical practice. In fact, a few of the herbs and substances have been purified into drugs that are used (along with other medicines) to treat cancer. Early studies suggest that other parts of Ayurveda may have potential therapeutic value.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ayurveda&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Ftreatment%2Ftreatmentsandsideeffects%2Fcomplementaryandalternativemedicine%2Fmindbodyandspirit%2Fayurveda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatwardhan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Patwardhan, Bhushan (1 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230501">"Bridging Ayurveda with evidence-based scientific approaches in medicine"</a>. The EPMA Journal. 5 (1): 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1878-5085-5-19">10.1186/1878-5085-5-19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1878-5077">1878-5077</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230501">4230501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25395997">25395997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+EPMA+Journal&rft.atitle=Bridging+Ayurveda+with+evidence-based+scientific+approaches+in+medicine&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2014-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4230501%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1878-5077&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25395997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1878-5085-5-19&rft.aulast=Patwardhan&rft.aufirst=Bhushan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4230501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mamtani2005-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Mamtani2005_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamtaniMamtani,_R.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mamtani, R.; Mamtani, R. (2005). "Ayurveda and Yoga in Cardiovascular Diseases". Cardiology in Review. 13 (3): 155–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.crd.0000128730.31658.36">10.1097/01.crd.0000128730.31658.36</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15834238">15834238</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27195105">27195105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cardiology+in+Review&rft.atitle=Ayurveda+and+Yoga+in+Cardiovascular+Diseases&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=155-162&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27195105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15834238&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.crd.0000128730.31658.36&rft.aulast=Mamtani&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Mamtani%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccras-120"><a href="#cite_ref-ccras_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530011813/http://ccras.nic.in/about_ccras/about_research_in_ayurveda.htm">"Research in Ayurveda – About CCRAS"</a>. Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccras.nic.in/about_ccras/about_research_in_ayurveda.htm">the original</a> on 30 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Council+for+Research+in+Ayurveda+and+Siddha&rft.atitle=Research+in+Ayurveda+%E2%80%93+About+CCRAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccras.nic.in%2Fabout_ccras%2Fabout_research_in_ayurveda.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150121053833/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/04/03/nation/china-hands-over-ayurveda-research-centre-to-govt/220180.html">"China hands over Ayurveda research centre to govt"</a>. Kantipur Publications. The Kathmandu Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/04/03/nation/china-hands-over-ayurveda-research-centre-to-govt/220180.html">the original</a> on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015. <q>The centre will play a positive role in promotion and utilisation of Ayurveda in the country, by conducting research on medicinal herbs available here.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+hands+over+Ayurveda+research+centre+to+govt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekantipur.com%2Fthe-kathmandu-post%2F2011%2F04%2F03%2Fnation%2Fchina-hands-over-ayurveda-research-centre-to-govt%2F220180.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documents.gov.lk/files/egz/2015/9/1933-13_E.pdf">"Part I: Section (I) — General Government Notifications The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Notification"</a> (PDF). The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary. 1933/13. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 21 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119072852/http://www.documents.gov.lk/files/egz/2015/9/1933-13_E.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2022. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ayurveda-linked-to-lead-poisoning-in-us-women/992558/0">the original</a> on 9 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Ayurveda+linked+to+lead+poisoning+in+US+women&rft.date=2012-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fayurveda-linked-to-lead-poisoning-in-us-women%2F992558%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valiathan06-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valiathan06_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valiathan06_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValiathan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Valiathan, MS (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_090_01_0005_0006_0.pdf">"Ayurveda: putting the house in order"</a> (PDF). Current Science. 90 (1): 5–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_090_01_0005_0006_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Ayurveda%3A+putting+the+house+in+order&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Valiathan&rft.aufirst=MS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentscience.ac.in%2FDownloads%2Farticle_id_090_01_0005_0006_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm050798.htm">"Use caution with Ayurvedic products"</a>. US FDA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423055002/https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm050798.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Use+caution+with+Ayurvedic+products&rft.pub=US+FDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FForConsumers%2FConsumerUpdates%2Fucm050798.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamathPemiahSekarKrishnaswamy2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kamath, Sushant U.; Pemiah, Brindha; Sekar, Rajan K.; Krishnaswamy, Sridharan; Sethuraman, Swaminathan; Krishnan, Uma Maheswari (1 June 2012). "Mercury-based traditional herbo-metallic preparations: a toxicological perspective". Archives of Toxicology. 86 (6): 831–838. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ArTox..86..831K">2012ArTox..86..831K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00204-012-0826-2">10.1007/s00204-012-0826-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0738">1432-0738</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22441626">22441626</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13947298">13947298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Mercury-based+traditional+herbo-metallic+preparations%3A+a+toxicological+perspective&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=831-838&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13947298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012ArTox..86..831K&rft.issn=1432-0738&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00204-012-0826-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22441626&rft.aulast=Kamath&rft.aufirst=Sushant+U.&rft.au=Pemiah%2C+Brindha&rft.au=Sekar%2C+Rajan+K.&rft.au=Krishnaswamy%2C+Sridharan&rft.au=Sethuraman%2C+Swaminathan&rft.au=Krishnan%2C+Uma+Maheswari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thakara-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Thakara_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFṬhākara1989" class="citation book cs1">Ṭhākara, Vināyaka Jayānanda (1989). Methodology of Research in Ayurveda. Jamnagar, India: <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Ayurved_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat Ayurved University">Gujarat Ayurved University</a> Press. