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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Convergence pattern" redirects here. Not to be confused with a video convergence pattern or <a href="/wiki/Test_card" title="Test card">test card</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_gun_harmonisation_-_not_to_scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hurricane_gun_harmonisation_-_not_to_scale.jpg/170px-Hurricane_gun_harmonisation_-_not_to_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="571" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hurricane_gun_harmonisation_-_not_to_scale.jpg/255px-Hurricane_gun_harmonisation_-_not_to_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hurricane_gun_harmonisation_-_not_to_scale.jpg/340px-Hurricane_gun_harmonisation_-_not_to_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Fire from the eight machine guns of a <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricane</a> is shown converging to a point, then diverging. (Drawing not to scale.)</figcaption></figure> <p>In aerial gunnery, <b>gun harmonisation</b>, <b>convergence pattern</b>, <b>convergence zone</b>, <b>convergence point</b> or <b>bore-sight point</b> refers to the aiming of fixed guns or cannon carried in the wings of a <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a>. </p><p>The wing guns in fighters were typically not <a href="/wiki/Boresight_(firearm)" title="Boresight (firearm)">bore-sighted</a> to point straight ahead; instead they were aimed slightly inward so that the projectiles met at one or more areas several hundred yards or metres in front of the fighter's nose. The intent was either to spread the fire of multiple weapons to increase the chance of a hit, called "pattern harmonisation", or to concentrate the fire to deliver greater damage at one point, called "point harmonisation".<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw1985_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A drawback of harmonisation was that guns worked effectively in a limited zone, so targets closer or farther away from the zone were not damaged as much, or were completely missed. The rounds would diverge further apart after passing through the convergence point. </p><p>The convergence of multiple guns was a common practice from the 1930s to the 1950s, especially in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Military aircraft from the 1960s onward generally did not carry guns in the wings, so convergence was not as much of a concern.<sup id="cite_ref-Colgan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colgan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_harmonisation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> came to a close, the standard pursuit (fighter) armament was two rifle-calibre machine guns mounted on the cowl of the fuselage, <a href="/wiki/Synchronization_gear" title="Synchronization gear">synchronised</a> to fire between the propeller blades, a process which slowed the rate of fire. In the late 1920s and 1930s, electrically controlled firing mechanisms, (coupled with the advent of more reliable weapons systems that did not require a pilot close by to clear any malfunctions), allowed aircraft designers to place guns in the wings, negating the need for synchronisation. These wing guns could fire at their maximum rate; they were aimed slightly inward to give a converging field of fire at a certain range.<sup id="cite_ref-Coggins_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coggins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1930s when the front-line fighters of many countries including Italy, Japan, and the US were still using only two synchronised guns on the fuselage, the UK ordered their fighters to carry eight guns, four in each wing. This made the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricane</a> the most heavily armed fighters in the world at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-Coggins_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coggins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there arose a lively debate about how these guns should be converged.<sup id="cite_ref-Delve_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delve-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size_of_pattern">Size of pattern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_harmonisation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Size of pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-47_gun_harmonization_-_two_types.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/P-47_gun_harmonization_-_two_types.jpg/220px-P-47_gun_harmonization_-_two_types.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/P-47_gun_harmonization_-_two_types.jpg/330px-P-47_gun_harmonization_-_two_types.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/P-47_gun_harmonization_-_two_types.jpg/440px-P-47_gun_harmonization_-_two_types.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>Two convergence schemes for the American <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolt</a> fighter as shown in a 1945 manual. The top scheme shows a diamond pattern which narrows to about 10 feet (3 m) wide at a range of 1,200 ft (370 m). The bottom scheme converges the eight guns into a point at about 1,100 ft (340 m).</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in World War II, the British were in favour of "pattern harmonisation", a shotgun-like tactic which disperses the fire of multiple guns to gain a greater chance of a hit.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw1985_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) tried various patterns of gun harmonisation, with the convergence area taking the form of a rectangle or a circle. In December 1939, <a href="/wiki/No._111_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 111 Squadron RAF">No. 111 Squadron RAF</a> adjusted its Hurricanes to fire into a wide rectangle that was 12 by 8 ft (3.7 by 2.4 m) at 750 ft (230 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Delve_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delve-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was referred to as the "Dowding spread" because <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dowding" title="Hugh Dowding">Hugh Dowding</a> advocated such a large pattern to make it more likely that a mediocre fighter pilot would obtain a hit.<sup id="cite_ref-Gustin53_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gustin53-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pattern converged further with distance, tightening the most at about 1,200 ft (370 m)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even 1,950 ft (590 m), the latter reported by <a href="/wiki/Len_Deighton" title="Len Deighton">Len Deighton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cumming2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cumming2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Zealand's top ace <a href="/wiki/Colin_Falkland_Gray" title="Colin Falkland Gray">Colin Falkland Gray</a> expressed frustration at the recommended scheme, saying that the wide pattern and long distance penalized those pilots who were excellent shots. Gray recommended the guns be converged at 750 ft. South African ace <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Malan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolph Malan">Adolph "Sailor" Malan</a> agreed so strongly with Gray that he went ahead and set his own guns to converge in a point at 750 ft, subsequently telling fellow airmen how much better it worked.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British observed that too many German bombers were successfully disengaging from battle after taking many rounds of dispersed fire. It was decided to test a much tighter pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After evaluation in battle, by mid-1940 pattern harmonisation was dropped by the RAF in favour of "point harmonisation".<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw1985_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the lead of Gray and Malan, British fighters were generally set to fire into a single point at 750 ft rather than a larger area.<sup id="cite_ref-Delve_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delve-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 1940, better results were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whatever pattern was chosen, the flexibility of the wings could contribute to a larger-than-intended convergence pattern, especially with thinner wings as on the Spitfire.