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menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the global system of pages accessed via HTTP. For the worldwide computer network, see <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. For the web browser, see <a href="/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WWW" and "The Web" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/WWW_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="WWW (disambiguation)">WWW (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Web_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Web (disambiguation)">The Web (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The World Wide Web (WWW or simply the Web) is an <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information system</a> that enables <a href="/wiki/Content_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Content (media)">content</a> sharing over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> through user-friendly ways meant to appeal to users beyond <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> specialists and hobbyists.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It allows documents and other <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">web resources</a> to be accessed over the Internet according to specific rules of the <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP).<a href="#cite_note-webinternet-2">[2]</a> <table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">World Wide Web</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">WWW</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">1989; 36 years ago (1989) by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> (1989–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> (1994–current)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrome_on_Linux.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chrome_on_Linux.png/260px-Chrome_on_Linux.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chrome_on_Linux.png/390px-Chrome_on_Linux.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chrome_on_Linux.png/520px-Chrome_on_Linux.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="739"></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> displayed in <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></figcaption></figure> The Web was invented by English computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> while at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> in 1989 and opened to the public in 1993. It was conceived as a "universal linked information system".<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-TBL_Web_Proposal-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Documents and other media content are made available to the network through <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web servers</a> and can be accessed by programs such as <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>. Servers and resources on the World Wide Web are identified and located through character strings called <a href="/wiki/Uniform_resource_locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource locator">uniform resource locators</a> (URLs). The original and still very common document type is a <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> formatted in <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Markup Language">Hypertext Markup Language</a> (HTML). This markup language supports <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">images</a>, embedded <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio</a> contents, and <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripts</a> (short programs) that implement complex user interaction. The HTML language also supports <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> (embedded URLs) which provide immediate access to other web resources. <a href="/wiki/Web_navigation" title="Web navigation">Web navigation</a>, or web surfing, is the common practice of following such hyperlinks across multiple websites. <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">Web applications</a> are web pages that function as <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a>. The information in the Web is transferred across the Internet using HTTP. Multiple web resources with a common theme and usually a common <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> make up a <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a>. A single web server may provide multiple websites, while some websites, especially the most popular ones, may be provided by multiple servers. Website content is provided by a myriad of companies, organizations, government agencies, and <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">individual users</a>; and comprises an enormous amount of educational, entertainment, commercial, and government information. The Web has become the world's dominant <a href="/wiki/Web_platform" title="Web platform">information systems platform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-internetlivestats-9">[9]</a> It is the primary tool that billions of people worldwide use to interact with the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-webinternet-2">[2]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Nomenclature">2 Nomenclature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Function">3 Function</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#HTML">3.1 HTML</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Linking">3.2 Linking</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#WWW_prefix">3.3 WWW prefix</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Scheme_specifiers">3.4 Scheme specifiers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Pages">3.5 Pages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Static_page">3.5.1 Static page</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Dynamic_pages">3.5.2 Dynamic pages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Website">3.6 Website</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Browser">3.7 Browser</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Server">3.8 Server</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Optical_Networking">3.9 Optical Networking</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Cookie">3.10 Cookie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Search_engine">3.11 Search engine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Deep_web">3.12 Deep web</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Caching">3.13 Caching</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Security">4 Security</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Privacy">5 Privacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Standards">6 Standards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Accessibility">7 Accessibility</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Internationalisation">8 Internationalisation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">History of the World Wide Web</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Web_Server.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/220px-First_Web_Server.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/220px-First_Web_Server.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/330px-First_Web_Server.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/440px-First_Web_Server.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a> was used by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Tim_Berners-Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Tim Berners-Lee">Sir Tim Berners-Lee</a> at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> and became the world's first <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">Web server</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Web was invented by English computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> while working at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHT-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-samm2016-11">[11]</a> He was motivated by the problem of storing, updating, and finding documents and data files in that large and constantly changing organization, as well as distributing them to collaborators outside CERN. In his design, Berners-Lee dismissed the common <a href="/wiki/Tree_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree (computing)">tree structure</a> approach, used for instance in the existing CERNDOC documentation system and in the <a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a>, as well as approaches that relied in tagging files with <a href="/wiki/Index_term" title="Index term">keywords</a>, as in the VAX/NOTES system. Instead he adopted concepts he had put into practice with his private <a href="/wiki/ENQUIRE" title="ENQUIRE">ENQUIRE</a> system (1980) built at CERN. When he became aware of <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> model (1965), in which documents can be linked in unconstrained ways through <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> associated with "hot spots" embedded in the text, it helped to confirm the validity of his concept.<a href="#cite_note-:42-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWW-LetShare.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/WWW-LetShare.svg/220px-WWW-LetShare.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 184px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/WWW-LetShare.svg/220px-WWW-LetShare.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/WWW-LetShare.svg/330px-WWW-LetShare.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/WWW-LetShare.svg/440px-WWW-LetShare.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The historic World Wide Web logo, designed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a>. Currently, there is no widely accepted logo in use for the WWW.</figcaption></figure> The model was later popularized by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a> system. Unlike Hypercard, Berners-Lee's new system from the outset was meant to support links between multiple databases on independent computers, and to allow simultaneous access by many users from any computer on the Internet. He also specified that the system should eventually handle other media besides text, such as graphics, speech, and video. Links could refer to mutable data files, or even fire up programs on their server computer. He also conceived "gateways" that would allow access through the new system to documents organized in other ways (such as traditional computer <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>). Finally, he insisted that the system should be decentralized, without any central control or coordination over the creation of links.<a href="#cite_note-TBL_Web_Proposal-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-bern1992-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-AHT-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-samm2016-11">[11]</a> Berners-Lee submitted a proposal to CERN in May 1989, without giving the system a name.<a href="#cite_note-TBL_Web_Proposal-4">[4]</a> He got a working system implemented by the end of 1990, including a browser called <a href="/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a> (which became the name of the project and of the network) and <a href="/wiki/CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">an HTTP server</a> running at CERN. As part of that development he defined the first version of the HTTP protocol, the basic URL syntax, and implicitly made HTML the primary document format.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The technology was released outside CERN to other research institutions starting in January 1991, and then to the whole Internet on 23 August 1991. The Web was a success at CERN, and began to spread to other scientific and academic institutions. Within the next two years, <a href="/wiki/List_of_websites_founded_before_1995" title="List of websites founded before 1995">there were 50 websites created</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> CERN made the Web protocol and code available royalty free in 1993, enabling its widespread use.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Supercomputing_Applications" title="National Center for Supercomputing Applications">NCSA</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic web browser</a> later that year, the Web's popularity grew rapidly as <a href="/wiki/List_of_websites_founded_before_1995" title="List of websites founded before 1995">thousands of websites</a> sprang up in less than a year.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Couldry-21">[21]</a> Mosaic was a graphical browser that could display inline images and submit <a href="/wiki/Form_(HTML)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (HTML)">forms</a> that were processed by the <a href="/wiki/NCSA_HTTPd" title="NCSA HTTPd">HTTPd server</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_H._Clark" title="James H. Clark">Jim Clark</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a> the following year and released the <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Navigator browser</a>, which introduced <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> to the Web. It quickly became the dominant browser. Netscape <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">became a public company</a> in 1995 which triggered a frenzy for the Web and started the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Microsoft responded by developing its own browser, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>, starting the <a href="/wiki/Browser_wars" title="Browser wars">browser wars</a>. By bundling it with Windows, it became the dominant browser for 14 years.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Berners-Lee founded the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C) which created <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> in 1996 and recommended replacing HTML with stricter <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In the meantime, developers began exploiting an IE feature called <a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> applications and launched the <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> revolution. <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_(company)" title="Opera (company)">Opera</a>, and Apple rejected XHTML and created the <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a> which developed <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 2009, the W3C conceded and abandoned XHTML.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 2019, it ceded control of the HTML specification to the WHATWG.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The World Wide Web has been central to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a> and is the primary tool billions of people use to interact on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-internetlivestats-9">[9]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/World_Wide_Web" title="Special:EditPage/World Wide Web">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Tim Berners-Lee states that World Wide Web is officially spelled as three separate words, each capitalised, with no intervening hyphens.