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodology+of+Research+in+Ayurveda&rft.place=Jamnagar%2C+India&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Gujarat+Ayurved+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81kara&rft.aufirst=Vin%C4%81yaka+Jay%C4%81nanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lesl-asia" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, Charles, ed. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jjDo1Xxj4XUC&pg=PP1">Asian Medical Systems</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03511-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03511-9"><bdi>978-0-520-03511-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110231/https://books.google.com/books?id=jjDo1Xxj4XUC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Medical+Systems&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=passim&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03511-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjjDo1Xxj4XUC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lesl-asia" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Carl (1977). "The Place of Indigenous Medical Practitioners in the Modernization of Health Services". In Leslie, Charles (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jjDo1Xxj4XUC">Asian Medical Systems</a>. University of California Press. pp. 285–292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03511-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03511-9"><bdi>978-0-520-03511-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110735/https://books.google.com/books?id=jjDo1Xxj4XUC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Place+of+Indigenous+Medical+Practitioners+in+the+Modernization+of+Health+Services&rft.btitle=Asian+Medical+Systems&rft.pages=285-292&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03511-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjjDo1Xxj4XUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lesl-asia" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, Charles (1976). "The Ambiguities of Medical Revivalism in Modern India". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520322295-022">The Ambiguites of Medical Revivalism in Modern India</a>. University of California Press. pp. 356–367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520322295-022">10.1525/9780520322295-022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-32229-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-32229-5"><bdi>978-0-520-32229-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110736/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520322295-022/html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ambiguities+of+Medical+Revivalism+in+Modern+India&rft.btitle=The+Ambiguites+of+Medical+Revivalism+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=356-367&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520322295-022&rft.isbn=978-0-520-32229-5&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%2F9780520322295-022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1975" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Shiv (1975). Ayurvedic Medicine: Past and Present. Calcutta: Dabur (S. K. Burman).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayurvedic+Medicine%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Dabur+%28S.+K.+Burman%29&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Shiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2013" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Rachel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137315908">Ayurveda Made Modern: Political Histories of Indigenous Medicine in North India, 1900–1955</a>. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137315908">10.1057/9781137315908</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28455-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28455-5"><bdi>978-0-230-28455-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301185715/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137315908">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayurveda+Made+Modern%3A+Political+Histories+of+Indigenous+Medicine+in+North+India%2C+1900%E2%80%931955&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137315908&rft.isbn=978-0-230-28455-5&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1057%2F9781137315908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="smit-mode" class="citation book cs1">Wujastyk, Dominik (2008). "The Evolution of Indian Government Policy on Ayurveda in the Twentieth Century". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-xjj8-cg73">Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms</a>. SUNY Press. pp. 43–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7939%2Fr3-xjj8-cg73">10.7939/r3-xjj8-cg73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7490-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7490-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-7490-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110842/https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/e9860956-f2bf-4081-a31e-31e0ee0acf50">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Indian+Government+Policy+on+Ayurveda+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=Modern+and+Global+Ayurveda%3A+Pluralism+and+Paradigms&rft.pages=43-76&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7939%2Fr3-xjj8-cg73&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7490-7&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7939%2Fr3-xjj8-cg73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWujastyk2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wujastyk, Dominik (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1066/1/submission-article.pdf">"Policy Formation and Debate Concerning the Government Regulation of Ayurveda in Great Britain in the 21st Century"</a> (PDF). Asian Medicine. 1: 162–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157342105777996719">10.1163/157342105777996719</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71229532">71229532</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922160922/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1066/1/submission-article.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Medicine&rft.atitle=Policy+Formation+and+Debate+Concerning+the+Government+Regulation+of+Ayurveda+in+Great+Britain+in+the+21st+Century&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=162-184&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157342105777996719&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71229532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1066%2F1%2Fsubmission-article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedy2002" class="citation journal cs1">Redy, Sita (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249666385">"Asian Medicine in America: The Ayurvedic Case"</a>. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 583: 97–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271620258300107">10.1177/000271620258300107</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1049691">1049691</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145626093">145626093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Asian+Medicine+in+America%3A+The+Ayurvedic+Case&rft.volume=583&rft.pages=97-121&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145626093%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1049691%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271620258300107&rft.aulast=Redy&rft.aufirst=Sita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249666385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeulenbeld1999–2000" class="citation book cs1">Meulenbeld, G. 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Groningen. pp. 689–699. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6980-124-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-6980-124-8"><bdi>90-6980-124-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42207455">42207455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Indian+medical+literature&rft.place=Groningen&rft.pages=689-699&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42207455&rft.isbn=90-6980-124-8&rft.aulast=Meulenbeld&rft.aufirst=G.+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F42207455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoernle1907" class="citation book cs1">Hoernle, A. F. Rudolf (1907). Osteology or the bones of the human body. Oxford: Clarendon P. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28563136">28563136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osteology+or+the+bones+of+the+human+body.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+P.&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28563136&rft.aulast=Hoernle&rft.aufirst=A.+F.+Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._N._RoyBraja_Bihārī_Kumāra" class="citation book cs1">J. N. Roy; Braja Bihārī Kumāra. India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods. Concept Publishing Company. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+Central+Asia%3A+Classical+to+Contemporary+Periods&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.au=J.+N.+Roy&rft.au=Braja+Bih%C4%81r%C4%AB+Kum%C4%81ra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonore_Loeb_AdlerB._Runi_Mukherji" class="citation book cs1">Leonore Loeb Adler; B. Runi Mukherji. Spirit Versus Scalpel: Traditional Healing and Modern Psychotherapy. 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Springer. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+Plant-Based+Medicines%3A+Conservation%2C+Efficacy+and+Safety&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Springer&rft.aulast=Saxena&rft.aufirst=Praveen+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Ali_JazayeryWinter1988" class="citation book cs1">Mohammad Ali Jazayery; Winter, Werner (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v56tj2EPZ-YC&pg=PA116">Languages and Cultures: Studies in Honor of Edgar C. Polomé</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-010204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-010204-8"><bdi>978-3-11-010204-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+and+Cultures%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Edgar+C.+Polom%C3%A9&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-3-11-010204-8&rft.au=Mohammad+Ali+Jazayery&rft.au=Winter%2C+Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv56tj2EPZ-YC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlucklich,_Ariel2008" class="citation book cs1">Glucklich, Ariel (2008). 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History of Science and Technology in Ancient India: Formation of the theoretical fundamentals of natural science. p. 153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Science+and+Technology+in+Ancient+India%3A+Formation+of+the+theoretical+fundamentals+of+natural+science&rft.pages=153&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Debiprasad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=Charaka+hospital&pg=PA543">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</a>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26q%3DCharaka%2Bhospital%26pg%3DPA543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidya_Bhagwan_Dash" class="citation book cs1">Vaidya Bhagwan Dash. Materia Medica of Ayurveda: Based on: Madanapala's Nighantu. B. 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CRC Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0824-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0824-5"><bdi>978-0-8247-0824-5</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 2 January 2017 – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashtanga+Hridaya&rft.date=1939&rft.au=V%C4%81gbha%E1%B9%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAshtanga.Hridaya.of.Vagbhata%23page%2Fn567%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dwivedi&Dwivedi07-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Dwivedi&Dwivedi07_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwivediDwivedi,_Shridhar2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dwivedi, Girish; Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf">"History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence"</a> (PDF). Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences. 49: 243–244. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Chest+Diseases+and+Allied+Sciences&rft.atitle=History+of+Medicine%3A+Sushruta+%E2%80%93+the+Clinician+%E2%80%93+Teacher+par+Excellence&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=243-244&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dwivedi&rft.aufirst=Girish&rft.au=Dwivedi%2C+Shridhar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedind.nic.in%2Fiae%2Ft07%2Fi4%2Fiaet07i4p243.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> (Republished by <a href="/wiki/National_Informatics_Centre" title="National Informatics Centre">National Informatics Centre</a>, Government of India.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lock836-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Lock836_164-0">^</a> Lock et al., p. 836 </li> <li id="cite_note-WujastykXXVI-165"><a href="#cite_ref-WujastykXXVI_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWujastyk2003a">Wujastyk 2003a</a>, p. XXVI </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWujastyk2002" class="citation book cs1">Wujastyk, Dagmar (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-BoAgAAQBAJ&q=ayurveda+translated+5th+chinese+CE&pg=PA17">Well-Mannered Medicine: Medical Ethics and Etiquette in Classical Ayurveda</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985627-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985627-5"><bdi>978-0-19-985627-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907111248/https://books.google.com/books?id=6-BoAgAAQBAJ&q=ayurveda+translated+5th+chinese+CE&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Well-Mannered+Medicine%3A+Medical+Ethics+and+Etiquette+in+Classical+Ayurveda&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-985627-5&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-BoAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dayurveda%2Btranslated%2B5th%2Bchinese%2BCE%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC&pg=PA168">Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</a>. Springer. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ehst.book.....S">2008ehst.book.....S</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-4559-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907111245/https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC&pg=PA168">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. 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(1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HlJ-20_iP6wC">Ayurveda: The Gentle Health System</a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1500-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1500-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1500-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907111247/https://books.google.com/books?id=HlJ-20_iP6wC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayurveda%3A+The+Gentle+Health+System&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1500-1&rft.aulast=Rhyner&rft.aufirst=Hans+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlJ-20_iP6wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Rao_169-0">^</a> Ramachandra S.K. Rao, Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicine: historical perspective, Volume 1, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRvzRGn9QqkC&pg=PA94">94–98</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Mangathayaru2013" class="citation book cs1">K. Mangathayaru (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UQ8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">Pharmacognosy: An Indian perspective</a>. Pearson education. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-325-2026-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-325-2026-4"><bdi>978-93-325-2026-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907111246/https://books.google.com/books?id=2UQ8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacognosy%3A+An+Indian+perspective&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Pearson+education&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-325-2026-4&rft.au=K.