<sup id="cite_ref-Franks_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franks-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vibration of the engine, the twisting pull of the propeller, and the flexing of the wings in flight would cause movement of the gun mounting which would affect the aim.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The normal vibration of the guns as they fired would also spread the shots; an intended point convergence was at best a somewhat larger grouping of shots within a circle. At a distance of 1,000 ft (300 m), the tightest practical grouping of shots would range throughout a circle about 4 ft (1.2 m) wide. </p><p>Furthermore, the physical arrangement of guns in the wing had an effect on the convergence pattern. The Spitfire's guns were spaced relatively far apart in each wing, which meant that their gunfire was more dispersed before and after the range of greatest convergence. The Hurricane's guns were closely spaced, allowing more confidence that a grouping of bullets from one wing would cause heavy damage, even if the other wing's bullets missed the target. While Spitfire squadrons might converge their wing guns at a different distance for each left–right pair, to give a deeper envelope of damage, Hurricane squadrons usually aligned the guns in each wing to shoot nearly parallel, with all gunfire coming together at the same range. As a result, the Hurricane outperformed the Spitfire in delivering damage to German bombers during the Battle of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Cumming2013_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cumming2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some American air units also converged their guns in a rectangle. USAAF Major James White described how the <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American P-51 Mustangs</a> of his <a href="/wiki/487th_Fighter_Squadron" title="487th Fighter Squadron">487th Fighter Squadron</a> were harmonised to fire their six guns into a wide rectangle 10 by 6 ft (3.0 by 1.8 m) at 450 ft (140 m).<sup id="cite_ref-White_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outer guns of the Mustang were 15.846 ft (4.830 m) apart, so this ten-foot box narrowed in width as the firing distance increased.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distance">Distance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_harmonisation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distance of the convergence point depended on the ballistic performance of the projectile. Standard early war machine gun rounds such as ones that were fired by the British <a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303</a> <a href="/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun" title="M1919 Browning machine gun">Browning machine guns</a> did not travel as far as later heavy machine gun rounds or cannon shells, so the lighter rounds were focussed into a cluster or point at shorter distances. All machine gun rounds do more damage at closer distances, so a closer point was often preferred for increased damage, especially for target areas protected by steel plate, such as armoured cockpits.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergerud_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergerud-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if a close point was chosen then a distant enemy might be safe from the fire of wing guns, the rounds passing ineffectually on both sides of him.<sup id="cite_ref-BillChick_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BillChick-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposite situation was not so much of a problem; a distant bore-sight point would not usually stop a fighter from delivering damage at close range, though the hits would not be concentrated on target.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergerud_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergerud-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tactical decisions also dictated whether a fighter unit would choose a closer or farther away convergence point. A twisting and turning style of <a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">dogfighting</a> might indicate a shorter distance, while <a href="/wiki/Basic_fighter_maneuvers#Energy_management" title="Basic fighter maneuvers">energy tactics</a> such as diving to gain a speed advantage might indicate a greater distance.<sup id="cite_ref-Colgan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colgan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early mark British Spitfire and Hurricane fighters firing the .303 round had their eight wing guns focussed into a convergence zone at 1,200 ft (370 m), 1,350 ft (410 m)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even 1,950 ft (590 m), depending on which source is consulted.<sup id="cite_ref-Cumming2013_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cumming2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such longer distances were initially favoured by Air Chief Marshal <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dowding,_1st_Baron_Dowding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding">Hugh Dowding</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but combat experience showed that shorter distances were more effective, and the convergence distance was reduced to 750 ft (230 m)<sup id="cite_ref-Gustin53_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gustin53-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even 360 ft (110 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Franks_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franks-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various distances that were employed in World War II by American fighters using <a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">.50 cal (12.7 mm)</a> heavy machine gun rounds include 500 ft (150 m), 750 ft (230 m), 900 ft (270 m) and 1,000 ft (300 m), with the longer distances favoured later in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Colgan_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colgan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bergerud_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergerud-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pilots preferred more than one point of convergence. In 1944 operating out of England, American Lieutenant Urban "Ben" Drew set the .50 cal guns of his <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American P-51 Mustang</a> "Detroit Miss" to converge at three points: 600 ft (180 m), 750 ft (230 m) and 900 ft (270 m), with the inboard guns aimed closer and the outboard guns farther away. Drew felt that this gave him a suitable concentration of fire over a deeper envelope of engagement distance.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">Night fighter</a> wing guns of all belligerents were often set to converge at relatively close distances such as 450 ft (140 m) for the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Night fighter tactics using wing guns called for a surreptitious approach on the tail of the enemy, surprising him with fire at a chosen distance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strafing" title="Strafing">Strafing</a> ground targets from the air called for a greater harmonisation distance, to give the pilot time to register hits and then quickly pull up to prevent collision with the ground or the target. The allowed time was very brief: travelling at 250 to 300 mph (400 to 480 km/h), a pilot typically had less than two seconds to fire at the ground target and then pull up. If the targets were dispersed among tall trees, as were some German aircraft late in the war, a greater distance was essential to avoid collision with the trees. The American <a href="/wiki/86th_Operations_Group" title="86th Operations Group">86th Fighter Bomber Group</a> flying <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolts</a> increased the bore-sight distance of the eight .50 cal guns during operations in the Italian Alps in late 1944, to converge at 900 ft (270 m). This distance also proved effective for strafing attacks in southern Germany in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A very close convergence point proved devastatingly effective for some pilots. The highest scoring fighter pilot in the world, German Major <a href="/wiki/Erich_Hartmann" title="Erich Hartmann">Erich Hartmann</a>, set the wing guns (later cannon) of his <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Bf 109</a> to converge at 50 m (160 ft) because of his preference for waiting to attack until very near his opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-White_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> in mid-1943, American <a href="/wiki/VMF-213" title="VMF-213">Marine Fighting Squadron 213</a> harmonised the six .50 cal wing guns of their Mk I <a href="/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair" title="Vought F4U Corsair">Vought F4U Corsairs</a> to converge to a point 300 ft (90 m) ahead. The squadron's usual tactic was to dive upon an enemy from the front and slightly to one side (a high-side attack using full <a href="/wiki/Deflection_(ballistics)" title="Deflection (ballistics)">deflection</a>) and fire when at the convergence distance.