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GitHub - launchbadge/sqlx: 🧰 The Rust SQL Toolkit. An async, pure Rust SQL crate featuring compile-time checked queries without a DSL. Supports PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite.
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12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 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Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"view_all_industries","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/industry"> View all industries </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 flex-shrink-0 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold"> <a href="/solutions"> View all solutions <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon"> <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Resources <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-topics-heading">Topics</span> <ul 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data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"executive_insights","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"executive_insights_link_resources_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/solutions/executive-insights"> Executive Insights </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_sponsors","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="/sponsors"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"the_readme_project","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"the_readme_project_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/readme"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="open-source-repositories-heading">Repositories</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="open-source-repositories-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"topics","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"topics_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/topics"> Topics </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"trending","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"trending_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/trending"> Trending </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" 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</div> </modal-dialog></div> </div> <div data-action="click:qbsearch-input#retract" class="dark-backdrop position-fixed" hidden data-target="qbsearch-input.darkBackdrop"></div> <div class="color-fg-default"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="qbsearch-input.feedbackDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="feedback-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="feedback-dialog-title" aria-describedby="feedback-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="feedback-dialog-title"> Provide feedback </h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button 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seriously.</p> <textarea name="feedback" class="form-control width-full mb-2" style="height: 120px" id="feedback"></textarea> <input name="include_email" id="include_email" aria-label="Include my email address so I can be contacted" class="form-control mr-2" type="checkbox"> <label for="include_email" style="font-weight: normal">Include my email address so I can be contacted</label> </form></div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel </button> <button form="code-search-feedback-form" data-action="click:qbsearch-input#submitFeedback" type="submit" data-view-component="true" class="btn-primary btn"> Submit feedback </button> </div> </dialog></dialog-helper> <custom-scopes data-target="qbsearch-input.customScopesManager"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="custom-scopes-dialog-title" aria-describedby="custom-scopes-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="custom-scopes-dialog-title"> Saved searches </h1> <h2 id="custom-scopes-dialog-description" class="Overlay-description">Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly</h2> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg></button> </div> </div> </div> <scrollable-region data-labelled-by="custom-scopes-dialog-title"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-body"> <div data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialogFlash"></div> <div hidden class="create-custom-scope-form" data-target="custom-scopes.createCustomScopeForm"> <!-- '"` --><!-- </textarea></xmp> --></option></form><form id="custom-scopes-dialog-form" data-turbo="false" action="/search/custom_scopes" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" name="authenticity_token" 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dir=\"auto\"\u003eSQLx\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-sqlx\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: SQLx\" href=\"#sqlx\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n \u003cstrong\u003e\n 🧰 The Rust SQL Toolkit\n 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tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#install\"\u003e\n Install\n \u003c/a\u003e\n \u003cspan\u003e | \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#usage\"\u003e\n Usage\n \u003c/a\u003e\n \u003cspan\u003e | \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"https://docs.rs/sqlx\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\n Docs\n \u003c/a\u003e\n \u003cspan\u003e | \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/launchbadge/sqlx/wiki/Ecosystem\"\u003e\n Ecosystem\n \u003c/a\u003e \n \u003cspan\u003e | \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"https://discord.gg/uuruzJ7\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\n Discord\n \u003c/a\u003e\n \u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-----------install--------------------usage--------------------docs--------------------ecosystem------------------------discord------\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: \n Install\n | \n Usage\n | \n Docs\n | \n Ecosystem\n | \n Discord\n \" href=\"#----------install--------------------usage--------------------docs--------------------ecosystem------------------------discord------\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n Built with ❤️ by \u003ca href=\"https://launchbadge.com\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eThe LaunchBadge team\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHave a question? Be sure to \u003ca href=\"/launchbadge/sqlx/blob/main/FAQ.md\"\u003echeck the FAQ first!\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-have-a-question-be-sure-to-check-the-faq-first\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Have a question? Be sure to check the FAQ first!\" href=\"#have-a-question-be-sure-to-check-the-faq-first\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSQLx is an async, pure Rust\u003csub\u003e†\u003c/sub\u003e SQL crate featuring compile-time checked queries without a DSL.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTruly Asynchronous\u003c/strong\u003e. Built from the ground-up using async/await for maximum concurrency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompile-time checked queries\u003c/strong\u003e (if you want). See \u003ca href=\"#sqlx-is-not-an-orm\"\u003eSQLx is not an ORM\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDatabase Agnostic\u003c/strong\u003e. Support for \u003ca href=\"http://postgresql.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePostgreSQL\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mysql.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMySQL\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mariadb.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMariaDB\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://sqlite.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSQLite\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sql-server\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMSSQL\u003c/a\u003e was supported prior to version 0.7, but has been removed pending a full rewrite of the driver as part of our \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/launchbadge/sqlx/discussions/1616\" data-hovercard-type=\"discussion\" data-hovercard-url=\"/launchbadge/sqlx/discussions/1616/hovercard\"\u003eSQLx Pro initiative\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePure Rust\u003c/strong\u003e. The Postgres and MySQL/MariaDB drivers are written in pure Rust using \u003cstrong\u003ezero\u003c/strong\u003e unsafe\u003csub\u003e††\u003c/sub\u003e code.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRuntime Agnostic\u003c/strong\u003e. Works on different runtimes (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/async-rs/async-std\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easync-std\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e / \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003etokio\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e / \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/actix/actix-net\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eactix\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e) and TLS backends (\u003ca href=\"https://crates.io/crates/native-tls\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003enative-tls\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://crates.io/crates/rustls\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003erustls\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e† The SQLite driver uses the libsqlite3 C library as SQLite is an embedded database (the only way\nwe could be pure Rust for SQLite is by porting \u003cem\u003eall\u003c/em\u003e of SQLite to Rust).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e†† SQLx uses \u003ccode\u003e#![forbid(unsafe_code)]\u003c/code\u003e unless the \u003ccode\u003esqlite\u003c/code\u003e feature is enabled.\nThe SQLite driver directly invokes the SQLite3 API via \u003ccode\u003elibsqlite3-sys\u003c/code\u003e, which requires \u003ccode\u003eunsafe\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCross-platform. Being native Rust, SQLx will compile anywhere Rust is supported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBuilt-in connection pooling with \u003ccode\u003esqlx::Pool\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRow streaming. Data is read asynchronously from the database and decoded on demand.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAutomatic statement preparation and caching. When using the high-level query API (\u003ccode\u003esqlx::query\u003c/code\u003e), statements are\nprepared and cached per connection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSimple (unprepared) query execution including fetching results into the same \u003ccode\u003eRow\u003c/code\u003e types used by\nthe high-level API. Supports batch execution and returns results from all statements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTransport Layer Security (TLS) where supported (\u003ca href=\"https://www.mysql.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMySQL\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mariadb.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMariaDB\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"http://postgresql.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePostgreSQL\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAsynchronous notifications using \u003ccode\u003eLISTEN\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eNOTIFY\u003c/code\u003e for \u003ca href=\"http://postgresql.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePostgreSQL\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNested transactions with support for save points.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eAny\u003c/code\u003e database driver for changing the database driver at runtime. An \u003ccode\u003eAnyPool\u003c/code\u003e connects to the driver indicated by the URL scheme.