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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Pahawh Hmong (<a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">RPA</a>: Phaj hauj Hmoob <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">[pʰâ hâu m̥ɔ̃́]</a>, Pahawh: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬖𖬰𖬝𖬵 𖬄𖬶𖬟 𖬌𖬣𖬵 <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">[pʰâ hâu m̥ɔ̃́]</a>; known also as Ntawv Pahawh, Ntawv Keeb, Ntawv Caub Fab, Ntawv Soob Lwj) is an indigenous <a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">semi-syllabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">script</a>, invented in 1959 by <a href="/wiki/Shong_Lue_Yang" title="Shong Lue Yang">Shong Lue Yang</a>, to write two <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong languages</a>, Hmong Daw (Hmoob Dawb White Miao) and Hmong Njua AKA Hmong Leng (Moob Leeg Green Miao). <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:violet;">Pahawh Hmong <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009642731">.mw-parser-output .script-Hmng{font-family:"Noto Sans Pahawh Hmong"}</style>𖬖𖬰𖬝𖬵 𖬄𖬶𖬟 𖬌𖬣𖬵 <div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png/250px-%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png/375px-%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png/500px-%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="266"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">"Phaj Hauj Hmoob" in Pahawh</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Semisyllabary" class="mw-redirect" title="Semisyllabary">Semisyllabary</a> </div> (onset–rime; vowel-centered equivalent of an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shong_Lue_Yang" title="Shong Lue Yang">Shong Lue Yang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1959–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365954?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Daw" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong Daw">Hmong Daw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmong_Njua" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong Njua">Hmong Njua</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>Hmng <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">(450), Pahawh Hmong</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Pahawh Hmong</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16B00.pdf">U+16B00–U+16B8F</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12013-n4175-pahawh-hmong.pdf">Final Accepted Script Proposal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> 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class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/27px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/40px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/53px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains Pahawh Hmong <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the Pahawh Hmong characters.</div></div> </div> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Form">2 Form</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Second_and_third_stage_tones">2.1 Second and third stage tones</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History">3 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Phonology">4 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Vowels">4.1 Vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Consonants">4.2 Consonants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Diacritical_marks">4.3 Diacritical marks</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Grammar">5 Grammar</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Pronouns">5.1 Pronouns</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Logographs">6 Logographs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Numeral_system">7 Numeral system</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Positional_notation">7.1 Positional notation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Punctuation_marks">8 Punctuation marks</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Arithmetic_operators">8.1 Arithmetic operators</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Samples">9 Samples</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Origin">10 Origin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Unicode">11 Unicode</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also">12 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Fonts">13 Fonts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Keyboard">14 Keyboard</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">15 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">16 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The term Phaj hauj means "to unite," "to resist division," or "to have peace" in <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Form">Form</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Form" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Pahawh is written from left to right. Each syllable is written with two letters, an <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">onset</a> (la, an initial consonant or <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Syllable_rime" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rime">rime</a> (yu, a vowel, <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>, or vowel plus <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">final consonant</a>).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> However, the order of these elements is rime-initial, the opposite of their spoken order. (That is, each syllable would seem to be written right to left if it were transcribed literally into the Roman alphabet.) This is an indication that Shong conceived of the rimes as primary; Pahawh Hmong might therefore be thought of as a vowel-centered <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>. Tones and many onsets are distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>. The onset k is not written, so that a rime letter (V) written by itself is read as kV. Nor is the rime au (on mid tone) written, so that an onset letter (C) written by itself is read Cau, except following a bare rime, as otherwise these could be read as a single syllable. The absence of an onset, however, is indicated with a <a href="/wiki/Zero_consonant" title="Zero consonant">null-onset letter</a>. Again, this is similar to an abugida, but with the roles of consonant and vowel reversed.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> For an example of the positional variation, consider the phrase (in RPA orthography) kuv rau tshais rau koj noj "I serve you breakfast". Since the first word, kuv, starts with a k, it is written as the bare rime uv in Pahawh. The word rau, with mid-tone au as the rime, is normally written as a bare onset r, and indeed this is the case for the second instance in this sentence. However, since the first rau follows a bare rime, it cannot be written as a bare onset r, or the combination might be read as ruv rather than kuv rau. Therefore, the combination kuv rau is written uv rau rather than uv r, with the rime au made explicit (Smalley et al. 1990:58). Here is the aforementioned sentence in Pahawh, written using the third stage: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬇 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬅𖬰𖬡 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬋𖬲𖬪𖬰 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬡 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒𖬲 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒𖬲𖬬 <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Orthographic conventions in Pahawh </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Written order </th> <td>es</td> <td>e</td> <td>s</td> <td>0e</td> <td>0</td> <td>e áus</td> <td>es#</td> <td>eŝ</td> <td>és </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Read as </th> <td>[séŋ]</td> <td>[kéŋ]</td> <td>[sau]</td> <td>[éŋ]</td> <td>[au]</td> <td>[kéŋsau]</td> <td>[séŋséŋ]</td> <td>[nyéŋ]</td> <td>[sè’] </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahawh_la_glossed.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Pahawh_la_glossed.png/220px-Pahawh_la_glossed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="536" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="1382"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 536px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Pahawh_la_glossed.png/220px-Pahawh_la_glossed.png" data-width="220" data-height="536" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Pahawh_la_glossed.png/330px-Pahawh_la_glossed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Pahawh_la_glossed.png/440px-Pahawh_la_glossed.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pahawh onsets. Except for the null onset series at lower right, these are consistent for stages 2–4. Row 3 reads l-, dl-, dlh- in Hmong Njua.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahawh_yu_glossed.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Pahawh_yu_glossed.png/220px-Pahawh_yu_glossed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="523" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="1517"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 523px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Pahawh_yu_glossed.png/220px-Pahawh_yu_glossed.png" data-width="220" data-height="523" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Pahawh_yu_glossed.png/330px-Pahawh_yu_glossed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Pahawh_yu_glossed.png/440px-Pahawh_yu_glossed.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pahawh rimes, stage 2. The tone diacritics are irregular. Note that -v tone is sometimes written with the left-hand rime glyph, sometimes with the right. In stage 3, it is consistently written with the right-hand glyph, and all tones have the diacritics of koo above: [left glyph] -b none, -m dot, -j <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>; [right glyph] -v none, - dot, -s macron, -g <a href="/wiki/Trema_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trema (diacritic)">trema</a>. When used, -d tone takes the left-hand glyphs with a stroke ⟨'⟩ diacritic. The ia and a rows may be read a and aa in Hmong Njua.</figcaption></figure> Pahawh has twenty onset letters to transcribe sixty phonemic onsets. This is accomplished with two diacritics, a dot and a tack, written above the onset. However, although there is some scattered similarity between the sounds of the resulting forms, there is no overall pattern to the system. For example, the letter for h with a dot is pronounced th, and with a tack is pronounced pl. The null consonant does not take diacritics in Hmong Daw, but does in Hmong Njua, for two onsets, ndl and ndlh, which only occur in Hmong Njua. (Similarly, Daw d and dh, which do not occur in Njua, are used for Njua dl and dlh, which do not occur in Daw.) The rimes, in contrast, are over-specified. There are thirteen rime sounds, but twenty-six letters to represent them. One of each pair takes four of the eight <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>, while the other takes the other four tones. Diacritics (none, dot, macron, and trema) distinguish the tones that each rime letter may carry. One of the tones, written -d in RPA, is not phonemic but is a <a href="/wiki/Prosodic_unit" title="Prosodic unit">prosodic unit</a>-final <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky</a> <a href="/wiki/Register_(phonology)" title="Register (phonology)">register</a> -m. It may be written in Pahawh by changing the dot diacritic to a short stroke, but it is not used by many people. Shong used the rimes with the values kiab and kab in Hmong Daw for kab and kaab (/káŋ/) in Hmong Njua. However, Cwjmem retains the Daw values for Njua and adds a pipe (|) to the left of kab kam kad kaj etc. to write kaab kaam kaad kaaj etc. In addition to phonetic elements, Pahawh Hmong has a minor <a href="/wiki/Logograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Logograph">logographic</a> component, with characters for <ul><li>the numerals 0–10, ×102 (hundreds), ×104 (myriads), ×106 (millions), ×108, ×1010, and ×1012 (trillions), though the higher numerals have been dropped leaving a positional decimal system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetical</a> signs</li> <li>periods of time: year, season, month, day, date</li> <li>the most common <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">grammatical classifier</a>, lub, which when written out phonetically consists of two very similar letters, and</li> <li>eighteen <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> signs. These were never disseminated, but were intended to clarify personal relationships in Hmong refugee camps, where people regularly met strangers of unknown clan. Strict taboos govern the behavior of Hmong men and women from the same clan.</li></ul> Punctuation is derived from the Roman alphabet, presumably through French or Lao,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> except for a sign introduced by one of Shong's disciples that replaced Shong's ⟨!⟩, but also includes a native sign for <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> and a native <a href="/wiki/Cantillation" title="Cantillation">cantillation</a> mark. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_and_third_stage_tones">Second and third stage tones</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second and third stage tones" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are two orthographic systems in use for Pahawh Hmong, the second reduced stage from 1965 and the third reduced stage from 1970 (see history, below). Some Hmong communities consider the second stage to be more authentic, while others prefer the third stage as being more regular. It would appear that stage two is more widespread. The differences are primarily in tone assignment. Bare rimes—that is, rime letters without a tone diacritic—have various values in stage two, but are regularly high tone (-b) or rising tone (-v) in stage three. Likewise, although the pedagogic charts are organized so that each column corresponds to a single tone, the tonic diacritics are scattered about the columns in stage two, but correspond to them in stage three. (Stage 4, which today is only used for shorthand, dispenses with the -v rime letters, replacing them with additional diacritics on the -b rime letters, so that each rime and tone has a single dedicated glyph.) Tone transcription is that of the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Tone values of bare rimes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Text </th> <th>Image</th> <th>Stage Two</th> <th>Stage Three </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>keem</td> <td>keeb </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬁 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kee</td> <td>keev </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kim</td> <td>kib </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬃 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>ki</td> <td>kiv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬄 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUB"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUB" data-width="25" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUB</figcaption></figure></td> <td>kaum</td> <td>kaub </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬅 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUV"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUV" data-width="25" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUV</figcaption></figure></td> <td>kau</td> <td>kauv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬆 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kum</td> <td>kub </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬇 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>ku</td> <td>kuv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kem</td> <td>keb </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬉 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kev</td> <td>kev </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬊 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kaim</td> <td>kaib </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬋 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kai</td> <td>kaiv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬌 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>koob</td> <td>koob </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬍 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>koov</td> <td>koov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬎 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kawb</td> <td>kawb </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬏 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kaw</td> <td>kawv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬐 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUAB"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUAB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUAB" data-width="25" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUAB</figcaption></figure></td> <td>kuam</td> <td>kuab </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬑 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kua</td> <td>kuav </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kom</td> <td>kob </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬓 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kog</td> <td>kov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬔 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kiab</td> <td>kiab </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬕 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kia</td> <td>kiav </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬖 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAB"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAB" data-width="25" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAB</figcaption></figure></td> <td>kam</td> <td>kab </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬗 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kav</td> <td>kav </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬘 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kwm</td> <td>kwb </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬙 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>kwv</td> <td>kwv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬚 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">kaam</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">kaab </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬛 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg.png" data-width="24" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">kaav</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">kaav </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Special:EditPage/Pahawh Hmong">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahawh_Source_rimes.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Pahawh_Source_rimes.png/207px-Pahawh_Source_rimes.png" decoding="async" width="207" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="718"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 207px;height: 281px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Pahawh_Source_rimes.png/207px-Pahawh_Source_rimes.png" data-width="207" data-height="281" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Pahawh_Source_rimes.png/311px-Pahawh_Source_rimes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Pahawh_Source_rimes.png/414px-Pahawh_Source_rimes.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rimes of stage 1 (Hmong Daw values)</figcaption></figure> Pahawh Hmong was the product of a native messianic movement, based on the idea that, throughout history, God had given the Hmong power through the gift of writing, and revoked it as divine retribution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1959 <a href="/wiki/Shong_Lue_Yang" title="Shong Lue Yang">Shong Lue Yang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">RPA</a>: Soob Lwj Yaj; Pahawh Hmong: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬌𖬤𖬵 𖬘𖬲𖬞 𖬖𖬲𖬤), a Hmong spiritual leader from Laos, created Pahawh. Yang was not previously literate in any language.<a href="#cite_note-Fadiman291-4">[4]</a> An illiterate peasant, Shong claimed to be the Son of God, messiah of the Hmong and <a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu people</a>, and that God had revealed Pahawh to him in 1959, in northern Vietnam near the border with Laos, to restore writing to the Hmong and Khmu people. Over the next twelve years he and his disciples taught it as part of a Hmong cultural revival movement, mostly in Laos after Shong had fled Communist Vietnam. The Khmuic version of the script never caught on, and has disappeared. Shong continually modified the Hmong script, producing four increasingly sophisticated versions, until he was assassinated by Laotian soldiers in 1971 to stop his growing influence as part of the opposition resistance. Knowledge of the later stages of Pahawh come to us through his disciple Chia Koua Vang, who corresponded with Shong in prison. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahawh_Source_onsets.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Pahawh_Source_onsets.png/208px-Pahawh_Source_onsets.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 208px;height: 274px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Pahawh_Source_onsets.png/208px-Pahawh_Source_onsets.png" data-width="208" data-height="274" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Pahawh_Source_onsets.png/312px-Pahawh_Source_onsets.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Pahawh_Source_onsets.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Onsets of stage 1 (Hmong Daw values)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The first stage of Pahawh, Pahawh Pa (RPA: Paj hawj Paj; Pahawh: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬖𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬎𖬲𖬟 𖬖𖬰𖬪𖬵), common called the source version, had distinct glyphs for all 60 onsets and 91 rimes of both Hmong Daw and Hmong Njua. Although there were diacritics, there was no relationship between them and the sound values of the letters, and many of the diacritics are unique to a single letter. Among the rimes, there was a strong tendency for letters which differed only in diacritic to share the same vowel and differ in tone. However, this was not absolute. For example, a letter shaped like Ü stood for the rime iaj, while U, differing only in its diacritic, stood for the rime us. Plain U without a diacritic did not occur. Similarly, the letter that, without a diacritic, represents the rime ag, when combined with a diacritic dot represents the onset rh. Thus it can be seen that at this stage the diacritics were integral parts of their letters, with only the beginnings of an independent existence.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <dl><dd>Stage 1 was abandoned after Shong revealed the second stage, with only the occasional glyph showing up when people who know it write using other versions. However, it is not considered obsolete, as people remember Shong's instructions to use this source of all later Pahawh as a sacred script<figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Pahawh_Version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/First_Pahawh_Version.jpg" decoding="async" width="452" height="49" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="49"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 452px;height: 49px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/First_Pahawh_Version.jpg" data-width="452" data-height="49" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pahawh Pa (Phajhawj Paj)</figcaption></figure></dd></dl> <ul><li>The second stage, Pahawh Njia Dua O (RPA: Paj hawj Ntsiab Duas Ob; Pahawh: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬖𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬎𖬲𖬟 𖬔𖬝 𖬑𖬲𖬞𖬰 𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰) "second stage reduced version", was the first practical Hmong script. It was taught by Shong in 1965 and is supported today by the Australian Language Institute and Cwjmem (Everson 1999). The consonants are graphically regular, in that each column in the pedagogic charts contains the same diacritic, but are phonetically irregular, in that the diacritics have no consistent meaning. (This situation remained in all later stages.) Tone assignment is irregular, in that the diacritics do not represent specific tones with the rimes any more than they represent specific features with the consonants. For example, the trema sometimes represents the -b tone, sometimes -j, -v, or -g, depending on which rime it is added to. The one exception is the -d "tone", which is actually a <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosodic</a> inflection of the -m tone. Shong added a specific diacritic for this when Chia, who was familiar with RPA, asked him how RPA -d should be written, but it was treated as extraneous to the tone system, was not included in the rime charts, and was not always taught to Shong's disciples.<figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Pahawh_Version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Second_Pahawh_Version.jpg" decoding="async" width="453" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="50"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 453px;height: 50px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Second_Pahawh_Version.jpg" data-width="453" data-height="50" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pahawh Njia Dua O (Pajhawj Ntsiab Duas Ob)</figcaption></figure></li> <li>The third stage, Pahawh Njia Dua Pe (RPA: Paj hawj Ntsiab Duas Peb; Pahawh: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬖𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬎𖬲𖬟 𖬔𖬝 𖬑𖬲𖬞𖬰 𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵) "third stage reduced version", introduced in 1970, regularized tone assignment, which was irregular in the second stage. It restores the null onset, which with the addition of diacritics covers Hmong Njua consonants not found in Hmong Daw, that had been found in stage 1, but does not otherwise change the onsets. Chia believes the lack of this series in stage two was merely an oversight on his part in his prison correspondence with Shong (Smalley et al. 1990:70). It was not distributed as widely in Laos as the second stage, due to fear of admitting knowledge of the script after the Communist takeover. Both second and third stage are currently in use in different Hmong communities; however, because the third stage did not appear widely until after Shong's death, there is a suspicion in many communities that it and the fourth stage were invented by Shong's disciples, and therefore are not authentic Pahawh. In the third stage, there is also presence of different signs for month, tens, and zero.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_Pahawh_Version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Third_Pahawh_Version.jpg" decoding="async" width="453" height="49" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="49"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 453px;height: 49px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Third_Pahawh_Version.jpg" data-width="453" data-height="49" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pahawh Njia Dua Pe (Pajhawj Ntsiab Duas Peb)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The final version, Pahawh Tsa (RPA: Paj hawj Txha; Pahawh: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬖𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬎𖬲𖬟 𖬗𖬰𖬦𖬰) "core version", published in 1971 just a month before Shong's death, was a radical simplification with one letter per rime and one diacritic per tone. The onsets were not changed. The only graphic addition was that of three new tone marks, for seven total, but half of the rimes were eliminated: The -b, -m, -d, -j tones are written as in stage 3; the -v, -, -s, -g tones now use the same rime letters as the other tones but with different diacritics: <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>, underlined dot, underlined stroke, and <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>. (The diaeresis is retained from stage 3, so only the rime letter changes for this tone.) Stage 4 is not widely known, but is used as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> by some who do know it; indeed, it may be called "Hmong shorthand" in English.