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American ace Major Bill Chick of the <a href="/wiki/317th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron" title="317th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron">317th Fighter Squadron</a> based in North Africa in January 1944 bore-sighted the guns of his Thunderbolt to converge at 300 ft (90 m) because he did not care for deflection shots and instead attacked his targets from the rear at that distance.<sup id="cite_ref-BillChick_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BillChick-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_guns">Central guns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_harmonisation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Central guns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fighters with central guns, mounted in the fuselage or a central gondola, typically aimed them straight ahead rather than converging them. A fighter such as the German <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Bf 109E</a> "Emil" model carried a combination of central and wing guns; the wing guns were converged to a point but the central guns could always be counted upon to aim directly at the target.<sup id="cite_ref-Coggins_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coggins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British <a href="/wiki/Westland_Whirlwind_(fighter)" title="Westland Whirlwind (fighter)">Westland Whirlwind</a> (four 20 mm cannon) and the American <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">Lockheed P-38 Lightning</a> (one 20 mm cannon and four .50 cal), both twin-engined fighters, carried the entirety of their gun armament in the nose, a configuration which concentrated the firepower at a broader range of distances, and did not require left–right harmonisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Coggins_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coggins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The P-38 still required up–down harmonisation because its cannon, with its heavier rounds and different trajectory, needed to be inclined upward slightly more than the four machine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet fighter design of the era favoured grouping all guns in the fuselage for accuracy and for keeping the wings as light as possible, resulting in improved manoeuvrability. In fact, many Soviet pilots flying western aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">Bell P-39 Airacobra</a>, directed their armourers to remove some or all wing guns. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">North American F-86 Sabre</a>, a 1947 jet <a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">fighter-bomber</a> design used by US forces in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, was equipped with six .50 cal machine guns, three mounted on each side of the nose, the two sides spaced approximately 4 ft (1.2 m) apart. These guns were harmonised to converge at 1,200 ft (370 m).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_harmonisation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firearms_terms" title="Glossary of firearms terms">Glossary of firearms terms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_harmonisation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shaw1985-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw1985_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw1985_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw1985_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShaw1985" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Robert L. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightercombattac00shaw"><i>Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering</i></a></span>. Naval Institute Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightercombattac00shaw/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870210594" title="Special:BookSources/9780870210594"><bdi>9780870210594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighter+Combat%3A+Tactics+and+Maneuvering&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780870210594&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffightercombattac00shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colgan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colgan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colgan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colgan_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColgan2010" class="citation book cs1">Colgan, William B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GuuOyzdx1UAC&pg=PA42"><i>Allied Strafing in World War II: A Cockpit View of Air to Ground Battle</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786458356" title="Special:BookSources/9780786458356"><bdi>9780786458356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allied+Strafing+in+World+War+II%3A+A+Cockpit+View+of+Air+to+Ground+Battle&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780786458356&rft.aulast=Colgan&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGuuOyzdx1UAC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2001" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, William (2001). <i>Victory roll: the American fighter pilot and aircraft in World War II</i>. Schiffer. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764314582" title="Special:BookSources/9780764314582"><bdi>9780764314582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+roll%3A+the+American+fighter+pilot+and+aircraft+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Schiffer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780764314582&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coggins-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coggins_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coggins_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coggins_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coggins_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoggins2000" class="citation book cs1">Coggins, Edward V. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG5wioBJyK0C&pg=PA29"><i>Wings That Stay On</i></a>. Turner. pp. 29–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563115684" title="Special:BookSources/9781563115684"><bdi>9781563115684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wings+That+Stay+On&rft.pages=29-31&rft.pub=Turner&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781563115684&rft.aulast=Coggins&rft.aufirst=Edward+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG5wioBJyK0C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delve-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delve_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delve_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delve_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelve2007" class="citation book cs1">Delve, Ken (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXB0zK2HyxAC&pg=PA21"><i>The Story of the Spitfire: An Operational and Combat History</i></a>. MBI. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853677250" title="Special:BookSources/9781853677250"><bdi>9781853677250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Spitfire%3A+An+Operational+and+Combat+History&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=MBI&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781853677250&rft.aulast=Delve&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvXB0zK2HyxAC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gustin53-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gustin53_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gustin53_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustinWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Gustin, Emmanuel; Williams, Anthony G. (2003). <i>Flying Guns: The Development of Aircraft Guns, Ammunition and Installations, 1933–45</i>. Airlife. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840372274" title="Special:BookSources/9781840372274"><bdi>9781840372274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flying+Guns%3A+The+Development+of+Aircraft+Guns%2C+Ammunition+and+Installations%2C+1933%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Airlife&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781840372274&rft.aulast=Gustin&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft.au=Williams%2C+Anthony+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2007" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Tony (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QcqzaeXLVHcC&pg=PA65"><i>Spitfire vs Bf 109: Battle of Britain</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846031908" title="Special:BookSources/9781846031908"><bdi>9781846031908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spitfire+vs+Bf+109%3A+Battle+of+Britain&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781846031908&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQcqzaeXLVHcC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2013" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Jon E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29"><i>Spitfire: The Autobiography</i></a>. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472107824" title="Special:BookSources/9781472107824"><bdi>9781472107824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spitfire%3A+The+Autobiography&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781472107824&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jon+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKjABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cumming2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cumming2013_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cumming2013_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cumming2013_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumming2013" class="citation book cs1">Cumming, Anthony (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5xexCdrFXYC&pg=PT61"><i>The Royal Navy and the Battle of Britain</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. pp. 60–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612513836" title="Special:BookSources/9781612513836"><bdi>9781612513836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+and+the+Battle+of+Britain&rft.pages=60-62&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781612513836&rft.aulast=Cumming&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5xexCdrFXYC%26pg%3DPT61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2008" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Philip (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=92zacBtU-b4C&pg=PA20"><i>Fighter Aces of the RAF in the Battle of Britain</i></a>. Casemate Publishers. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844155873" title="Special:BookSources/9781844155873"><bdi>9781844155873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighter+Aces+of+the+RAF+in+the+Battle+of+Britain&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781844155873&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D92zacBtU-b4C%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gustin and Williams 2003, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2012" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Mark (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15VZY-ZPn4cC&pg=PA56"><i>RAF Fighter Command Pilot: The Western Front 1939-42</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 54–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780968988" title="Special:BookSources/9781780968988"><bdi>9781780968988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RAF+Fighter+Command+Pilot%3A+The+Western+Front+1939-42&rft.pages=54-56&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781780968988&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15VZY-ZPn4cC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franks-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franks_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franks_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks2000" class="citation book cs1">Franks, Norman L. R. (2000). <i>Air battle Dunkirk, 26 May – 3 June 1940</i> (60 ed.). Grub Street. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902304502" title="Special:BookSources/9781902304502"><bdi>9781902304502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+battle+Dunkirk%2C+26+May+%E2%80%93+3+June+1940&rft.pages=159&rft.edition=60&rft.pub=Grub+Street&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781902304502&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Norman+L.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNijboer2014" class="citation book cs1">Nijboer, Donald (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UeEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73"><i>Spitfire V vs C.202 Folgore: Malta 1942</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782003564" title="Special:BookSources/9781782003564"><bdi>9781782003564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spitfire+V+vs+C.202+Folgore%3A+Malta+1942&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781782003564&rft.aulast=Nijboer&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2UeEAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2003" class="citation book cs1">White, James Neel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MEylhjM_3aUC&pg=PA357"><i>I Was a P-51 Fighter Pilot in WWII</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. 357–359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595282357" title="Special:BookSources/9780595282357"><bdi>9780595282357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Was+a+P-51+Fighter+Pilot+in+WWII&rft.pages=357-359&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780595282357&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=James+Neel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMEylhjM_3aUC%26pg%3DPA357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/fullscreen/125300050?access_key=key-1t1v95nkw272n643lwbm"><i>AAF Manual 200-1: "Fighter Gun Harmonization"</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters of the United States Army Air Forces. 30 January 1945. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AAF+Manual+200-1%3A+%22Fighter+Gun+Harmonization%22&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Headquarters+of+the+United+States+Army+Air+Forces&rft.date=1945-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Ffullscreen%2F125300050%3Faccess_key%3Dkey-1t1v95nkw272n643lwbm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergerud-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergerud_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergerud_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergerud_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerud2001" class="citation book cs1">Bergerud, Eric M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZCNhrm9eOYC&pg=PA482"><i>Fire in the Sky: The Air War in the South Pacific</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813338699" title="Special:BookSources/9780813338699"><bdi>9780813338699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+in+the+Sky%3A+The+Air+War+in+the+South+Pacific&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780813338699&rft.aulast=Bergerud&rft.aufirst=Eric+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZCNhrm9eOYC%26pg%3DPA482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BillChick-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BillChick_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BillChick_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammell1995" class="citation book cs1">Hammell, Eric (1995). <i>Aces Against Germany</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-52907-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-52907-2"><bdi>0-671-52907-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aces+Against+Germany&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-671-52907-2&rft.aulast=Hammell&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickers1996" class="citation book cs1">Bickers, Richard Townshend (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7oUgaPNOngC&pg=PA149"><i>Von Richthofen: The Legend