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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American football player, see <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham_(American_football)" title="Gerald Abraham (American football)">Gerald Abraham (American football)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ernest_Heal_Abraham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Gerald_Ernest_Heal_Abraham.jpg/220px-Gerald_Ernest_Heal_Abraham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/Gerald_Ernest_Heal_Abraham.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Abraham in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1948</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gerald Ernest Heal Abraham</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span> (9 March 1904 – 18 March 1988) was an English musicologist, editor and music critic. He was particularly respected as an authority on Russian music. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_and_author">Early career and author</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Abraham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career and author"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abraham was born at <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Isle_of_Wight" title="Newport, Isle of Wight">Newport, Isle of Wight</a>, and initially trained for a naval career in nearby Portsmouth until ill-health forced a change of direction. He was largely self-taught in piano, music theory and history, aside for some practical orchestration experience with military bands and a year's study in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, where he learned German and listened to much music. </p><p>In 1927, aged 23 he published his first music book, a study of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Alexander Borodin</a>, though he later disowned it.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There followed contributions to music periodicals and monographs on <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> (1933), <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a> (1935), and <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a> (1936). Abraham taught himself <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and began a series of analytical articles on Russian music, collected in <i>Studies in Russian Music</i> (1935) and <i>On Russian Music</i> (1939). In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Michel-Dimitri_Calvocoressi" title="Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi">M D Calvocoressi</a> he also wrote <i>Masters of Russian Music</i> (1936).<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other works on Russian music include <i>Eight Soviet Composers</i> (1943), <i>Tchaikovsky</i> (a symposia, as editor, 1945), and his completion of both Calvocoressi's <i>Mussorgsky</i> (Master Musicians series, 1946) and his larger study <i>Modest Mussorgsky: His Life and Works</i> (1956).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abraham's interests ranged beyond the slavonic, as first shown in his introduction to contemporary music, <i>This Modern Stuff</i> (1933, later re-titled <i>This Modern Music</i>) and in <i>A Hundred Years of Music</i> (1938) covering the broader history of music from the death of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also edited collections of articles on <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a> (1939), <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a> (1946), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a> (1947), <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a> (1948), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann</a> (1952), and <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a> (1954). <i>Slavonic and Romantic Music: Essays and Studies</i> (1968) and <i>Essays on Russian and East European Music</i> (1985) collect some of his best work.<sup id="cite_ref-jack_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jack-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_BBC_and_academia">The BBC and academia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Abraham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The BBC and academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1935 Abraham was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> as assistant editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Times" title="Radio Times">Radio Times</a></i> (1935–39) where he worked with his friend <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hill_(music_critic)" title="Ralph Hill (music critic)">Ralph Hill</a>, then as Deputy Editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Listener_(magazine)" title="The Listener (magazine)">The Listener</a></i> (1939–1942, and subsequently as music editor until 1962). He was Gramophone Department Director from 1942 until 1947, an important post during wartime when the BBC's broadcasting of live music was severely restricted. This led to his participation in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Third_Programme" title="BBC Third Programme">Third Programme</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then he left the BBC for fifteen years to become the inaugural <a href="/wiki/James_and_Constance_Alsop_Professor_of_Music" title="James and Constance Alsop Professor of Music">James and Constance Alsop Professor of Music</a> at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool University">Liverpool University</a>. He returned to the BBC in 1962 to become Assistant Controller of Music, a post he held for five years. He moved to the USA in 1968 for a year as Ernest Bloch Professor of Music at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a>. His lectures from this time were published as <i>The Tradition of Western Music</i> (1974).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histories_and_encyclopedias">Histories and encyclopedias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Abraham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Histories and encyclopedias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A project that spanned three decades was the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_History_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="New Oxford History of Music">New Oxford History of Music</a></i>, for which Abraham acted as secretary to the editorial board.<sup id="cite_ref-mt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He personally edited five of the ten volumes (see list below).<sup id="cite_ref-jack_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jack-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first (Vol. III, <i>Ars Nova and the Renaissance</i>, in collaboration with Dom Anselm Hughes) came out in 1960 and the last (Vol, IX, <i>Romanticism (1830-1890</i>) was published posthumously in 1990. He also oversaw its audio supplement, <i>The History of Music in Sound</i>, a series of gramophone recordings and handbooks, first launched in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His synoptic overview, the <i>Concise Oxford History of Music</i>, came out in 1979 during this period, and he was also involved in the 20-volume <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (1980).