+Mangathayaru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2UQ8BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lock607-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lock607_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lock607_171-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2001">Lock 2001</a>, p. 607 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lock651-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Lock651_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2001">Lock 2001</a>, p. 651 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lock652-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Lock652_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2001">Lock 2001</a>, p. 652 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lock651/2-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Lock651/2_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2001">Lock 2001</a>, pp. 651–652 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett,_F._H.1840" class="citation book cs1">Brett, F. H. (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/practicalessayon00bretuoft#page/458/mode/2up">A practical essay on some of the principal surgical diseases of India</a>. Calcutta, India: W. Thacker & Company. p. 458. Retrieved 6 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+practical+essay+on+some+of+the+principal+surgical+diseases+of+India&rft.place=Calcutta%2C+India&rft.pages=458&rft.pub=W.+Thacker+%26+Company&rft.date=1840&rft.au=Brett%2C+F.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpracticalessayon00bretuoft%23page%2F458%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardiman2009-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Hardiman2009_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardiman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hardiman, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25594366">"Indian Medical Indigeneity: From Nationalist Assertion to the Global Market"</a>. Social History. 34 (3): 263–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071020902975131">10.1080/03071020902975131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1022">0307-1022</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25594366">25594366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144288544">144288544</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507083111/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25594366">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022. <q>On the whole, such courses provided a back door into a career of improvised and only half-understood biomedical practice. Indeed, for biomedical practitioners, such self-titled 'doctors' are no more than quacks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+History&rft.atitle=Indian+Medical+Indigeneity%3A+From+Nationalist+Assertion+to+the+Global+Market&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-283&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0307-1022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144288544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25594366%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071020902975131&rft.aulast=Hardiman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25594366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_references">Cited references</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopra2003" class="citation book cs1">Chopra, Ananda S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=of-gv8-pPcsC&pg=PA75">"Āyurveda"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Helaine_Selin" title="Helaine Selin">Selin, Helaine</a> (ed.). Medicine across cultures: history and practice of medicine in non-western cultures. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Kluwer Academic</a>. pp. 75–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1166-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1166-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-1166-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907111253/https://books.google.com/books?id=of-gv8-pPcsC&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%80yurveda&rft.btitle=Medicine+across+cultures%3A+history+and+practice+of+medicine+in+non-western+cultures&rft.pages=75-83&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1166-5&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=Ananda+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dof-gv8-pPcsC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwivediDwivedi,_Shridhar2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dwivedi, Girish; Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf">"History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence"</a> (PDF). Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences. 49: 243–244. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Chest+Diseases+and+Allied+Sciences&rft.atitle=History+of+Medicine%3A+Sushruta+%E2%80%93+the+Clinician+%E2%80%93+Teacher+par+Excellence&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=243-244&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dwivedi&rft.aufirst=Girish&rft.au=Dwivedi%2C+Shridhar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedind.nic.in%2Fiae%2Ft07%2Fi4%2Fiaet07i4p243.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> (Republished by <a href="/wiki/National_Informatics_Centre" title="National Informatics Centre">National Informatics Centre</a>, Government of India.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinger2001" class="citation book cs1">Finger, Stanley (2001). Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514694-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514694-3"><bdi>978-0-19-514694-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Neuroscience%3A+A+History+of+Explorations+into+Brain+Function&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514694-3&rft.aulast=Finger&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutumbian1999" class="citation book cs1">Kutumbian, P. (1999). Ancient Indian Medicine. Andhra Pradesh: <a href="/wiki/Orient_Blackswan" title="Orient Blackswan">Orient Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1521-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1521-5"><bdi>978-81-250-1521-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Medicine&rft.place=Andhra+Pradesh&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1521-5&rft.aulast=Kutumbian&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lock" title="Stephen Lock">Lock, Stephen</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00step">The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-262950-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-262950-0"><bdi>978-0-19-262950-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+Companion+to+Medicine&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-262950-0&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordillustrate00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderwoodRhodes,_P.2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Underwood, E. Ashworth; Rhodes, P. (2008). "History of Medicine". Encyclopædia Britannica (2008 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Medicine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=2008&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Underwood&rft.aufirst=E.+Ashworth&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWujastyk2003a" class="citation book cs1">Wujastyk, D. (2003a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sJOEMwrVyRcC&q=The+Roots+of+Ayurveda:+Selections+from+Sanskrit+Medical+Writings.&pg=PR1">The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044824-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044824-5"><bdi>978-0-14-044824-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907111402/https://books.google.com/books?id=sJOEMwrVyRcC&q=The+Roots+of+Ayurveda:+Selections+from+Sanskrit+Medical+Writings.&pg=PR1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Ayurveda%3A+Selections+from+Sanskrit+Medical+Writings&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044824-5&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsJOEMwrVyRcC%26q%3DThe%2BRoots%2Bof%2BAyurveda%3A%2BSelections%2Bfrom%2BSanskrit%2BMedical%2BWritings.%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrury1873" class="citation book cs1">Drury, Heber (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/usefulplantsind01drurgoog#page/n5/mode/2up">The Useful plants of India</a>. William H Allen & Co., London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4460-2372-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4460-2372-3"><bdi>978-1-4460-2372-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Useful+plants+of+India&rft.pub=William+H+Allen+%26+Co.