Evaluated</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557505712" title="Special:BookSources/9781557505712"><bdi>9781557505712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+Richthofen%3A+The+Legend+Evaluated&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781557505712&rft.aulast=Bickers&rft.aufirst=Richard+Townshend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7oUgaPNOngC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumming2010" class="citation book cs1">Cumming, Anthony J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBe3gSRNNQkC&pg=PA69"><i>The Royal Navy and the Battle of Britain</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591141600" title="Special:BookSources/9781591141600"><bdi>9781591141600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+and+the+Battle+of+Britain&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781591141600&rft.aulast=Cumming&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBe3gSRNNQkC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004–2005" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Anthony G. (2004–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130105162948/http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/BoB.htm">"The Battle of Britain: Armament of the Competing Fighters"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/BoB.htm">the original</a> on 5 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Britain%3A+Armament+of+the+Competing+Fighters&rft.date=2004%2F2005&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Anthony+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quarry.nildram.co.uk%2FBoB.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNijboer2010" class="citation book cs1">Nijboer, Donald (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gsBSi7vOalEC&pg=PA60"><i>P-38 Lightning Vs Ki-61 Tony: New Guinea 1943-44</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846039430" title="Special:BookSources/9781846039430"><bdi>9781846039430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P-38+Lightning+Vs+Ki-61+Tony%3A+New+Guinea+1943-44&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781846039430&rft.aulast=Nijboer&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgsBSi7vOalEC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellDrew2012" class="citation book cs1">Powell, R. R.; Drew, Urban L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_MVDkm24D0C&pg=PA102"><i>Ben Drew: The Katzenjammer Ace</i></a>. Pacifica. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890988-58-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890988-58-6"><bdi>978-1-890988-58-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ben+Drew%3A+The+Katzenjammer+Ace&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Pacifica&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-890988-58-6&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft.au=Drew%2C+Urban+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_MVDkm24D0C%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gustin and Williams 2003, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colgan 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GuuOyzdx1UAC&pg=PA93">pp. 92–93, 132, 134</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammell2010" class="citation book cs1">Hammell, Eric (2010). <i>Aces Against Japan</i>. Pacifica Military History. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1890988050" title="Special:BookSources/978-1890988050"><bdi>978-1890988050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aces+Against+Japan&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Pacifica+Military+History&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1890988050&rft.aulast=Hammell&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AN 01-75-2 P-38 gunsight manual, Section IV, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-0ebf200ed7f00af35dc4c780838cc544">page 21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDildy2013" class="citation book cs1">Dildy, Doug (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n3WOi8OxjYAC&pg=PT23"><i>F-86 Sabre vs MiG-15: Korea 1950–53</i></a>. Osprey. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780963211" title="Special:BookSources/9781780963211"><bdi>9781780963211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F-86+Sabre+vs+MiG-15%3A+Korea+1950%E2%80%9353&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781780963211&rft.aulast=Dildy&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn3WOi8OxjYAC%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+harmonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_firearms" title="Category:Lists of firearms">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_firearms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm#Types" title="Firearm">Types of firearms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloader</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzleloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination guns">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_gun" title="Flare gun">Flare gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_thrower" title="Line thrower">Line thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">Long gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">Carbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">Musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_gun" title="Takedown gun">Takedown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-barrel_firearm" title="Multiple-barrel firearm">Multiple-barrel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple-barrel_firearms" title="List of multiple-barrel firearms">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlegun" title="Needlegun">Needler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_gun" title="Net gun">Net gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_gun" title="Pen gun">Pen gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_gun" title="Riot gun">Riot gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_cannon" title="Rotary cannon">Rotary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gun" title="Sleeve gun">Sleeve gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">Smoothbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring-gun" title="Spring-gun">Spring-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater firearm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">Handguns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_gun" title="Cane gun">Cane gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derringer" title="Derringer">Derringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duelling_pistol" title="Duelling pistol">Duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pistols" title="List of pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper-box" title="Pepper-box">Pepper-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_pistol" title="Pocket pistol">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolvers" title="List of revolvers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">Semi-automatic pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_semi-automatic_pistols" title="List of semi-automatic pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_caliber_carbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol caliber carbine">Pistol caliber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_defence_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal defence weapon">Personal defence weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">Submachine gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starting_pistol" title="Starting pistol">Starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallet_gun" title="Wallet gun">Wallet gun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_rifles" title="List of rifles">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-materiel_rifle" title="Anti-materiel rifle">Anti-materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_rifle" title="Automatic rifle">Automatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbine_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbine rifle">Carbine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carbines" title="List of carbines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_rifle" title="Double rifle">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting rifle">Hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_rifle" title="Buffalo rifle">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant rifle">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Express rifle">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_rifle" title="Varmint rifle">Varmint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_marksman_rifle" title="Designated