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_Pahawh_Version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Final_Pahawh_Version.jpg" decoding="async" width="453" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="50"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 453px;height: 50px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Final_Pahawh_Version.jpg" data-width="453" data-height="50" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pahawh Tsa (Pajhawj Txha)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Number of Pahawh glyphs at each stage </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sounds</th> <th>Stage 1</th> <th>Stage 2</th> <th>Stage 3</th> <th>Stage 4 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Rimes </th> <td rowspan="2">91</td> <td rowspan="2">91 based on 26</td> <td>26</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tones </th> <td>7–8 (3–4 diacritics)</td> <td>8 (7 diacritics) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Onsets </th> <td>60</td> <td>19×3</td> <td>20×3</td> <td>20×3 </td></tr></tbody></table> Pahawh is not as widespread as RPA romanization for writing Hmong, partially because of the difficulties in typesetting it, but it is a source of great pride for many Hmong who do not use it, as in Southeast Asia every respectable language has a script of its own, which RPA does not provide.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, for some educated Hmong, Pahawh is considered an embarrassing remnant of a superstitious past (Smalley et al. 1990:165). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chao_Fa_(Hmong_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chao Fa (Hmong group) (page does not exist)">Chao Fa</a> (means "Lord of the Sky" in <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, Hmong: Cob Fab <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒𖬯 𖬖𖬜𖬵 <a href="/wiki/File:ChaoFaPahawh.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChaoFaPahawh.png/35px-ChaoFaPahawh.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="98"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChaoFaPahawh.png/35px-ChaoFaPahawh.png" data-width="35" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChaoFaPahawh.png/53px-ChaoFaPahawh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChaoFaPahawh.png/70px-ChaoFaPahawh.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>), which literally translates to the "Heavenly Lord", is a Hmong group whose anti-Laotian government uses this writing system.<a href="#cite_note-Fadiman291-4">[4]</a> Since 1975 until today, the Hmong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chao_Fa_(Hmong_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chao Fa (Hmong group) (page does not exist)">Chao Fa</a>, isolated from the rest of the world, has been heavily persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao People's Democratic Republic">Lao People's Democratic Republic</a>, nonstop and without resolution. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀𖬶</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬁</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬁𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬁𖬲 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Keeb</td> <td>Keem</td> <td>Keej</td> <td>Keev</td> <td>Kee</td> <td>Kees</td> <td>Keeg </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[ẽ˥ / eŋ˥]</td> <td>[ẽˀ˩ / eŋˀ˩]</td> <td>[ẽ˦˥ / eŋ˦˥]</td> <td>[ẽ˥˧ / eŋ˥˧]</td> <td>[ẽ˦ / eŋ˦]</td> <td>[ẽ˦ / eŋ˨]</td> <td>[ẽ˧˦˥ / eŋ˧˦˥] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬶</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬃</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬃𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬃𖬲 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kib</td> <td>Kim</td> <td>Kij</td> <td>Kiv</td> <td>Ki</td> <td>Kis</td> <td>Kig </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[i˥]</td> <td>[iˀ˩]</td> <td>[i˦˥]</td> <td>[i˥˧]</td> <td>[i˦]</td> <td>[i˨]</td> <td>[i˧˦˥] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬄𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬄</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬄𖬶</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬄𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬅</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬅𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬅𖬲 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kaub</td> <td>Kaum</td> <td>Kauj</td> <td>Kauv</td> <td>Kau</td> <td>Kaus</td> <td>Kaug </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[au̯˥]</td> <td>[au̯ˀ˩]</td> <td>[au̯˦˥]</td> <td>[au̯˥˧]</td> <td>[au̯˦]</td> <td>[au̯˨]</td> <td>[au̯˧˦˥] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬆𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬆</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬆𖬶</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬆𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬇</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬇𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬇𖬲 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kub</td> <td>Kum</td> <td>Kuj</td> <td>Kuv</td> <td>Ku</td> <td>Kus</td> <td>Kug </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[u˥]</td> <td>[uˀ˩]</td> <td>[u˦˥]</td> <td>[u˥˧]</td> <td>[u˦]</td> <td>[u˨]</td> <td>[u˧˦˥] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬉</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬉𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬉𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬉𖬶 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Keb</td> <td>Kem</td> <td>Kej</td> <td>Kev</td> <td>Ke</td> <td>Kes</td> <td>Keg </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[e˥]</td> <td>[eˀ˩]</td> <td>[e˦˥]</td> <td>[e˥˧]</td> <td>[e˦]</td> <td>[e˨]</td> <td>[e˧˦˥] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬊𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬊</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬊𖬶</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬊𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬋</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬋𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬋𖬲 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kaib</td> <td>Kaim</td> <td>Kaij</td> <td>Kaiv</td> <td>Kai</td> <td>Kais</td> <td>Kaig </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[ai̪˥]</td> <td>[ai̪ˀ˩]</td> <td>[ai̪˦˥]</td> <td>[ai̪˥˧]</td> <td>[ai̪˦]</td> <td>[ai̪˨]</td> <td>[ai̪˧˦˥] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬌</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬌𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬌𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬍𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬍</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬍𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬍𖬶 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Koob</td> <td>Koom</td> <td>Kooj</td> <td>Koov</td> <td>Koo</td> <td>Koos</td> <td>Koog </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[ɔ̃˥ / ɔŋ˥]</td> <td>[ɔ̃ˀ˩ / ɔŋˀ˩]</td> <td>[ɔ̃˦˥ / ɔŋ˦˥]</td> <td>[ɔ̃˥˧ / ɔŋ˥˧]</td> <td>[ɔ̃˦ / ɔŋ˦]</td> <td>[ɔ̃˨ / ɔŋ˨]</td> <td>[ɔ̃˧˦˥ / ɔŋ˧˦˥] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬎</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬎𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬎𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬎𖬶</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬏</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬏𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬏𖬲 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kawb</td> <td>Kawm</td> <td>Kawj</td> <td>Kawv</td> <td>Kaw</td> <td>Kaws</td> <td>Kawg </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[aɨ̪˥]</td> <td>[aɨ̪ˀ˩]</td> <td>[aɨ̪˦˥]</td> <td>[aɨ̪˥˧]</td> <td>[aɨ̪˦]</td> <td>[aɨ̪˨]</td> <td>[aɨ̪˧˦˥] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬐𖬶</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬐</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬐𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬐𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬑𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬑𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬑𖬶 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kuab</td> <td>Kuam</td> <td>Kuaj</td> <td>Kuav</td> <td>Kua</td> <td>Kuas</td> <td>Kuag </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[u̯ə˥]</td> <td>[u̯əˀ˩]</td> <td>[u̯ə˦˥]</td> <td>[u̯ə˥˧]</td> <td>[u̯ə˦]</td> <td>[u̯ə˨]</td> <td>[u̯ə˧˦˥] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒𖬶</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬓𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬓𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬓 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kob</td> <td>Kom</td> <td>Koj</td> <td>Kov</td> <td>Ko</td> <td>Kos</td> <td>Kog </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[ɔ˥]</td> <td>[ɔˀ˩]</td> <td>[ɔ˦˥]</td> <td>[ɔ˥˧]</td> <td>[ɔ˦]</td> <td>[ɔ˨]</td> <td>[ɔ˧˦˥] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬔</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬔𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬔𖬶</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬔𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬕</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬕𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬕𖬲 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kiab</td> <td>Kiam</td> <td>Kiaj</td> <td>Kiav</td> <td>Kia</td> <td>Kias</td> <td>Kiag </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[i̯ə˥]</td> <td>[i̯əˀ˩]</td> <td>[i̯ə˦˥]</td> <td>[i̯ə˥˧]</td> <td>[i̯ə˦]</td> <td>[i̯ə˨]</td> <td>[i̯ə˧˦˥] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬖𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬖</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬖𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬗</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬗𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬗𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬗𖬶 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kab</td> <td>Kam</td> <td>Kaj</td> <td>Kav</td> <td>Ka</td> <td>Kas</td> <td>Kag </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[a˥]</td> <td>[aˀ˩]</td> <td>[a˦˥]</td> <td>[a˥˧]</td> <td>[a˦]</td> <td>[a˨]</td> <td>[a˧˦˥] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬚𖬲</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬚</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬚𖬰</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬛</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬛𖬰</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬛𖬲</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬛𖬶 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaab</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaam</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaaj</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaav</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaa</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaas</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaag </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">[aː˥]</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">[aːˀ˩]</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">[aː˦˥]</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">[aː˥˧]</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">[aː˦]</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">[aː˨]</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">[aː˧˦˥] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬘𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬘</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬘𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬙</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬙𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬙𖬲</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬙𖬶 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kwb</td> <td>Kwm</td> <td>Kwj</td> <td>Kwv</td> <td>Kw</td> <td>Kws</td> <td>Kwg </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[ɨ˥]</td> <td>[ɨˀ˩]</td> <td>[ɨ˦˥]</td> <td>[ɨ˥˧]</td> <td>[ɨ˦]</td> <td>[ɨ˨]</td> <td>[ɨ˧˦˥] </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> systems of Hmong Daw and Mong Njua are as shown in the following charts. Phonemes particular to each dialect are color-coded respectively: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hmong Daw and Mong Njua vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>oral </th> <th>nasal </th> <th>oral </th> <th>nasal </th> <th>oral </th> <th>nasal </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td align="center">i ⟨i⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂, 𖬃</big></td> <td> </td> <td align="center">ɨ ⟨w⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬘, 𖬙</big></td> <td> </td> <td align="center">u ⟨u⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬆, 𖬇</big></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td align="center">e ⟨e⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈, 𖬉</big></td> <td align="center">ẽ~eŋ ⟨ee⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀, 𖬁</big> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td align="center">a ⟨a⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬖, 𖬗</big></td> <td style="background:#caff70; text-align:center;">ã~aŋ ⟨aa⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬚, 𖬛</big> </td> <td align="center">ɒ ⟨o⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒, 𖬓</big></td> <td align="center">ɒ̃~ɒŋ ⟨oo⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬌, 𖬍</big> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Closing </th> <th>Centering </th></tr> <tr> <td>Close component is front </td> <td align="center">ai ⟨ai⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬊, 𖬋</big> </td> <td style="background:#eee8aa; text-align:center;">iə ⟨ia⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬔, 𖬕</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Close