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class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 个人工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-正常分娩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#正常分娩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 正常分娩 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-正常分娩-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关正常分娩子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-正常分娩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-第一階段：子宮收縮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第一階段：子宮收縮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 第一階段：子宮收縮 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第一階段：子宮收縮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第二階段：胎儿娩出" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第二階段：胎儿娩出"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 第二階段：胎儿娩出 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第二階段：胎儿娩出-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第三階段：排出胎盤" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第三階段：排出胎盤"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 第三階段：排出胎盤 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第三階段：排出胎盤-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-產後" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#產後"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 產後 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-產後-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-痛苦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#痛苦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 痛苦 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-痛苦-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关痛苦子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-痛苦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-非醫療性止痛" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非醫療性止痛"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 非醫療性止痛 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非醫療性止痛-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-醫療性止痛" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#醫療性止痛"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 醫療性止痛 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-醫療性止痛-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-併發症與分娩風險" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#併發症與分娩風險"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 併發症與分娩風險 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-併發症與分娩風險-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-心理方面" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#心理方面"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 心理方面 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-心理方面-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分娩方式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分娩方式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 分娩方式 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分娩方式-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关分娩方式子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-分娩方式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自然分娩（顺产）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自然分娩（顺产）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 自然分娩（顺产） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自然分娩（顺产）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-剖宫产" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#剖宫产"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 剖宫产 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-剖宫产-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 參考資料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文內注釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文內注釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 文內注釋 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文內注釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 外部連結 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关外部連結子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 延伸閱讀 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">分娩</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。103种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" > 103种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="ولادة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="উপজনন – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উপজনন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partu" title="Partu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Partu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9Faq_do%C4%9Fumu" title="Uşaq doğumu – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uşaq doğumu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7" title="اوشاق دوغما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوشاق دوغما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Тыуым – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тыуым" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangangaki" title="Pangangaki – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pangangaki" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%9E_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Роды ў чалавека – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роды ў чалавека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Роды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Роды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC" title="প্রসব – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রসব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwilioud" title="Gwilioud – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwilioud" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poro%C4%91aj" title="Porođaj – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Porođaj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treball_de_part" title="Treball de part – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Treball de part" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83ng-gi%C4%81ng" title="Săng-giāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Săng-giāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бердар – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бердар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpanganak" title="Pagpanganak – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pagpanganak" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زان – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porod" title="Porod – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Porod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geburt" title="Geburt – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geburt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Τοκετός – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τοκετός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Childbirth" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasko" title="Nasko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nasko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parto" title="Parto – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCnnitus" title="Sünnitus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sünnitus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_erditze" title="Giza erditze – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giza erditze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زایمان – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زایمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synnytys" title="Synnytys – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Synnytys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accouchement" title="Accouchement – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accouchement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befalling" title="Befalling – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Befalling" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breith_clainne" title="Breith clainne – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Breith clainne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parto" title="Parto – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membys%E1%BA%BD" title="Membysẽ – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Membysẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE" title="બાળજન્મ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બાળજન્મ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jego" title="Jego – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jego" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiung-ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%81" title="Kiung-chṳ́ – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kiung-chṳ́" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="לידה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5" title="सन्तान प्रसव – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सन्तान प्रसव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poro%C4%91aj" title="Porođaj – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Porođaj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%BCl%C3%A9s" title="Szülés – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szülés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ծննդաբերություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծննդաբերություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelahiran_anak" title="Kelahiran anak – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelahiran anak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5_nwa" title="Ọmụmụ nwa – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọmụmụ nwa" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parturo" title="Parturo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Parturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parto" title="Parto – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="分娩 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分娩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrawt" title="Tarrawt – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tarrawt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%83" title="Туу – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Туу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A8" title="ಶಿಶುಜನನ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಶುಜನನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A7%8C" title="분만 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarokan%C3%AEn" title="Zarokanîn – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zarokanîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%82" title="Төрөт – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Төрөт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerperium" title="Puerperium – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Puerperium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimdymas" title="Gimdymas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gimdymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzemd%C4%ABbas" title="Dzemdības – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzemdības" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രസവം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രസവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Төрөлт – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төрөлт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="प्रसूती – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रसूती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bersalin" title="Bersalin – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bersalin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကလေးမွေးခြင်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကလေးမွေးခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevalling" title="Bevalling – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bevalling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnef%C3%B8dsel" title="Barnefødsel – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Barnefødsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubereka_mwana" title="Kubereka mwana – 齐切瓦语" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Kubereka mwana" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="齐切瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasilha" title="Jasilha – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jasilha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AC" title="ପ୍ରସବ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରସବ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਣੇਪਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਣੇਪਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon" title="Bon – 尼日利亚皮钦语" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Bon" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="尼日利亚皮钦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Por%C3%B3d_u_cz%C5%82owieka" title="Poród u człowieka – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poród u człowieka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%90%DA%BE%D9%84%D8%A7" title="چِھلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چِھلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parto" title="Parto – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paqariy" title="Paqariy – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Paqariy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%83_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Роды у человека – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Роды у человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bairnbirth" title="Bairnbirth – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bairnbirth" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poro%C4%91aj" title="Porođaj – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Porođaj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Childbirth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4rod" title="Pôrod – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pôrod" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porod" title="Porod – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Porod" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuponiwa" title="Kuponiwa – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kuponiwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindja_e_f%C3%ABmij%C3%ABs" title="Lindja e fëmijës – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lindja e fëmijës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Порођај – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Порођај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubeleka" title="Kubeleka – 斯瓦蒂语" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Kubeleka" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="斯瓦蒂语" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlhaho_ya_ngwana" title="Tlhaho ya ngwana – 南索托语" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Tlhaho ya ngwana" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="南索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar" title="Babar – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Babar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rlossning" title="Förlossning – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förlossning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujifungua" title="Kujifungua – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kujifungua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="குழந்தை பிறப்பு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குழந்தை பிறப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81" title="కానుపు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కానుపు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Зоймон – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зоймон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="การคลอด – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การคลอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aga_dogurma" title="Çaga dogurma – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Çaga dogurma" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panganganak" title="Panganganak – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panganganak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ocuk_do%C4%9Furma" title="Çocuk doğurma – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çocuk doğurma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quri_Mgdurug" title="Quri Mgdurug – 赛德克语" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Quri Mgdurug" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="赛德克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abawo" title="Abawo – 契维语" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Abawo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="契维语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Пологи – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пологи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DA%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زچگی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زچگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_con" title="Sinh con – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh con" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aco%C3%BBtchmint" title="Acoûtchmint – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Acoûtchmint" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpanganak" title="Pagpanganak – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pagpanganak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="分娩 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="分娩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98" title="געבורט – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געבורט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibim%E1%BB%8D" title="Ibimọ – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ibimọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%E2%81%BF-ki%C3%A1%E2%81%BF" title="Seⁿ-kiáⁿ – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Seⁿ-kiáⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B2%F0%A4%98%85%E5%AD%90" title="生孲𤘅子 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生孲𤘅子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> 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id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Childbirth" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34581" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a>。 (2015年5月23日) 请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。 致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%22">"分娩"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%22">图像</a>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a>「分娩者」重定向至此。关于美国部分地方和台湾法律定义的分娩者，请见「<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E4%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="母亲">母亲</a>」。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_life_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/20px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/30px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/40px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科">维基百科</a>中的醫學内容仅供参考，並不能視作專業意見。如需獲取醫療幫助或意見，请咨询专业人士。詳見<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E" title="Wikipedia:医学声明">醫學聲明</a>。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lightgrey">分娩 Childbirth</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">又称</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">生產，出生</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/File:Postpartum_baby2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Postpartum_baby2.jpg/300px-Postpartum_baby2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Postpartum_baby2.jpg/450px-Postpartum_baby2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Postpartum_baby2.jpg/600px-Postpartum_baby2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1361" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">新生兒和媽媽</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%B5%E7%99%BC%E7%97%87" title="併發症">併發症</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A3%E7%94%A2" title="難產">難產</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%BE%8C%E5%87%BA%E8%A1%80" title="產後出血">產後出血</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E7%99%87" title="子癇">子癇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A7%E8%A4%A5%E7%83%AD" title="产褥热">产褥热</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E5%85%92%E7%AA%92%E6%81%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新生兒窒息（页面不存在）">新生兒窒息</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/birth_asphyxia" class="extiw" title="en:birth asphyxia">birth asphyxia</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Mar2014-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2008Ed-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">类型</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%81%93%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="陰道分娩">陰道分娩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%96%E5%AE%AB%E4%BA%A7" title="剖宫产">剖宫产</a><a href="#cite_note-Mem2013-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mart2015-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">患病率</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1.35億人出生（2015年）<a href="#cite_note-CIA2015-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">死亡數</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2020年： 0.22%（世界）<a href="#cite_note-OWID-6">[6]</a> 0.53%（非洲）<a href="#cite_note-OWID-6">[6]</a> 0.02%（中國）<a href="#cite_note-OWID-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;;;">分类和外部资源</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%88%E7%A7%91" title="醫學專科">醫學專科</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="產科學">產科學</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A9%E7%94%A2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="助產學（页面不存在）">助產學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/midwifery" class="extiw" title="en:midwifery">midwifery</a>）</td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: right; font-size:0.9em;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34581" class="extiw" title="d:Q34581">编辑此条目的维基数据</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:200px;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf;"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E9%95%B7" title="人的成長">人的成長與發展</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_development_stages_(collage).