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eInstall\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-install\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Install\" href=\"#install\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSQLx is compatible with the \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/async-rs/async-std\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003easync-std\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003etokio\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/actix/actix-net\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eactix\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e runtimes; and, the \u003ca href=\"https://crates.io/crates/native-tls\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003enative-tls\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://crates.io/crates/rustls\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003erustls\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e TLS backends. When adding the dependency, you must choose a runtime feature that is \u003ccode\u003eruntime\u003c/code\u003e + \u003ccode\u003etls\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-toml notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"# Cargo.toml\n[dependencies]\n# PICK ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:\n\n# tokio (no TLS)\nsqlx = { version = \u0026quot;0.8\u0026quot;, features = [ \u0026quot;runtime-tokio\u0026quot; ] }\n# tokio + native-tls\nsqlx = { version = \u0026quot;0.8\u0026quot;, features = [ \u0026quot;runtime-tokio\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;tls-native-tls\u0026quot; ] }\n# tokio + rustls with ring and WebPKI CA certificates\nsqlx = { version = \u0026quot;0.8\u0026quot;, features = [ \u0026quot;runtime-tokio\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;tls-rustls-ring-webpki\u0026quot; ] }\n# tokio + rustls with ring and platform's native CA certificates\nsqlx = { version = \u0026quot;0.8\u0026quot;, features = [ \u0026quot;runtime-tokio\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;tls-rustls-ring-native-roots\u0026quot; ] }\n# tokio + rustls with aws-lc-rs\nsqlx = { version = \u0026quot;0.8\u0026quot;, features = [ \u0026quot;runtime-tokio\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;tls-rustls-aws-lc-rs\u0026quot; ] }\n\n# async-std (no TLS)\nsqlx = { version = \u0026quot;0.8\u0026quot;, features = [ \u0026quot;runtime-async-std\u0026quot; ] }\n# async-std + native-tls\nsqlx = { version = \u0026quot;0.8\u0026quot;, features = [ \u0026quot;runtime-async-std\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;tls-native-tls\u0026quot; ] }\n# async-std + rustls with ring and WebPKI CA certificates\nsqlx = { version = \u0026quot;0.8\u0026quot;, features = [ \u0026quot;runtime-async-std\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;tls-rustls-ring-webpki\u0026quot; ] }\n# async-std + rustls with ring and platform's native CA certificates\nsqlx = { version = \u0026quot;0.8\u0026quot;, features = [ \u0026quot;runtime-async-std\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;tls-rustls-ring-native-roots\u0026quot; ] }\n# async-std + rustls with aws-lc-rs\nsqlx = { version = \u0026quot;0.8\u0026quot;, features = [ \u0026quot;runtime-async-std\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;tls-rustls-aws-lc-rs\u0026quot; ] }\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e Cargo.toml\u003c/span\u003e\n[\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edependencies\u003c/span\u003e]\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e PICK ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e tokio (no TLS)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003esqlx\u003c/span\u003e = { \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eversion\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0.8\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003efeatures\u003c/span\u003e = [ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eruntime-tokio\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ] }\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e tokio + native-tls\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003esqlx\u003c/span\u003e = { \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eversion\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0.8\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003efeatures\u003c/span\u003e = [ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eruntime-tokio\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003etls-native-tls\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ] }\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e tokio + rustls with ring and WebPKI CA certificates\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003esqlx\u003c/span\u003e = { \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eversion\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0.8\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003efeatures\u003c/span\u003e = [ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eruntime-tokio\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003etls-rustls-ring-webpki\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ] }\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e tokio + rustls with ring and platform's native CA certificates\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003esqlx\u003c/span\u003e = { \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eversion\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0.8\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003efeatures\u003c/span\u003e = [ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eruntime-tokio\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003etls-rustls-ring-native-roots\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ] }\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e tokio + rustls with aws-lc-rs\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003esqlx\u003c/span\u003e = { \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eversion\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0.8\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003efeatures\u003c/span\u003e = [ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eruntime-tokio\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003etls-rustls-aws-lc-rs\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ] }\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e async-std (no TLS)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003esqlx\u003c/span\u003e = { \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eversion\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0.8\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003efeatures\u003c/span\u003e = [ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eruntime-async-std\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ] }\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e async-std + native-tls\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003esqlx\u003c/span\u003e = { \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eversion\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0.8\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003efeatures\u003c/span\u003e = [ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eruntime-async-std\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003etls-native-tls\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ] }\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e async-std + rustls with ring and WebPKI CA certificates\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003esqlx\u003c/span\u003e = { \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eversion\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0.8\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003efeatures\u003c/span\u003e = [ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eruntime-async-std\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003etls-rustls-ring-webpki\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ] }\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e async-std + rustls with ring and platform's native CA certificates\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003esqlx\u003c/span\u003e = { \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eversion\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0.8\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003efeatures\u003c/span\u003e = [ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eruntime-async-std\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003etls-rustls-ring-native-roots\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ] }\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e async-std + rustls with aws-lc-rs\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003esqlx\u003c/span\u003e = { \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eversion\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0.8\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003efeatures\u003c/span\u003e = [ \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003eruntime-async-std\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003etls-rustls-aws-lc-rs\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ] }\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCargo Feature Flags\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-cargo-feature-flags\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Cargo Feature Flags\" href=\"#cargo-feature-flags\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor backward-compatibility reasons, the runtime and TLS features can either be chosen together as a single feature,\nor separately.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor forward compatibility, you should use the separate runtime and TLS features as the combination features may\nbe removed in the future.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eruntime-async-std\u003c/code\u003e: Use the \u003ccode\u003easync-std\u003c/code\u003e runtime without enabling a TLS backend.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eruntime-async-std-native-tls\u003c/code\u003e: Use the \u003ccode\u003easync-std\u003c/code\u003e runtime and \u003ccode\u003enative-tls\u003c/code\u003e TLS backend (SOFT-DEPRECATED).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eruntime-async-std-rustls\u003c/code\u003e: Use the \u003ccode\u003easync-std\u003c/code\u003e runtime and \u003ccode\u003erustls\u003c/code\u003e TLS backend (SOFT-DEPRECATED).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eruntime-tokio\u003c/code\u003e: Use the \u003ccode\u003etokio\u003c/code\u003e runtime without enabling a TLS backend.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eruntime-tokio-native-tls\u003c/code\u003e: Use the \u003ccode\u003etokio\u003c/code\u003e runtime and \u003ccode\u003enative-tls\u003c/code\u003e TLS backend (SOFT-DEPRECATED).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eruntime-tokio-rustls\u003c/code\u003e: Use the \u003ccode\u003etokio\u003c/code\u003e runtime and \u003ccode\u003erustls\u003c/code\u003e TLS backend (SOFT-DEPRECATED).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eActix-web is fully compatible with Tokio and so a separate runtime feature is no longer needed.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003etls-native-tls\u003c/code\u003e: Use the \u003ccode\u003enative-tls\u003c/code\u003e TLS backend (OpenSSL on *nix, SChannel on Windows, Secure Transport on macOS).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003etls-rustls\u003c/code\u003e: Use the \u003ccode\u003erustls\u003c/code\u003e TLS backend (cross-platform backend, only supports TLS 1.2 and 1.3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003epostgres\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for the Postgres database server.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003emysql\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for the MySQL/MariaDB database server.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003emssql\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for the MSSQL database server.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esqlite\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for the self-contained \u003ca href=\"https://sqlite.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSQLite\u003c/a\u003e database engine with SQLite bundled and statically-linked.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esqlite-unbundled\u003c/code\u003e: The same as above (\u003ccode\u003esqlite\u003c/code\u003e), but link SQLite from the system instead of the bundled version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAllows updating SQLite independently of SQLx or using forked versions.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYou must have SQLite installed on the system or provide a path to the library at build time.\nSee \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/rusqlite/rusqlite?tab=readme-ov-file#notes-on-building-rusqlite-and-libsqlite3-sys\"\u003ethe \u003ccode\u003erusqlite\u003c/code\u003e README\u003c/a\u003e for details.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMay result in link errors if the SQLite version is too old. Version \u003ccode\u003e3.20.0\u003c/code\u003e or newer is recommended.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCan increase build time due to the use of bindgen.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esqlite-preupdate-hook\u003c/code\u003e: enables SQLite's \u003ca href=\"https://sqlite.org/c3ref/preupdate_count.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epreupdate hook\u003c/a\u003e API.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExposed as a separate feature because it's generally not enabled by default.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUsing this feature with \u003ccode\u003esqlite-unbundled\u003c/code\u003e may cause linker failures if the system SQLite version does not support it.