component is central </td> <td align="center">aɨ ⟨aw⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬎, 𖬏</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Close component is back </td> <td align="center">au ⟨au⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬄, 𖬅</big> </td> <td align="center">uə ⟨ua⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬐, 𖬑</big> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬜</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬜𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬜𖬵</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬝</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬝𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬝𖬵 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Vau</td> <td>Nrau</td> <td>Fau</td> <td>Ntsau</td> <td>Tsau</td> <td>Phau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[v-]</td> <td>[ɳʈ-]</td> <td>[f-]</td> <td>[ntʃ-]</td> <td>[tʃ-]</td> <td>[pʰ-] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬢</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬢𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬢𖬵</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬞</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬞𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬞𖬵 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Nkau</td> <td>Ntxau</td> <td>Rhau</td> <td>Lau</td> <td>Dau</td> <td>Dhau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[ŋk-]</td> <td>[ⁿdz-]</td> <td>[tʰ-]</td> <td>[l-]</td> <td>[ʔd-]</td> <td>[ʔdʰ-] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬡</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬡𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬡𖬵</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬩</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬩𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬩𖬵 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Rau</td> <td>Nphau</td> <td>Nplhau</td> <td>Hnau</td> <td>Khau</td> <td>Ntau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[t-]</td> <td>[mpʰ-]</td> <td>[mpʰl-]</td> <td>[ʰn̥-]</td> <td>[kʰ-]</td> <td>[nt-] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬬</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬬𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬬𖬵</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬠</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬠𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬠𖬵 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Nau</td> <td>Nqau</td> <td>Nqhau</td> <td>Mlau</td> <td>Hmlau</td> <td>Gau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[n-]</td> <td>[nq-]</td> <td>[nqʰ-]</td> <td>[ml-]</td> <td>[ʰml-]</td> <td>[ŋ-] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬮</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬮𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬮𖬵</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬯</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬯𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬯𖬵 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Xau</td> <td>Au</td> <td>Nyau</td> <td>Cau</td> <td>Ntshau</td> <td>Txau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[s-]</td> <td>[au]</td> <td>[ɲ-]</td> <td>[c-]</td> <td>[ntʃʰ-]</td> <td>[ts-] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬥</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬥𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬥𖬵</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬤</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬤𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬤𖬵 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Hlau</td> <td>Zau</td> <td>Ntxhau</td> <td>Yau</td> <td>Ncau</td> <td>Sau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[ʰl-]</td> <td>[ʒ-]</td> <td>[ⁿtsʰ-]</td> <td>[j-]</td> <td>[ɲc-]</td> <td>[ʃ-] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬦</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬦𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬦𖬵</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬟</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬟𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬟𖬵 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Mau</td> <td>Txhau</td> <td>Qau</td> <td>Hau</td> <td>Thau</td> <td>Plau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[m-]</td> <td>[tsʰ-]</td> <td>[q-]</td> <td>[h-]</td> <td>[tʰ-]</td> <td>[pl-] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬪</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬪𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬪𖬵</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬫</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬫𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬫𖬵 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Plhau</td> <td>Tshau</td> <td>Pau</td> <td>Nthau</td> <td>Nplau</td> <td>Nkhau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[pʰl-]</td> <td>[tʃʰ-]</td> <td>[p-]</td> <td>[ⁿtʰ-]</td> <td>[ᵐbˡ-]</td> <td>[ᵑkʰ-] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬧</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬧𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬧𖬵</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬨</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬨𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬨𖬵 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Chau</td> <td>Xyau</td> <td>Tau</td> <td>Nchau</td> <td>Nrhau</td> <td>Npau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[cʰ-]</td> <td>[ç-]</td> <td>[t-]</td> <td>[ɲcʰ-]</td> <td>[ɳtʰ-]</td> <td>[ᵐb-] </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬣</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬣𖬰</th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬣𖬵</th> <th style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬭</th> <th style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬭𖬰</th> <th style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬭𖬵 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Qhau</td> <td>Hnyau</td> <td>Hmau</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Dlau</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Ndlau</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Ndlhau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[qʰ-]</td> <td>[ʰɲ-]</td> <td>[ʰm-]</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">[dˡ-]</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">[ntˡ-]</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">[ndʰl-] </td></tr></tbody></table> Hmong makes a number of <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> contrasts unfamiliar to English speakers. All non-glottal <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricates</a> distinguish <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> and unaspirated forms, most also <a href="/wiki/Prenasalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalization">prenasalization</a> independently of this. The <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> inventory of Hmong is shown in the chart below. (Consonants particular to Hmong Daw and Mong Njua are color-coded respectively.) <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Hmong Daw and Mong Njua consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio- dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">lateral</a><a href="#endnote_l">*</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a><a href="#endnote_l">*</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td style="background:#EEE8AA">m̥ ⟨hm⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬣𖬵</big> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA">(m̥ˡ) ⟨hml⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬠𖬰</big> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA">n̥ ⟨hn⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬩</big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA">ʰɲ ⟨hny⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬣𖬰</big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td>m ⟨m⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬦</big> </td> <td>(mˡ) ⟨ml⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬠</big> </td> <td> </td> <td>n ⟨n⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬬</big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɲ ⟨ny⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬮𖬵</big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th>tenuis </th> <td>p ⟨p⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬪𖬵</big> </td> <td>(pˡ) ⟨pl⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬟𖬵</big> </td> <td> </td> <td>t ⟨t⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬧𖬵</big> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70">(ntˡ) ⟨Ndl⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬭𖬰</big> </td> <td>ʈ ⟨r⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬡</big> </td> <td>c ⟨c⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬯</big> </td> <td>k ⟨k⟩ </td> <td>q ⟨q⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬦𖬵</big> </td> <td>ʔ ⟨au⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬮𖬰</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> </th> <td>pʰ ⟨ph⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬝𖬵</big> </td> <td>(pˡʰ) ⟨plh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬪</big> </td> <td> </td> <td>tʰ ⟨th⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬟𖬰</big> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70">(ndʰl) ⟨Ndlh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬭𖬵</big> </td> <td>ʈʰ ⟨rh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬢𖬵</big> </td> <td>cʰ ⟨ch⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬧</big> </td> <td>kʰ ⟨kh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬩𖬰</big> </td> <td>qʰ ⟨qh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬣</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA">d ⟨d⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬞𖬰</big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA">dʱ ⟨dh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬞𖬵</big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalization">prenasalized</a><a href="#endnote_nd">**</a> </th> <td>ᵐb ⟨np⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬨𖬵</big> </td> <td>(ᵐbˡ) ⟨npl⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬫𖬰</big> </td> <td> </td> <td>ⁿd ⟨nt⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬩𖬵</big> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70">(dˡ) ⟨Dl⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬭</big> </td> <td>ᶯɖ ⟨nr⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬜𖬰</big> </td> <td>ᶮɟ ⟨nc⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬤𖬰</big> </td> <td>ᵑɡ ⟨nk⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬢</big> </td> <td>ᶰɢ ⟨nq⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬬𖬰</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ᵐpʰ ⟨nph⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬡𖬰</big> </td> <td>(ᵐpˡʰ) ⟨nplh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬡𖬵</big> </td> <td> </td> <td>ⁿtʰ ⟨nth⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬫</big> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70">(dʰl) ⟨Dlh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬭𖬴</big> </td> <td>ᶯʈʰ ⟨nrh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬨𖬰</big> </td> <td>ᶮcʰ ⟨nch⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬨</big> </td> <td>ᵑkʰ ⟨nkh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬫𖬵</big> </td> <td>ᶰqʰ ⟨nqh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬬𖬵</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th>tenuis </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ts ⟨tx⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬯𖬵</big> </td> <td> </td> <td>tʂ ⟨ts⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬝𖬰</big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>tsʰ ⟨txh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬦𖬰</big> </td> <td> </td> <td>tʂʰ ⟨tsh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬪𖬰</big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalization">prenasalized</a><a href="#endnote_nd">**</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ⁿdz ⟨ntx⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬢𖬰</big> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᶯdʐ ⟨nts⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬝</big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ⁿtsʰ ⟨ntxh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬥𖬵</big> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᶯtʂʰ ⟨ntsh⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬯𖬰</big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>f ⟨f⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬜𖬵</big> </td> <td>s ⟨x⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬮</big> </td> <td>l̥ ⟨hl⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬥</big> </td> <td>ʂ ⟨s⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬤𖬵</big> </td> <td>ç ⟨xy⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬧𖬰</big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>h ⟨h⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬟</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>v ⟨v⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬜</big> </td> <td> </td> <td>l ⟨l⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬞</big> </td> <td>ʐ ⟨z⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬥𖬰</big> </td> <td>ʝ ⟨y⟩ <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬤</big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritical_marks">Diacritical marks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diacritical marks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Pahawh Hmong diacritics were devised by Shong Lue Yang in isolation, and have no genetic relation to similar-looking punctuation in the European tradition (DOT ABOVE, DIAERESIS, MACRON). Since it can also typically take shapes that are different from the typical shapes that European punctuation has, it would be inappropriate to attempt to unify Pahawh Hmong diacritics with characters in the General Punctuation mark. Combining diacritics are found at 16B30..16B36 and function in the usual way. Note that 16B34 and 16B35 could be composed (16B32 + 16B30 and 16B32 + 16B31 respectively). Such an encoding is not recommended (because decomposition would break the one-to-four character convention for representing Hmong syllables) and no canonical decomposition is given in the character properties. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Hmong Tone Markers </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬰</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬱</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬲</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬳</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬴</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬵</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬶 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Pahawh / Hmong RPA </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬆𖬰𖬧𖬵 / Cim Tub</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬓𖬰𖬮𖬰 / Cim So</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬉𖬲 / Cim Kes</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬗𖬩𖬰 / Cim Khav</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬐𖬤𖬵 / Cim Suam</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬒𖬟 / Cim Hom</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬄𖬧𖬵 / Cim Taum </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pronouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Hmong pronominal system distinguishes between three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">grammatical persons</a> and three numbers – singular, dual, and plural. They are not marked for case, that is, the same word is used to translate both "I" and "me", "she" and "her", and so forth. These are the <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal pronouns">personal pronouns</a> of Hmong Daw and Mong Njua (in Pahawh Hmong and <a href="/wiki/Hmong_RPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong RPA">Hmong RPA</a>): <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></th> <th>Pahawh Hmong</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hmong_RPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong RPA">Hmong RPA</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Examples in Pahawh / RPA / English </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">First </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬆𖬲</td> <td>Kuv</td> <td>ku˧˦</td> <td>I/me (formal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬆𖬲 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵 / Kuv yog Hmoob; I am Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬘𖬰𖬮𖬰 / 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</td> <td>Wb / Ib</td> <td>ʔɨ˥</td> <td>we/us (formal/dual)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬘𖬰𖬮𖬰 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵 / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵, Wb yog Hmoob / Ib yog Hmoob; We are Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵</td> <td>Peb</td> <td>pe˥</td> <td>we/us (formal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵 / Peb yog Hmoob; We are Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Second </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒𖬲</td> <td>Koj</td> <td>kɒ˥˧</td> <td>you (formal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒𖬲 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵 / Koj yog Hmoob; You are Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈𖬰𖬬 / 𖬈𖬰𖬦</td> <td>Neb / Meb</td> <td>ne˥</td> <td>you two/your (second person dual)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈𖬰𖬬 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵 / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈𖬰𖬦 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵, Neb yog Hmoob / Meb yog Hmoob; You two are Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈𖬲𖬬 / 𖬈𖬲𖬦</td> <td>Nej / Mej</td> <td>ne˥˧</td> <td>you/your (three or more: second person plural)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈𖬲𖬬 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵 / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈𖬲𖬦 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵, Nej yog Hmoob / Mej yog Hmoob; You are Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Third </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬙𖬲𖬬</td> <td>Nws</td> <td>nɨ˩</td> <td>he/she/it/him/her/his/its (formal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬙𖬲𖬬 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵, Nws yog Hmoob; He/She/Her [brother, sister, etc.]/His [brother, sister, etc.]/it[s] is Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬎𖬱𖬢 / 𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰 𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵</td> <td>Nkawd / Ob tug</td> <td>ⁿdaɨ˨˩˧</td> <td>they/them two (dual)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬎𖬱𖬢 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵 / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰 𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵, Nkawd yog Hmoob, Ob tug yog Hmoob; They/Them two are Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬎𖬶𖬞 / 𖬐𖬶𖬪𖬵</td> <td>Lawv / Puab</td> <td>laɨ̯˧˦</td> <td>they/them, others</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬎𖬶𖬞 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵 / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬐𖬶𖬪𖬵 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵, Lawv yog Hmoob / Puab yog Hmoob; They are Hmong </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Logographs">Logographs</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Logographs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Hmong Symbols </th> <th>Image</th> <th>Pahawh / Hmong RPA</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭣 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS LUB"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS LUB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS LUB" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬆𖬰𖬞 / Vos Lub</td> <td>A classifier </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭤 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYOO"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYOO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYOO" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬍𖬰𖬧𖬰 / Xyoo</td> <td>Year </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭥 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HLI"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HLI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HLI" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬃𖬥 / Hli</td> <td>Month </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭦 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN THIRD-STAGE HLI"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN THIRD-STAGE HLI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN THIRD-STAGE HLI" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬃𖬥 / Hli</td> <td>3-Stage Hli </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭧 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN ZWJ THAJ"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN ZWJ THAJ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN ZWJ THAJ" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬘𖬲𖬥𖬰 𖬖𖬰𖬟𖬰 / Zwj Thaj</td> <td>Date </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭨 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HNUB"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HNUB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HNUB" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬆𖬰𖬩 / Hnub</td> <td>Day </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭩 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NQIG"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NQIG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NQIG" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬃𖬲𖬬𖬰 / Nqig</td> <td>Waning Moon </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭪 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XIAB"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XIAB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XIAB" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬔𖬮 / Xiab</td> <td>Waxing Moon </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭫 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NTUJ"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NTUJ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NTUJ" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬆𖬶𖬩𖬵 / Ntuj</td> <td>Season </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭬 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN AV"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN AV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN AV" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬗𖬮𖬰 / Av</td> <td>Earth </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭭 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TXHEEJ CEEV"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TXHEEJ CEEV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TXHEEJ CEEV" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀𖬰𖬦𖬰 𖬀𖬲𖬯 / Txheej Ceev</td> <td>Urgent </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭮 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MEEJ TSEEB"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MEEJ TSEEB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MEEJ TSEEB" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀𖬰𖬦 𖬀𖬶𖬝𖬰 / Meej Tseeb</td> <td>Facts </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭯 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TAU"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TAU" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TAU" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬧𖬵 / Tau</td> <td>Received </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭰 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN LOS"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN LOS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN LOS" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬓𖬲𖬞 / Los</td> <td>Come </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭱 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MUS"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MUS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MUS" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬇𖬰𖬦 / Mus</td> <td>Go </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭲 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM HAIS LUS NTOG NTOG"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM HAIS LUS NTOG NTOG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM HAIS LUS NTOG NTOG" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬋𖬰𖬟 𖬇𖬰𖬞 𖬓𖬩𖬵 / Cim Hais Lus Ntog</td> <td>Smooth </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭳 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM CUAM TSHOOJ"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM CUAM TSHOOJ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM CUAM TSHOOJ" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬐𖬯 𖬌𖬲𖬪𖬰 / Cim Cuam Tshooj</td> <td>Fraction </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭴 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬙𖬯𖬵 / Cim Txwv</td> <td>Do not Open </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭵 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV CHWV"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV CHWV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV CHWV" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬙𖬯𖬵 𖬙𖬧 / Cim Txwv Chwv</td> <td>Do not Touch </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭶 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM PUB DAWB"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM PUB DAWB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM PUB DAWB" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬆𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬎𖬞𖬰 / Cim Pub Dawb</td> <td>Give Freely </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭷 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM NRES TOS"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM NRES TOS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM NRES TOS" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬉𖬲𖬜𖬰 𖬓𖬲𖬧𖬵 / Cim Nres Tos</td> <td>Stop </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Numeral_system">Numeral system</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Numeral system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Pahawh Hmong has a distinct numeral system with values for 0–9, along with a set of symbols for <a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">positional notation</a>. The positional notation system is still taught, and reflects the spoken language, but is not used for arithmetic calculation. Larger numbers can thus be written two ways, using just 0–9 with place value being understood or by using the positional notation characters. For example, the number 57023 would be commonly be written as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭕𖭗𖭐𖭒𖭓 (five-seven-zero-two-three), but it can also be written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭕𖭗𖭜𖭐𖭒𖭛𖭓 (fifty-seven thousand-twenty-three).