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg/150px-Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg/225px-Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg/300px-Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="2896" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> 階段</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE%E5%8D%B5" title="受精卵">受精卵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E" title="胚胎">胚胎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2" title="人類胚胎發育">胚胎發育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E5%85%92" title="胎兒">胎兒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92" title="嬰兒">嬰兒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92" title="幼兒">幼兒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92" title="幼兒">儿童早期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5" title="儿童">儿童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="前青少年期">前青少年期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" title="青少年">青少年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%A3%AF%E5%B9%B4" title="青壯年">青壯年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B9%B4" title="中年">中年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4" title="老年">老年</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> 生命歷程</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="人类受精">人类受精</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">分娩</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爬行學步（页面不存在）">爬行學步</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_motor_skill#Learning_to_walk" class="extiw" title="en:Gross motor skill">Gross motor skill#Learning to walk</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%B9%A0%E5%BE%97" title="语言习得">语言习得</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="青春期">青春期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="更年期">更年期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" title="老化">老化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%BB%88" title="临终">临终</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%85%89%E8%BF%94%E7%85%A7" title="回光返照">回光返照</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="死亡">死亡</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="发展心理学">发展心理学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A2%E5%89%8D%E8%88%87%E5%91%A8%E7%94%A2%E6%9C%9F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="產前與周產期心理學（页面不存在）">產前與產後</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_and_perinatal_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Prenatal and perinatal psychology">Prenatal and perinatal psychology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5" title="兒童發展階段">新生兒與兒童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" title="青少年">青少年</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positive_Youth_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positive Youth Development（页面不存在）">青年</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_Youth_Development" class="extiw" title="en:Positive Youth Development">Positive Youth Development</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%A3%AF%E5%B9%B4" title="青壯年">青壯年</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成人發展（页面不存在）">成人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_development" class="extiw" title="en:Adult development">Adult development</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%88%90%E7%86%9F" title="心理成熟">心理成熟</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="階段發展理論（页面不存在）">階段發展理論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_stage_theories" class="extiw" title="en:Developmental stage theories">Developmental stage theories</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E9%99%84%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="依附理論">依附理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="生态系统理论">生态系统理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5" title="埃里克森社会心理发展阶段">社会心理发展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95" title="性心理發展">性心理發展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5" title="柯尔伯格道德发展阶段">道德发展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E8%AB%96" title="認知發展論">認知發展論</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化歷史心理學（页面不存在）">文化歷史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural-historical_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural-historical psychology">Cultural-historical psychology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化發展心理學（页面不存在）">演化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary developmental psychology">Evolutionary developmental psychology</a>）</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:人类学">人类学主题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Psi2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:心理学">心理学主题</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template talk:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> 分娩（英語：Childbirth）也稱為生產（英語：labour and delivery），是指婦女<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="懷孕">懷孕</a>之後，一個或多個<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E5%85%92" title="胎兒">胎兒</a>離開母親<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="子宮">子宮</a>的過程，它象徵著人的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E7%94%9F" title="出生">出生</a>，可能是經由<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="陰道">陰道</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%81%93%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="陰道分娩">陰道分娩</a>，也可能是<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%96%E5%AE%AB%E4%BA%A7" title="剖宫产">剖宫产</a><a href="#cite_note-Mart2015-4">[4]</a>。