marksman rifle">Marksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_rifling" title="Polygonal rifling">Polygonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_rifle" title="Repeating rifle">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sniper_rifles" title="List of sniper rifles">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_purpose_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="General purpose machine gun">General purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad_automatic_weapon" title="Squad automatic weapon">SAW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotguns</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_shotguns" title="List of shotguns">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_shotgun" title="Automatic shotgun">Automatic shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_gun" title="Coach gun">Coach gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_shotgun" title="Combat shotgun">Combat shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barreled_shotgun" title="Double-barreled shotgun">Double-barreled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_shotgun" title="Riot shotgun">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawed-off_shotgun" title="Sawed-off shotgun">Sawed-off</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ammunition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-gauge_shotgun" title="20-gauge shotgun">20-gauge shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaching_round" title="Breaching round">Breaching round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_breath_(ammunition)" title="Dragon's breath (ammunition)">Dragon's breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotgun shell">Shotgun shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.410_bore" title=".410 bore">.410 bore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">Slug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">Historic</a> or famous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-15_style_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15 style rifle">AR-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M16" class="mw-redirect" title="M16">M16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_firearms" title="Antique firearms">Antique firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_rifle" title="Winchester rifle">Winchester rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauser_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauser rifles">Mauser rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Tommy Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP_40" title="MP 40">MP 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_Single_Action_Army" title="Colt Single Action Army">Colt Peacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1911" class="mw-redirect" title="M1911">M1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glock" title="Glock">Glock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mechanics_and_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mechanics and <a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">Barrel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ramp" title="Feed ramp">Feed ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_barrel" title="Slug barrel">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_threads" title="Barrel threads">Threads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">Trunnion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(firearms)" title="Belt (firearms)">Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blank-firing_adapter" title="Blank-firing adapter">Blank-firing adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechblock" title="Breechblock">Breechblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechface" title="Breechface">Breechface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(firearms)" title="Bolt (firearms)">Bolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_bolt" title="Rotating bolt">Rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescoping_bolt" title="Telescoping bolt">Telescoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapper_locking" title="Flapper locking">Flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_locked" title="Roller locked">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilting_bolt" title="Tilting bolt">Tilting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_stock" title="Bump stock">Bump stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocking_handle" title="Cocking handle">Cocking handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(firearms)" title="Cylinder (firearms)">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractor_(firearms)" title="Extractor (firearms)">Extractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">Firing pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash suppressor">Flash suppressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluting_(firearms)" title="Fluting (firearms)">Fluting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_assist" title="Forward assist">Forward assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freebore" title="Freebore">Freebore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm_(firearm_component)" title="Forearm (firearm component)">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_forward_grip" title="Vertical forward grip">Foregrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)" title="Hammer (firearms)">Hammer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-cock" title="Half-cock">Half-cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Linear_hammer" title="Hammer (firearms)">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Striker" title="Hammer (firearms)">Striker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_(firearm)" title="Lock (firearm)">Lock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">Flintlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">Wheellock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">Magazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_metal" title="Bottom metal">Bottom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_(firearms)" title="Clip (firearms)">Clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_magazine" title="Drum magazine">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine" title="High-capacity magazine">High-capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedloader" title="Speedloader">Speedloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripper_clip" title="Stripper clip">Stripper clip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_brake" title="Muzzle brake">Muzzle brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_shroud" title="Muzzle shroud">Muzzle shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_grip" title="Pistol grip">Pistol grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_slide" title="Pistol slide">Pistol slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_system_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail system (firearms)">Rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(firearms)" title="Receiver (firearms)">Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_pad" title="Recoil pad">Recoil pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim_(firearms)" title="Rim (firearms)">Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_(firearms)" title="Safety (firearms)">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sear_(firearm)" title="Sear (firearm)">Sear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_sear" title="Auto sear">Auto sear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shroud" title="Barrel shroud">Shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_bore" title="Squeeze bore">Squeeze bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choke_(firearms)" title="Choke (firearms)">Choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization_gear" title="Synchronization gear">Synchronization gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapering_(firearms)" title="Tapering (firearms)">Tapering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">Trigger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_guard" title="Trigger guard">guard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">Sights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diopter_sight" title="Diopter sight">Diopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finderscope" title="Finderscope">Finderscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_sight" title="Globe