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mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Izgled" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izgled</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_hr.wikipedia.org&uselang=hr" class=""><span>Donacije</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Stvori_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Orbitale" title="Predlažemo Vam da stvorite račun i prijavite se, iako to nije obavezno" class=""><span>Stvori račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Orbitale" title="Predlažemo Vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijavi se</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Više mogućnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osobni alati" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osobni alati</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Suradnički izbornik" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_hr.wikipedia.org&uselang=hr"><span>Donacije</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Stvori_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Orbitale" title="Predlažemo Vam da stvorite račun i prijavite se, iako to nije obavezno"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Stvori račun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Orbitale" title="Predlažemo Vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Prijavi se</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stranice za neprijavljene suradnike <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Uvod" aria-label="Vidi više o uređivanju"><span>saznajte više</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" 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id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Atomske_orbitale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomske_orbitale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Atomske orbitale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomske_orbitale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molekulske_orbitale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molekulske_orbitale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Molekulske orbitale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molekulske_orbitale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orbitale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 18 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenorbital" title="Elektronenorbital – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronenorbital" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orbital" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitaali" title="Orbitaali – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orbitaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitale_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Orbitale électronique – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orbitale électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitaal" title="Orbitaal – sjevernofrizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Orbitaal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjevernofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fithise%C3%A1n" title="Fithiseán – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fithiseán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="電子軌道 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子軌道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Электрондық орбита – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электрондық орбита" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital%C4%97" title="Orbitalė – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Orbitalė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit%C4%81le" title="Orbitāle – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Orbitāle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Электрон үүл – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электрон үүл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orbital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitaal" title="Orbitaal – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orbitaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Orbital" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Orbital" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orbital" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitala" title="Orbitala – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Orbitala" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Orbital" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3355206#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orbitale" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Orbitale&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovorna stranica (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">hrvatski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orbitale"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&action=history" title="Ranije izmjene na ovoj stranici [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pomagala" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pomagala</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pomagala</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orbitale"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&action=history"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Razno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovamo/Orbitale" title="Popis svih stranica koje sadrže poveznice na ovu stranicu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Što vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_promjene/Orbitale" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne promjene na stranicama koje su povezane s navedenom stranicom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane promjene</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Upload" title="Postavi datoteke [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Popis svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&oldid=6212291" title="Trajna poveznica na ovu verziju stranice"><span>Trajna poveznica</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podatci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Orbitale&id=6212291&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tome kako citirati ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj ovu stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOrbitale"><span>Skraćeni URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOrbitale"><span>Preuzmi QR kôd</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ispis/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Zbirka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Orbitale"><span>Stvori knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Orbitale&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&printable=yes" title="Inačica za ispis ove stranice [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inačica za ispis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikimedijini projekti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Orbitals" hreflang="en"><span>Zajednički poslužitelj</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3355206" title="Poveznica na stavku na projektu Wikipodatci [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodatcima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Merge-arrows_2.svg/40px-Merge-arrows_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Merge-arrows_2.svg/60px-Merge-arrows_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Merge-arrows_2.svg/80px-Merge-arrows_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></a><figcaption>Orbitale</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width: calc(100% - 50px);">Predloženo je da se ovaj članak <b>spoji</b> s člankom <b> <a href="/wiki/Elektronska_ljuska" title="Elektronska ljuska">Elektronska ljuska</a></b>. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Orbitale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razgovor:Orbitale (stranica ne postoji)">Rasprava</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atomske_orbitale">Atomske orbitale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Atomske orbitale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Atomske orbitale"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Početkom XX. stoljeća, kada je znanstvenicima struktura <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> postala jasnija (<a href="/wiki/Rutherfordovo_raspr%C5%A1enje" title="Rutherfordovo raspršenje">Rutherfordov pokus</a>), atomi se predstavljaju kao minijaturni <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_sustav" title="Sunčev sustav">sunčevi sustavi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroni</a> po <b>orbitama</b> kruže oko masivne <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">jezgre</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bohrov_model_atoma" title="Bohrov model atoma">Bohrova teorija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantna mehanika</a> su dale novi uvid u prirodu atoma. Po kvantnoj mehanici objekti nisu točno lokalizirani na jednom mjestu, već postoji određena gustoća vjerojatnosti nalaženja u određenom prostoru. Tako elektron nije "kuglica" koja se nalazi u blizini jezgre, već se on rasprostire u prostoru oko jezgre. To dovodi do posljedice da elektron ne može zauzeti bilo koju stazu oko jezgre. Zato se te staze ne nazivaju <b>orbitama</b> nego <b>orbitalama</b>. </p><p>Austrijski fizičar <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> je uspio riješiti svoju jednadžbu, primijenjenu na vodikovom atomu, što je kao rezultat dalo jednadžbe orbitala i pripadajuće energije. Orbitala se u <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dingerova_jednad%C5%BEba" title="Schrödingerova jednadžba">Schrödingerovoj jednadžbi</a> predstavlja kao <a href="/wiki/Valna_funkcija" title="Valna funkcija">valna funkcija</a>. Opće rješenje Schrödingerove jednadžbe u polarnom koordinatnom sustavu za <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodikov</a> atom je: </p><p><br /> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi \,\left(r,\theta ,\phi \right)=R_{n}(r)\Theta _{l,m_{l}}(\theta )\Phi _{m_{l}}(\phi )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi \,\left(r,\theta ,\phi \right)=R_{n}(r)\Theta _{l,m_{l}}(\theta )\Phi _{m_{l}}(\phi )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a3019383ecd32e7bd400471d25862774b34d5a1d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.926ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi \,\left(r,\theta ,\phi \right)=R_{n}(r)\Theta _{l,m_{l}}(\theta )\Phi _{m_{l}}(\phi )}"></span> </p><p><br /> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{m_{l}}(\phi )={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}e^{im_{l}\phi }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{m_{l}}(\phi )={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}e^{im_{l}\phi }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/17daaa6f7d032fbac364a5f995fd3cfec3fbc7f8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:20.343ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{m_{l}}(\phi )={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}e^{im_{l}\phi }}"></span> </p><p><br /> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Theta _{lm_{l}}(\theta )=P_{m_{l}}\cos \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Theta _{lm_{l}}(\theta )=P_{m_{l}}\cos \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa46ebdd398c62506e617782afe5df89eac0adc9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.239ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Theta _{lm_{l}}(\theta )=P_{m_{l}}\cos \theta }"></span> </p><p><br /> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{nl}(r)={\sqrt {(}}{\frac {n+1}{2n(n-1)!}})L_{nl}(r){\frac {e^{-\rho }}{2n}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> </msqrt> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{nl}(r)={\sqrt {(}}{\frac {n+1}{2n(n-1)!}})L_{nl}(r){\frac {e^{-\rho }}{2n}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4246eb32e0757b89355c477719a8bdcf2ca62ae5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:35.239ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{nl}(r)={\sqrt {(}}{\frac {n+1}{2n(n-1)!