全世界在2015年時有1.35億人出生<a href="#cite_note-CIA2015-5">[5]</a>，其中有1500萬人是<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E7%94%A2" title="早產">懷孕不到37週就出生</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>，也有3%至12%是<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%9C%9F%E5%A6%8A%E5%A8%A0" title="過期妊娠">懷孕42週後才出生</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="已開發國家">已開發國家</a>大部份的產婦是在醫院分娩<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>，而<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="開發中國家">開發中國家</a>大部份的產婦是在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E6%8E%A5%E7%94%9F%E5%93%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傳統接生員（页面不存在）">傳統接生員</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_birth_attendant" class="extiw" title="en:Traditional birth attendant">Traditional birth attendant</a>）的協助下，在家中分娩<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>。 最常見的分娩方式是<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%81%93%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="陰道分娩">陰道分娩</a><a href="#cite_note-Mem2013-3">[3]</a>。陰道分娩的產程包括三個階段：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AB%E9%A2%88%E7%AE%A1%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1" title="宫颈管消失">宫颈管消失</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%AE%E9%A0%B8%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宮頸擴張（页面不存在）">宮頸擴張</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_dilation" class="extiw" title="en:Cervical dilation">Cervical dilation</a>）、胎頭下降及嬰兒<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E7%94%9F" title="出生">出生</a>、以及第三產程的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E7%9B%A4" title="胎盤">胎盤</a>娩出<a href="#cite_note-Col2016-12">[12]</a>。第一產程約十二到十九小時、第二產程約二十分鐘到二小時、第三產程約五至三十分鐘<a href="#cite_note-NIH2010-13">[13]</a>。第一產程一開始會有腹部或是背部的陣痛，約每十分鐘至三十分鐘一次，每次持續半分鐘<a href="#cite_note-Col2016-12">[12]</a>。陣痛會越來越密集，強度也會越來越強<a href="#cite_note-NIH2010-13">[13]</a>。第二階段會有子宮的收縮，同時將胎兒娩出<a href="#cite_note-NIH2010-13">[13]</a>，在第三階段一般會建議<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E8%BF%9F%E6%96%AD%E8%84%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="延迟断脐（页面不存在）">延迟断脐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/delayed_cord_clamping" class="extiw" title="en:delayed cord clamping">delayed cord clamping</a>）<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>，有許多方式可以減緩分娩時的疼痛，例如放鬆的技巧、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%89%87%E7%B1%BB%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿片类药物">阿片類藥物</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E9%98%BB%E6%96%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脊髓阻斷（页面不存在）">脊髓阻斷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spinal_block" class="extiw" title="en:spinal block">spinal block</a>）<a href="#cite_note-NIH2010-13">[13]</a>。 大部份的嬰兒分娩時是以頭部先露出產道的頭位姿勢出生，不過有4%會是腿部或是臂部先露出產道，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%80%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="臀位分娩">寤生</a>（臀位分娩）<a href="#cite_note-NIH2010-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>。在分娩過程產婦仍可以依喜好的方式飲食或是走動，但在第一產程或是在嬰兒頭部露出的階段，產婦不要刻意收缩肌肉，一般而言產婦也不需要<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%8C%E8%82%A0_(%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6)" title="灌肠 (医学)">灌肠</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>。在分娩前常會進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E9%99%B0%E5%88%87%E9%96%8B%E8%A1%93" title="會陰切開術">會陰切開術</a>，增大陰道的開口，但一般來說這個手術不是必需的<a href="#cite_note-NIH2010-13">[13]</a>。2012年有2300萬名嬰兒是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%96%E5%AE%AB%E4%BA%A7" title="剖宫产">剖宫产</a>（剖腹产）的方式出生<a href="#cite_note-Mol2015-17">[17]</a>。若是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E8%83%9E%E8%83%8E" title="雙胞胎">雙胞胎</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%8E%E5%85%92%E5%AE%AE%E5%85%A7%E7%AA%92%E6%81%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胎兒宮內窒息（页面不存在）">胎兒宮內窒息</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_distress" class="extiw" title="en:Fetal distress">Fetal distress</a>）或是寤生（胎兒腳部先出來），會建議用剖宮產方式分娩<a href="#cite_note-NIH2010-13">[13]</a>。但剖宮產的產後需要較長的時間才能復原<a href="#cite_note-NIH2010-13">[13]</a>。 每年因為懷孕及分娩的併發症而<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%95%E4%BA%A7%E5%A6%87%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="孕产妇死亡">死亡</a>的孕产妇有五十萬人，有七百萬人有長期的嚴重後遺症，有五千萬人在分娩後健康有負面的影響<a href="#cite_note-WHO2008Ed-2">[2]</a>，其中大部份是發生在<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="開發中國家">開發中國家</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2008Ed-2">[2]</a>。分娩有關的併發症有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A3%E7%94%A2" title="難產">難產</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%BE%8C%E5%87%BA%E8%A1%80" title="產後出血">產後出血</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E7%99%87" title="子癇">子癇</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A7%E8%A4%A5%E7%83%AD" title="产褥热">产褥热</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2008Ed-2">[2]</a>。嬰兒的併發症有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E5%85%92%E7%AA%92%E6%81%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新生兒窒息（页面不存在）">新生兒窒息</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinatal_asphyxia" class="extiw" title="en:Perinatal asphyxia">Perinatal asphyxia</a>）等<a href="#cite_note-Mar2014-1">[1]</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="正常分娩">正常分娩</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：正常分娩">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第一階段：子宮收縮">第一階段：子宮收縮</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：第一階段：子宮收縮">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="懷孕">懷孕</a>晚期，當<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E5%85%92" title="胎兒">胎兒</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="大腦">大腦</a>感到營養不足時，會發出啟動分娩的信號<a href="#cite_note-我即我脑-18">[18]</a>。