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container hfeed" id="page"> <div class="site-content" id="content"> <div class="content-area" id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-95" class="post-95 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-pharmacokinetics tag-alcohol-absorption tag-alcohol-metabolism tag-alcohol-pharmacokinetics tag-blood-alcohol-concentration tag-widmark-formula" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://bioanalyticalresearch.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/bio-min-scaled-e1727783613482.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Alcohol and Its Pharmacokinetic Predictions</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-01T17:23:39+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">October 1, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://bioanalyticalresearch.com/archive/author/bioanalyticalresearch/" title="View all posts by bioanalyticalresearch" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">bioanalyticalresearch</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Pharmacokinetics is a science that detects or tracks how medicine moves inside your body after you take it. When you swallow a pill, like for a headache, pharmacokinetics helps us understand how your body absorbs the medicine into the blood, sends it to where it needs to go, breaks it down, and finally gets rid of it when it’s not needed anymore. This helps doctors figure out the right amount of medicine to give and how often, making sure it’s safe and effective in making you feel better. This way, the medicine does its job just right, helping you without staying too long or not long enough.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Alcohol, generally ethanol, is available all over the world in the forms of all cultures, societies, and even religious beliefs. Knowledge about alcohol and its metabolism in the human body goes beyond the corpus of medical and legal practices to inform individuals about their consumption. This paper has examined alcohol pharmacokinetics, i.e., how the body absorbs, metabolizes, distributes, and eliminates alcohol while demonstrating the factors that influence those processes.</span></p> <h3><b>The Journey of Alcohol in the Body</b></h3> <p><b></b><b>Adsorption:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> When alcohol is introduced to the stomach, it swiftly diffuses out from the stomach into the small intestine, and it quickly diffuses into the blood. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">There are several factors that affect the rate of adsorption. Adsorption happens much faster on an empty stomach since food acts like a physical barrier slowing down the rate in which alcohol reaches the small intestine. To this end, the amount of alcohol taken determines the absorption. For instance, carbonated beverages are absorbed very fast, and a person gets drunk very fast.</span></p> <p><b>Distribution: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Once alcohol enters the bloodstream, it is miscible in water, rapidly dispersing throughout the body’s water spaces. However, because of this equal distribution, alcohol concentrations are generally spread throughout the body fairly evenly. A person who has a higher percentage of fat than water will have more alcohol concentrate in his or her blood than a leaner counterpart with a higher body water composition.</span></p> <p><b>Metabolism: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Alcohol is metabolized, primarily in the liver. In this system, alcohol can be metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase into a toxic metabolite called acetaldehyde, which is further catabolized through other enzymes, thus converting it into acetate. The acetate is then converted into water and carbon dioxide, which are expelled from the organism. Alcohol metabolism by the liver is limited to only a certain amount per hour, irrespective of the amount ingested hence, heavy drinking may cause higher blood alcohol concentrations and increased intoxication.</span></p> <p><b>Elimination: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">While most of it is metabolized by the liver, some is excreted out into the breath, sweat, and urine without being changed. Elimination of alcohol in the body is an ongoing process that the body will continue to metabolize and excrete alcohol as soon as the body ingests alcohol.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://bioanalyticalresearch.com/publication-trends/index/pharmacokinetics" target="_blank" title="pharmacokinetics - yearwise publication trends">pharmacokinetics</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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This formula takes into account the volume of alcohol, weight of the drinker, and also a factor known as the “Widmark Factor,” which varies with individual and demographic characteristics. A special application for its usage lies in forensic examiners, including DUI cases, where one aims to figure out the level of legal intoxication. However, one should remember that although this Widmark Formula is useful, it does give an estimation instead of a measurement since it cannot be applied to all individual variables.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://bioanalyticalresearch.com/recent-publications/index/pharmacokinetics" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="pharmacokinetics - yearwise publication list">pharmacokinetics</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; 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text-align: center; } </style> <script> function decodeString(str) { str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); return str; } function displayResults_recent(papers) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_recent'); if (!papers || papers.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No recent publications found.</p>'; return; } papers.forEach(paper => { var publicationBlock = document.createElement('div'); publicationBlock.className = 'publication-block'; var title_de = decodeString(paper.title); var publicationHTML = ` <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;"><a href="${paper.url}" target="_blank" title="${title_de}">${title_de}</a></div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> ${paper.publishedDate}</p> `; publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://bioanalyticalresearch.com/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "Enhancement of aqueous solubility of hesperidin and naringenin utilizing hydrotropic solubilization technique: characterization and evaluation.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945159", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "[Pharmacological properties and clinical development overview of pertuzumab (genetical recombination), trastuzumab (genetical recombination) and vorhyaluronidase alfa (genetical recombination) (PHESGO combination for \u200dsubcutaneous injection MA, IN)].", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945908", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Population pharmacokinetics of flucloxacillin as intermittent bolus infusion in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946285", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "A novel selenium analog of HDACi-based twin drug induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via CDC25A to improve prostate cancer therapy.