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalleyChiaGnia199079%E2%80%9382-6">[6]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Numerals">Arabic Numerals</a></th> <th>Hmong Numeral </th> <th>Image</th> <th>Pahawh Hmong</th> <th>Hmong RPA </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>0</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭐 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬊𖬲𖬢𖬰</td> <td>Ntxaiv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭑 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</td> <td>Ib </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭒 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰</td> <td>Ob </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>3</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭓 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵</td> <td>Peb </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>4</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭔 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬄𖬰𖬟𖬵</td> <td>Plaub </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>5</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭕 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬲𖬝𖬰</td> <td>Tsib </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>6</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭖 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬡</td> <td>Rau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>7</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭗 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬗𖬰𖬧𖬰</td> <td>Xya </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>8</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭘 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬤</td> <td>Yim </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>9</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭙 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬐𖬰𖬯</td> <td>Cuaj </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭑𖭐 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬄</td> <td>Kaum </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positional_notation">Positional notation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Positional notation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Numbers</th> <th>English Cardinal Numbers</th> <th>Pahawh Hmong</th> <th>Hmong RPA</th> <th>Pahawh Symbols </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>0-9</td> <td>Ones</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬑𖬰𖬯</td> <td>Cua</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭐 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10-90</td> <td>Tens</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬄𖬯</td> <td>Caum</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭛 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>100-900</td> <td>Hundreds</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬑𖬰𖬪𖬵</td> <td>Pua</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭜 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1,000-9,000</td> <td>Thousands</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬔𖬦𖬰</td> <td>Txhiab</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭜𖭐 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10,000-90,000</td> <td>Ten Thousands</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬖𖬜</td> <td>Vam</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭝 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>105</td> <td>Hundreds Thousands</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬐𖬶𖬝</td> <td>Ntsuab</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭝𖭐 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>106</td> <td>Millions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬌𖬡</td> <td>Roob</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭞 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>107</td> <td>Ten Millions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬙𖬰𖬧𖬵</td> <td>Tw</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭞𖭐 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>108</td> <td>Hundred Millions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀𖬲𖬬</td> <td>Neev</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭟 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>109</td> <td>Billions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬏𖬧𖬵</td> <td>Taw</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭟𖭐 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1010</td> <td>Ten Billions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬐𖬲𖬡</td> <td>Ruav</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭠 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1011</td> <td>Hundred Billions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈</td> <td>Kem</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭠𖭐 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1012</td> <td>Trillions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬗𖬧𖬵</td> <td>Tas</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭡 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Punctuation_marks">Punctuation marks</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Punctuation marks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2">Symbols </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th>Pahawh Hmong</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hmong_RPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong RPA">Hmong RPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬷</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬒𖬟𖬰</td> <td>Vos Thom</td> <td>Question Mark </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬸</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬖𖬲𖬪𖬰 𖬀𖬶𖬯</td> <td>Vos Tshab Ceeb</td> <td>Exclamation Mark </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬹</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬀𖬧</td> <td>Cim Cheem</td> <td>Comma </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬺</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬔𖬟𖬰</td> <td>Vos Thiab</td> <td>Ampersand </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬻</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬀𖬜𖬵</td> <td>Vos Feem</td> <td>Percent Sign </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭄</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬅𖬰𖬮</td> <td>Xaus</td> <td>Indicates completion of a section </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭅</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬯 𖬒𖬶𖬝𖬰 𖬓𖬡</td> <td>Cim Tsov Rog</td> <td>indicates military topics </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭀</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬀𖬲𖬤𖬵</td> <td>Vos Seev</td> <td>Indicates chanting intonation </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭁</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀𖬰𖬦 𖬐𖬶𖬤𖬵</td> <td>Meej Suab</td> <td>Indicates foreign pronunciation </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭂</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬑𖬜𖬰</td> <td>Vos Nrua</td> <td>Reduplication </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭃</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬖𖬤</td> <td>Ib Yam</td> <td>Replication, Ditto Mark </td></tr></tbody></table> Non-script-specific punctuation marks are also used including the question mark (?), left parentheses, right parentheses, period (.), comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:), less than sign (<), greater than sign (>), and dash (–).<a href="#cite_note-n4175-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arithmetic_operators">Arithmetic operators</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arithmetic operators" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2">Symbol </th> <th rowspan="2">Image </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th>Pahawh Hmong</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hmong_RPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong RPA">Hmong RPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬼 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM NTXIV"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM NTXIV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM NTXIV" data-width="25" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM NTXIV</figcaption></figure></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀𖬧𖬰 𖬂𖬶𖬢𖬰</td> <td>Xyeem Ntxiv</td> <td>Plus Sign </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬽 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM RHO"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM RHO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM RHO" data-width="25" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM RHO</figcaption></figure></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀𖬧𖬰 𖬓𖬰𖬢𖬵</td> <td>Xyeem Rho</td> <td>Minus Sign </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬾 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM TOV"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM TOV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM TOV" data-width="25" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM TOV</figcaption></figure></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀𖬧𖬰 𖬒𖬶𖬧𖬵</td> <td>Xyeem Tov</td> <td>Multiplication Sign </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬿 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM FAIB"><noscript><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM FAIB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg.png" data-alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM FAIB" data-width="25" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM FAIB</figcaption></figure></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀𖬧𖬰 𖬊𖬰𖬜𖬵</td> <td>Xyeem Faib</td> <td>Division Sign </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Samples">Samples</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Samples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wood Carving Pahawh"><noscript><img alt="Wood Carving Pahawh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg/240px-Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg/240px-Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg" data-alt="Wood Carving Pahawh" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg/360px-Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg/480px-Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Wood Carving Pahawh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Arithmetical symbols in a 2nd Stage Reduced Version maths book"><noscript><img alt="Arithmetical symbols in a 2nd Stage Reduced Version maths book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png/405px-Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="340"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png/405px-Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png" data-alt="Arithmetical symbols in a 2nd Stage Reduced Version maths book" data-width="270" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png/607px-Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Arithmetical symbols in a 2nd Stage Reduced Version maths book</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 62px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Logographs_and_symbols.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Logographs and symbols"><noscript><img alt="Logographs and symbols" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Logographs_and_symbols.png/73px-Logographs_and_symbols.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="749"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 49px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Logographs_and_symbols.png/73px-Logographs_and_symbols.png" data-alt="Logographs and symbols" data-width="49" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Logographs_and_symbols.png/109px-Logographs_and_symbols.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Logographs_and_symbols.png/146px-Logographs_and_symbols.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Logographs and symbols</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Origin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Special:EditPage/Pahawh Hmong">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (August 2011) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Because Shong was illiterate, it is sometimes assumed that he invented Pahawh ex nihilo. However, Shong was acutely aware of writing and of the advantages that it provided; indeed, that was the basis of his messianic movement.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It would appear that existing scripts provided his inspiration, even if he did not fully understand them, much as the Roman alphabet inspired the illiterate <a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a> when he invented the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee script</a>, in a process called <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">trans-cultural diffusion</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Not only do the forms of the majority of the letters in the oldest stage of Pahawh closely resemble the letters of the local <a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao alphabet</a> and missionary scripts such as <a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Pollard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraser_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser alphabet">Fraser</a>, though they are independent in sound value (much like the relationship between Roman and Cherokee), but the appearance of vowel and tone diacritics in those scripts, which would appear nearly random to the illiterate, may explain the idiosyncratic use of diacritics in early Pahawh. Nevertheless, even if the graphic forms of Pahawh letters derive from other scripts, much of the typology of the script, with its primary rimes and secondary onsets, would appear to be Shong's invention. The later stages of Pahawh became typologically more like Lao and the Roman alphabet, suggesting that perhaps they influenced its evolution. However, even from the start, Pahawh is "fascinatingly similar [...] and fascinatingly different" from the Lao alphabet (Smalley et al. 1990:90). For example, it resembles an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> such as Lao where the order of writing does not reflect the order of speech, but with the roles of consonant and vowel reversed. There is an inherent vowel, as in Lao, though only on one tone, but also an inherent consonant. In Lao, tone depends on the consonant; it is modified with diacritics, but the patterns of modification are complex. In early Pahawh, tone depends on the rime and is modified with irregular diacritics. Starting with stage 2, there are two tone-classes of rime, just as in Lao there are two tone-classes of consonant. Nearly all other scripts invented by illiterates are <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabaries</a> like Cherokee.