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eany\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for the \u003ccode\u003eAny\u003c/code\u003e database driver, which can proxy to a database driver at runtime.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ederive\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for the derive family macros, those are \u003ccode\u003eFromRow\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eType\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eEncode\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eDecode\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003emacros\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for the \u003ccode\u003equery*!\u003c/code\u003e macros, which allows compile-time checked queries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003emigrate\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for the migration management and \u003ccode\u003emigrate!\u003c/code\u003e macro, which allow compile-time embedded migrations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003euuid\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for UUID.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003echrono\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for date and time types from \u003ccode\u003echrono\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003etime\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for date and time types from \u003ccode\u003etime\u003c/code\u003e crate (alternative to \u003ccode\u003echrono\u003c/code\u003e, which is preferred by \u003ccode\u003equery!\u003c/code\u003e macro, if both enabled)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ebstr\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for \u003ccode\u003ebstr::BString\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ebigdecimal\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for \u003ccode\u003eNUMERIC\u003c/code\u003e using the \u003ccode\u003ebigdecimal\u003c/code\u003e crate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003erust_decimal\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for \u003ccode\u003eNUMERIC\u003c/code\u003e using the \u003ccode\u003erust_decimal\u003c/code\u003e crate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eipnetwork\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for \u003ccode\u003eINET\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eCIDR\u003c/code\u003e (in postgres) using the \u003ccode\u003eipnetwork\u003c/code\u003e crate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ejson\u003c/code\u003e: Add support for \u003ccode\u003eJSON\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eJSONB\u003c/code\u003e (in postgres) using the \u003ccode\u003eserde_json\u003c/code\u003e crate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOffline mode is now always enabled. See \u003ca href=\"/launchbadge/sqlx/blob/main/sqlx-cli/README.md#enable-building-in-offline-mode-with-query\"\u003esqlx-cli/README.md\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSQLx is not an ORM!\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-sqlx-is-not-an-orm\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: SQLx is not an ORM!\" href=\"#sqlx-is-not-an-orm\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSQLx supports \u003cstrong\u003ecompile-time checked queries\u003c/strong\u003e. It does not, however, do this by providing a Rust\nAPI or DSL (domain-specific language) for building queries. Instead, it provides macros that take\nregular SQL as input and ensure that it is valid for your database. The way this works is that\nSQLx connects to your development DB at compile time to have the database itself verify (and return\nsome info on) your SQL queries. This has some potentially surprising implications:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSince SQLx never has to parse the SQL string itself, any syntax that the development DB accepts\ncan be used (including things added by database extensions)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDue to the different amount of information databases let you retrieve about queries, the extent of\nSQL verification you get from the query macros depends on the database\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIf you are looking for an (asynchronous) ORM,\u003c/strong\u003e you can check out our new \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/launchbadge/sqlx/wiki/Ecosystem#orms\"\u003eEcosystem wiki page\u003c/a\u003e!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee the \u003ccode\u003eexamples/\u003c/code\u003e folder for more in-depth usage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eQuickstart\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-quickstart\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Quickstart\" href=\"#quickstart\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"use sqlx::postgres::PgPoolOptions;\n// use sqlx::mysql::MySqlPoolOptions;\n// etc.\n\n#[async_std::main] // Requires the `attributes` feature of `async-std`\n// or #[tokio::main]\n// or #[actix_web::main]\nasync fn main() -\u0026gt; Result\u0026lt;(), sqlx::Error\u0026gt; {\n // Create a connection pool\n // for MySQL/MariaDB, use MySqlPoolOptions::new()\n // for SQLite, use SqlitePoolOptions::new()\n // etc.\n let pool = PgPoolOptions::new()\n .max_connections(5)\n .connect(\u0026quot;postgres://postgres:password@localhost/test\u0026quot;).await?;\n\n // Make a simple query to return the given parameter (use a question mark `?` instead of `$1` for MySQL/MariaDB)\n let row: (i64,) = sqlx::query_as(\u0026quot;SELECT $1\u0026quot;)\n .bind(150_i64)\n .fetch_one(\u0026amp;pool).await?;\n\n assert_eq!(row.0, 150);\n\n Ok(())\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003euse\u003c/span\u003e sqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003epostgres\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003ePgPoolOptions\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// use sqlx::mysql::MySqlPoolOptions;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// etc.\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e#\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003easync_std\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003emain\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Requires the `attributes` feature of `async-std`\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// or #[tokio::main]\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// or #[actix_web::main]\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003easync\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003emain\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e -\u0026gt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eResult\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e sqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eError\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Create a connection pool\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// for MySQL/MariaDB, use MySqlPoolOptions::new()\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// for SQLite, use SqlitePoolOptions::new()\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// etc.\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e pool = \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ePgPoolOptions\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003enew\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003emax_connections\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003econnect\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"postgres://postgres:password@localhost/test\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e?\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Make a simple query to return the given parameter (use a question mark `?` instead of `$1` for MySQL/MariaDB)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e row\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ei64\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e = sqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003equery_as\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"SELECT $1\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003ebind\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e150_i64\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efetch_one\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003epool\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e?\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eassert_eq\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003erow\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e150\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eOk\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eConnecting\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-connecting\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Connecting\" href=\"#connecting\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA single connection can be established using any of the database connection types and calling \u003ccode\u003econnect()\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"use sqlx::Connection;\n\nlet conn = SqliteConnection::connect(\u0026quot;sqlite::memory:\u0026quot;).await?;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003euse\u003c/span\u003e sqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eConnection\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e conn = \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eSqliteConnection\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003econnect\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"sqlite::memory:\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e?\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGenerally, you will want to instead create a connection pool (\u003ccode\u003esqlx::Pool\u003c/code\u003e) for the application to\nregulate how many server-side connections it's using.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"let pool = MySqlPool::connect(\u0026quot;mysql://user:pass@host/database\u0026quot;).await?;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e pool = \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eMySqlPool\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003econnect\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"mysql://user:pass@host/database\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e?\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eQuerying\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-querying\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Querying\" href=\"#querying\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn SQL, queries can be separated into prepared (parameterized) or unprepared (simple). Prepared queries have their\nquery plan \u003cem\u003ecached\u003c/em\u003e, use a binary mode of communication (lower bandwidth and faster decoding), and utilize parameters\nto avoid SQL injection. Unprepared queries are simple and intended only for use where a prepared statement\nwill not work, such as various database commands (e.g., \u003ccode\u003ePRAGMA\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eSET\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eBEGIN\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSQLx supports all operations with both types of queries. In SQLx, a \u003ccode\u003e\u0026amp;str\u003c/code\u003e is treated as an unprepared query,\nand a \u003ccode\u003eQuery\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eQueryAs\u003c/code\u003e struct is treated as a prepared query.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"// low-level, Executor trait\nconn.execute(\u0026quot;BEGIN\u0026quot;).await?; // unprepared, simple query\nconn.execute(sqlx::query(\u0026quot;DELETE FROM table\u0026quot;)).await?; // prepared, cached query\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// low-level, Executor trait\u003c/span\u003e\nconn\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eexecute\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"BEGIN\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e?\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// unprepared, simple query\u003c/span\u003e\nconn\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eexecute\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003esqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003equery\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"DELETE FROM table\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e?\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// prepared, cached query\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe should prefer to use the high-level \u003ccode\u003equery\u003c/code\u003e interface whenever possible. To make this easier, there are finalizers\non the type to avoid the need to wrap with an executor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"sqlx::query(\u0026quot;DELETE FROM table\u0026quot;).execute(\u0026amp;mut conn).await?;\nsqlx::query(\u0026quot;DELETE FROM table\u0026quot;).execute(\u0026amp;pool).await?;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003esqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003equery\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"DELETE FROM table\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eexecute\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003emut\u003c/span\u003e conn\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e?