通常人類的分娩由<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE%E6%94%B6%E7%B8%AE" title="子宮收縮">子宮開始收縮</a>，而子宮頸也擴張開始。宮縮多始於夜裡10點至翌日凌晨6點間<a href="#cite_note-我即我脑-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>，這是因為孕婦大腦在夜間分泌更多的<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E7%94%A2%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="催產素">催產素</a>，且子宮在夜間對催產素最敏感<a href="#cite_note-我即我脑-18">[18]</a>。收縮過程中子宮的長肌肉會由頂端開始收縮，收縮範圍往下擴大。每次收縮結束時，肌肉會放鬆到比開始時要短一點的長度。這會將子宮頸拉上胎兒頭部。每次收縮都會擴張子宮頸，直到完全擴張：通常是直徑10公分以上。 收縮會不斷變得更密集，力道也會變強，子宮頸也會不斷擴張。收縮可能開始的很快也可能很緩慢。子宮收縮開始，直到子宮頸緩慢擴張至3公分，這段時間稱為「潛伏期」。收縮加劇到每10分鐘3至4次，每次持續1分鐘，並且力道變強，子宮頸也縮短並擴張至大於3公分，這個階段稱為「活動期」。這時<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E8%86%9C%E5%9B%8A" title="羊膜囊">羊膜囊</a>可能會破。等到收縮為每兩分鐘一次，每次70-90秒，子宮頸擴張至8-10公分，這時稱為「過渡期」。過渡期是對準媽媽的考驗最強的時期，也是最短的時期。 這個階段產婦通常會經歷幾個情緒狀態。一開始產婦會興奮或緊張。當收縮增強，需要更多精力時，產婦通常會更嚴肅更專注。當子宮頸擴張完畢，有些產婦會感到困惑或是放棄。 收縮過程時間長短不一。第一胎平均為13小時。生過孩子的母親則平均是8小時。 如果繼續懷孕有立即重大的危險，將會進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A2" title="引產">引產</a>。因為引產本身也有風險，所以只在繼續懷孕會有危險時才進行。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第二階段：胎儿娩出">第二階段：胎儿娩出</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：第二階段：胎儿娩出">编辑</a>]</div> 分娩的第二階段，小孩會從陰道被排出子宮。這是靠子宮收縮加上產婦「生下來」的用力動作。這個動作很多婦女都形容類似用力<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E9%81%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="排遺">排遺</a>。此階段的開始可用「<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malinas%E5%88%86%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malinas分數（页面不存在）">Malinas分數</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinas_score" class="extiw" title="en:Malinas score">Malinas score</a>）」評估。 大部分的孩子是頭先生下來。有些時候會有「<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%80%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="臀位分娩">寤生</a>」或稱臀位，也就是雙腳或屁股先出來的情況。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E7%94%A2%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="助產士">助產士</a>仍然能從陰道接生臀先露的情況接生，但是某些地區很難找到有經驗有意願的助手。 臀位有好幾種狀況<a class="external autonumber" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9#endnote_breech">[1]</a>： <ol><li>完全臀位：最常見。孩子的屁股先露出，而膝蓋彎曲，腿疊在身上，腳靠近臀部。</li> <li>直腿臀位：類似完全臀位，但是孩子的腿是伸直的，腳伸到耳朵旁。</li> <li>足式臀位：孩子的一條或兩條腿伸直並且先露出來。</li></ol> 還有一種罕見情形是橫位：孩子橫在子宮，一隻手或手肘先進入產道。橫位的孩子常常會變成其他姿勢，不過不是總是如此。 第二階段的長度不一，因產婦之前有無生產，以及其姿勢與活動能力而定。第二階段的長度應該由胎兒與產婦的健康狀況決定。母體脫力，胎兒面向後方（posterior baby）或是胎兒的頭與骨盆尺寸不合（頭盆不相稱，Cephalo-Pelvic Disproportion）的罕見情況等等都是可能發生的問題。真正的頭盆不相稱情況通常见于患有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9D%E5%83%82%E7%97%85" title="佝僂病">佝僂病</a>和畸形骨骼疾病或傷害的婦女，或者由看护和医疗器械在第二阶段所施加的时间限制所导致。 生下來之後，孩子立刻會產生廣泛的生理變化以獨立呼吸。孩子的幾個心血管結構會在出生後退化，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E6%80%A7%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88%E5%B0%8E%E7%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="開放性動脈導管（页面不存在）">開放性動脈導管</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%88%BF" title="心房">心房</a>上的卵圓孔。孩子的醫療狀況是在產後1到5分鐘內根據<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E4%BC%BD%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E5%85%92%E8%A9%95%E5%88%86" title="阿普伽新生兒評分">阿普伽新生兒評分</a>（Apgar score）的五項參數評估：心跳頻率，呼吸，肌肉張力，皮膚顏色，以及對刺激的回應。 某些文化中，父親會割<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%8D%E5%B8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="臍帶">臍帶</a>。也有人在將孩子交還給父母前會用溫水洗去孩子身上的血與脂肪。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第三階段：排出胎盤">第三階段：排出胎盤</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：第三階段：排出胎盤">编辑</a>]</div> 接下來，子宮會排出<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E7%9B%A4" title="胎盤">胎盤</a>。產婦失血通常少於500<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E5%8D%87" title="毫升">毫升</a>。如果拉扯臍帶來將胎盤拖出來會失血更多。一定要檢查胎盤是否完整排出。留下的部分會造成<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%BE%8C%E5%87%BA%E8%A1%80" title="產後出血">產後出血</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="感染">感染</a>。另外若產婦有<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E5%85%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%83%8E%E7%9B%A4" title="植入性胎盤">植入性胎盤</a>情形，會增加此階段大量出血的風險。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="產後">產後</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：產後">编辑</a>]</div> 專家建議產後餵<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E4%B9%B3" title="初乳">初乳</a>，可以減少出血以及增強孩子免疫。父母通常在這時取名字。這時也會有一些儀式。在東亞地區，產婦通常會<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%90%E6%9C%88%E5%AD%90" title="坐月子">坐月子</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="痛苦">痛苦</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：痛苦">编辑</a>]</div> 女性生產感到的痛苦因人而異。子宮收縮是生產一定會有的，但是女性未必會覺得痛。雖然大部分人都覺得分娩很痛苦，有些女性表示自己有過無痛分娩。很多因素會影響痛苦感受，包括文化因素，恐懼，生產經驗，生產時的凶險，生產姿勢，還有一個女性的天生耐痛程度。某些女性會睡過整個生產過程。還有少數情形，某些女性感覺收縮過程像是<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E9%AB%98%E6%BD%AE" title="性高潮">性高潮</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%E9%AB%98%E6%BD%AE" title="分娩高潮">分娩高潮</a>）<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="非醫療性止痛">非醫療性止痛</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：非醫療性止痛">编辑</a>]</div> 許多女性認為依靠麻醉生產是不自然的，或是擔心麻醉傷害孩子，但是仍然很在意生產痛苦。為減輕痛苦，她們會作心理準備，教育，按摩，催眠，水療。很多女性還覺得伴侶、夥伴或專業人士的情感支持很有幫助。很多女性喜歡對母親或胎兒無害的蹲式、爬式生產姿勢。也有人選擇<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="水中分娩">水中分娩</a>。