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, to represent Hmong as a syllabary, Pahawh would have needed 60×91 = 5460 letters. By breaking each syllable in two in the fashion of Chinese phonetics, Shong was able to write Hmong, in his original version, with a mere 60+91 = 151 letters. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Unicode" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong_(Unicode_block)" title="Pahawh Hmong (Unicode block)">Pahawh Hmong (Unicode block)</a></div> The Pahawh Hmong alphabet was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0. The Unicode block for Pahawh Hmong is U+16B00–U+16B8F: <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong_(Unicode_block)" title="Pahawh Hmong (Unicode block)">Pahawh Hmong</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_U16B00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_U16B00_grey">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16B00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B0x </td> <td title="U+16B00: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KEEB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬀 </td> <td title="U+16B01: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KEEV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬁 </td> <td title="U+16B02: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KIB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬂 </td> <td title="U+16B03: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KIV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬃 </td> <td title="U+16B04: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬄 </td> <td title="U+16B05: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬅 </td> <td title="U+16B06: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬆 </td> <td title="U+16B07: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬇 </td> <td title="U+16B08: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KEB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬈 </td> <td title="U+16B09: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KEV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬉 </td> <td title="U+16B0A: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAIB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬊 </td> <td title="U+16B0B: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAIV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬋 </td> <td title="U+16B0C: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KOOB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬌 </td> <td title="U+16B0D: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KOOV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬍 </td> <td title="U+16B0E: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAWB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬎 </td> <td title="U+16B0F: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAWV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬏 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B1x </td> <td title="U+16B10: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬐 </td> <td title="U+16B11: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUAV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬑 </td> <td title="U+16B12: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KOB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬒 </td> <td title="U+16B13: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KOV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬓 </td> <td title="U+16B14: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KIAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬔 </td> <td title="U+16B15: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KIAV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬕 </td> <td title="U+16B16: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬖 </td> <td title="U+16B17: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬗 </td> <td title="U+16B18: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KWB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬘 </td> <td title="U+16B19: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KWV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬙 </td> <td title="U+16B1A: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬚 </td> <td title="U+16B1B: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAAV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬛 </td> <td title="U+16B1C: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT VAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬜 </td> <td title="U+16B1D: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT NTSAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬝 </td> <td title="U+16B1E: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT LAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬞 </td> <td title="U+16B1F: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT HAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬟 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B2x </td> <td title="U+16B20: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT NLAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬠 </td> <td title="U+16B21: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT RAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬡 </td> <td title="U+16B22: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT NKAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬢 </td> <td title="U+16B23: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT QHAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬣 </td> <td title="U+16B24: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT YAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬤 </td> <td title="U+16B25: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT HLAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬥 </td> <td title="U+16B26: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT MAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬦 </td> <td title="U+16B27: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT CHAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬧 </td> <td title="U+16B28: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT NCHAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬨 </td> <td title="U+16B29: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT HNAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬩 </td> <td title="U+16B2A: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT PLHAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬪 </td> <td title="U+16B2B: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT NTHAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬫 </td> <td title="U+16B2C: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT NAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬬 </td> <td title="U+16B2D: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT AU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬭 </td> <td title="U+16B2E: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT XAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬮 </td> <td title="U+16B2F: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT CAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬯 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B3x </td> <td title="U+16B30: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM TUB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬰 </td> <td title="U+16B31: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM SO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬱 </td> <td title="U+16B32: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM KES"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬲 </td> <td title="U+16B33: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM KHAV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬳 </td> <td title="U+16B34: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM SUAM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬴 </td> <td title="U+16B35: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM HOM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬵 </td> <td title="U+16B36: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM TAUM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬶 </td> <td title="U+16B37: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS THOM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬷 </td> <td title="U+16B38: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS TSHAB CEEB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬸 </td> <td title="U+16B39: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM CHEEM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬹 </td> <td title="U+16B3A: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS THIAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬺 </td> <td title="U+16B3B: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS FEEM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬻 </td> <td title="U+16B3C: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM NTXIV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬼 </td> <td title="U+16B3D: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM RHO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬽 </td> <td title="U+16B3E: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM TOV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬾 </td> <td title="U+16B3F: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM FAIB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬿 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B4x </td> <td title="U+16B40: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS SEEV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭀 </td> <td title="U+16B41: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MEEJ SUAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭁 </td> <td title="U+16B42: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS NRUA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭂 </td> <td title="U+16B43: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN IB YAM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭃 </td> <td title="U+16B44: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XAUS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭄 </td> <td title="U+16B45: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TSOV ROG"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭅 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B5x </td> <td title="U+16B50: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT ZERO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭐 </td> <td title="U+16B51: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT ONE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭑 </td> <td title="U+16B52: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT TWO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭒 </td> <td title="U+16B53: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT THREE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭓 </td> <td title="U+16B54: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT FOUR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭔 </td> <td title="U+16B55: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT FIVE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭕 </td> <td title="U+16B56: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT SIX"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭖 </td> <td title="U+16B57: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT SEVEN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭗 </td> <td title="U+16B58: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT EIGHT"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭘 </td> <td title="U+16B59: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT NINE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭙 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+16B5B: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER TENS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭛 </td> <td title="U+16B5C: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER HUNDREDS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭜 </td> <td title="U+16B5D: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER TEN THOUSANDS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭝 </td> <td title="U+16B5E: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER MILLIONS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭞 </td> <td title="U+16B5F: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER HUNDRED MILLIONS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭟 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B6x </td> <td title="U+16B60: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER TEN BILLIONS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭠 </td> <td title="U+16B61: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER TRILLIONS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭡 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+16B63: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS LUB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭣 </td> <td title="U+16B64: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYOO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭤 </td> <td title="U+16B65: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HLI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭥 </td> <td title="U+16B66: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN THIRD-STAGE HLI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭦 </td> <td title="U+16B67: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN ZWJ THAJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭧 </td> <td title="U+16B68: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HNUB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭨 </td> <td title="U+16B69: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NQIG"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭩 </td> <td title="U+16B6A: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XIAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭪 </td> <td title="U+16B6B: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NTUJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭫 </td> <td title="U+16B6C: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN AV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭬 </td> <td title="U+16B6D: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TXHEEJ CEEV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭭 </td> <td title="U+16B6E: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MEEJ TSEEB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭮 </td> <td title="U+16B6F: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭯 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B7x </td> <td title="U+16B70: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN LOS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭰 </td> <td title="U+16B71: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MUS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭱 </td> <td title="U+16B72: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM HAIS LUS NTOG NTOG"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭲 </td> <td title="U+16B73: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM CUAM TSHOOJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭳 </td> <td title="U+16B74: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭴 </td> <td title="U+16B75: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV CHWV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭵 </td> <td title="U+16B76: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM PUB DAWB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭶 </td> <td title="U+16B77: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM NRES TOS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭷 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+16B7D: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN TSHEEJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭽 </td> <td title="U+16B7E: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN YEEG"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭾 </td> <td title="U+16B7F: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN LIS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖭿 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B8x </td> <td title="U+16B80: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN LAUJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮀 </td> <td title="U+16B81: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN XYOOJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮁 </td> <td title="U+16B82: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN KOO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮂 </td> <td title="U+16B83: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN HAWJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮃 </td> <td title="U+16B84: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN MUAS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮄 </td> <td title="U+16B85: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN THOJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮅 </td> <td title="U+16B86: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN TSAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮆 </td> <td title="U+16B87: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN PHAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮇 </td> <td title="U+16B88: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN KHAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮈 </td> <td title="U+16B89: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN HAM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮉 </td> <td title="U+16B8A: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN VAJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮊 </td> <td title="U+16B8B: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN FAJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮋 </td> <td title="U+16B8C: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN YAJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮌 </td> <td title="U+16B8D: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN TSWB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮍 </td> <td title="U+16B8E: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN KWM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮎 </td> <td title="U+16B8F: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN VWJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖮏 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U16B00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U16B00_grey">^</a> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_writing" title="Hmong writing">Hmong writing</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Fonts">Fonts</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fonts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> For now, Pahawh Hmong Unicode is only supported by: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/googlefonts/noto-fonts/blob/master/hinted/ttf/NotoSansPahawhHmong/NotoSansPahawhHmong-Regular.ttf">Noto Sans Pahawh Hmong (direct download link)</a>, a font made by Google</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v6m8oAvqMq0Vw1UNZaj55SqMY6bD8CTx/view">Pahawh Unicode (direct download link)</a>, Google Drive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pahawh.com/fonts.html">Pahawh Hmong (Unicode) fonts & Non-Unicode Fonts</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Keyboard">Keyboard</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Keyboard" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> Pahawh Hmong Keyboard (Unicode) for Keyman <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pahawh.com/keyman/index.html">Android and IPhone</a>, made by Hmoob Vaj Loog Vooj Vuab and other generous donors</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keyman.com">Keyman now supports Pahawh Hmong (Basic) keyboard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keyman.com/_legacy/keyboards/pahawh_hmong_basic">Windows, macOS, Linux, Web, iPhone and iPad, Android, Mobile web</a>, made possible by Lorna Evans, the author</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The only final consonant is [ŋ]. However, this is sometimes analyzed as vowel nasalization: oo, ee, aa /ɔŋ, ɛŋ, aŋ/ or /ɔ̃, ɛ̃, ã/. Thus Pahawh can be considered an alphabet where both consonants and vowels may be complex, much like x [ks] and i [aɪ] in English. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Coincidentally, RPA also has an inherent consonant which is not written, <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, along with a null-consonant diacritic, the apostrophe: ai /ʔāi/, ’ai /āi/. Few Hmong words are vowel initial, so writing the absence of a consonant with an apostrophe is more economical than writing glottal stop with an apostrophe. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Punctuation was introduced in 1969 when Chia Koua Vang, who was literate in RPA, wrote to Shong in prison asking him what to put at the ends of sentences. Neither Shong nor any of his other disciples were literate in any other script at this point, so presumably someone taught him punctuation there. (Smalley et al. 1990:76–77) </li> <li id="cite_note-Fadiman291-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fadiman291_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fadiman291_4-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Fadiman" title="Anne Fadiman">Fadiman, Anne</a>. "Note on Hmong Orthography, Pronunciation, and Quotations." The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1997. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Smalley, William Allen, Chia Koua Vang (Txiaj Kuam Vaj <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬔𖬲𖬯𖬵 𖬐𖬰 𖬖𖬲𖬜 <a href="/wiki/File:ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/35px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/35px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png" data-width="35" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/53px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/70px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>), and Gnia Yee Yang (Nyiaj Yig Yaj <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731">𖬔𖬲𖬮𖬵 𖬃𖬶𖬤 𖬖𖬲𖬤 <a href="/wiki/File:GniaYeeYangPahawh.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/35px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/35px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png" data-width="35" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/53px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/70px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>). Mother of Writing: The Origin and Development of a Hmong Messianic Script. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, March 23, 1990. 10. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> on March 23, 2012. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226762866" title="Special:BookSources/0226762866">0226762866</a>, 9780226762869. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalleyChiaGnia199079–82-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmalleyChiaGnia199079%E2%80%9382_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmalleyChiaGnia1990">Smalley, Chia & Gnia 1990</a>, pp. 79–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-n4175-7"><a href="#cite_ref-n4175_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2012" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael (2012-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12013-n4175-pahawh-hmong.pdf">"N4175: Final proposal to encode the Pahawh Hmong script in the UCS"</a> (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N4175%3A+Final+proposal+to+encode+the+Pahawh+Hmong+script+in+the+UCS&rft.pub=Working+Group+Document%2C+ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2012%2F12013-n4175-pahawh-hmong.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahawh+Hmong" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatliff1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Ratliff" title="Martha Ratliff">Ratliff, Martha</a> (1996). "The Pahawh Hmong Script". In <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Daniels, Peter T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bright">Bright, William</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Writing_Systems" title="The World's Writing Systems">The World's Writing Systems</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, NY: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Oxford Press">University of Oxford Press</a>. pp. 619–624.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pahawh+Hmong+Script&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=619-624&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ratliff&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahawh+Hmong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2005" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Henry (2005). Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach. <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. pp. 260–262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Systems%3A+A+Linguistic+Approach&rft.pages=260-262&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahawh+Hmong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmalleyChiaGnia1990" class="citation book cs1">Smalley, William Allen; Chia, Koua Vang (<a href="/wiki/File:ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/35px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/35px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png" data-width="35" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/53px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/70px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>; Txiaj Kuam Vaj); and Gnia, Yee Yang (<a href="/wiki/File:GniaYeeYangPahawh.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/35px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/35px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png" data-width="35" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/53px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/70px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>; Nyiaj Yig Yaj) (1990). Mother of Writing: The Origin and Development of a Hmong Messianic Script. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+of+Writing%3A+The+Origin+and+Development+of+a+Hmong+Messianic+Script&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Smalley&rft.aufirst=William+Allen&rft.au=Chia%2C+Koua+Vang+%2835px%3B+%27%27Txiaj+Kuam+Vaj%27%27%29&rft.au=Gnia%2C+Yee+Yang+%2835px%3B+%27%27Nyiaj+Yig+Yaj%27%27%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahawh+Hmong" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/writing/pahawhhmong.htm">Omniglot</a> Pahawh Hmong Alphabet</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028031332/http://pahawh.org/">https://web.archive.org/web/20221028031332/http://pahawh.org/</a> The Pahawh Hmong Platform (old website)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wiki.liamscode.net/unicode/block.php?n=Pahawh%20Hmong">https://wiki.liamscode.net/unicode/block.php?n=Pahawh%20Hmong</a> Pahawh Hmong Unicode Block</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pahawh.com/index.html">https://pahawh.com/index.html</a> Pahawh Hmong Platform (new website)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chaomoua.com/dauslauj/#uskey%7CHmong">RPA to Hmong IPA & Hmong RPA to Pahawh Hmong converter</a> Downloadable (Credited to Chao Moua & AutoHotKey)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 4 October 2024, at 06:51 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pahawh Hmong" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahawh_hmong" title="Pahawh hmong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pahawh hmong" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="パハウ・フモン文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パハウ・フモン文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_pahawh_hmong" title="Pismo pahawh hmong – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo pahawh hmong" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Пахау – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пахау" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="อักษรม้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรม้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Pahawh_Hm%C3%B4ng" title="Chữ Pahawh Hmông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Pahawh Hmông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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