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Nonetheless, it is often called simply the Web, and also often the web; see <a href="/wiki/Capitalization_of_Internet" title="Capitalization of Internet">Capitalization of Internet</a> for details. In Mandarin Chinese, World Wide Web is commonly translated via a <a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">phono-semantic matching</a> to wàn wéi wǎng (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E7%BB%B4%E7%BD%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:万维网">万维网</a>), which satisfies www and literally means "10,000-dimensional net", a translation that reflects the design concept and proliferation of the World Wide Web. Use of the www prefix has been declining, especially when <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a> sought to brand their domain names and make them easily pronounceable. As the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Web">mobile Web</a> grew in popularity,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] services like <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a>.com, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.com and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.com are most often mentioned without adding "www." (or, indeed, ".com") to the domain.<a href="#cite_note-cas-34">[34]</a> In English, www is usually read as double-u double-u double-u.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Some users pronounce it dub-dub-dub, particularly in New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a>, in his "Podgrams" series of podcasts, pronounces it wuh wuh wuh.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The English writer <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a> once quipped in <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> on Sunday (1999): "The World Wide Web is the only thing I know of whose shortened form takes three times longer to say than what it's short for".<a href="#cite_note-Sim-38">[38]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_Key_Layers.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Internet_Key_Layers.png/220px-Internet_Key_Layers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1294"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Internet_Key_Layers.png/220px-Internet_Key_Layers.png" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Internet_Key_Layers.png/330px-Internet_Key_Layers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Internet_Key_Layers.png/440px-Internet_Key_Layers.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The World Wide Web functions as an <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">application layer</a> <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocol</a> that is run "on top of" (figuratively) the Internet, helping to make it more functional. The advent of the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a> web browser helped to make the web much more usable, to include the display of images and moving images (<a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIFs</a>).</figcaption></figure> The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used without much distinction. However, the two terms do not mean the same thing. The Internet is a global system of <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> interconnected through telecommunications and <a href="/wiki/Optical_networking" title="Optical networking">optical networking</a>. In contrast, the World Wide Web is a global collection of documents and other <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">resources</a>, linked by hyperlinks and <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URIs</a>. Web resources are accessed using <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> or <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a>, which are application-level Internet protocols that use the Internet transport protocols.<a href="#cite_note-webinternet-2">[2]</a> Viewing a <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_resource_locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource locator">URL</a> of the page into a web browser or by following a hyperlink to that page or resource. The web browser then initiates a series of background communication messages to fetch and display the requested page. In the 1990s, using a browser to view web pages—and to move from one web page to another through hyperlinks—came to be known as 'browsing,' 'web surfing' (after <a href="/wiki/Channel_surfing" title="Channel surfing">channel surfing</a>), or 'navigating the Web'. Early studies of this new behaviour investigated user patterns in using web browsers. One study, for example, found five user patterns: exploratory surfing, window surfing, evolved surfing, bounded navigation and targeted navigation.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The following example demonstrates the functioning of a web browser when accessing a page at the URL <samp style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; color:var( --color-subtle, #666666);">http://example.org/home.html</samp>. The browser resolves the server name of the URL (<samp style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; color:var( --color-subtle, #666666);">example.org</samp>) into an <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">Internet Protocol address</a> using the globally distributed <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS). This lookup returns an IP address such as 203.0.113.4 or 2001:db8:2e::7334. The browser then requests the resource by sending an <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> request across the Internet to the computer at that address. It requests service from a specific TCP port number that is well known for the HTTP service so that the receiving host can distinguish an HTTP request from other network protocols it may be servicing. HTTP normally uses <a href="/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers" title="List of TCP and UDP port numbers">port number 80</a> and for HTTPS it normally uses <a href="/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers" title="List of TCP and UDP port numbers">port number 443</a>. The content of the HTTP request can be as simple as two lines of text: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>GET /home.html HTTP/1.1 Host: example.org </pre></div> The computer receiving the HTTP request delivers it to web server software listening for requests on port 80. If the web server can fulfil the request it sends an HTTP response back to the browser indicating success: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 </pre></div> followed by the content of the requested page. Hypertext Markup Language (<a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>) for a basic web page might look like this: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><html> <head> <title>Example.org – The World Wide Web</title> </head> <body> <p>The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known ...</p> </body> </html> </pre></div> The web browser <a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parses</a> the HTML and interprets the markup (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><title></code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><p></code> for paragraph, and such) that surrounds the words to format the text on the screen. Many web pages use HTML to reference the URLs of other resources such as images, other embedded media, <a href="/wiki/Client-side_scripting" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side scripting">scripts</a> that affect page behaviour, and <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> that affect page layout. The browser makes additional HTTP requests to the web server for these other <a href="/wiki/Internet_media_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet media type">Internet media types</a>. As it receives their content from the web server, the browser progressively <a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">renders</a> the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML and these additional resources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTML">HTML</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a></div> Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> for creating <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS) and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, it forms a triad of <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone" title="Cornerstone">cornerstone</a> technologies for the World Wide Web.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a> receive HTML documents from a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> or from local storage and <a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">render</a> the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">semantically</a> and originally included cues for the appearance of the document. <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML elements</a> are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, <a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Images_and_objects" title="HTML element">images</a> and other objects such as <a href="/wiki/Fieldset" class="mw-redirect" title="Fieldset">interactive forms</a> may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML provides a means to create <a href="/wiki/Structured_document" title="Structured document">structured documents</a> by denoting structural <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">links</a>, quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using <a href="/wiki/Bracket#Angle_brackets" title="Bracket">angle brackets</a>. Tags such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><img /></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><input /></code> directly introduce content into the page. Other tags such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><p></code> surround and provide information about document text and may include other tags as sub-elements. Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to interpret the content of the page. HTML can embed programs written in a <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> such as <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, which affects the behaviour and content of web pages. Inclusion of CSS defines the look and layout of content. The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-deprecated-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linking">Linking</h3></div> Most web pages contain hyperlinks to other related pages and perhaps to downloadable files, source documents, definitions and other web resources. In the underlying HTML, a hyperlink looks like this: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><a href="http://example.org/home.html">Example.org Homepage</a>.</code> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png/220px-WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="853"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png/220px-WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png/330px-WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png/440px-WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Graphic representation of a minute fraction of the WWW, demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a></figcaption></figure> Such a collection of useful, related resources, interconnected via hypertext links is dubbed a web of information. Publication on the Internet created what Tim Berners-Lee first called the WorldWideWeb (in its original <a href="/wiki/CamelCase" class="mw-redirect" title="CamelCase">CamelCase</a>, which was subsequently discarded) in November 1990.<a href="#cite_note-W90-42">[42]</a> The hyperlink structure of the web is described by the <a href="/wiki/Webgraph" title="Webgraph">webgraph</a>: the nodes of the web graph correspond to the web pages (or URLs) the directed edges between them to the hyperlinks. Over time, many web resources pointed to by hyperlinks disappear, relocate, or are replaced with different content. This makes hyperlinks obsolete, a phenomenon referred to in some circles as link rot, and the hyperlinks affected by it are often called <a href="/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">"dead" links</a>. The ephemeral nature of the Web has prompted many efforts to archive websites. The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, active since 1996, is the best known of such efforts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WWW_prefix">WWW prefix</h3></div> Many hostnames used for the World Wide Web begin with www because of the long-standing practice of naming <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> hosts according to the services they provide. The <a href="/wiki/Hostname" title="Hostname">hostname</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> is often www, in the same way that it may be ftp for an <a href="/wiki/FTP_server" title="FTP server">FTP server</a>, and news or nntp for a <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> <a href="/wiki/News_server" title="News server">news server</a>. These hostnames appear as Domain Name System (DNS) or <a href="/wiki/Subdomain" title="Subdomain">subdomain</a> names, as in www.example.com. The use of www is not required by any technical or policy standard and many websites do not use it; the first web server was nxoc01.cern.ch.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> According to Paolo Palazzi, who worked at CERN along with Tim Berners-Lee, the popular use of www as subdomain was accidental; the World Wide Web project page was intended to be published at www.cern.ch while info.cern.ch was intended to be the CERN home page; however the DNS records were never switched, and the practice of prepending www to an institution's website domain name was subsequently copied.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Many established websites still use the prefix, or they employ other subdomain names such as www2, secure or en for special purposes. Many such web servers are set up so that both the main domain name (e.g., example.com) and the www subdomain (e.g., www.example.com) refer to the same site; others require one form or the other, or they may map to different web sites. The use of a subdomain name is useful for <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a> incoming web traffic by creating a <a href="/wiki/CNAME_record" title="CNAME record">CNAME record</a> that points to a cluster of web servers. Since, currently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">as of?</a>], only a subdomain can be used in a CNAME, the same result cannot be achieved by using the bare domain root.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="While CNAMEs are more flexible than the bare domain requiring an A Record, load balancing is certainly possible even for sites that skip www and use the bare domain — see, for example, Twitter. (July 2019)">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:World_Wide_Web#Dubious" title="Talk:World Wide Web">discuss</a>] When a user submits an incomplete domain name to a web browser in its address bar input field, some web browsers automatically try adding the prefix "www" to the beginning of it and possibly ".com", ".org" and ".net" at the end, depending on what might be missing. For example, entering "microsoft" may be transformed to http://www.microsoft.com/ and "openoffice" to http://www.openoffice.org. This feature started appearing in early versions of <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>, when it still had the working title 'Firebird' in early 2003, from an earlier practice in browsers such as <a href="/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)" title="Lynx (web browser)">Lynx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] It is reported that Microsoft was granted a US patent for the same idea in 2008, but only for mobile devices.