\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\nsqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003equery\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"DELETE FROM table\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eexecute\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003epool\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e?\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eexecute\u003c/code\u003e query finalizer returns the number of affected rows, if any, and drops all received results.\nIn addition, there are \u003ccode\u003efetch\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003efetch_one\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003efetch_optional\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003efetch_all\u003c/code\u003e to receive results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eQuery\u003c/code\u003e type returned from \u003ccode\u003esqlx::query\u003c/code\u003e will return \u003ccode\u003eRow\u0026lt;'conn\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e from the database. Column values can be accessed\nby ordinal or by name with \u003ccode\u003erow.get()\u003c/code\u003e. As the \u003ccode\u003eRow\u003c/code\u003e retains an immutable borrow on the connection, only one\n\u003ccode\u003eRow\u003c/code\u003e may exist at a time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003efetch\u003c/code\u003e query finalizer returns a stream-like type that iterates through the rows in the result sets.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"// provides `try_next`\nuse futures::TryStreamExt;\n// provides `try_get`\nuse sqlx::Row;\n\nlet mut rows = sqlx::query(\u0026quot;SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?\u0026quot;)\n .bind(email)\n .fetch(\u0026amp;mut conn);\n\nwhile let Some(row) = rows.try_next().await? {\n // map the row into a user-defined domain type\n let email: \u0026amp;str = row.try_get(\u0026quot;email\u0026quot;)?;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// provides `try_next`\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003euse\u003c/span\u003e futures\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eTryStreamExt\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// provides `try_get`\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003euse\u003c/span\u003e sqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eRow\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003emut\u003c/span\u003e rows = sqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003equery\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003ebind\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003eemail\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efetch\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003emut\u003c/span\u003e conn\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ewhile\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eSome\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003erow\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e = rows\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003etry_next\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e? \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// map the row into a user-defined domain type\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e email\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estr\u003c/span\u003e = row\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003etry_get\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"email\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e?\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo assist with mapping the row into a domain type, one of two idioms may be used:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"let mut stream = sqlx::query(\u0026quot;SELECT * FROM users\u0026quot;)\n .map(|row: PgRow| {\n // map the row into a user-defined domain type\n })\n .fetch(\u0026amp;mut conn);\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003emut\u003c/span\u003e stream = sqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003equery\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"SELECT * FROM users\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003emap\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e|\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003erow\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ePgRow\u003c/span\u003e| \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// map the row into a user-defined domain type\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efetch\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003emut\u003c/span\u003e conn\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"#[derive(sqlx::FromRow)]\nstruct User { name: String, id: i64 }\n\nlet mut stream = sqlx::query_as::\u0026lt;_, User\u0026gt;(\u0026quot;SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ? OR name = ?\u0026quot;)\n .bind(user_email)\n .bind(user_name)\n .fetch(\u0026amp;mut conn);\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e#\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003ederive\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003esqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eFromRow\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eUser\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ename\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eString\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eid\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ei64\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003emut\u003c/span\u003e stream = sqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003equery_as\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003e_\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eUser\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ? OR name = ?\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003ebind\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003euser_email\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003ebind\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003euser_name\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efetch\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003emut\u003c/span\u003e conn\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eInstead of a stream of results, we can use \u003ccode\u003efetch_one\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003efetch_optional\u003c/code\u003e to request one required or optional result\nfrom the database.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompile-time verification\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-compile-time-verification\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Compile-time verification\" href=\"#compile-time-verification\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe can use the macro, \u003ccode\u003esqlx::query!\u003c/code\u003e to achieve compile-time syntactic and semantic verification of the SQL, with\nan output to an anonymous record type where each SQL column is a Rust field (using raw identifiers where needed).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"let countries = sqlx::query!(\n \u0026quot;\nSELECT country, COUNT(*) as count\nFROM users\nGROUP BY country\nWHERE organization = ?\n \u0026quot;,\n organization\n )\n .fetch_all(\u0026amp;pool) // -\u0026gt; Vec\u0026lt;{ country: String, count: i64 }\u0026gt;\n .await?;\n\n// countries[0].country\n// countries[0].count\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e countries = sqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003equery!\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eSELECT country, COUNT(*) as count\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eFROM users\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eGROUP BY country\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eWHERE organization = ?\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e \"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n organization\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efetch_all\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003epool\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// -\u0026gt; Vec\u0026lt;{ country: String, count: i64 }\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e?\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// countries[0].country\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// countries[0].count\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDifferences from \u003ccode\u003equery()\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe input (or bind) parameters must be given all at once (and they are compile-time validated to be\nthe right number and the right type).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe output type is an anonymous record. In the above example the type would be similar to:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"{ country: String, count: i64 }\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e country\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eString\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e count\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ei64\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eDATABASE_URL\u003c/code\u003e environment variable must be set at build time to a database which it can prepare\nqueries against; the database does not have to contain any data but must be the same\nkind (MySQL, Postgres, etc.) and have the same schema as the database you will be connecting to at runtime.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor convenience, you can use \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/dotenv-rs/dotenv#examples\"\u003ea \u003ccode\u003e.env\u003c/code\u003e file\u003c/a\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e to set DATABASE_URL so that you don't have to pass it every time:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"DATABASE_URL=mysql://localhost/my_database\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eDATABASE_URL=mysql://localhost/my_database\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe biggest downside to \u003ccode\u003equery!()\u003c/code\u003e is that the output type cannot be named (due to Rust not\nofficially supporting anonymous records). To address that, there is a \u003ccode\u003equery_as!()\u003c/code\u003e macro that is\nmostly identical except that you can name the output type.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"// no traits are needed\nstruct Country { country: String, count: i64 }\n\nlet countries = sqlx::query_as!(Country,\n \u0026quot;\nSELECT country, COUNT(*) as count\nFROM users\nGROUP BY country\nWHERE organization = ?\n \u0026quot;,\n organization\n )\n .fetch_all(\u0026amp;pool) // -\u0026gt; Vec\u0026lt;Country\u0026gt;\n .await?;\n\n// countries[0].country\n// countries[0].count\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// no traits are needed\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eCountry\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecountry\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eString\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecount\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ei64\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e countries = sqlx\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e::\u003c/span\u003equery_as!\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eCountry\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eSELECT country, COUNT(*) as count\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eFROM users\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eGROUP BY country\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eWHERE organization = ?\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e \"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n organization\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efetch_all\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003epool\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// -\u0026gt; Vec\u0026lt;Country\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e?