%2C+London&rft.date=1873&rft.isbn=978-1-4460-2372-3&rft.aulast=Drury&rft.aufirst=Heber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fusefulplantsind01drurgoog%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDymock1890" class="citation book cs1">Dymock, William; et al. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36345#page/1/mode/1up">Pharmacographia Indica A history of principal drugs of vegetable origin in British India</a>. Vol. 1. London, Bombat, Calcutta: <a href="/wiki/Kegan_Paul,_Trench,_Tr%C3%BCbner_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co">Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co</a>, Education Society Press, Byculla, Thacker, Spink and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacographia+Indica+A+history+of+principal+drugs+of+vegetable+origin+in+British+India&rft.place=London%2C+Bombat%2C+Calcutta&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co%2C+Education+Society+Press%2C+Byculla%2C+Thacker%2C+Spink+and+Co&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Dymock&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F36345%23page%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoernle1907" class="citation book cs1">Hoernle, Rudolf August Friedrich (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/studiesinmedicin01hoeruoft#page/n3/mode/2up">Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India: Part I: Osteology</a>. Clarendon Press, Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Medicine+of+Ancient+India%3A+Part+I%3A+Osteology&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press%2C+Oxford&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Hoernle&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+August+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fstudiesinmedicin01hoeruoft%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pattathu, Anthony George (2018). Ayurveda and Discursive Formations between Religion, Medicine and Embodiment: A Case Study from Germany. In: Lüddeckens, D., & Schrimpf, M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transcript-verlag.de/en/detail/index/sArticle/4316">Medicine – religion – spirituality: Global perspectives on traditional, complementary, and alternative healing</a>. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-4582-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-4582-8">978-3-8376-4582-8</a>, pp. 133–166.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatwardhan2008" class="citation book cs1">Patwardhan, Kishore (2008). Pabitra Kumar Roy (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/7033/1/Chapter_in_sowarigpa_and_ayurveda.pdf">Concepts of Human Physiology in Ayurveda</a> (PDF). Samyak Vak Series-14. Sarnath, Varanasi: Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies. pp. 53–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87127-76-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87127-76-5"><bdi>978-81-87127-76-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Human+Physiology+in+Ayurveda&rft.place=Sarnath%2C+Varanasi&rft.series=Samyak+Vak+Series-14&rft.pages=53-73&rft.pub=Central+Institute+of+Higher+Tibetan+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-87127-76-5&rft.aulast=Patwardhan&rft.aufirst=Kishore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F7033%2F1%2FChapter_in_sowarigpa_and_ayurveda.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise1845" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Thomas T. (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/commentaryonhind00wise#page/n3/mode/2up">Commentary on the Hindu System of Medicine</a>. Calcutta: Thacker & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Hindu+System+of+Medicine&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Thacker+%26+Co.&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Thomas+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcommentaryonhind00wise%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWujastyk2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wujastyk, Dominik (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0035.xml">"Indian Medicine"</a>. Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0035">10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Indian+Medicine&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0035&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195399318%2Fobo-9780195399318-0035.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyurveda" class="Z3988">. A bibliographical survey of the history of Indian medicine.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43034">WHO guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001140942/https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/use-caution-ayurvedic-products">Use Caution With Ayurvedic Products</a> – <a href="/wiki/US_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="US Food and Drug Administration">US Food and Drug Administration</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Ayurveda at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ayurveda" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Ayurveda">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="s:Special:Search/Ayurveda">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ayurveda" class="extiw" title="b:Ayurveda">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ayurveda" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ayurveda" title="Template:Ayurveda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ayurveda" title="Template talk:Ayurveda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ayurveda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ayurveda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ayurveda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ayurveda</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%">Introduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient origin: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashupati_seal" title="Pashupati seal">Proto Shiva in Yogic pose, 2350-2000 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda, c 1500–1000 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Ancient Hindu texts</a>: <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brhat_Trayi" title="Brhat Trayi">Brhat Trayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_chikitsa" title="Viswanatha chikitsa">Viswanatha chikitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Korunta" title="Yoga Korunta">Yoga Korunta</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Ancient pioneers</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnivesha" title="Agnivesha">Agnivesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chyavana" title="Chyavana">Chyavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta" title="Sushruta">Sushruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%">Eight limbs (specialised branches)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Eight_components">Kāyachikitsā (general practice)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Eight_components">Kaumāra-bhṛtya (paediatrics)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Eight_components">Śalya (surgery)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Eight_components">Śhālākya (ear, nose, and throat)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Eight_components">Bhūtavidyā (exorcism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agada" title="Agada">Agada (antidotes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasayana" title="Rasayana">Rasāyana (health tonics)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Eight_components">Vājīkaraṇa (aphrodisiacs and fertility)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%">Basic concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni_(Ayurveda)" title="Agni (Ayurveda)">Agni (metabolic fire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81tu_(ayurveda)" title="Dhātu (ayurveda)">Dhātu (bodily substances)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosha" title="Dosha">Dosha (bodily humours)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malas_(ayurveda)" title="Malas (ayurveda)">Mala (bodily wastes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhoota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancha Bhoota">Pañcabhūta (five elements)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%">Substances used</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churna" title="Churna">Churna (medicinal