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scheme_specifiers">Scheme specifiers</h3></div> The scheme specifiers <code>http://</code> and <code>https://</code> at the start of a web <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a> refer to <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> or <a href="/wiki/HTTP_Secure" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP Secure">HTTP Secure</a>, respectively. They specify the communication protocol to use for the request and response. The HTTP protocol is fundamental to the operation of the World Wide Web, and the added encryption layer in HTTPS is essential when browsers send or retrieve confidential data, such as passwords or banking information. Web browsers usually automatically prepend http:// to user-entered URIs, if omitted. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pages">Pages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">Web page</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Commons.png/220px-Commons.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="433" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1969"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 433px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Commons.png/220px-Commons.png" data-width="220" data-height="433" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Commons.png/330px-Commons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Commons.png/440px-Commons.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A screenshot of the home page of Wikimedia Commons</figcaption></figure> A web page (also written as webpage) is a document that is suitable for the World Wide Web and <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>. A web browser displays a web page on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">monitor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile device</a>. The term web page usually refers to what is visible, but may also refer to the contents of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">computer file</a> itself, which is usually a <a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">text file</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> written in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> or a comparable <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a>. Typical web pages provide <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> for browsing to other web pages via <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a>, often referred to as links. Web browsers will frequently have to access multiple <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">web resource</a> elements, such as reading <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">style sheets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Client-side_scripting" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side scripting">scripts</a>, and images, while presenting each web page. On a network, a web browser can retrieve a web page from a remote <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>. The web server may restrict access to a private network such as a corporate intranet. The web browser uses the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP) to make such requests to the <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Static_web_page" title="Static web page">static web page</a> is delivered exactly as stored, as <a href="/wiki/Web_content" title="Web content">web content</a> in the web server's <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>. In contrast, a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web page</a> is generated by a <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web application</a>, usually driven by <a href="/wiki/Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">server-side software</a>. Dynamic web pages are used when each user may require completely different information, for example, bank websites, web email etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Static_page">Static page</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Static_web_page" title="Static web page">Static web page</a></div> A static web page (sometimes called a flat page/stationary page) is a <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> that is delivered to the user exactly as stored, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web pages</a> which are generated by a <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web application</a>. Consequently, a static web page displays the same information for all users, from all contexts, subject to modern capabilities of a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> to <a href="/wiki/Content_negotiation" title="Content negotiation">negotiate</a> <a href="/wiki/MIME_type" class="mw-redirect" title="MIME type">content-type</a> or language of the document where such versions are available and the server is configured to do so. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dynamic_pages">Dynamic pages</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">Dynamic web page</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax (programming)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheme_dynamic_page_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Scheme_dynamic_page_en.svg/500px-Scheme_dynamic_page_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="330"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 163px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Scheme_dynamic_page_en.svg/500px-Scheme_dynamic_page_en.svg.png" data-width="500" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Scheme_dynamic_page_en.svg/750px-Scheme_dynamic_page_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Scheme_dynamic_page_en.svg/1000px-Scheme_dynamic_page_en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dynamic web page: example of server-side scripting (<a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> and <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>)</figcaption></figure> A server-side dynamic web page is a <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> whose construction is controlled by an <a href="/wiki/Application_server" title="Application server">application server</a> processing server-side scripts. In server-side scripting, <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">parameters</a> determine how the assembly of every new web page proceeds, including the setting up of more client-side processing. A client-side dynamic web page processes the web page using JavaScript running in the browser. JavaScript programs can interact with the document via <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a>, or DOM, to query page state and alter it. The same client-side techniques can then dynamically update or change the DOM in the same way. A dynamic web page is then reloaded by the user or by a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> to change some variable content. The updating information could come from the server, or from changes made to that page's DOM. This may or may not truncate the browsing history or create a saved version to go back to, but a dynamic web page update using <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> technologies will neither create a page to go back to nor truncate the <a href="/wiki/Web_browsing_history" title="Web browsing history">web browsing history</a> forward of the displayed page. Using Ajax technologies the end <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">user</a> gets one dynamic page managed as a single page in the <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> while the actual <a href="/wiki/Web_content" title="Web content">web content</a> rendered on that page can vary. The Ajax engine sits only on the browser requesting parts of its DOM, the DOM, for its client, from an application server. Dynamic HTML, or DHTML, is the umbrella term for technologies and methods used to create web pages that are not <a href="/wiki/Static_web_page" title="Static web page">static web pages</a>, though it has fallen out of common use since the popularization of <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">AJAX</a>, a term which is now itself rarely used.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Client-side-scripting, server-side scripting, or a combination of these make for the dynamic web experience in a browser. <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Scripting_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripting programming language">scripting language</a> that was initially developed in 1995 by <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a>, then of <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a>, for use within web pages.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-48">[48]</a> The standardised version is <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-48">[48]</a> To make web pages more interactive, some web applications also use JavaScript techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">asynchronous</a> JavaScript and <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>). <a href="/wiki/Client-side_scripting" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side scripting">Client-side script</a> is delivered with the page that can make additional HTTP requests to the server, either in response to user actions such as mouse movements or clicks, or based on elapsed time. The server's responses are used to modify the current page rather than creating a new page with each response, so the server needs only to provide limited, incremental information. Multiple Ajax requests can be handled at the same time, and users can interact with the page while data is retrieved. Web pages may also regularly <a href="/wiki/Polling_(computer_science)" title="Polling (computer science)">poll</a> the server to check whether new information is available.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Website">Website</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Antarctic_Program_website_from_2018_02_22.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/United_States_Antarctic_Program_website_from_2018_02_22.png/240px-United_States_Antarctic_Program_website_from_2018_02_22.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="482" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="2575"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 482px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/United_States_Antarctic_Program_website_from_2018_02_22.png/240px-United_States_Antarctic_Program_website_from_2018_02_22.png" data-width="240" data-height="482" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/United_States_Antarctic_Program_website_from_2018_02_22.png/360px-United_States_Antarctic_Program_website_from_2018_02_22.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/United_States_Antarctic_Program_website_from_2018_02_22.png/480px-United_States_Antarctic_Program_website_from_2018_02_22.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Program" title="United States Antarctic Program">usap.gov</a> website</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">Website</a></div> A website<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> is a collection of related web resources including <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> content, typically identified with a common <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a>, and published on at least one <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>. Notable examples are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">wikipedia</a>.org, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">google</a>.com, and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">amazon.com</a>. A website may be accessible via a public <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) network, such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, or a private <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> (LAN), by referencing a <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">uniform resource locator</a> (URL) that identifies the site. Websites can have many functions and can be used in various fashions; a website can be a <a href="/wiki/Personal_website" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal website">personal website</a>, a corporate website for a company, a government website, an organization website, etc. Websites are typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose, ranging from entertainment and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a> to providing news and education. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web, while private websites, such as a company's website for its employees, are typically a part of an <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">intranet</a>. Web pages, which are the building blocks of websites, are <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">documents</a>, typically composed in <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> interspersed with <a href="/wiki/Formatted_text" title="Formatted text">formatting instructions</a> of Hypertext Markup Language (<a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>). They may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable <a href="/wiki/HTML_anchor" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML anchor">markup anchors</a>. Web pages are accessed and transported with the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption (<a href="/wiki/HTTP_Secure" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP Secure">HTTP Secure</a>, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user. The user's application, often a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">display terminal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">Hyperlinking</a> between web pages conveys to the reader the <a href="/wiki/Site_map" title="Site map">site structure</a> and guides the navigation of the site, which often starts with a <a href="/wiki/Home_page" title="Home page">home page</a> containing a directory of the site <a href="/wiki/Web_content" title="Web content">web content</a>. Some websites require user registration or <a href="/wiki/Subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription">subscription</a> to access content. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">subscription websites</a> include many business sites, news websites, <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> websites, gaming websites, file-sharing websites, <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">message boards</a>, web-based <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a> websites, websites providing real-time price quotations for different types of markets, as well as sites providing various other services. <a href="/wiki/End_user" title="End user">End users</a> can access websites on a range of devices, including <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TVs</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Browser">Browser</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browser</a></div> A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a <a href="/wiki/Software_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Software application">software</a> <a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">user agent</a> for accessing information on the World Wide Web. To connect to a website's <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">server</a> and display its pages, a user needs to have a web browser program. This is the program that the user runs to download, format, and display a web page on the user's computer. In addition to allowing users to find, display, and move between web pages, a web browser will usually have features like keeping bookmarks, recording history, managing cookies (see below), and home pages and may have facilities for recording passwords for logging into websites. The most popular browsers are <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Edge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server">Server</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">Web server</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg/220px-Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg/220px-Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg/330px-Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg/440px-Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The inside and front of a <a href="/wiki/Dell_PowerEdge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dell PowerEdge">Dell PowerEdge</a> web server, a computer designed for <a href="/wiki/Rack_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Rack mount">rack mounting</a></figcaption></figure> A Web server is <a href="/wiki/Server_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Server software">server software</a>, or hardware dedicated to running said software, that can satisfy World Wide Web client requests. A web server can, in general, contain one or more websites. A web server processes incoming network requests over <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> and several other related protocols. The primary function of a web server is to store, process and deliver <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> to <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">clients</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The communication between client and server takes place using the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)</a>. Pages delivered are most frequently <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML documents</a>, which may include <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">style sheets</a> and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">scripts</a> in addition to the text content. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg/275px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 275px;height: 183px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg/275px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg" data-width="275" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg/413px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg/550px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Multiple web servers may be used for a high traffic website; here, <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> servers are installed together to be used for the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>.</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">user agent</a>, commonly a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> or <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawler</a>, initiates communication by making a <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#Request_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">request</a> for a specific resource using HTTP and the server responds with the content of that resource or an <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#4xx_client_errors" title="List of HTTP status codes">error message</a> if unable to do so. The resource is typically a real file on the server's <a href="/wiki/Secondary_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary memory">secondary storage</a>, but this is not necessarily the case and depends on how the webserver is <a href="/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">implemented</a>. While the primary function is to serve content, full implementation of HTTP also includes ways of receiving content from clients. This feature is used for submitting <a href="/wiki/Form_(web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (web)">web forms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Upload" title="Upload">uploading</a> of files. Many generic web servers also support <a href="/wiki/Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">server-side scripting</a> using <a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">Active Server Pages</a> (ASP), <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> (Hypertext Preprocessor), or other <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting languages</a>. This means that the behaviour of the webserver can be scripted in separate files, while the actual server software remains unchanged. Usually, this function is used to generate HTML documents <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamically</a> ("on-the-fly") as opposed to returning <a href="/wiki/Static_web_page" title="Static web page">static documents</a>. The former is primarily used for retrieving or modifying information from <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a>. The latter is typically much faster and more easily <a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">cached</a> but cannot deliver <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic content">dynamic content</a>. Web servers can also frequently be found <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded</a> in devices such as <a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">printers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</a> and serving only a <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local network</a>. The web server may then be used as a part of a system for monitoring or administering the device in question. This usually means that no additional software has to be installed on the client computer since only a web browser is required (which now is included with most <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_Networking">Optical Networking</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Optical_networking" title="Optical networking">Optical networking</a> is a sophisticated infrastructure that utilizes optical fiber to transmit data over long distances, connecting countries, cities, and even private residences. The technology uses optical microsystems like <a href="/wiki/Tunable_laser" title="Tunable laser">tunable lasers</a>, filters, <a href="/wiki/Attenuator_(electronics)" title="Attenuator (electronics)">attenuators</a>, switches, and wavelength-selective switches to manage and operate these networks.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The large quantity of optical fiber installed throughout the world at the end of the twentieth century set the foundation of the Internet as it’s used today. The information highway relies heavily on optical networking, a method of sending messages encoded in light to relay information in various telecommunication networks.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">Advanced Research Projects Agency Network</a> (ARPANET) was one of the first iterations of the Internet, created in collaboration with universities and researchers 1969.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-59">[59]</a> However, access to the ARPANET was limited to researchers, and in 1985, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">National Science Foundation Network</a> (NSFNET), a program that provided supercomputer access to researchers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-59">[59]</a> Limited public access to the Internet led to pressure from consumers and corporations to privatize the network. In 1993, the US passed the <a href="/wiki/National_Information_Infrastructure" title="National Information Infrastructure">National Information Infrastructure Act</a>, which dictated that the National Science Foundation must hand over control of the optical capabilities to commercial operators.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The privatization of the Internet and the release of the World Wide Web to the public in 1993 led to an increased demand for Internet capabilities. This spurred developers to seek solutions to reduce the time and cost of laying new fiber and increase the amount of information that can be sent on a single fiber, in order to meet the growing needs of the public.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In 1994, Pirelli S.p.A.'s optical components division introduced a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system to meet growing demand for increased data transmission. This four-channel WDM technology allowed more information to be sent simultaneously over a single optical fiber, effectively boosting network capacity.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Pirelli wasn't the only company that developed a WDM system; another company, the <a href="/wiki/Ciena" title="Ciena">Ciena Corporation</a> (Ciena), created its own technology to transmit data more efficiently. <a href="/wiki/David_R._Huber" title="David R. Huber">David Huber</a>, an optical networking engineer and entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kimberlin" title="Kevin Kimberlin">Kevin Kimberlin</a> founded Ciena in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Drawing on laser technology from <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gould" title="Gordon Gould">Gordon Gould</a> and William Culver of <a href="/wiki/Optelecom" title="Optelecom">Optelecom, Inc.</a>, the company focused on utilizing optical amplifiers to transmit data via light.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Under chief executive officer Pat Nettles, Ciena developed a dual-stage optical amplifier for dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM), patented in 1997 and deployed on the Sprint network in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cookie">Cookie</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">HTTP cookie</a></div> An HTTP cookie (also called web cookie, Internet cookie, browser cookie, or simply cookie) is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> while the user is browsing. Cookies were designed to be a reliable mechanism for websites to remember <a href="/wiki/Program_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Program state">stateful</a> information (such as items added in the shopping cart in an online store) or to record the user's browsing activity (including clicking particular buttons, <a href="/wiki/Access_control" title="Access control">logging in</a>, or recording which pages were visited in the past). They can also be used to remember arbitrary pieces of information that the user previously entered into form fields such as names, addresses, passwords, and credit card numbers. Cookies perform essential functions in the modern web. Perhaps most importantly, authentication cookies are the most common method used by web servers to know whether the user is logged in or not, and which account they are logged in with. Without such a mechanism, the site would not know whether to send a page containing sensitive information or require the user to authenticate themselves by logging in. The security of an authentication cookie generally depends on the security of the issuing website and the user's <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers#Vulnerabilities" title="Comparison of web browsers">web browser</a>, and on whether the cookie data is encrypted. Security vulnerabilities may allow a cookie's data to be read by a <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">hacker</a>, used to gain access to user data, or used to gain access (with the user's credentials) to the website to which the cookie belongs (see <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">cross-site scripting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_request_forgery" title="Cross-site request forgery">cross-site request forgery</a> for examples).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Tracking cookies, and especially third-party tracking cookies, are commonly used as ways to compile long-term records of individuals' browsing histories – a potential <a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy#HTTP_cookies" title="Internet privacy">privacy concern</a> that prompted European<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and U.S. lawmakers to take action in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-eulaw-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> European law requires that all websites targeting <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states gain "informed consent" from users before storing non-essential cookies on their device. Google <a href="/wiki/Project_Zero_(Google)" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Zero (Google)">Project Zero</a> researcher Jann Horn describes ways cookies can be read by <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">intermediaries</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> hotspot providers. When in such circumstances, he recommends using the browser in <a href="/wiki/Private_browsing" title="Private browsing">private browsing</a> mode (widely known as <a href="/wiki/Incognito_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Incognito mode">Incognito mode</a> in Google Chrome).<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Search_engine">Search engine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Search engine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayflower_Wikimedia_Commons_image_search_engine_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mayflower_Wikimedia_Commons_image_search_engine_screenshot.png/300px-Mayflower_Wikimedia_Commons_image_search_engine_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="573"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 201px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mayflower_Wikimedia_Commons_image_search_engine_screenshot.png/300px-Mayflower_Wikimedia_Commons_image_search_engine_screenshot.png" data-width="300" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mayflower_Wikimedia_Commons_image_search_engine_screenshot.png/450px-Mayflower_Wikimedia_Commons_image_search_engine_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mayflower_Wikimedia_Commons_image_search_engine_screenshot.png/600px-Mayflower_Wikimedia_Commons_image_search_engine_screenshot.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The results of a search for the term "lunar eclipse" in a web-based <a href="/wiki/Image_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Image search">image search</a> engine</figcaption></figure> A web search engine or Internet search engine is a <a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">software system</a> that is designed to carry out web search (Internet search), which means to search the World Wide Web in a systematic way for particular information specified in a <a href="/wiki/Web_search_query" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search query">web search query</a>. The search results are generally presented in a line of results, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_results_page" title="Search engine results page">search engine results pages</a> (SERPs). The information may be a mix of <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a>, images, videos, infographics, articles, research papers, and other types of files. Some search engines also <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">mine data</a> available in <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a> or <a href="/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">open directories</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Web_directories" class="mw-redirect" title="Web directories">web directories</a>, which are maintained only by human editors, search engines also maintain <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a> information by running an <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawler</a>. Internet content that is not capable of being searched by a web search engine is generally described as the <a href="/wiki/Deep_web" title="Deep web">deep web</a>. In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie</a>, the world’s first search engine, was released. The technology was originally an index of <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a> (FTP) sites, which was a method for moving files between a client and a server network.