\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// countries[0].country\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// countries[0].count\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo avoid the need of having a development database around to compile the project even when no\nmodifications (to the database-accessing parts of the code) are done, you can enable \"offline mode\"\nto cache the results of the SQL query analysis using the \u003ccode\u003esqlx\u003c/code\u003e command-line tool. See\n\u003ca href=\"/launchbadge/sqlx/blob/main/sqlx-cli/README.md#enable-building-in-offline-mode-with-query\"\u003esqlx-cli/README.md\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompile-time verified queries do quite a bit of work at compile time. Incremental actions like\n\u003ccode\u003ecargo check\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ecargo build\u003c/code\u003e can be significantly faster when using an optimized build by\nputting the following in your \u003ccode\u003eCargo.toml\u003c/code\u003e (More information in the\n\u003ca href=\"https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/profiles.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eProfiles section\u003c/a\u003e of The Cargo Book)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-toml notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"[profile.dev.package.sqlx-macros]\nopt-level = 3\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eprofile\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edev\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003epackage\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esqlx-macros\u003c/span\u003e]\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eopt-level\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e The \u003ccode\u003edotenv\u003c/code\u003e crate itself appears abandoned as of \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/dotenv-rs/dotenv/issues/74\" data-hovercard-type=\"issue\" data-hovercard-url=\"/dotenv-rs/dotenv/issues/74/hovercard\"\u003eDecember 2021\u003c/a\u003e\nso we now use the \u003ccode\u003edotenvy\u003c/code\u003e crate instead. The file format is the same.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSafety\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-safety\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Safety\" href=\"#safety\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis crate uses \u003ccode\u003e#![forbid(unsafe_code)]\u003c/code\u003e to ensure everything is implemented in 100% Safe Rust.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf the \u003ccode\u003esqlite\u003c/code\u003e feature is enabled, this is downgraded to \u003ccode\u003e#![deny(unsafe_code)]\u003c/code\u003e with \u003ccode\u003e#![allow(unsafe_code)]\u003c/code\u003e on the\n\u003ccode\u003esqlx::sqlite\u003c/code\u003e module. There are several places where we interact with the C SQLite API. We try to document each call for the invariants we're assuming. We absolutely welcome auditing of, and feedback on, our unsafe code usage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLicense\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-license\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: License\" href=\"#license\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLicensed under either of\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApache License, Version 2.0\n(\u003ca href=\"/launchbadge/sqlx/blob/main/LICENSE-APACHE\"\u003eLICENSE-APACHE\u003c/a\u003e or \u003ca href=\"http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMIT license\n(\u003ca href=\"/launchbadge/sqlx/blob/main/LICENSE-MIT\"\u003eLICENSE-MIT\u003c/a\u003e or \u003ca href=\"http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://opensource.org/licenses/MIT\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eat your option.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eContribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-contribution\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Contribution\" href=\"#contribution\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUnless you explicitly state otherwise, any Contribution intentionally submitted\nfor inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be\ndual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"SQLx","anchor":"sqlx","htmlText":"SQLx"},{"level":4,"text":"\n Install\n | \n Usage\n | \n Docs\n | \n Ecosystem\n | \n Discord\n ","anchor":"----------install--------------------usage--------------------docs--------------------ecosystem------------------------discord------","htmlText":"\n Install\n | \n Usage\n | \n Docs\n | \n Ecosystem\n | \n Discord\n "},{"level":5,"text":"Have a question? Be sure to check the FAQ first!","anchor":"have-a-question-be-sure-to-check-the-faq-first","htmlText":"Have a question? Be sure to check the FAQ first!"},{"level":2,"text":"Install","anchor":"install","htmlText":"Install"},{"level":4,"text":"Cargo Feature Flags","anchor":"cargo-feature-flags","htmlText":"Cargo Feature Flags"},{"level":2,"text":"SQLx is not an ORM!","anchor":"sqlx-is-not-an-orm","htmlText":"SQLx is not an ORM!"},{"level":2,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage","htmlText":"Usage"},{"level":3,"text":"Quickstart","anchor":"quickstart","htmlText":"Quickstart"},{"level":3,"text":"Connecting","anchor":"connecting","htmlText":"Connecting"},{"level":3,"text":"Querying","anchor":"querying","htmlText":"Querying"},{"level":3,"text":"Compile-time verification","anchor":"compile-time-verification","htmlText":"Compile-time verification"},{"level":2,"text":"Safety","anchor":"safety","htmlText":"Safety"},{"level":2,"text":"License","anchor":"license","htmlText":"License"},{"level":2,"text":"Contribution","anchor":"contribution","htmlText":"Contribution"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Flaunchbadge%2Fsqlx"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE-APACHE","repoName":"sqlx","refName":"main","path":"LICENSE-APACHE","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"Apache-2.0","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Flaunchbadge%2Fsqlx"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE-MIT","repoName":"sqlx","refName":"main","path":"LICENSE-MIT","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"MIT","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Flaunchbadge%2Fsqlx"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-96e76d5fdb2c.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":false,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_integration":false}}}}</script> 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</a> <span> | </span> <a href="https://docs.rs/sqlx" rel="nofollow"> Docs </a> <span> | </span> <a href="https://github.com/launchbadge/sqlx/wiki/Ecosystem"> Ecosystem </a> <span> | </span> <a href="https://discord.gg/uuruzJ7" rel="nofollow"> Discord </a> </h4><a id="user-content-----------install--------------------usage--------------------docs--------------------ecosystem------------------------discord------" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Install | Usage | Docs | Ecosystem | Discord " href="#----------install--------------------usage--------------------docs--------------------ecosystem------------------------discord------"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> </div> <br> <div align="center" dir="auto"> Built with ❤️ by <a href="https://launchbadge.com" rel="nofollow">The LaunchBadge team</a> </div> <br> <div align="center" dir="auto"> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Have a question? Be sure to <a href="/launchbadge/sqlx/blob/main/FAQ.md">check the FAQ first!</a></h5><a id="user-content-have-a-question-be-sure-to-check-the-faq-first" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Have a question? Be sure to check the FAQ first!" href="#have-a-question-be-sure-to-check-the-faq-first"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> </div> <br> <p dir="auto">SQLx is an async, pure Rust<sub>†</sub> SQL crate featuring compile-time checked queries without a DSL.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto"><strong>Truly Asynchronous</strong>. Built from the ground-up using async/await for maximum concurrency.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><strong>Compile-time checked queries</strong> (if you want). See <a href="#sqlx-is-not-an-orm">SQLx is not an ORM</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><strong>Database Agnostic</strong>. Support for <a href="http://postgresql.org/" rel="nofollow">PostgreSQL</a>, <a href="https://www.mysql.com/" rel="nofollow">MySQL</a>, <a href="https://www.mariadb.org/" rel="nofollow">MariaDB</a>, <a href="https://sqlite.org/" rel="nofollow">SQLite</a>.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sql-server" rel="nofollow">MSSQL</a> was supported prior to version 0.7, but has been removed pending a full rewrite of the driver as part of our <a href="https://github.com/launchbadge/sqlx/discussions/1616" data-hovercard-type="discussion" data-hovercard-url="/launchbadge/sqlx/discussions/1616/hovercard">SQLx Pro initiative</a>.</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><strong>Pure Rust</strong>. The Postgres and MySQL/MariaDB drivers are written in pure Rust using <strong>zero</strong> unsafe<sub>††</sub> code.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><strong>Runtime Agnostic</strong>. Works on different runtimes (<a href="https://github.com/async-rs/async-std"><code>async-std</code></a> / <a href="https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio"><code>tokio</code></a> / <a href="https://github.com/actix/actix-net"><code>actix</code></a>) and TLS backends (<a href="https://crates.io/crates/native-tls" rel="nofollow"><code>native-tls</code></a>, <a href="https://crates.io/crates/rustls" rel="nofollow"><code>rustls</code></a>).</p> </li> </ul> <p dir="auto"></p> <p dir="auto">† The SQLite driver uses the libsqlite3 C library as SQLite is an embedded database (the only way we could be pure Rust for SQLite is by porting <em>all</em> of SQLite to Rust).</p> <p dir="auto">†† SQLx uses <code>#![forbid(unsafe_code)]</code> unless the <code>sqlite</code> feature is enabled. The SQLite driver directly invokes the SQLite3 API via <code>libsqlite3-sys</code>, which requires <code>unsafe</code>.</p> <p dir="auto"></p> <hr> <ul dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto">Cross-platform. Being native Rust, SQLx will compile anywhere Rust is supported.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Built-in connection pooling with <code>sqlx::Pool</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Row streaming. Data is read asynchronously from the database and decoded on demand.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Automatic statement preparation and caching. When using the high-level query API (<code>sqlx::query</code>), statements are prepared and cached per connection.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Simple (unprepared) query execution including fetching results into the same <code>Row</code> types used by the high-level API. Supports batch execution and returns results from all statements.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Transport Layer Security (TLS) where supported (<a href="https://www.mysql.com/" rel="nofollow">MySQL</a>, <a href="https://www.mariadb.org/" rel="nofollow">MariaDB</a> and <a href="http://postgresql.org/" rel="nofollow">PostgreSQL</a>).</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Asynchronous notifications using <code>LISTEN</code> and <code>NOTIFY</code> for <a href="http://postgresql.org/" rel="nofollow">PostgreSQL</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Nested transactions with support for save points.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>Any</code> database driver for changing the database driver at runtime. An <code>AnyPool</code> connects to the driver indicated by the URL scheme.</p> </li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Install</h2><a id="user-content-install" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Install" href="#install"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">SQLx is compatible with the <a href="https://github.com/async-rs/async-std"><code>async-std</code></a>, <a href="https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio"><code>tokio</code></a>, and <a href="https://github.com/actix/actix-net"><code>actix</code></a> runtimes; and, the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/native-tls" rel="nofollow"><code>native-tls</code></a> and <a href="https://crates.io/crates/rustls" rel="nofollow"><code>rustls</code></a> TLS backends. When adding the dependency, you must choose a runtime feature that is <code>runtime</code> + <code>tls</code>.