}})L_{nl}(r){\frac {e^{-\rho }}{2n}}}"></span> </p><p><br /> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\frac {m_{e}e^{4}}{32\pi ^{2}\epsilon _{0}^{2}h^{2}}}{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>32</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msubsup> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\frac {m_{e}e^{4}}{32\pi ^{2}\epsilon _{0}^{2}h^{2}}}{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a9b879bcafd3b260c177783fd08b199129c5f0d2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:18.1ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\frac {m_{e}e^{4}}{32\pi ^{2}\epsilon _{0}^{2}h^{2}}}{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}}"></span> </p><p><br /> Ψ: ukupna valna funkcija </p><p>R: radijalna valna funkcija </p><p>Θ i Φ: kutne valne funkcije, njihov umnožak su sferni harmonici </p><p>P<sub>ml</sub>: Legendreov polinom </p><p>L<sub>n, l</sub>(r): Laguerrov polinom </p><p>Kao parametri ove jednadžbe javljaju se <a href="/wiki/Kvantni_brojevi" title="Kvantni brojevi">kvantni brojevi</a>: n = glavni kvantni broj, l = azimutni kvantni broj m<sub>l</sub> = magnetski kvantni broj. Azimutni broj orbitale s kvantnim brojem n može biti: 0 … n-2, n-1, n Magnetski broj orbitale s glavnim kvantnim brojem n može biti: -n, -n+1, -n+2, ..., 0, ... n-2, n-1, n </p><p><b>Orbitale</b> s azimutnim brojem l = 0 se označavaju <b>s</b> (ime potječe od početnog slova naziva spektralne linije <i>sharp</i>). Slično se označavaju i ostale orbitale: <b>p</b> (principal), <b>d</b> (diffuse), <b>f</b> (fundamental), <b>h</b>, <b>i</b>, <b>j</b>, <b>k</b>... </p><p>S obzirom na gore navedena ograničenja u azimutnim i magnetskim kvantnim brojevima, i s obzirom na to da svaki elektron mora imati različiti kvantni broj, svaka orbitala može imati, tj. primiti određeni broj elektrona: </p> <table border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td>orbitala </td> <td>l </td> <td>m<sub>l</sub> </td> <td>broj elektrona </td></tr> <tr> <td>s </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1, 0, -1 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2, 1, 0, -1, -2 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>f </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3 </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4 </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>h </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5 </td> <td>22 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> S obzirom na ograničenje azimutnih kvantnih brojeva s obzirom na glavne kvantne brojeve, sljedeće orbitale mogu postojati s danim glavnim kvantnim brojem: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>s, p </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>s, p, d </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>s, p, d, f </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>s, p, d, f, g </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>s, p, d, f, g, h </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>s, p, d, f, g, h, i </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Svi do sada otkriveni elementi imaju popunjene <b>s</b>, <b>p</b>, <b>d</b> ili <b>f</b> orbitale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molekulske_orbitale">Molekulske orbitale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Molekulske orbitale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Molekulske orbitale"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vezanjem atoma u molekule, iz atomskih nastaju <b>molekulske orbitale</b>. </p><p>Molekulske orbitale koje povećavaju elektronsku gustoću između atoma, doprinose vezivanju atoma (jer smanjuju <a href="/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika">elektrostatsko</a> odbijanje jezgara), nazivaju se <b>vezne orbitale</b>, za razliku od <b>protuveznih orbitala</b>, koje smanjuju elektronsku gustoću između atoma. <b>Nevezne orbitale</b> su obično lokalizirane na jednom atomu i ne pridonose stabilnosti molekule. Preklapanjem dvije atomske orbitale nastaje par molekulskih orbitala: jedna vezna i jedna protuvezna. Ako vezna orbitala sadrži više <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> od protuvezne, molekula će biti stabilna. </p><p>Molekulske orbitale se mogu podijeliti po njihovoj simetriji: </p><p><b>σ orbitale</b> su simetrične s obzirom na internuklearnu os (os koja prolazi kroz jezgre dvaju atoma). σ orbitale mogu nastati preklapanjem bilo kojih atomskih orbitala (s-s, s-p, p-p, s-d...). Gotovo sve jednostruke veze u kemiji su σ orbitale. σ orbitale tvore <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A3_veza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Σ veza (stranica ne postoji)">σ vezu</a>. </p><p><b>π orbitale</b> su antisimetrične s obzirom na 180º rotaciju oko internuklearne osi. π orbitale mogu nastati preklapanjem p i/ili d (i f) orbitala (p-p, p-d, d-d...), ako već postoji σ veza. π orbitale tvore <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A0_veza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Π veza (stranica ne postoji)">π veze</a>. Atomske orbitale koje tvore π orbitale obično imaju manje preklapanje nego σ orbitale, pa su obično slabije od σ orbitala. π veze nastaju kao dodatak σ vezama. Između dva atoma mogu nastati dvije π veze. U molekulama koje sadrže dvostruku vezu, jedna veza u dvostrukoj vezi je σ veza, a druga je π veza, a u slučaju trostruke veze, atomi su povezani jednom σ vezom i dvjema π vezama. </p><p><b>δ orbitale</b> su simetrične s obzirom na rotaciju od 180<a href="/wiki/Stupanj_(kut)" title="Stupanj (kut)">°</a> oko internuklearne osi, a antisimetrične s obzirom na rotaciju od 90º oko internuklearne osi. δ orbitale mogu naststi preklapanjem d (i/ili f) orbitala. Do sada su otkrivene u samo nekoliko <a href="/wiki/Kompleksni_spojevi" title="Kompleksni spojevi">kompleksnih spojeva</a> <a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">molibdena</a> i <a href="/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram">volframa</a>. δ veze, koje nastaju od δ orbitala, nastaju pored jedne σ veze i dvije π veze, kao četvrta veza. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ivan Filipović, Stjepan Lipanović: <i>Opća i anorganska kemija</i>, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1995.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&oldid=6212291">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbitale&oldid=6212291</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:%C4%8Clanci_predlo%C5%BEeni_za_spajanje" title="Kategorija:Članci predloženi za spajanje">Članci predloženi za spajanje</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kategorija:Kvantna mehanika">Kvantna mehanika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Kemija" title="Kategorija:Kemija">Kemija</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 31. prosinca 2021. u 06:28.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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