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> This early search tool was superseded by more advanced engines like <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> in 1995 and <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google</a> in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_web">Deep web</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_web_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deep_web_diagram.png/218px-Deep_web_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="824"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 218px;height: 127px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deep_web_diagram.png/218px-Deep_web_diagram.png" data-alt="" data-width="218" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deep_web_diagram.png/327px-Deep_web_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deep_web_diagram.png/436px-Deep_web_diagram.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Deep web diagram</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_web_vs_surface_web.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Deep_web_vs_surface_web.svg/218px-Deep_web_vs_surface_web.svg.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 218px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Deep_web_vs_surface_web.svg/218px-Deep_web_vs_surface_web.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="218" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Deep_web_vs_surface_web.svg/327px-Deep_web_vs_surface_web.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Deep_web_vs_surface_web.svg/436px-Deep_web_vs_surface_web.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Deep web vs surface web</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Surface_Web_%26_Deep_Web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Surface_Web_%26_Deep_Web.jpg/218px-Surface_Web_%26_Deep_Web.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="3333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 218px;height: 204px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Surface_Web_%26_Deep_Web.jpg/218px-Surface_Web_%26_Deep_Web.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="218" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Surface_Web_%26_Deep_Web.jpg/327px-Surface_Web_%26_Deep_Web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Surface_Web_%26_Deep_Web.jpg/436px-Surface_Web_%26_Deep_Web.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Surface Web & Deep Web</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deep_web" title="Deep web">Deep web</a></div> The deep web,<a href="#cite_note-nhamilton-89">[89]</a> invisible web,<a href="#cite_note-jal-90">[90]</a> or hidden web<a href="#cite_note-cthw-91">[91]</a> are parts of the World Wide Web whose contents are not <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_indexing" title="Search engine indexing">indexed</a> by standard <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">web search engines</a>. The opposite term to the deep web is the <a href="/wiki/Surface_web" title="Surface web">surface web</a>, which is accessible to anyone using the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">Computer scientist</a> Michael K. Bergman is credited with coining the term deep web in 2001 as a search indexing term.<a href="#cite_note-wright2009-93">[93]</a> The content of the deep web is hidden behind <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> forms,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and includes many very common uses such as <a href="/wiki/Web_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Web mail">web mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_banking" title="Online banking">online banking</a>, and services that users must pay for, and which is protected by a <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywall</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a>, some online magazines and newspapers, among others. The content of the deep web can be located and accessed by a direct <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a> or <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> and may require a password or other security access past the public website page. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caching">Caching</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">web cache</a> is a server computer located either on the public Internet or within an enterprise that stores recently accessed web pages to improve response time for users when the same content is requested within a certain time after the original request. Most web browsers also implement a <a href="/wiki/Browser_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Browser cache">browser cache</a> by writing recently obtained data to a local data storage device. HTTP requests by a browser may ask only for data that has changed since the last access. Web pages and resources may contain expiration information to control caching to secure sensitive data, such as in <a href="/wiki/Online_banking" title="Online banking">online banking</a>, or to facilitate frequently updated sites, such as news media. Even sites with highly dynamic content may permit basic resources to be refreshed only occasionally. Web site designers find it worthwhile to collate resources such as CSS data and JavaScript into a few site-wide files so that they can be cached efficiently. Enterprise <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firewall (networking)">firewalls</a> often cache Web resources requested by one user for the benefit of many users. Some <a href="/wiki/Search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engines">search engines</a> store cached content of frequently accessed websites. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> For <a href="/wiki/Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">criminals</a>, the Web has become a venue to spread <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> and engage in a range of <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">cybercrime</a>, including (but not limited to) <a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_gathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence gathering">intelligence gathering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ben-Itzhak-96">[96]</a> Web-based <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">vulnerabilities</a> now outnumber traditional computer security concerns,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and as measured by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, about one in ten web pages may contain malicious code.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Most web-based <a href="/wiki/Attack_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack (computing)">attacks</a> take place on legitimate websites, and most, as measured by <a href="/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a>, are hosted in the United States, China and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Sophos-Q1-2008-100">[100]</a> The most common of all malware <a href="/wiki/Threat_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat (computer)">threats</a> is <a href="/wiki/SQL_injection" title="SQL injection">SQL injection</a> attacks against websites.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Through HTML and URIs, the Web was vulnerable to attacks like <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">cross-site scripting</a> (XSS) that came with the introduction of JavaScript<a href="#cite_note-FGHR-102">[102]</a> and were exacerbated to some degree by <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> and Ajax <a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">web design</a> that favours the use of scripts.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In one 2007 estimate, 70% of all websites are open to XSS attacks on their users.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> is another common threat to the Web. In February 2013, RSA (the security division of EMC) estimated the global losses from phishing at $1.5 billion in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-First_Post-105">[105]</a> Two of the well-known phishing methods are Covert Redirect and Open Redirect. Proposed solutions vary. Large security companies like <a href="/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a> already design governance and compliance suites to meet post-9/11 regulations,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and some, like <a href="/wiki/Finjan_Holdings" title="Finjan Holdings">Finjan Holdings</a> have recommended active real-time inspection of programming code and all content regardless of its source.<a href="#cite_note-Ben-Itzhak-96">[96]</a> Some have argued that for enterprises to see Web security as a business opportunity rather than a <a href="/wiki/Cost_centre_(business)" title="Cost centre (business)">cost centre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> while others call for "ubiquitous, always-on <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a>" enforced in the infrastructure to replace the hundreds of companies that secure data and networks.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Zittrain" title="Jonathan Zittrain">Jonathan Zittrain</a> has said users sharing responsibility for computing safety is far preferable to locking down the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Privacy">Privacy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Internet privacy</a></div> Every time a client requests a web page, the server can identify the request's <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>. Web servers usually log IP addresses in a <a href="/wiki/Log_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Log file">log file</a>. Also, unless set not to do so, most web browsers record requested web pages in a viewable history feature, and usually <a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">cache</a> much of the content locally. Unless the server-browser communication uses HTTPS encryption, web requests and responses travel in plain text across the Internet and can be viewed, recorded, and cached by intermediate systems. Another way to hide <a href="/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Personally identifiable information">personally identifiable information</a> is by using a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">virtual private network</a>. A VPN <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypts</a> traffic between the client and VPN server, and masks the original IP address, lowering the chance of user identification. When a web page asks for, and the user supplies, personally identifiable information—such as their real name, address, e-mail address, etc. web-based entities can associate current web traffic with that individual. If the website uses <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">HTTP cookies</a>, username, and password authentication, or other tracking techniques, it can relate other web visits, before and after, to the identifiable information provided. In this way, a web-based organization can develop and build a profile of the individual people who use its site or sites. It may be able to build a record for an individual that includes information about their leisure activities, their shopping interests, their profession, and other aspects of their <a href="/wiki/Demographic_profile" title="Demographic profile">demographic profile</a>. These profiles are of potential interest to marketers, advertisers, and others. Depending on the website's <a href="/wiki/Terms_and_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms and conditions">terms and conditions</a> and the local laws that apply information from these profiles may be sold, shared, or passed to other organizations without the user being informed. For many ordinary people, this means little more than some unexpected emails in their inbox or some uncannily relevant advertising on a future web page. For others, it can mean that time spent indulging an unusual interest can result in a deluge of further targeted marketing that may be unwelcome. Law enforcement, counterterrorism, and espionage agencies can also identify, target, and track individuals based on their interests or proclivities on the Web. <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">Social networking</a> sites usually try to get users to use their real names, interests, and locations, rather than pseudonyms, as their executives believe that this makes the social networking experience more engaging for users. On the other hand, uploaded photographs or unguarded statements can be identified to an individual, who may regret this exposure. Employers, schools, parents, and other relatives may be influenced by aspects of social networking profiles, such as text posts or digital photos, that the posting individual did not intend for these audiences. <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Online bullies</a> may make use of personal information to harass or <a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">stalk</a> users. Modern social networking websites allow fine-grained control of the privacy settings for each posting, but these can be complex and not easy to find or use, especially for beginners.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Photographs and videos posted onto websites have caused particular problems, as they can add a person's face to an online profile. With modern and potential <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition technology</a>, it may then be possible to relate that face with other, previously anonymous, images, events, and scenarios that have been imaged elsewhere. Due to image caching, mirroring, and copying, it is difficult to remove an image from the World Wide Web. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></div> Web standards include many interdependent standards and specifications, some of which govern aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, not just the World Wide Web. Even when not web-focused, such standards directly or indirectly affect the development and administration of websites and <a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">web services</a>. Considerations include the <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> of web pages and web sites. Web standards, in the broader sense, consist of the following: <ul><li>Recommendations published by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C)<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>"Living Standard" made by the <a href="/wiki/Web_Hypertext_Application_Technology_Working_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group">Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group</a> (WHATWG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a> (RFC) documents published by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li>Standards published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO)<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>Standards published by <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a> (formerly ECMA)<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard and various Unicode Technical Reports (UTRs) published by the <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li>Name and number registries maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA)<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li></ul> Web standards are not fixed sets of rules but are constantly evolving sets of finalized technical specifications of web technologies.