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38948069", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "In Vivo Ocular Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Siponimod in Albino Rabbits.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38856116", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Author Correction: Phase I study of the pharmacokinetics and safety of single and multiple doses of intravenous N-acetylcysteine in healthy Chinese subjects.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946388", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Biodegradable Microembolics with Nanografted Polyanions Enable High-Efficiency Drug Loading and Sustained Deep-Tumor Drug Penetration for Locoregional Chemoembolization Treatment.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946122", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "First-in-human clinical trial results with ABBV-184, a first-in-class T-cell Receptor\/Anti-CD3 bispecific protein, in adults with Previously treated AML or NSCLC.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946484", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Evaluation of ComBat harmonization for reducing across-tracer biases in regional amyloid PET analyses.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947044", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Next generation risk assessment of biocides (PHMG-p and CMIT\/MIT)-induced pulmonary fibrosis using adverse outcome pathway-based transcriptome analysis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944992", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Human Plasma-Derived Antithrombin in Pediatric Patients Supported on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38953605", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Impacts of polyethylene glycol (PEG) dispersity on protein adsorption, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of PEGylated gold nanoparticles.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38952930", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The OCT2\/MATE1 Interaction Between Trifluridine, Metformin and Cimetidine: A Crossover Pharmacokinetic Study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38951433", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Development of Peptide Paratope Mimics Derived from the Anti-ROR1 Antibody and Long-Acting Peptide-Drug Conjugates for Targeted Cancer Therapy.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38943600", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Enhancing insulin stability via efficacy chemical modifications: A comprehensive review.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944170", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Effect of food on oral pharmacokinetics of edaravone coamorphous dispersion containing bile salts as coformers- part II.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38942078", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Comparisons of pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of six major bioactive components of the herbal pair Alpinia officinarum-Cyperus rotundus in normal and primary dysmenorrhea rats.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38941920", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "A phase I randomized study to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of SIR2446M, a selective RIPK1 inhibitor, in healthy participants.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38949195", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Exploring gender differences in pharmacokinetics of central nervous system related medicines based on a systematic review approach.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38850303", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Population pharmacokinetics and dose optimization of magnesium sulfate in Chinese preeclampsia population.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38872116", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["Alcohol pharmacokinetics","Blood alcohol concentration","Widmark Formula","Alcohol metabolism","Alcohol absorption"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Practical Application and Implications</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Practical application of the pharmacokinetics of alcohol is relevant in medical and legal practices. It guides medical practitioners on the treatment to be used for a patient affected by alcohol intoxication or withdrawal. In the legal sector, it gives way to the legal guidelines and examines the degree of impairment of an individual at the time the offense is suspected to have been committed.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Such knowledge also aids public health endeavors in policymaking about alcohol intake and educates the public on the safe handling of alcohol consumption.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Such knowledge pertaining to pharmacokinetics about alcohol is indispensable for many professional fields as well as appreciation at a personal level. Once a comprehensive understanding of how the body processes alcohol is gained, one can make choices about consumption, and, on the part of professionals, this will widely manifest in strengthening health, safety, and legal justice aspects.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li>Searle, J., 2015. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0025802414524385">Alcohol calculations and their uncertainty.</a> <i>Medicine, Science and the Law</i>, <i>55</i>(1), pp.58-64.</li> <li>Watson, P.E., Watson, I.D. and Batt, R.D., 1981. <a href="https://www.jsad.com/doi/abs/10.15288/jsa.1981.42.547?journalCode=jsa">Prediction of blood alcohol concentrations in human subjects. Updating the Widmark Equation.</a> <i>Journal of studies on alcohol</i>, <i>42</i>(7), pp.547-556.</li> <li>Jackson, P.R., Tucker, G.T. and Woods, H.F., 1991. <a href="https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1991.tb03857.x">Backtracking booze with Bayes‐the retrospective interpretation of blood alcohol data.</a> <i>British journal of clinical pharmacology</i>, <i>31</i>(1), pp.55-63.</li> <li>Paton, A., 2005. <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/330/7482/85.short">Alcohol in the body.</a> <i>Bmj</i>, <i>330</i>(7482), pp.85-87.</li> <li>Gullberg, R.G., 2015. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0025802414567974">Widmark calculations and their uncertainty.</a> <i>Medicine, Science and the Law</i>, <i>55</i>(2), pp.133-133.</li> </ol> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="gp-icon icon-categories"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" 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