sight">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_weapon_sight" title="Holographic weapon sight">Holographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_sight_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser sight (firearms)">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">Reticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflex_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex sight">Reflex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_dot_sight" title="Red dot sight">Red dot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight_magnifier" title="Sight magnifier">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount" title="Scope mount">Scope mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_sight" title="Tang sight">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">Telescopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-vision_device" title="Night-vision device">Night vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_weapon_sight" title="Thermal weapon sight">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighting_in" title="Sighting in">Zeroing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(firearms)" title="Blowback (firearms)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow-forward" class="mw-redirect" title="Blow-forward">Blow-forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_action" title="Bolt action">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxlock_action" title="Boxlock action">Boxlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_action" title="Break action">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_bolt" title="Open bolt">Open bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bolt" title="Closed bolt">Closed bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_firing" title="Electronic firing">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading" title="Gas-operated reloading">Gas-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever_action" title="Lever action">Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-battery" title="Out-of-battery">Out-of-battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_feed_and_controlled_feed" title="Push feed and controlled feed">Push/Controlled feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_operation" title="Recoil operation">Recoil-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_firearm" title="Repeating firearm">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-loading_rifle" title="Self-loading rifle">Self-loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slamfire" title="Slamfire">Slamfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">Ballistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient" title="Ballistic coefficient">Ballistic coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">External</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_ballistics" title="Terminal ballistics">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_ballistics" title="Transitional ballistics">Transitional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics of firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder" title="Rangefinder">Rangefinding/keeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_discussion_of_rangekeeping" title="Mathematical discussion of rangekeeping">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadiametric_rangefinding" title="Stadiametric rangefinding">Stadiametric</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accurizing" title="Accurizing">Accurizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_axis" title="Bore axis">Bore axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">Caliber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">Circular error probable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_range#Weapons" title="Effective range">Effective range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(firearms)" title="Gauge (firearms)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_chronograph" title="Gun chronograph">Gun chronograph</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gun harmonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headspace_(firearms)" title="Headspace (firearms)">Headspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_of_pull" title="Length of pull">Length of pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_time" title="Lock time">Lock time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_grade" title="Match grade">Match grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures" title="Mean time between failures">Mean time between failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc#Firearms" title="Minute and second of arc">Minute of Angle (MOA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearms)">Muzzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_rise" title="Muzzle rise">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">Velocity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_(weaponry)" title="Penetration (weaponry)">Penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor_(shooting_sports)" title="Power factor (shooting sports)">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_firearm" title="Precision-guided firearm">Precision-guided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">Rate of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">Recoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_grouping" title="Shot grouping">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)#Stock_measurements" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_power" title="Stopping power">Stopping power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_effectiveness" title="Handgun effectiveness">Handgun effectiveness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling#Twist_rate" title="Rifling">Twist rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Shooting_and_ammunition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_fire" title="Dry fire">Dry fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Firing (Shooting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">Firefight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_maintenance" title="Firearm maintenance">Maintenance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_strip" title="Field strip">Field strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">Fouling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_malfunction" title="Firearm malfunction">Malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_off" title="Cooking off">Cooking off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_fire" title="Hang fire">Hang fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squib_load" title="Squib load">Squib load</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">Ricochet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ignition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_forming" title="Fire forming">Fire forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturation" title="Obturation">Obturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearms)" title="Primer (firearms)">Primer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">Percussion cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">Rimfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubes_and_primers_for_ammunition" title="Tubes and primers for ammunition">Tubes and Primers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_propellant" title="Firearm propellant">Propellant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_propellant" title="Ball propellant">Ball propellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">Cordite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_military_rifle_powder" title="Improved military rifle powder">Improved Military Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramrod" title="Ramrod">Ramrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">Smokeless powder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">Ammunition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannelure" title="Cannelure">Cannelure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_round" title="Dummy round">Dummy round</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_cap" title="Snap cap">Snap cap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flechette" title="Flechette">Flechette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_check" title="Gas check">Gas check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpressure_ammunition" title="Overpressure ammunition">Overpressure