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Web standards are developed by <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards organizations</a>—groups of interested and often competing parties chartered with the task of standardization—not technologies developed and declared to be a standard by a single individual or company. It is crucial to distinguish those specifications that are under development from the ones that already reached the final development status (in the case of <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> specifications, the highest maturity level). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Accessibility">Accessibility</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></div> There are methods for accessing the Web in alternative mediums and formats to facilitate use by individuals with <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a>. These disabilities may be visual, auditory, physical, speech-related, cognitive, neurological, or some combination. Accessibility features also help people with temporary disabilities, like a broken arm, or ageing users as their abilities change.<a href="#cite_note-WAI-118">[118]</a> The Web is receiving information as well as providing information and interacting with society. The World Wide Web Consortium claims that it is essential that the Web be accessible, so it can provide equal access and <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equal opportunity</a> to people with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Tim Berners-Lee once noted, "The power of the Web is in its universality. Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect."<a href="#cite_note-WAI-118">[118]</a> Many countries regulate web accessibility as a requirement for websites.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> International co-operation in the W3C <a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a> led to simple guidelines that web content authors as well as software developers can use to make the Web accessible to persons who may or may not be using <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WAI-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Internationalisation">Internationalisation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Map_of_Web_Index_2014.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/World_Map_of_Web_Index_2014.svg/230px-World_Map_of_Web_Index_2014.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 118px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/World_Map_of_Web_Index_2014.svg/230px-World_Map_of_Web_Index_2014.svg.png" data-width="230" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/World_Map_of_Web_Index_2014.svg/345px-World_Map_of_Web_Index_2014.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/World_Map_of_Web_Index_2014.svg/460px-World_Map_of_Web_Index_2014.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A global map of the <a href="/wiki/Web_Index" title="Web Index">Web Index</a> for countries in 2014</figcaption></figure> The W3C <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalisation</a> Activity assures that web technology works in all languages, scripts, and cultures.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Beginning in 2004 or 2005, <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> gained ground and eventually in December 2007 surpassed both <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> and Western European as the Web's most frequently used <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding#Code_pages" title="Character encoding">character map</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Originally <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a> allowed resources to be identified by <a href="/wiki/URI" class="mw-redirect" title="URI">URI</a> in a subset of US-ASCII. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3987">3987</a> allows more characters—any character in the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Character Set">Universal Character Set</a>—and now a resource can be identified by <a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</a> in any language.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_web" title="Decentralized web">Decentralized web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher (protocol)</a>, an early alternative to the WWW</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_metaphors" title="Internet metaphors">Internet metaphors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_websites" title="Lists of websites">Lists of websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a>, a predecessor of the WWW</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_1.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Web 1.0">Web 1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Web 3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web3" title="Web3">Web3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web3D" title="Web3D">Web3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_development_tools" title="Web development tools">Web development tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_literacy" title="Web literacy">Web literacy</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Edmund, ed. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7"><bdi>978-0-7394-7809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desk+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-webinternet-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webinternet_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webinternet_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webinternet_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/Help/#webinternet">"What is the difference between the Web and the Internet?"</a>. 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HISTORY. 30 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230819131610/https://www.history.com/news/the-worlds-first-web-site">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+First+Web+Site&rft.date=2018-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-worlds-first-web-site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleigh2014" class="citation news cs1">Bleigh, Michael (16 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2014/05/16/the-once-and-future-web-platform/">"The Once And Future Web Platform"</a>. TechCrunch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205122820/https://techcrunch.com/2014/05/16/the-once-and-future-web-platform/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Once+And+Future+Web+Platform&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft.aulast=Bleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2014%2F05%2F16%2Fthe-once-and-future-web-platform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline/">"World Wide Web Timeline"</a>. Pews Research Center. 11 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150729162322/http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Wide+Web+Timeline&rft.pub=Pews+Research+Center&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewinternet.org%2F2014%2F03%2F11%2Fworld-wide-web-timeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewey2014" class="citation news cs1">Dewey, Caitlin (12 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/style-blog/wp/2014/03/12/36-ways-the-web-has-changed-us/">"36 Ways The Web Has Changed Us"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909195224/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/style-blog/wp/2014/03/12/36-ways-the-web-has-changed-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=36+Ways+The+Web+Has+Changed+Us&rft.date=2014-03-12&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fstyle-blog%2Fwp%2F2014%2F03%2F12%2F36-ways-the-web-has-changed-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-internetlivestats-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-internetlivestats_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-internetlivestats_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetlivestats.com">"Internet Live Stats"</a>. internetlivestats.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702051222/http://www.internetlivestats.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=internetlivestats.com&rft.atitle=Internet+Live+Stats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetlivestats.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHT-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHT_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHT_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuittner1999" class="citation news cs1">Quittner, Joshua (29 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070815090521/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C990627%2C00.html">"Network Designer Tim Berners-Lee"</a>. Time Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990627,00.html">the original</a> on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2010. <q>He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He set it loose it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it an open, non-proprietary and free.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Network+Designer+Tim+Berners-Lee&rft.date=1999-03-29&rft.aulast=Quittner&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C990627%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-samm2016-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-samm2016_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-samm2016_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2009" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, Stephanie Sammartino (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timbernerslee0000mcph">Tim Berners-Lee: Inventor of the World Wide Web</a>. Twenty-First Century Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-7273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-7273-2"><bdi>978-0-8225-7273-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tim+Berners-Lee%3A+Inventor+of+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-7273-2&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+Sammartino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimbernerslee0000mcph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-12"><a href="#cite_ref-:42_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutter2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Rutter, Dorian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1197/1/WRAP_THESIS_Rutter_2005.pdf">From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995</a> (PDF) (Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1197/1/WRAP_THESIS_Rutter_2005.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=From+Diversity+to+Convergence%3A+British+Computer+Networks+and+the+Internet%2C+1970-1995&rft.degree=Computer+Science&rft.inst=The+University+of+Warwick&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rutter&rft.aufirst=Dorian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F1197%2F1%2FWRAP_THESIS_Rutter_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Berners-Lee1999" class="citation book cs1">Tim Berners-Lee (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/weavingweborigin00bern_0">Weaving the Web</a>. Internet Archive. HarperSanFrancisco. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-251586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-251586-5"><bdi>978-0-06-251586-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weaving+the+Web&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-06-251586-5&rft.au=Tim+Berners-Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fweavingweborigin00bern_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bern1992-14"><a href="#cite_ref-bern1992_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-LeeCailliauGroffPollermann1992" class="citation journal cs1">Berners-Lee, T.; Cailliau, R.; Groff, J.-F.; Pollermann, B. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/History/1992/ENRAP/Article_9202.ps">"World-Wide Web: The Information Universe"</a>. Electron. Netw. Res. Appl. Policy. 2: 52–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2Feb047254">10.1108/eb047254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1066-2243">1066-2243</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227185345/https://www.w3.org/History/1992/ENRAP/Article_9202.ps">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electron.+Netw.+Res.+Appl.+Policy&rft.atitle=World-Wide+Web%3A+The+Information+Universe&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2Feb047254&rft.issn=1066-2243&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Cailliau%2C+R.&rft.au=Groff%2C+J.-F.