CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91357075aa26f894',cH: 'B3HR1anxxSFyv.JZPjRwCXHUgcwvTkidW02Yi.WKc7c-1739791762-1.2.1.1-.AJ8oPqEvmUlShRjlriLykQPz09_NR4A9pi5fbtvLLV3WXUs7z_hR1VoMUVmBqdU',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=non-active%20concrete%20slab&__cf_chl_tk=4k_f2ik5jj0fjrn_HgMi8Ksv5uBf7Bv3OFvLrXTKE8o-1739791762-1.0.1.1-lci_E2aqOpMoFtF.74QqOy3pBcG0FwvGiODu1GHfG_I",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739791762',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=non-active%20concrete%20slab&__cf_chl_f_tk=4k_f2ik5jj0fjrn_HgMi8Ksv5uBf7Bv3OFvLrXTKE8o-1739791762-1.0.1.1-lci_E2aqOpMoFtF.74QqOy3pBcG0FwvGiODu1GHfG_I",md: "rRf89wPxkpnusuVtqzsvNsyayLC.SlDaLTO35syAXDM-1739791762-1.2.1.1-D6JNihVCCIGJ5ng_YlU2eTYrj0XONeVub.WLowsJ5ZC7xQRoTUfeamcFQYG1EEWLQ2ehuBFv.wiBAEhqUOJOh.qs6d85PPLvP7G.xMN8saHIKoKADPcqgat59v.3Jm9Cb1wWBZuRZnKbtVt9Tgc9RX_Q0nz6JdfmVNTr04NXX5bUO5AJluLooB2KDYt0yIQrbi9_Tp3ASMOHfRzlwst2BukZQPMhDMErX3aEpR9l9krGkl_6kXg05PsLJNlTztEc00MKRyvaa2h2kSgXB_arvxLzIdbEsKYNxHtgMqaz0QwwmkHdXo75Y9ywGTn3Y3YfzgfetuwgMWPTKpP1yMVjuTh7RoujutIJ5YvMBrObWYTZF6UOJGmEgBo_X61RE_oQZOfjpvQXDWUbu82BIt9pTzEFrZjZWsmNXKgGMT9xdECW5tSw41EFuQJTLj6C7.zgzonJ5_4_wb8KFN12V_3i3b9Z9PIvVbgzciKcHiKo_JU6JuHMuP1UeabIajAfWRbeunUlocpaBW_bOMCfMJMcXibdErPHqA1g1vtqhzrhYi3U5MZyPNXZUQn8wRK.Sclvty3OWxNy7D5iuG0WAbAV12GbWMmrtS7Vv9wsx28APU9r7zUZTFzEqIs3FLVFdNj8w3X1lxNd3SiJ13pwrJpBVpd8ypR5TTeUoMeLUkPcKGK.sD65tv2QsjKSEIpoz7hVkqI1K5wWO9yVJCuI.7XSQFxatY8U5xxp48w9NCnEg2WGVG_sVHRmFrOUWBLLbRdE8KaugT3B.5TQzFKd8_.ocDfdT.PGieFa1s715OrJb0f_qIEh70tjkFcc.8Madzdyds9gd5eRAXEaBJ9.4WKIKUhzckBsnhYd6gpn24krWkvv6gYDu2CW42FItDKSPu9hS4JknkKmICfXLadZmBhGQV3oZ4HWlHTp0Koh4Mz1bqTG9qzJC1Xr5Bk27Ymq8Hsnd6t6hp1zSCAKA6joDWr__qkRG5d2yWZ2Em72786WJ7f_hlwtHK3EG.R6svHiY_1i4WFzV34m5kf4Ip3l4YbnsVmzWogSbXfd.Rj.8VeeuyhuUf9_K3TyV8ydFHaVi9pbKC4TeI2RzfGI9P8ge4U_qyxXes_zqtl1z3C6uWK6swZ_9rGMaeAv1hHyCGqn4jhgwRFV9hrYPG5vFFBtfuYeO_8W_dpuGWdQtYZbVh9B0c4duW.OqTdt.IvTSmK1awkl241c8Dvb.AfjT0xmdMickH6q6.L7EDbs97FUomQOpEmLTtUl.rUtqWdTOB1GN5k_9DFcwj1PtQuqDLO18GE4YhM.MGkvLQQw6UC5SwEpCbOBctZJOX4s0o1k1yGn50.svnPp4lZp9NnW9TSvJXFZlo9gc3WTkJ3wVDztrI5zAvwCrq5TuZ.FTG6be5rrht8WKnKh0Sr.A5v5Cw3nZop9exxWa3p5Ea_ePY7JRAy6OsYRrW77PnlO7XwARfWMkEhp6Ur2_Cvz.HY8XLuibx2kmq6spPZoCxwjj7.MKCo_deOj2l3zTrORKcY8RgDa9LgfTwP.nBDbNXomJkcrh4Rpcdm2M1p7_WDY3Elv5XOmSQxkGfS98piEWVsxZLTAgmxP6LSBkiZBxZhq7y1OriIU0IHx6T1Ca5o9m7tnvyiZ8L0C_4m4L52X1V.SgocZ.c1KO6pfpyh7tW8sWAwyPafYN8bx1Tato9br8eIi2aosMyZRQY.FDB0NqfqF58BnbxAi6g_265ce1hBmLTV49vBsJtbNadsq3xFIU3ywpebZ1kbQ4MSKPSa7xS2CadUVCj7CHTSgDuW62gECPqvAmI42EI73YfAPau8moLOUws16G9QWiFErKNn1wbun1ltcvkS8bi.IRy0JVgSCoBR539kKTpM5GPFO2EEbD44qVoHeWTWGGyRkw2Lx6SaPOBukjHzzyN0922YN215sySWtL7TnsqOq2pcPlu4dT2CXBgP07G9OawQnwgbENzeu5y2iosoh",mdrd: "HP8R512Ayc1GAAIuUFtlhnQHKfGzdZ_bJ6e9rhzSm4k-1739791762-1.2.1.1-4Jo.wPqXPLB6zx.pkcLt3Ao37PSBpwhHWa45Q7CZ4HkH9qt7ajjjwzqOAoqABJLc7LOM9.5EujbHlU3AINf1ngyBWPx3Chyl.unTP1C7ptzvmzdh7lCpoW.Y1r0rq8NWs83ikeAuPgw7FW6FgQq7t9lMpE5PEL9HQ2nTMP0xH4alMEsZO6I6rq6IGciQojJd823rjEdbxumnqKOsPAAilHoe_eioEK92iZU_t_eKk56rFlUxWulT2oWb5CJxAUGcWxC7LZwYWyXDLNYT8PXbMbIqjuJMvKeA2_piAMGAZJH9C1lOd1wQo5ad44tP4m2c51R9c3MDUywROzzacI4KssMZXmZKXZbHbrG_HcJS0vZgG6k1JfWhK667fiJ_5Ur5IF0mt.19EgmDOOmsQE5jaN6UDKJXNh5pu.q276w.6zsHUlvqYwpA91CSt4RJZ282GS4ceT_QwuShFCwd28xnqGRv1GaiSmLqOgn_T8YRdPS1V7igyEo_.0Jq3emzkKR.j8yeT3Ls3A_7WsUZ5p1iJN_WvJFGH437_ou9hGeAPwRDzVsQsRjI683xoN6dxgoojp9bgoEJY3cVfl3fzFvg16tiyPMRo8hcB3FnHjQyF1BV3wmFMi0M5vqFNEA5Gcq0a7t3ZZwndk97dgSLU46HfBHagOGGOZ1OSaNVh4uahPsAN.r4gJ9D0Szd_NpaRk3revs4k6MsDgKqgTAhtQBjsqsR..pVrCEPncV886XbbqLD7YlQxxzi1QmXuKoia1C1OtP53t_AsbexfSluLElkDpBIr0AGLhxCavrvonl70TmFc8w4BrHlaxt_ymWfEu61tjUFathzAb__nUKYPZI_I8P1GEuJurK47xkiT09uQ3k.DhTSA7uU2SjhdjCXkj.hWCG1IxaSSBgQzWqiXIYBzZl3La2K2oTpoSXvaTfR2jU.VcaUVDspccLqFsSv5nJBH0t1e94HEftewProGWRuJ7bfJ7yn6N1GhLt.tZ6GVcKLXzFAiWsaYbhwiOzpVOYEg_s_QUw_V3vd6RZbRdlblBaTjttj3V81QcMcnu7GLEYrmYL_uf7SFiUyiMIB_qS.tD.PsC7woQcDIfbfdv.jdDVxVd34i5_evcFxjsEQQIKLY6Z0Hht_deswoX19pliLqjOzwxME6efra53pFLC75zNRs3ac.ALoOD3VR4PI6BSMtsSv1s5R6CH8.uZewHY1S.30xVPEhFf4kssBtUH9NDwamvo09v4nv8VVZnf6z0VY2wI73I4ZGeC46kFDn66_gavfng6s7Q2dw63P02J5abP3hsGicVatBtHA.pjA6D5VuLeWLQrfXB.iv7JRi4Jpp5BTPs2wEQwZocWvbusvzgIjZwfsxySYiROnPBKoriSbxq9PuPXEG1FhgpodNCiGiDaq1bzgYuhX1uK.Qe480fQfEtdwDPs2i8k6ZuNW46Kx2xXzWiKG94jewW4DLjbHWM9Ez_e7USZK0QBZBxQDxymPrvh7OCryx3l2CdB4quQmQ96ZrVhXcTgXJpls6jHYyFKSnbFq7QlC4Qgn1Br.TiJnXLVUMIL4_ku.FkwlohYZmIZf4TqjpRdU3qF7Frqo3fZQdBrjXE5BfKsBm1t74tJWcpgsB8eiJgCB49eogv02rKHxw4GF7hm49GvN5i.xZlxzbzGySpp3vRz1FHHnpmaSeGCWgq_ospHxtovpxI4oMQc_cwsX5cXngCzjZmF7E_MzZnCv32cQsLlVQELawRt1FYaOOGpc1lQEumH_DGOxCosIFZR3G9LflRG5vkgL7LUJvAzx2nHIxS3CEvPb_es13y6x6aNywUHTO6MjS2bHFL_.m_JgPNaYN3_MOdGXfcTHWriLgc0TC7dqnqS6GdEdzQwxDvvAlkpAxE82kwCVIb6vX6pLYZAjzGw2YMlJNd7vM0u9EvfWJONq_y5GeOcHHzqtgS5HMMbpvwIVvR1S8TfeZfHuvxw_qXFrpXv7"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91357075aa26f894';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=non-active%20concrete%20slab&__cf_chl_rt_tk=4k_f2ik5jj0fjrn_HgMi8Ksv5uBf7Bv3OFvLrXTKE8o-1739791762-1.0.1.1-lci_E2aqOpMoFtF.74QqOy3pBcG0FwvGiODu1GHfG_I" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>