powder)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomutra">Gomutra (cow urine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethnobotany_of_India#Herbal_Ayurveda" title="Medical ethnobotany of India">Herbal preparations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyherbal_formulation" title="Polyherbal formulation">Polyherbal formulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashayam" title="Kashayam">Kaṣāyaṁ (water decoction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">Sura (alcoholic drink)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhyanga" title="Abhyanga">Abhyanga (massage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(Panchakarma)" title="Basti (Panchakarma)">Basti (enema)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinacharya" title="Dinacharya">Dinacharya (routine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti (nasal irrigation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pulling" title="Oil pulling">Oil pulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_diagnosis" title="Pulse diagnosis">Pulse diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa shastra">Rasaśāstra (alchemy)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(ayurvedic)" title="Samskara (ayurvedic)">Samskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shodhana" title="Shodhana">Shodhana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svedana" title="Svedana">Svedana (steam bathing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_therapy" title="Urine therapy">Urine therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_children" title="Yoga for children">Yoga for children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chair_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair Yoga">Yoga for elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chair_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair Yoga">Yoga for office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">Yoga for women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%">Practitioner roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Traditional designations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavaidya" title="Ashtavaidya">Ashtavaidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru%E2%80%93shishya_tradition" title="Guru–shishya tradition">Guru–shishya tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaidya" title="Vaidya">Vaidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Modern designations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Officer_(AYUSH)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Officer (AYUSH)">AYUSH Medical Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Ayurveda,_Medicine_and_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery">Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD_(Ayurveda)" class="mw-redirect" title="MD (Ayurveda)">MD (Ayurveda)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%">Educational institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Ayurveda,_Delhi" title="All India Institute of Ayurveda, Delhi">All India Institute of Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Indian_Medicine" title="Central Council of Indian Medicine">Central Council of Indian Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai_National_Institute_of_Yoga" title="Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga">Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Institute_of_Ayurveda_and_Homeopathy" title="North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda and Homeopathy">North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda and Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Eastern_Institute_of_Folk_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Eastern Institute of Folk Medicine (page does not exist)">North Eastern Institute of Folk Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Ayurveda" title="National Institute of Ayurveda">National Institute of Ayurveda at Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Ayurveda,_Punchkula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute of Ayurveda, Punchkula (page does not exist)">National Institute of Ayurveda at Punchkula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Siddha" title="National Institute of Siddha">National Institute of Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_teacher_training" title="Yoga teacher training">Yoga teacher training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asht%C4%81nga_Hridayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtānga Hridayam">Ashtānga Hridayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harita_Samhita" class="mw-redirect" title="Harita Samhita">Harita Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa_Samhita" title="Kashyapa Samhita">Kashyapa Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibandha_Samgraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nibandha Samgraha">Nibandha Samgraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81jam%C4%81rta%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Rājamārtaṇḍa">Rājamārtaṇḍa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81jam%E1%B9%9Bg%C4%81%E1%B9%85ka_(Ayurveda_book)" title="Rājamṛgāṅka (Ayurveda book)">Rājamṛgāṅka (Ayurveda book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_chikitsa" title="Viswanatha chikitsa">Viswanatha chikitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Companies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhana_Aushadhalaya" title="Sadhana Aushadhalaya">Sadhana Aushadhalaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Regulation and management: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_AYUSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of AYUSH">Ministry of AYUSH</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Alliances and NGOs: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Wheel_of_Yoga" title="British Wheel of Yoga">British Wheel of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Foundation" title="Isha Foundation">Isha Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yoga_Institute" title="The Yoga Institute">The Yoga Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Alliance" title="Yoga Alliance">Yoga Alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%">Prominent people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Contemporary: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalhana" title="Dalhana">Dalhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeronis_de_Soysa" title="Jeronis de Soysa">Jeronis de Soysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Tiwari" title="Maya Tiwari">Maya Tiwari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%">Celebrations and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Hindu festivals related to Yoga</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Mahotsav" title="Gita Mahotsav">Gita Mahotsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other yoga festivals: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Yoga_Festival" title="Santa Fe Yoga Festival">Santa Fe Yoga Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust_Festival" title="Wanderlust Festival">Wanderlust Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%">Related or inspired similar systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">Jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health" title="Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health">Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine" title="Sri Lankan traditional medicine">Sri Lankan traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_the_United_States" title="Yoga in the United States">Yoga in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_Ayurveda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossary of Ayurveda (page does not exist)">Glossary of Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hinduism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism_(compact)" title="Template:Hinduism (compact)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism_(compact)" title="Template talk:Hinduism (compact)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism_(compact)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism (compact)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hinduism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduism" title="Karma in