&rft.au=Pollermann%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FHistory%2F1992%2FENRAP%2FArticle_9202.ps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> W3 (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1991/08/art-6484.txt">Re: Qualifiers on Hypertext links</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207032603/https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1991/08/art-6484.txt">Archived</a> 7 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopgood" class="citation web cs1">Hopgood, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/2012/08/history-of-the-web/origins.htm#c7p1">"History of the Web"</a>. w3.org. The World Wide Web Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321090119/https://www.w3.org/2012/08/history-of-the-web/origins.htm#c7p1">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3.org&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Web&rft.aulast=Hopgood&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2012%2F08%2Fhistory-of-the-web%2Forigins.htm%23c7p1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.cern/science/computing/birth-web/short-history-web">"A short history of the Web"</a>. CERN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417082120/https://home.cern/science/computing/birth-web/short-history-web">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CERN&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+the+Web&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.cern%2Fscience%2Fcomputing%2Fbirth-web%2Fshort-history-web&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/1164399/">"Software release of WWW into public domain"</a>. CERN Document Server. CERN. 30 January 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217212624/https://cds.cern.ch/record/1164399/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CERN+Document+Server&rft.atitle=Software+release+of+WWW+into+public+domain&rft.date=1993-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F1164399%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Welcome.html">"Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software"</a>. Tenyears-www.web.cern.ch. 30 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813032723/http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Welcome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Years+Public+Domain+for+the+Original+Web+Software&rft.pub=Tenyears-www.web.cern.ch&rft.date=2003-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftenyears-www.web.cern.ch%2Ftenyears-www%2FWelcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalore2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Calore, Michael (22 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2010/04/0422mosaic-web-browser/">"April 22, 1993: Mosaic Browser Lights Up Web With Color, Creativity"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424075919/https://www.wired.com/2010/04/0422mosaic-web-browser/?mbid=social_twitter_onsiteshare">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=April+22%2C+1993%3A+Mosaic+Browser+Lights+Up+Web+With+Color%2C+Creativity&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.aulast=Calore&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2010%2F04%2F0422mosaic-web-browser%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Couldry-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Couldry_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouldry2012" class="citation book cs1">Couldry, Nick (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AcHvP9trbkAC&pg=PA2">Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice</a>. London: Polity Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745639208" title="Special:BookSources/9780745639208"><bdi>9780745639208</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227165043/https://books.google.com/books?id=AcHvP9trbkAC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media%2C+Society%2C+World%3A+Social+Theory+and+Digital+Media+Practice&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780745639208&rft.aulast=Couldry&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAcHvP9trbkAC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1993" class="citation web cs1">Hoffman, Jay (21 April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehistoryoftheweb.com/the-origin-of-the-img-tag/">"The Origin of the IMG Tag"</a>. The History of the Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213527/https://thehistoryoftheweb.com/the-origin-of-the-img-tag/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+the+Web&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+IMG+Tag&rft.date=1993-04-21&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehistoryoftheweb.com%2Fthe-origin-of-the-img-tag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/WCBirth.html">"The Birth of Web Commerce"</a>. Roger Clarke's Web-Site. XAMAX. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215174226/http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/WCBirth.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roger+Clarke%27s+Web-Site&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+Web+Commerce&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerclarke.com%2FII%2FWCBirth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough" class="citation web cs1">McCullough, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internethistorypodcast.com/2015/08/20-years-on-why-netscapes-ipo-was-the-big-bang-of-the-internet-era/">"20 YEARS ON: WHY NETSCAPE'S IPO WAS THE "BIG BANG" OF THE INTERNET ERA"</a>. www.internethistorypodcast.com. INTERNET HISTORY PODCAST. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212213213/http://www.internethistorypodcast.com/2015/08/20-years-on-why-netscapes-ipo-was-the-big-bang-of-the-internet-era/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.internethistorypodcast.com&rft.atitle=20+YEARS+ON%3A+WHY+NETSCAPE%27S+IPO+WAS+THE+%22BIG+BANG%22+OF+THE+INTERNET+ERA&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internethistorypodcast.com%2F2015%2F08%2F20-years-on-why-netscapes-ipo-was-the-big-bang-of-the-internet-era%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalore2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Calore, Michael (28 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2009/09/0928ie-beats-netscape/">"Sept. 28, 1998: Internet Explorer Leaves Netscape in Its Wake"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130164131/https://www.wired.com/2009/09/0928ie-beats-netscape/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Sept.+28%2C+1998%3A+Internet+Explorer+Leaves+Netscape+in+Its+Wake&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.aulast=Calore&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2009%2F09%2F0928ie-beats-netscape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2000" class="citation news cs1">Daly, Janet (26 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/2000/01/xhtml-pressrelease">"World Wide Web Consortium Issues XHTML 1.0 as a Recommendation"</a>. W3C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620230850/https://www.w3.org/2000/01/xhtml-pressrelease">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Wide+Web+Consortium+Issues+XHTML+1.0+as+a+Recommendation&rft.date=2000-01-26&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2F01%2Fxhtml-pressrelease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickson" class="citation web cs1">Hickson, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatwg.org/news/start">"WHAT open mailing list announcement"</a>. whatwg.org. WHATWG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308052351/https://whatwg.org/news/start">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whatwg.org&rft.atitle=WHAT+open+mailing+list+announcement&rft.aulast=Hickson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhatwg.org%2Fnews%2Fstart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankland2009" class="citation news cs1">Shankland, Stephen (9 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/an-epitaph-for-the-web-standard-xhtml-2/">"An epitaph for the Web standard, XHTML 2"</a>. CNet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216142629/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/an-epitaph-for-the-web-standard-xhtml-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+epitaph+for+the+Web+standard%2C+XHTML+2&rft.date=2009-07-09&rft.aulast=Shankland&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Ftech%2Fservices-and-software%2Fan-epitaph-for-the-web-standard-xhtml-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/2019/04/WHATWG-W3C-MOU.html">"Memorandum of Understanding Between W3C and WHATWG"</a>. W3C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529012854/https://www.w3.org/2019/04/WHATWG-W3C-MOU.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+of+Understanding+Between+W3C+and+WHATWG&rft.pub=W3C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2019%2F04%2FWHATWG-W3C-MOU.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIn2012" class="citation book cs1">In, Lee (30 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wKyeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Electronic Commerce Management for Business Activities and Global Enterprises: Competitive Advantages: Competitive Advantages</a>. IGI Global. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4666-1801-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4666-1801-5"><bdi>978-1-4666-1801-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421053156/https://books.google.com/books?id=wKyeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+Commerce+Management+for+Business+Activities+and+Global+Enterprises%3A+Competitive+Advantages%3A+Competitive+Advantages&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2012-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4666-1801-5&rft.aulast=In&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwKyeBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisiroglu2015" class="citation book cs1">Misiroglu, Gina (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4KsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA398">American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47729-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47729-7"><bdi>978-1-317-47729-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421053157/https://books.google.com/books?id=j4KsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA398#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Countercultures%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Nonconformists%2C+Alternative+Lifestyles%2C+and+Radical+Ideas+in+U.S.+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Nonconformists%2C+Alternative+Lifestyles%2C+and+Radical+Ideas+in+U.S.+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47729-7&rft.aulast=Misiroglu&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj4KsBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline">"World Wide Web Timeline"</a>. Pew Research Center. 11 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150729162322/http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=World+Wide+Web+Timeline&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewinternet.org%2F2014%2F03%2F11%2Fworld-wide-web-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html">"Frequently asked questions - Spelling of WWW"</a>. W3C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090802051415/http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+asked+questions+-+Spelling+of+WWW&rft.pub=W3C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw3.org%2FPeople%2FBerners-Lee%2FFAQ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cas-34"><a href="#cite_ref-cas_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastelluccio2010" class="citation web cs1">Castelluccio, Michael (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/It%27s+not+your+grandfather%27s+Internet.-a0239804575">"It's not your grandfather's Internet"</a>. Strategic Finance. Institute of Management Accountants. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145947/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/It%27s+not+your+grandfather%27s+Internet.-a0239804575">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016 – via The Free Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Finance&rft.atitle=It%27s+not+your+grandfather%27s+Internet&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.aulast=Castelluccio&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FIt%2527s%2Bnot%2Byour%2Bgrandfather%2527s%2BInternet.-a0239804575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195152/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/WWW?q=www">"Audible pronunciation of 'WWW'"</a>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/WWW?q=www">the original</a> on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audible+pronunciation+of+%27WWW%27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2FWWW%3Fq%3Dwww&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2015" class="citation web cs1">Harvey, Charlie (18 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlieharvey.org.uk/page/how_we_pronounce_www">"How we pronounce WWW in English: a detailed but unscientific survey"</a>. charlieharvey.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119073310/https://charlieharvey.org.uk/page/how_we_pronounce_www">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=charlieharvey.org.uk&rft.atitle=How+we+pronounce+WWW+in+English%3A+a+detailed+but+unscientific+survey&rft.date=2015-08-18&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcharlieharvey.org.uk%2Fpage%2Fhow_we_pronounce_www&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404220105/http://www.podcasts.com/stephen_frys_podgrams_audio_visual/episode/series_2_episode_1_stephenfry.com_2.0">"Stephen Fry's pronunciation of 'WWW'"</a>. Podcasts.com. 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Retrieved 10 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internationalization+%28I18n%29+Activity&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FInternational%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis,_Mark2008" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Mark (5 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/05/moving-to-unicode-51.html">"Moving to Unicode 5.1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090521191341/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/05/moving-to-unicode-51.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2009. 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W3C. Version 20041215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=Architecture+of+the+World+Wide+Web%2C+Volume+One&rft.date=2004-12-15&rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C+Tim&rft.au=Bray%2C+Tim&rft.au=Connolly%2C+Dan&rft.au=Cotton%2C+Paul&rft.au=Fielding%2C+Roy&rft.au=Jeckle%2C+Mario&rft.au=Lilley%2C+Chris&rft.au=Mendelsohn%2C+Noah&rft.au=Orchard%2C+David&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Norman&rft.au=Williams%2C+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fwebarch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-Lee1996" class="citation journal cs1">Berners-Lee, Tim (August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1996/ppf.html">"The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future"</a>. W3C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=The+World+Wide+Web%3A+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.date=1996-08&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FPeople%2FBerners-Lee%2F1996%2Fppf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Brügger, Niels, ed, Web25: Histories from the first 25 years of the World Wide Web (Peter Lang, 2017).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFielding,_R.Gettys,_J.Mogul,_J.Frystyk,_H.1999" class="citation news cs1">Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystyk, H.; Masinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. (June 1999). "Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1". Request For Comments 2616. Information Sciences Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hypertext+Transfer+Protocol+%E2%80%93+HTTP%2F1.1&rft.date=1999-06&rft.au=Fielding%2C+R.&rft.au=Gettys%2C+J.&rft.au=Mogul%2C+J.&rft.au=Frystyk%2C+H.&rft.au=Masinter%2C+L.&rft.au=Leach%2C+P.&rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Niels Brügger, ed. Web History (2010) 362 pages; Historical perspective on the World Wide Web, including issues of culture, content, and preservation.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolo,_Luciano2003" class="citation web cs1">Polo, Luciano (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newdevices.com/publicaciones/www/index.html">"World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis"</a>. New Devices.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Devices&rft.atitle=World+Wide+Web+Technology+Architecture%3A+A+Conceptual+Analysis&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Polo%2C+Luciano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newdevices.com%2Fpublicaciones%2Fwww%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Wide+Web" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Skau, H.O. (March 1990). "The World Wide Web and Health Information". New Devices.