<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_appointments">Other appointments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Abraham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1958-1961, he served as the president of the International Society for Music Education, and later would go onto serve as the president of the British Royal Music Association (1970–1974) and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Musical_Association" title="Royal Musical Association">Royal Musical Association</a> (1970–74). Additionally, he served numerous other positions in both ceremonial and official statuses, including: </p> <ul><li>Chairman, Music Section of the Critics' Circle, 1944–46</li> <li>Editor, <i>The Monthly Musical Record</i>, 1945–60</li> <li>Founding editor, <i>BBC Music Guides</i>, 1966-1974</li> <li>Music critic, <i>The <a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a></i>, 1967–68</li> <li>Editor, <i>Music of the Masters</i> (book series)</li> <li>Chairman, Early English Church Music Committee, 1970–80</li> <li>Member, Editorial Committee, <i>Musica Britannica</i></li> <li>President, International Society for Music Education, 1958–61</li> <li>Deputy Chairman, Haydn Institute (Cologne), 1961–68</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Abraham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1936 he married (Isobel) Pat Robinson. They had one daughter, Frances, and lived for many years in <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a> (at 106 Frognal, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Besant" title="Walter Besant">Walter Besant</a>'s old house), where they held many hospitable "open evenings" of music. Later they returned to the Isle of Wight (to the village of <a href="/wiki/Brighstone" title="Brighstone">Brighstone</a>), and from the early 1960s to the Old School House, <a href="/wiki/Ebernoe" title="Ebernoe">Ebernoe</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Petworth" title="Petworth">Petworth</a> in Sussex.<sup id="cite_ref-mt_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was made a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a> in 1974. Abraham died at the King Edward VII Hospital, Midhurst, on 18 March 1988, aged 84.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Musical Times</i> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hyatt_King" title="Alexander Hyatt King">Alec Hyatt King</a> remembered him as "unforgettable...burly of stature and with a rumbustious sense of humour: seldom did he come off second best".<sup id="cite_ref-mt_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Brown called him "perhaps the greatest of those "amateurs" so profoundly important in English musical scholarship".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Abraham&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>This Modern Stuff</i>, 1933</li> <li><i>Nietzsche</i>, 1933</li> <li><i>Studies in Russian Music</i>, 1935</li> <li><i>Tolstoy</i>, 1935</li> <li><i>Masters of Russian Music</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Michel_Dimitri_Calvocoressi" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel Dimitri Calvocoressi">Michel Dimitri Calvocoressi</a>), 1936</li> <li><i>Dostoevsky</i>, 1936</li> <li><i>A Hundred Years of Music</i>, 1938</li> <li><i>On Russian Music</i>, 1939</li> <li><i>Chopin's Musical Style</i>, 1939</li> <li><i>Beethoven's Second-Period Quartets</i>, 1942</li> <li><i>Eight Soviet Composers</i>, 1943</li> <li><i>Tchaikovsky: a symposium</i> 1945</li> <li><i>Rimsky-Korsakov: a symposium</i> 1945</li> <li><i>Sibelius: a symposium</i> 1947</li> <li><i>Grieg: a symposium</i> 1948</li> <li><i>Schubert: a symposium</i> 1952</li> <li><i>Design in Music</i>, 1949</li> <li><i>Schumann: a symposium</i> 1952</li> <li><i>Handel: a symposium</i> 1954</li> <li><i>Slavonic and Romantic Music</i>, 1968</li> <li><i>The Tradition of Western Music</i>, 1974</li> <li><i>The Master Musicians: Mussorgsky</i> (with Michel Dimitri Calvocoressi), 1974</li> <li><i>The Concise Oxford History of Music</i>, 1979</li> <li><i>Essays on Russian and East European Music</i>, 1984</li> <li><i>New Oxford History of Music</i> (as editor): <ul><li>Vol. III (<i>Ars Nova and the Renaissance</i>), 1960</li> <li>Vol. IV (<i>The Age of Humanism</i>), 1968</li> <li>Vol. VI (<i>Concert Music: 1630-1750</i>), 1985</li> <li>Vol. VIII (<i>The Age of Beethoven</i>), 1982</li> <li>Vol, IX (<i>Romanticism (1830–1890)</i>, 1990</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Abraham&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-grove-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grove_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd-Jones_(conductor)" title="David Lloyd-Jones (conductor)">David Lloyd Jones</a>. 'Abraham, Gerald (Ernest Heal)' in <i>Grove Music Online</i> (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Layton_(musicologist)" title="Robert Layton (musicologist)">Layton, Robert</a>. '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi-org.lonlib.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/39900">Abraham, Gerald Ernest Heal</a>', in <i>The Oxford History of National Biography</i> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Abraham. <i>M D Calvocoressi (1877–1944)</i>, obituary in <i>The Musical Times</i>, Vol. 85, March 1944, pp. 83-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jack-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jack_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jack_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Westrup" title="Jack Westrup">J. Westrup</a>, ed., ‘A birthday greeting to Gerald Abraham’, in <i>Music and Letters</i>, 55 (1974), 131–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a>. <i>The Envy of the World</i> (1996), p. 54, 80-84, 94, 98-99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Slonimsky" title="Nicolas Slonimsky">Slonimsky, Nicolas</a> (ed.): <i>Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mt-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mt_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mt_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mt_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/964761">Obituary, <i>The Musical Times</i></a>, Vol. 129, No. 1745 (July 1988), pp. 366-367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/933469">Gramophone Notes: The History of Music in Sound</a>' in <i>The Musical Times</i>, Vol. 94, No. 1328 (October 1953), pp. 463-465</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obituary, <i>The Independent</i>, 23 March 1988</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Abraham&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1583/111p339.pdf">Trowell, Brian. <i>Gerald Abraham</i>, Proceedings of the British Academy, 2001</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109397161">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/120696962">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54982/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhCyJpdKQjC48GpdKYMfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118796348">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80060442">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122705269">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122705269">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00430898">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Abraham, Gerald"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV015608">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36074749">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000600014&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202391958">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz12sj549hhx9d">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810539345505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17063">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007257197405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060921786806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14005876">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00506917?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1207379">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118796348.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118796348">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031502911">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pw0vf5">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30029872">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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