Hinduism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_massage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massage_types" title="Template:Massage types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massage_types" title="Template talk:Massage types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massage_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massage types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_massage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">massage</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anma" title="Anma">Anma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_massage" title="Balinese massage">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_massage" title="Bamboo massage">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_technique" title="Bowen technique">Bowen technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breema" title="Breema">Breema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champissage" class="mw-redirect" title="Champissage">Champissage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_massage" title="Erotic massage">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingam_massage" title="Lingam massage">Lingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomilomi_massage" title="Lomilomi massage">Lomilomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage#Visceral_manipulation" title="Massage">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_massage" title="Medical massage">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofascial_release" title="Myofascial release">Myofascial release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromuscular therapy">Neuromuscular therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuru_(massage)" title="Nuru (massage)">Nuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_massage" title="Prostate massage">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexology" title="Reflexology">Reflexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiatsu" title="Shiatsu">Shiatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_massage" title="Stone massage">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolfing" title="Rolfing">Rolfing Structural integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage#Swedish_massage" title="Massage">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_massage" title="Traditional Thai massage">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trager_approach" title="Trager approach">Trager approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_na" title="Tui na">Tui na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watsu" title="Watsu">Watsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni_massage" title="Yoni massage">Yoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_balancing" title="Zero balancing">Zero balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudoscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pseudoscience" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Koster%27s_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Traditional_medicine" title="Template:Traditional medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Traditional_medicine" title="Template talk:Traditional medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Ancient Egyptian medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthe_iboga" title="Tabernanthe iboga">Tabernanthe iboga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muti" title="Muti">Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganga" title="Nganga">Nganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">Traditional African medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Hausa_medicine" title="Traditional Hausa medicine">Traditional Hausa medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">Traditional healers of Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1_medicine" title="Yorùbá medicine">Yorùbá medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg/100px-Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg/150px-Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg/200px-Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="2291" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_medicine" title="Aztec medicine">Aztec medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_traditional_medicine" title="Brazilian traditional medicine">Brazilian traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_traditional_medicine" title="Chumash traditional medicine">Chumash traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curandero" title="Curandero">Curandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallawaya" title="Kallawaya">Kallawaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_medicine" title="Mapuche medicine">Mapuche medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Maya medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_medicine" title="Navajo medicine">Navajo medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Alaska_Native_medicine" title="Traditional Alaska Native medicine">Traditional Alaska Native medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhivehi_beys" title="Dhivehi beys">Dhivehi beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_folk_medicine" title="Georgian folk medicine">Georgian folk medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine" title="Iranian traditional medicine">Iranian traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine" title="Ancient Iranian medicine">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">Jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">Kampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramuan" title="Ramuan">Ramuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine" title="Sri Lankan traditional medicine">Sri Lankan traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">Traditional Thai medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Traditional Korean medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Traditional Mongolian medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional Tibetan medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Traditional Vietnamese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Ancient Greek medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Byzantine medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_ancient_Rome" title="Medicine in ancient Rome">Medicine in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medieval medicine of Western Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">Apothecary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine in the medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electuary" title="Electuary">Electuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" title="Template:Medicinal herbs and fungi">herbs and fungi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History of alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatism" title="Mithridatism">Mithridatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriac" title="Theriac">Theriac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Traditional_medicine" title="Category:Traditional medicine">Category:Traditional medicine</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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158.870 1 Template:IAST"," 5.77% 156.942 1 Template:Transliteration"," 4.96% 134.886 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.89% 132.913 2 