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:World_Wide_Web" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="http://www.livinginternet.com/w/w.htm">Living Internet</a> A comprehensive history of the Internet, including the World Wide Web</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/">World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/NL-PerfNote.html">W3C Recommendations Reduce "World Wide Wait"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/">World Wide Web Size</a> Daily estimated size of the World Wide Web</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501162838/http://cle.ens-lyon.fr/40528325/0/fiche___pagelibre/">Antonio A. Casilli, Some Elements for a Sociology of Online Interactions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web-graph.org/">The Erdős Webgraph Server</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301013100/http://web-graph.org/">Archived</a> 1 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> offers weekly updated graph representation of a constantly increasing fraction of the WWW</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techchange.org/work/u-s-global-development-lab-25th-anniversary-of-the-world-wide-web/">The 25th Anniversary of the World Wide Web</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711202508/https://www.techchange.org/work/u-s-global-development-lab-25th-anniversary-of-the-world-wide-web/">Archived</a> 11 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> is an animated video produced by <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a> and <a href="/wiki/TechChange" title="TechChange">TechChange</a> which explores the role of the WWW in addressing extreme <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&oldid=1275919389">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&oldid=1275919389</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 15 February 2025, at 21:24 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AAreldwye_web" title="Wêreldwye web – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wêreldwye web" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woruldw%C4%ABd_Webb" title="Woruldwīd Webb – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Woruldwīd Webb" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الشبكة العنكبوتية العالمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشبكة العنكبوتية العالمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC" title="ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইড ৱেব – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইড ৱেব" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmumd%C3%BCnya_h%C3%B6r%C3%BCm%C3%A7%C9%99k_toru" title="Ümumdünya hörümçək toru – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ümumdünya hörümçək toru" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A8" title="دونیا میقیاسیندا وب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دونیا میقیاسیندا وب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC" title="ওয়ার্ল্ড ওয়াইড ওয়েব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়ার্ল্ড ওয়াইড ওয়েব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Бөтә Донъя Селтәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөтә Донъя Селтәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сусьветнае павуціньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сусьветнае павуціньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC" title="वल्ड वाइड वेब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वल्ड वाइड वेब" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Уеб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уеб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reta" title="Reta – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Reta" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_we_fyd-eang" title="Y we fyd-eang – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y we fyd-eang" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="ويب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ويب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltweit_Gewebb" title="Weltweit Gewebb – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Weltweit Gewebb" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeb" title="Veeb – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veeb" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Παγκόσμιος Ιστός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγκόσμιος Ιστός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Tlar%C3%A8_mundi%C3%A8l" title="Gran Tlarè mundièl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Gran Tlarè mundièl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTT" title="TTT – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="TTT" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="وب جهان‌گستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وب جهان‌گستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_wide_web" title="World wide web – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="World wide web" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimsvevur" title="Heimsvevur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Heimsvevur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Gr%C3%A9as%C3%A1n_Domhanda" title="An Gréasán Domhanda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Gréasán Domhanda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E7%B6%AD%E7%B6%B2" title="萬維網 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="萬維網" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A8" title="جهاني وب – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="جهاني وب" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC" title="વર્લ્ડ વાઈડ વેબ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વર્લ્ડ વાઈડ વેબ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%9B%B9" title="월드 와이드 웹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="월드 와이드 웹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanar_Gizo_na_Duniya" title="Yanar Gizo na Duniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yanar Gizo na Duniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Համաշխարհային սարդոստայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համաշխարհային սարդոստայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC" title="वर्ल्ड वाइड वेब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्ल्ड वाइड वेब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waring_Wera_Wanua" title="Waring Wera Wanua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Waring Wera Wanua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isizindalwazi" title="Isizindalwazi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isizindalwazi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veraldarvefurinn" title="Veraldarvefurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Veraldarvefurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waring_W%C3%A9ra_Wanua" title="Waring Wéra Wanua – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Waring Wéra Wanua" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D" title="ವರ್ಲ್ಡ್ ವೈಡ್ ವೆಬ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವರ್ಲ್ಡ್ ವೈಡ್ ವೆಬ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="მსოფლიო აბლაბუდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მსოფლიო აბლაბუდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ғаламтор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғаламтор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwi_bysefan" title="Gwi bysefan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwi bysefan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavuti_wa_Walimwengu" title="Wavuti wa Walimwengu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wavuti wa Walimwengu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Бүткүл дүйнөлүк желе – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бүткүл дүйнөлүк желе" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web" title="Web – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Web" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tela_totius_terrae" title="Tela totius terrae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tela totius terrae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vispasaules_t%C4%ABmeklis" title="Vispasaules tīmeklis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vispasaules tīmeklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitynas" title="Saitynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saitynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWW" title="WWW – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="WWW" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A1gh%C3%A1l%C3%B3" title="Világháló – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Világháló" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC" title="विश्व व्यापी वेब – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="विश्व व्यापी वेब" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Светска мрежа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Светска мрежа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranonkala" title="Tranonkala – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tranonkala" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="വേൾഡ് വൈഡ് വെബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വേൾഡ് വൈഡ് വെബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC" title="वर्ल्ड वाईड वेब – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वर्ल्ड वाईड वेब" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98" title="მოსოფელიშ ბონდღი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოსოფელიშ ბონდღი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="ويب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8" title="وب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_Sejagat" title="Jaringan Sejagat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jaringan Sejagat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Дэлхий дахины веб – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэлхий дахины веб" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%BA" title="ဝက်ဘ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝက်ဘ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wereldwijd_web" title="Wereldwijd web – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wereldwijd web" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC" title="वर्ल्द वाइद वेब – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वर्ल्द वाइद वेब" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdensveven" title="Verdensveven – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verdensveven" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdsveven" title="Verdsveven – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Verdsveven" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%B1%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%8D%D2%A5%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Тӱнямбал эҥыремышвот – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тӱнямбал эҥыремышвот" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butunjahon_o%CA%BBrgimchak_to%CA%BBri" title="Butunjahon oʻrgimchak toʻri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Butunjahon oʻrgimchak toʻri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC" title="ਵਰਲਡ ਵਾਈਡ ਵੈੱਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਰਲਡ ਵਾਈਡ ਵੈੱਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%DA%88_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="ورلڈ وائڈ ویب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ورلڈ وائڈ ویب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Informatica_Social" title="Red Informatica Social – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Red Informatica Social" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%BA%D8%B2%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نړيوال غزېدلی جال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نړيوال غزېدلی جال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol_Waid_Web" title="Wol Waid Web – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wol Waid Web" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%94%E2%80%8B_(World_Wide_Web)" title="វើលវ៉ាយវែប (World Wide Web) – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វើលវ៉ាយវែប (World Wide Web)" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnito%C3%A8le_(Intarn%C3%A8te)" title="Arnitoèle (Intarnète) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Arnitoèle (Intarnète)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%97%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Цїлосвітова павучіна – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Цїлосвітова павучіна" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Всемирная паутина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Всемирная паутина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrjeti_gjith%C3%AB_bot%C3%ABror" title="Rrjeti gjithë botëror – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrjeti gjithë botëror" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1" title="විශ්ව විසිරි වියමන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විශ්ව විසිරි වියමන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="عالمگير ويب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عالمگير ويب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splet" title="Splet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Splet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%A8" title="وێب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Веб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Веб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webben" title="Webben – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Webben" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="உலகளாவிய வலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலகளாவிய வலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Бөтендөнья пәрәвезе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөтендөнья пәрәвезе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D" title="వరల్డ్ వైడ్ వెబ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వరల్డ్ వైడ్ వెబ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A" title="เวิลด์ไวด์เว็บ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวิลด์ไวด์เว็บ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Веби ҷаҳонгустар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Веби ҷаҳонгустар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiase_Nyinaa_W%C9%9Bbsaet_(_World_Wide_Web;_WWW_)" title="Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet ( World Wide Web; WWW ) – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet ( World Wide Web; WWW )" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%94_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Всесвітнє павутиння – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Всесвітнє павутиння" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%DA%88_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="ورلڈ وائڈ ویب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ورلڈ وائڈ ویب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWW" title="WWW – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="WWW" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegntoele_%C3%A5s_waibes" title="Daegntoele ås waibes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Daegntoele ås waibes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E7%BB%B4%E7%BD%91" title="万维网 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="万维网" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E7%B6%AD%E7%B6%B2" title="萬維網 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="萬維網" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="World Wide Web" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svieta_t%C4%97nklos" title="Svieta tėnklos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Svieta tėnklos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E7%BB%B4%E7%BD%91" title="万维网 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="万维网" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jala_Jembar_Jagat" title="Jala Jembar Jagat – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Jala Jembar Jagat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 21:24 (UTC).</li> <li 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