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-toml notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="# Cargo.toml [dependencies] # PICK ONE OF THE FOLLOWING: # tokio (no TLS) sqlx = { version = "0.8", features = [ "runtime-tokio" ] } # tokio + native-tls sqlx = { version = "0.8", features = [ "runtime-tokio", "tls-native-tls" ] } # tokio + rustls with ring and WebPKI CA certificates sqlx = { version = "0.8", features = [ "runtime-tokio", "tls-rustls-ring-webpki" ] } # tokio + rustls with ring and platform's native CA certificates sqlx = { version = "0.8", features = [ "runtime-tokio", "tls-rustls-ring-native-roots" ] } # tokio + rustls with aws-lc-rs sqlx = { version = "0.8", features = [ "runtime-tokio", "tls-rustls-aws-lc-rs" ] } # async-std (no TLS) sqlx = { version = "0.8", features = [ "runtime-async-std" ] } # async-std + native-tls sqlx = { version = "0.8", features = [ "runtime-async-std", "tls-native-tls" ] } # async-std + rustls with ring and WebPKI CA certificates sqlx = { version = "0.8", features = [ "runtime-async-std", "tls-rustls-ring-webpki" ] } # async-std + rustls with ring and platform's native CA certificates sqlx = { version = "0.8", features = [ "runtime-async-std", "tls-rustls-ring-native-roots" ] } # async-std + rustls with aws-lc-rs sqlx = { version = "0.8", features = [ "runtime-async-std", "tls-rustls-aws-lc-rs" ] }"><pre><span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> Cargo.toml</span> [<span class="pl-en">dependencies</span>] <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> PICK ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:</span> <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> tokio (no TLS)</span> <span class="pl-smi">sqlx</span> = { <span class="pl-smi">version</span> = <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0.8<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-smi">features</span> = [ <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>runtime-tokio<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> ] } <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> tokio + native-tls</span> <span class="pl-smi">sqlx</span> = { <span class="pl-smi">version</span> = <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0.8<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-smi">features</span> = [ <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>runtime-tokio<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>tls-native-tls<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> ] } <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> tokio + rustls with ring and WebPKI CA certificates</span> <span class="pl-smi">sqlx</span> = { <span class="pl-smi">version</span> = <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0.8<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-smi">features</span> = [ <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>runtime-tokio<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>tls-rustls-ring-webpki<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> ] } <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> tokio + rustls with ring and platform's native CA certificates</span> <span class="pl-smi">sqlx</span> = { <span class="pl-smi">version</span> = <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0.8<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-smi">features</span> = [ <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>runtime-tokio<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>tls-rustls-ring-native-roots<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> ] } <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> tokio + rustls with aws-lc-rs</span> <span class="pl-smi">sqlx</span> = { <span class="pl-smi">version</span> = <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0.8<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-smi">features</span> = [ <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>runtime-tokio<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>tls-rustls-aws-lc-rs<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> ] } <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> async-std (no TLS)</span> <span class="pl-smi">sqlx</span> = { <span class="pl-smi">version</span> = <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0.8<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-smi">features</span> = [ <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>runtime-async-std<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> ] } <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> async-std + native-tls</span> <span class="pl-smi">sqlx</span> = { <span class="pl-smi">version</span> = <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0.8<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-smi">features</span> = [ <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>runtime-async-std<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>tls-native-tls<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> ] } <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> async-std + rustls with ring and WebPKI CA certificates</span> <span class="pl-smi">sqlx</span> = { <span class="pl-smi">version</span> = <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0.8<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-smi">features</span> = [ <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>runtime-async-std<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>tls-rustls-ring-webpki<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> ] } <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> async-std + rustls with ring and platform's native CA certificates</span> <span class="pl-smi">sqlx</span> = { <span class="pl-smi">version</span> = <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0.8<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-smi">features</span> = [ <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>runtime-async-std<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>tls-rustls-ring-native-roots<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> ] } <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> async-std + rustls with aws-lc-rs</span> <span class="pl-smi">sqlx</span> = { <span class="pl-smi">version</span> = <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0.8<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-smi">features</span> = [ <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>runtime-async-std<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>tls-rustls-aws-lc-rs<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> ] }</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Cargo Feature Flags</h4><a id="user-content-cargo-feature-flags" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Cargo Feature Flags" href="#cargo-feature-flags"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">For backward-compatibility reasons, the runtime and TLS features can either be chosen together as a single feature, or separately.</p> <p dir="auto">For forward compatibility, you should use the separate runtime and TLS features as the combination features may be removed in the future.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>runtime-async-std</code>: Use the <code>async-std</code> runtime without enabling a TLS backend.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>runtime-async-std-native-tls</code>: Use the <code>async-std</code> runtime and <code>native-tls</code> TLS backend (SOFT-DEPRECATED).</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>runtime-async-std-rustls</code>: Use the <code>async-std</code> runtime and <code>rustls</code> TLS backend (SOFT-DEPRECATED).</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>runtime-tokio</code>: Use the <code>tokio</code> runtime without enabling a TLS backend.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>runtime-tokio-native-tls</code>: Use the <code>tokio</code> runtime and <code>native-tls</code> TLS backend (SOFT-DEPRECATED).</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>runtime-tokio-rustls</code>: Use the <code>tokio</code> runtime and <code>rustls</code> TLS backend (SOFT-DEPRECATED).</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Actix-web is fully compatible with Tokio and so a separate runtime feature is no longer needed.</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>tls-native-tls</code>: Use the <code>native-tls</code> TLS backend (OpenSSL on *nix, SChannel on Windows, Secure Transport on macOS).</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>tls-rustls</code>: Use the <code>rustls</code> TLS backend (cross-platform backend, only supports TLS 1.2 and 1.3).</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>postgres</code>: Add support for the Postgres database server.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>mysql</code>: Add support for the MySQL/MariaDB database server.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>mssql</code>: Add support for the MSSQL database server.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>sqlite</code>: Add support for the self-contained <a href="https://sqlite.org/" rel="nofollow">SQLite</a> database engine with SQLite bundled and statically-linked.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>sqlite-unbundled</code>: The same as above (<code>sqlite</code>), but link SQLite from the system instead of the bundled version.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Allows updating SQLite independently of SQLx or using forked versions.</li> <li>You must have SQLite installed on the system or provide a path to the library at build time. See <a href="https://github.com/rusqlite/rusqlite?tab=readme-ov-file#notes-on-building-rusqlite-and-libsqlite3-sys">the <code>rusqlite</code> README</a> for details.</li> <li>May result in link errors if the SQLite version is too old. Version <code>3.20.0</code> or newer is recommended.</li> <li>Can increase build time due to the use of bindgen.</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>sqlite-preupdate-hook</code>: enables SQLite's <a href="https://sqlite.org/c3ref/preupdate_count.html" rel="nofollow">preupdate hook</a> API.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Exposed as a separate feature because it's generally not enabled by default.</li> <li>Using this feature with <code>sqlite-unbundled</code> may cause linker failures if the system SQLite version does not support it.</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>any</code>: Add support for the <code>Any</code> database driver, which can proxy to a database driver at runtime.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>derive</code>: Add support for the derive family macros, those are <code>FromRow</code>, <code>Type</code>, <code>Encode</code>, <code>Decode</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>macros</code>: Add support for the <code>query*!</code> macros, which allows compile-time checked queries.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>migrate</code>: Add support for the migration management and <code>migrate!</code> macro, which allow compile-time embedded migrations.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>uuid</code>: Add support for UUID.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>chrono</code>: Add support for date and time types from <code>chrono</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>time</code>: Add support for date and time types from <code>time</code> crate (alternative to <code>chrono</code>, which is preferred by <code>query!</code> macro, if both enabled)</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>bstr</code>: Add support for <code>bstr::BString</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>bigdecimal</code>: Add support for <code>NUMERIC</code> using the <code>bigdecimal</code> crate.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>rust_decimal</code>: Add support for <code>NUMERIC</code> using the <code>rust_decimal</code> crate.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>ipnetwork</code>: Add support for <code>INET</code> and <code>CIDR</code> (in postgres) using the <code>ipnetwork</code> crate.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><code>json</code>: Add support for <code>JSON</code> and <code>JSONB</code> (in postgres) using the <code>serde_json</code> crate.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Offline mode is now always enabled. See <a href="/launchbadge/sqlx/blob/main/sqlx-cli/README.md#enable-building-in-offline-mode-with-query">sqlx-cli/README.md</a>.</p> </li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">SQLx is not an ORM!</h2><a id="user-content-sqlx-is-not-an-orm" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: SQLx is not an ORM!" href="#sqlx-is-not-an-orm"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">SQLx supports <strong>compile-time checked queries</strong>. It does not, however, do this by providing a Rust API or DSL (domain-specific language) for building queries. Instead, it provides macros that take regular SQL as input and ensure that it is valid for your database. The way this works is that SQLx connects to your development DB at compile time to have the database itself verify (and return some info on) your SQL queries. This has some potentially surprising implications:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Since SQLx never has to parse the SQL string itself, any syntax that the development DB accepts can be used (including things added by database extensions)</li> <li>Due to the different amount of information databases let you retrieve about queries, the extent of SQL verification you get from the query macros depends on the database</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong>If you are looking for an (asynchronous) ORM,</strong> you can check out our new <a href="https://github.com/launchbadge/sqlx/wiki/Ecosystem#orms">Ecosystem wiki page</a>!