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.743","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19070335,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAYUSH\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAcharya1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAjanalNayakPrasadKadam2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlam2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAluvihare1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmruthesh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmruthesh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnandFan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBansal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasham1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBausell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeall2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerry2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhagwan_Dash1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhallaPannu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhishagratna1907\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBhowmick2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirchWujastykKlebanovParameswaran2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreeherMikulskiCzeczokLeinenkugel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrett,_F._H.1840\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCCRAS\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCachoLum2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandrasekhar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChattopadhyaya1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaturvediTiwariRai1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChopra2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComba2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornelissenMisraVarma2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarganGawarammanaArcherHouse2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrury1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwivediDwivedi,_Shridhar2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDymock1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFields2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlucklich,_Ariel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuneratne2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardiman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoernle1907\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJ._N._RoyBraja_Bihārī_Kumāra\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRyan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Mangathayaru2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKacera2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamathPemiahSekarKrishnaswamy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarriSaperKales2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatiyar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalsaTierra2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumarDobosRampp2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKutumbian1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonore_Loeb_AdlerB._Runi_Mukherji\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLock2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadhusūdanasarasvatī1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMamtaniMamtani,_R.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMani,_DayanandanDhawan,_Sunita_S.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManohar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeulenbeld1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeulenbeld1999–2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishraSinghDagenais2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMohammad_Ali_JazayeryWinter1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukhopadhyaya1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller-Dietz,_Heinz_E.1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgCorlettTanRaffles_Museum_of_Biodiversity_Research2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovella2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;mathuna2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPathakRautVaidya2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatwardhan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatwardhan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayyappallimanaVenkatasubramanian2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersonDennistonChopra2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuack2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRam_Nath_ChopraI._C._Chopra1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamuVenkataram1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRannan-Eliya,_Ravi_P.De_Mel,_Nishan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhyner1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudraKalraKumarJoe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSander1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaper2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaperKales_SNPaquinBurns2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaper_RBPhillips_RSSehgal_A2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaper_RBPhillips_RSSehgal_AKhouri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatakeMcDaniel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaxena\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSekar,_S.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSempleSmyth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShilpaVenkatesha_Murthy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkolnick,_Andrew_A.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkolnick1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithWujastyk2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSriramKeshriKumbhar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSujatha2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSujatha2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwami_Sadashiva_Tirtha1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzabo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnderwoodRhodes,_P.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrmila,_T.Supriya,_B.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaidya_Bhagwan_Dash\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValiathan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValiathan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVāgbhaṭa1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarrier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWise1845\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWujastyk2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWujastyk2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWujastyk2003b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWujastyk2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWujastyk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWujastykSmith2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFXiaorui_Zhang2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZysk1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZysk1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZysk2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĀcārya1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĀcārya1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFṬhākara1989\"] = 1,\n [\"Tridosha_system\"] = 1,\n [\"lesl-asia\"] = 3,\n [\"smit-mode\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Alternative medical systems\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Ayurveda\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 37,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Disputed inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 14,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism footer small\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST3\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Massage types\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pseudoscience\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Third-party\"] = 1,\n [\"Traditional Medicine\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable sources\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","17.6"],["?","240","13.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","5.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","80","4.4"],["(for generator)","60","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.3"],["[others]","520","28.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4bspq","timestamp":"20241124053120","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ayurveda","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ayurveda","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q132325","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q132325","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-29T23:48:33Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T00:32:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/93\/Dhanvantari-at-Ayurveda-expo.jpg","headline":"traditional medicine system with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent"}</script> </body> </html>