ammunition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer-cased_ammunition" title="Polymer-cased ammunition">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">Sabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">Wadding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">Bullets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_bullet" title="Armor-piercing bullet">Armour piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_bullet" title="Cast bullet">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_bullet" title="Expanding bullet">Expanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_metal_jacket_(ammunition)" title="Full metal jacket (ammunition)">Full metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frangible_bullet" title="Frangible bullet">Frangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bullet" title="Green bullet">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition" title="Incendiary ammunition">Incendiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary" title="High-explosive incendiary">High explosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary/armor-piercing_ammunition" title="High-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition">HEIAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">Projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raufoss_Mk_211" title="Raufoss Mk 211">Raufoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">Round shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saboted_light_armor_penetrator" title="Saboted light armor penetrator">SLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-point_bullet" title="Soft-point bullet">Soft point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercavitating_ammunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercavitating ammunition">Supercavitating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_metal_jacket" title="Total metal jacket">Total metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_ammunition" title="Tracer ammunition">Tracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-base_bullet" title="Hollow-base bullet">Hollow base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet" title="Hollow-point bullet">Hollow point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meplat" title="Meplat">Meplat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-tipped_bullet" title="Plastic-tipped bullet">Plastic tipped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell" title="Armour-piercing, capped, ballistic capped shell">ABCBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_shot" title="Snake shot">Snake shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(bullet)" title="Spitzer (bullet)">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-drag_bullet" title="Very-low-drag bullet">VLD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">Cartridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseless_ammunition" title="Caseless ammunition">Caseless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centerfire_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire cartridge">Centrefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">Handloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle_cartridge" title="Rifle cartridge">Rifle cartridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fully_powered_cartridge" title="Fully powered cartridge">Fully powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_cartridge" title="Intermediate cartridge">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rifle_cartridges" title="List of rifle cartridges">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinfire_cartridge" title="Pinfire cartridge">Pinfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_cartridge" title="Wildcat cartridge">Wildcat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society,_safety,_industry,_and_laws" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">laws</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebratory_gunfire" title="Celebratory gunfire">Celebratory gunfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Civilian gun ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percent_of_households_with_guns_by_country" title="Percent of households with guns by country">Household ownership rates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_shooting" title="Exhibition shooting">Exhibition shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Gun cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Gun culture in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shows_in_the_United_States" title="Gun shows in the United States">Gun shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_firearms" title="List of U.S. state firearms">State firearms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_style_(firearm_magazines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle style (firearm magazines)"><i>Jungle style</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_duelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol duelling">Pistol duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_gun_politics_articles" title="Index of gun politics articles">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Marksmanship_Program" title="Civilian Marksmanship Program">Civilian Marksmanship Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence" title="Gun violence">Gun violence</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Gun violence in the United States">in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_by_firearm" title="List of assassinations by firearm">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_firearm-related_death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by firearm-related death rate">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_firearm_examination" title="Forensic firearm examination">Forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">Gunfighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Gun safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">Firearm industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printed_firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="3D printed firearm">3D printed firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_printed_weapons_and_parts" title="List of 3D printed weapons and parts">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firearm_brands" title="List of firearm brands">Firearm brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms_by_country" title="Category:Firearms by country">Firearms by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shop" title="Gun shop">Gun shops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_commerce" title="Category:Firearm commerce">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_firearm" title="Improvised firearm">Improvised firearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_firearms" title="List of most-produced firearms">Most-produced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_made_firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Privately made firearm">Privately made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_arms_trade" title="Small arms trade">Small arms trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">Gun control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Arms_Trade" title="Campaign Against Arms Trade">Campaign Against Arms Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featureless_rifles" title="Featureless rifles">Featureless rifles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Gun laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel_with_firearms_and_ammunition" title="Air travel with firearms and ammunition">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons">Assault weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry" title="Concealed carry">Concealed carry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry_in_the_United_States" title="Concealed carry in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_license" title="Firearms license">License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine_ban" title="High-capacity magazine ban">High-capacity magazine ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">United States Gun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">Laws</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Gun laws in the United States by state">by U.S. state</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Assault weapons legislation in the United States">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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