</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h2><a id="user-content-usage" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">See the <code>examples/</code> folder for more in-depth usage.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Quickstart</h3><a id="user-content-quickstart" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Quickstart" href="#quickstart"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="use sqlx::postgres::PgPoolOptions; // use sqlx::mysql::MySqlPoolOptions; // etc. #[async_std::main] // Requires the `attributes` feature of `async-std` // or #[tokio::main] // or #[actix_web::main] async fn main() -> Result<(), sqlx::Error> { // Create a connection pool // for MySQL/MariaDB, use MySqlPoolOptions::new() // for SQLite, use SqlitePoolOptions::new() // etc. let pool = PgPoolOptions::new() .max_connections(5) .connect("postgres://postgres:password@localhost/test").await?; // Make a simple query to return the given parameter (use a question mark `?` instead of `$1` for MySQL/MariaDB) let row: (i64,) = sqlx::query_as("SELECT $1") .bind(150_i64) .fetch_one(&pool).await?; assert_eq!(row.0, 150); Ok(()) }"><pre><span class="pl-k">use</span> sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span>postgres<span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-v">PgPoolOptions</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-c">// use sqlx::mysql::MySqlPoolOptions;</span> <span class="pl-c">// etc.</span> <span class="pl-c1">#<span class="pl-kos">[</span>async_std<span class="pl-kos">::</span>main<span class="pl-kos">]</span></span> <span class="pl-c">// Requires the `attributes` feature of `async-std`</span> <span class="pl-c">// or #[tokio::main]</span> <span class="pl-c">// or #[actix_web::main]</span> <span class="pl-k">async</span> <span class="pl-k">fn</span> <span class="pl-en">main</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> -> <span class="pl-smi">Result</span><span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-smi">Error</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c">// Create a connection pool</span> <span class="pl-c">// for MySQL/MariaDB, use MySqlPoolOptions::new()</span> <span class="pl-c">// for SQLite, use SqlitePoolOptions::new()</span> <span class="pl-c">// etc.</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> pool = <span class="pl-smi">PgPoolOptions</span><span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-en">new</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">max_connections</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">5</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">connect</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"postgres://postgres:password@localhost/test"</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-k">await</span>?<span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-c">// Make a simple query to return the given parameter (use a question mark `?` instead of `$1` for MySQL/MariaDB)</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> row<span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-smi">i64</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> = sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-en">query_as</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"SELECT $1"</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">bind</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">150_i64</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">fetch_one</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">&</span>pool<span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-k">await</span>?<span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-en">assert_eq</span><span class="pl-en">!</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>row<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-c1">0</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">150</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-en">Ok</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Connecting</h3><a id="user-content-connecting" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Connecting" href="#connecting"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A single connection can be established using any of the database connection types and calling <code>connect()</code>.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="use sqlx::Connection; let conn = SqliteConnection::connect("sqlite::memory:").await?;"><pre><span class="pl-k">use</span> sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-v">Connection</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> conn = <span class="pl-smi">SqliteConnection</span><span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-en">connect</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"sqlite::memory:"</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-k">await</span>?<span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Generally, you will want to instead create a connection pool (<code>sqlx::Pool</code>) for the application to regulate how many server-side connections it's using.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="let pool = MySqlPool::connect("mysql://user:pass@host/database").await?;"><pre><span class="pl-k">let</span> pool = <span class="pl-smi">MySqlPool</span><span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-en">connect</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"mysql://user:pass@host/database"</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-k">await</span>?<span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Querying</h3><a id="user-content-querying" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Querying" href="#querying"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">In SQL, queries can be separated into prepared (parameterized) or unprepared (simple). Prepared queries have their query plan <em>cached</em>, use a binary mode of communication (lower bandwidth and faster decoding), and utilize parameters to avoid SQL injection. Unprepared queries are simple and intended only for use where a prepared statement will not work, such as various database commands (e.g., <code>PRAGMA</code> or <code>SET</code> or <code>BEGIN</code>).</p> <p dir="auto">SQLx supports all operations with both types of queries. In SQLx, a <code>&str</code> is treated as an unprepared query, and a <code>Query</code> or <code>QueryAs</code> struct is treated as a prepared query.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="// low-level, Executor trait conn.execute("BEGIN").await?; // unprepared, simple query conn.execute(sqlx::query("DELETE FROM table")).await?; // prepared, cached query"><pre><span class="pl-c">// low-level, Executor trait</span> conn<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">execute</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"BEGIN"</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-k">await</span>?<span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-c">// unprepared, simple query</span> conn<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">execute</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-en">query</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"DELETE FROM table"</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-k">await</span>?<span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-c">// prepared, cached query</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">We should prefer to use the high-level <code>query</code> interface whenever possible. To make this easier, there are finalizers on the type to avoid the need to wrap with an executor.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="sqlx::query("DELETE FROM table").execute(&mut conn).await?; sqlx::query("DELETE FROM table").execute(&pool).await?;"><pre>sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-en">query</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"DELETE FROM table"</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">execute</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">&</span><span class="pl-k">mut</span> conn<span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-k">await</span>?<span class="pl-kos">;</span> sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-en">query</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"DELETE FROM table"</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">execute</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">&</span>pool<span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-k">await</span>?<span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">The <code>execute</code> query finalizer returns the number of affected rows, if any, and drops all received results. In addition, there are <code>fetch</code>, <code>fetch_one</code>, <code>fetch_optional</code>, and <code>fetch_all</code> to receive results.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>Query</code> type returned from <code>sqlx::query</code> will return <code>Row<'conn></code> from the database. Column values can be accessed by ordinal or by name with <code>row.get()</code>. As the <code>Row</code> retains an immutable borrow on the connection, only one <code>Row</code> may exist at a time.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>fetch</code> query finalizer returns a stream-like type that iterates through the rows in the result sets.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="// provides `try_next` use futures::TryStreamExt; // provides `try_get` use sqlx::Row; let mut rows = sqlx::query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?") .bind(email) .fetch(&mut conn); while let Some(row) = rows.try_next().await? { // map the row into a user-defined domain type let email: &str = row.try_get("email")?; }"><pre><span class="pl-c">// provides `try_next`</span> <span class="pl-k">use</span> futures<span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-v">TryStreamExt</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-c">// provides `try_get`</span> <span class="pl-k">use</span> sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-v">Row</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-k">mut</span> rows = sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-en">query</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?"</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">bind</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>email<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">fetch</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">&</span><span class="pl-k">mut</span> conn<span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-k">while</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-v">Some</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>row<span class="pl-kos">)</span> = rows<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">try_next</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-k">await</span>? <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c">// map the row into a user-defined domain type</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> email<span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">&</span><span class="pl-smi">str</span> = row<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">try_get</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"email"</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span>?<span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">To assist with mapping the row into a domain type, one of two idioms may be used:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="let mut stream = sqlx::query("SELECT * FROM users") .map(|row: PgRow| { // map the row into a user-defined domain type }) .fetch(&mut conn);"><pre><span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-k">mut</span> stream = sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-en">query</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"SELECT * FROM users"</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">map</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>|<span class="pl-s1">row</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">PgRow</span>| <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c">// map the row into a user-defined domain type</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">fetch</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">&</span><span class="pl-k">mut</span> conn<span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div> <div class="highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="#[derive(sqlx::FromRow)] struct User { name: String, id: i64 } let mut stream = sqlx::query_as::<_, User>("SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ? OR name = ?") .bind(user_email) .bind(user_name) .fetch(&mut conn);"><pre><span class="pl-c1">#<span class="pl-kos">[</span>derive<span class="pl-kos">(</span>sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-v">FromRow</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span></span> <span class="pl-k">struct</span> <span class="pl-smi">User</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">name</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">String</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">id</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">i64</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-k">mut</span> stream = sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-en">query_as</span><span class="pl-kos">::</span><span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-smi">_</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-smi">User</span><span class="pl-kos">></span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ? OR name = ?"</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">bind</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>user_email<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">bind</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>user_name<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">fetch</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">&</span><span class="pl-k">mut</span> conn<span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">;</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Instead of a stream of results, we can use <code>fetch_one</code> or <code>fetch_optional</code> to request one required or optional result from the database.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Compile-time verification</h3><a id="user-content-compile-time-verification" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Compile-time verification" href="#compile-time-verification"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">We can use the macro, <code>sqlx::query!</code> to achieve compile-time syntactic and semantic verification of the SQL, with an output to an anonymous record type where each SQL column is a Rust field (using raw identifiers where needed).</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="let countries = sqlx::query!( " SELECT country, COUNT(*) as count FROM users GROUP BY country WHERE organization = ? ", organization ) .fetch_all(&pool) // -> Vec<{ country: String, count: i64 }> .await?; // countries[0].country // countries[0].count"><pre><span class="pl-k">let</span> countries = sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span>query!<span class="pl-kos">(</span> <span class="pl-s">"</span> <span class="pl-s">SELECT country, COUNT(*) as count</span> <span class="pl-s">FROM users</span> <span class="pl-s">GROUP BY country</span> <span class="pl-s">WHERE organization = ?</span> <span class="pl-s"> "</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> organization <span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">fetch_all</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">&</span>pool<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-c">// -> Vec<{ country: String, count: i64 }></span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-k">await</span>?<span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-c">// countries[0].country</span> <span class="pl-c">// countries[0].count</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Differences from <code>query()</code>:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto">The input (or bind) parameters must be given all at once (and they are compile-time validated to be the right number and the right type).</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">The output type is an anonymous record. In the above example the type would be similar to:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="{ country: String, count: i64 }"><pre><span class="pl-kos">{</span> country<span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-v">String</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> count<span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">i64</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">The <code>DATABASE_URL</code> environment variable must be set at build time to a database which it can prepare queries against; the database does not have to contain any data but must be the same kind (MySQL, Postgres, etc.) and have the same schema as the database you will be connecting to at runtime.</p> <p dir="auto">For convenience, you can use <a href="https://github.com/dotenv-rs/dotenv#examples">a <code>.env</code> file</a><sup>1</sup> to set DATABASE_URL so that you don't have to pass it every time:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="DATABASE_URL=mysql://localhost/my_database"><pre class="notranslate"><code>DATABASE_URL=mysql://localhost/my_database </code></pre></div> </li> </ul> <p dir="auto">The biggest downside to <code>query!()</code> is that the output type cannot be named (due to Rust not officially supporting anonymous records). To address that, there is a <code>query_as!()</code> macro that is mostly identical except that you can name the output type.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-rust notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="// no traits are needed struct Country { country: String, count: i64 } let countries = sqlx::query_as!(Country, " SELECT country, COUNT(*) as count FROM users GROUP BY country WHERE organization = ? ", organization ) .fetch_all(&pool) // -> Vec<Country> .await?; // countries[0].country // countries[0].count"><pre><span class="pl-c">// no traits are needed</span> <span class="pl-k">struct</span> <span class="pl-smi">Country</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1">country</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">String</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c1">count</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">i64</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> countries = sqlx<span class="pl-kos">::</span>query_as!<span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-v">Country</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-s">"</span> <span class="pl-s">SELECT country, COUNT(*) as count</span> <span class="pl-s">FROM users</span> <span class="pl-s">GROUP BY country</span> <span class="pl-s">WHERE organization = ?</span> <span class="pl-s"> "</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> organization <span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">fetch_all</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">&</span>pool<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-c">// -> Vec<Country></span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-k">await</span>?<span class="pl-kos">;</span> <span class="pl-c">// countries[0].country</span> <span class="pl-c">// countries[0].count</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">To avoid the need of having a development database around to compile the project even when no modifications (to the database-accessing parts of the code) are done, you can enable "offline mode" to cache the results of the SQL query analysis using the <code>sqlx</code> command-line tool. See <a href="/launchbadge/sqlx/blob/main/sqlx-cli/README.md#enable-building-in-offline-mode-with-query">sqlx-cli/README.md</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">Compile-time verified queries do quite a bit of work at compile time. Incremental actions like <code>cargo check</code> and <code>cargo build</code> can be significantly faster when using an optimized build by putting the following in your <code>Cargo.toml</code> (More information in the <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/profiles.html" rel="nofollow">Profiles section</a> of The Cargo Book)</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-toml notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="[profile.dev.package.sqlx-macros] opt-level = 3"><pre>[<span class="pl-en">profile</span>.<span class="pl-en">dev</span>.<span class="pl-en">package</span>.<span class="pl-en">sqlx-macros</span>] <span class="pl-smi">opt-level</span> = <span class="pl-c1">3</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto"><sup>1</sup> The <code>dotenv</code> crate itself appears abandoned as of <a href="https://github.com/dotenv-rs/dotenv/issues/74" data-hovercard-type="issue" data-hovercard-url="/dotenv-rs/dotenv/issues/74/hovercard">December 2021</a> so we now use the <code>dotenvy</code> crate instead. The file format is the same.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Safety</h2><a id="user-content-safety" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Safety" href="#safety"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This crate uses <code>#![forbid(unsafe_code)]</code> to ensure everything is implemented in 100% Safe Rust.</p> <p dir="auto">If the <code>sqlite</code> feature is enabled, this is downgraded to <code>#![deny(unsafe_code)]</code> with <code>#![allow(unsafe_code)]</code> on the <code>sqlx::sqlite</code> module. There are several places where we interact with the C SQLite API. We try to document each call for the invariants we're assuming. We absolutely welcome auditing of, and feedback on, our unsafe code usage.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">License</h2><a id="user-content-license" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: License" href="#license"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Licensed under either of</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Apache License, Version 2.0 (<a href="/launchbadge/sqlx/blob/main/LICENSE-APACHE">LICENSE-APACHE</a> or <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0" rel="nofollow">http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0</a>)</li> <li>MIT license (<a href="/launchbadge/sqlx/blob/main/LICENSE-MIT">LICENSE-MIT</a> or <a href="http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT" rel="nofollow">http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT</a>)</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">at your option.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Contribution</h2><a id="user-content-contribution" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Contribution" href="#contribution"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.</p> </article></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="iC05MmZZNyrzldJdE7Ei+vpYsOta0AH0hWzHfZsg//QKCjBMBN321FT5QNd7/ajMCNuje6jk4NwZRR4CG6ngKw==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> 🧰 The Rust SQL Toolkit. An async, pure Rust SQL crate featuring compile-time checked queries without a DSL. Supports PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite. </p> <h3 class="sr-only">Topics</h3> <div class="my-3"> <div class="f6"> <a href="/topics/mysql" title="Topic: mysql" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> mysql </a> <a href="/topics/rust" title="Topic: rust" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> rust </a> <a href="/topics/postgres" title="Topic: postgres" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> postgres </a> <a href="/topics/sql" title="Topic: sql" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> sql </a> <a href="/topics/async" title="Topic: async" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> async </a> <a href="/topics/sqlite" title="Topic: sqlite" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> sqlite </a> <a href="/topics/postgresql" title="Topic: postgresql" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> postgresql </a> <a href="/topics/mariadb" title="Topic: mariadb" 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<button type="button" class="Link--secondary underline-on-hover border-0 p-0 color-bg-transparent" data-action="click:cookie-consent-link#showConsentManagement" data-analytics-event="{"location":"footer","action":"dont_share_info","context":"subfooter","tag":"link","label":"dont_share_info_link_subfooter_footer"}" > Do not share my personal information </button> </cookie-consent-link> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </footer> <ghcc-consent id="ghcc" class="position-fixed bottom-0 left-0" style="z-index: 999999" data-initial-cookie-consent-allowed="" data-cookie-consent-required="false"></ghcc-consent> <div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path> </svg> <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </button> You can’t perform that action at this time. </div> <template id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column 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id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> </div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" ></div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice-assertive" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div> </body> </html>