由於疼痛是一種生理與心理共同作用的結果，透過心理上的制約、放鬆也是有助於止痛的，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A2%85%E8%8C%B2%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="拉梅茲法">拉梅茲法</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="醫療性止痛">醫療性止痛</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：醫療性止痛">编辑</a>]</div> 在歐洲，醫師常使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="氧化亚氮">氧化亞氮</a>氣體止痛，在英國助產士無醫師處方也可使用此氣體。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%84%8A%E8%86%9C%E5%A4%96%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89" title="硬脊膜外麻醉">硬脊髓膜外腔止痛</a>是很常見的止痛方式，而且是<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%96%E8%85%B9%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="剖腹生產">剖腹生產</a>的必要手段。醫師較偏好此手段，因為這種方式不會讓麻醉劑進入血液影響胎兒。但是研究顯示這種止痛會延長生產過程，以及影響哺乳。 不同止痛方式對產婦與胎兒會有不同的功效與副作用。施行止痛的時機一定要謹慎。比如太早施行硬脊髓膜外腔止痛，會停止或遲滯分娩，而太晚施行則可能耗盡產婦精力。這些風險應該與生產的可能劇痛平衡考慮，而且麻醉一般是安全有效的。 在過去曾經出現過主要的生產麻醉（Obstetric anesthesia）方式有以下幾種： <ol><li>吸入性麻醉劑，在第一產程或是第二產程中給予孕婦N2O之類麻醉氣體（以氧氣推動50%N2O, or 0.1%enflurane .etc），不過缺點是廢氣回收不確實的情況下，可能造成污染。</li> <li>靜脈注射或肌肉注射麻醉藥物，但由於靜脈注射以及肌肉注射的有效劑量通常很大，而高單位的藥物可能經由血液通過胎盤進而影響胎兒<a class="external autonumber" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9#endnote_FHRdeceleration">[2]</a>，故近年來醫療先進國家幾乎已經不單獨使用這種方法。</li> <li>周邊神經阻斷，曾經有人利用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B0%E9%83%A8%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%98%BB%E6%96%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陰部神經阻斷（页面不存在）">陰部神經阻斷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudendal_anesthesia" class="extiw" title="en:Pudendal anesthesia">Pudendal anesthesia</a>）的方法來進行產痛控制，但是因為可能引起胎兒心跳減緩，所以相當少用。</li> <li>區域麻醉（regional anesthesia），目前最為接受的減痛分娩麻醉方式。區域麻醉分為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%84%8A%E8%86%9C%E5%A4%96%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89" title="硬脊膜外麻醉">硬脊膜外麻醉</a>（epidural analgesia）以及脊髓腔內麻醉（intrathecal analgesia）兩種，臨床上有可能單獨使用或兩種合併使用（稱為Combine Spinal Epidural analgesia, CSEA）。此類麻醉方式常用藥物為嗎啡類藥物與局部麻醉劑混合使用，嗎啡類藥物中嗎啡（Morphine）、配西汀（Pethidine,或稱為meperidine）、吩坦尼（Fentanyl）、速芬坦（Sufentanil）等，都是相當常見的藥物。而局部麻醉劑中，產科學教科書Williams Obstetrics 20th.ED則推薦使用bupivacaine。</li></ol> <dl><dd><dl><dd>此類麻醉方法最大的優點是提供更加符合藥物動力學的路徑，以最小的麻醉劑量達到最大的麻醉效果。前階段由局部麻醉劑先作用，嗎啡類藥物根據種類不同大約5分鐘~1小時後開始作用（如下表）。一般而論，硬脊膜上注射所需的劑量大約只有靜脈注射的1/10以下。而脊髓內注射又是硬脊膜上的1/10（此比例並非絕對依據）。而此類麻醉方式一樣有可能會出現嗎啡類藥物常見的副作用:頭暈或噁心、嘔吐、搔癢、尿液滯留。對胎兒也可能造成胎心率變化的異常。而局部麻醉劑bupivacaine也可能造成產婦血壓降低，這也可能進而造成胎兒胎心率的異常。</dd></dl></dd></dl> <table border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td>嗎啡類藥物名稱</td> <td>生效時間</td> <td>持續時間 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Morphine</td> <td>30-60min</td> <td>6-24 hrs </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pethidine</td> <td>5-10min</td> <td>6-8 hrs </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fentanyl</td> <td>5min</td> <td>4-6 hrs </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="併發症與分娩風險">併發症與分娩風險</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：併發症與分娩風險">编辑</a>]</div> 分娩產生的問題稱為併發症。併發症可能影響產婦也可能影響孩子。有時會造成傷害甚至死亡。醫師和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E7%94%A2%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="助產士">助產士</a>都有為併發症訓練。<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E7%94%A2" title="早產">早產</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%80%E5%A3%93" title="高血壓">高血壓</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%B0%BF%E7%97%85" title="糖尿病">糖尿病</a>，之前有<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%96%E8%85%B9%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="剖腹生產">剖腹生產</a>經驗等會提高生產風險。 在歐美現代化國家中，新生兒死亡率小於1.2%，產婦的生命危險也比較低，產婦死於生產的機率只有十萬分之5。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="第三世界">第三世界</a>國家的風險則大多了：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次薩哈拉非洲（页面不存在）">次薩哈拉非洲</a>與南亞的新生兒死亡率大於3.7%，產婦死於生產的機率在非洲高達十萬分之830。東南亞的新生兒死亡數目是世界最高，但是比例而言非洲的新生兒死亡率最高。<a class="external autonumber" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9#endnote_WHO">[3]</a>產婦的「自然」（即對產婦的死亡不作挽回的情況下）死亡率是十萬分之1000到1500。<a class="external autonumber" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9#endnote_vanLerberghe">[4]</a> 影響死亡率最重要的因素是適當的營養以及有品質的醫療照護的可及性（可及性由妥善的照護之費用與距離決定）。在此說的醫療照護並不是醫院，而只是有助產接生技巧的人在場照顧而已。一份美國德州健康部1983年-1989年的研究指出醫師參與的生產，嬰兒死亡率是0.57%，非護士助產士參與的，死亡率則是0.19%。相對的另外一些研究顯示在家生產死亡率較高。<a class="external autonumber" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9#endnote_WAustraliafoot">[5]</a>一般認為，在已開發國家，低風險產婦有適當協助的在家生產，風險不會比醫院生產高。 胎兒最大的風險之一是<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E7%94%A2" title="早產">早產</a>，以及相關的體重過輕。越是早產的嬰兒，越容易死亡以及發生肺部、呼吸道疾病。在美國所有嬰兒中有12%是早產的。過去25年來，醫療科技大幅增進工業化國家早產兒的存活率。美國體重太輕的嬰兒的存活率在1950年代與1960年代只有一半，如今則高達90%。出生後第一小時是早產兒的關鍵時期，使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A0%E8%AD%B7%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新生加護設備（页面不存在）">新生加護設備</a>非常重要。 其他可能的併發症有： <ul><li>生產時或產後大量失血：無論在已開發國家與未開發國家都是最常見的死因。<a class="external autonumber" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9#endnote_WHO">[6]</a>大量失血會造成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E8%A1%80%E5%AE%B9%E4%BC%91%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低血容休克（页面不存在）">低血容休克</a>，重要器官供血不足以及死亡。治療方式是止血（投入<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E8%A7%92%E6%96%B0%E7%A2%B1" title="麦角新碱">麦角新碱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E4%BA%A7%E7%B4%A0" title="催产素">催产素</a>类药物或是手術止血）以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80" title="輸血">輸血</a>。低血容休克之後還可能發生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9E%82%E9%AB%94%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%B8%9B%E9%80%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="垂體功能減退（页面不存在）">垂體功能減退</a>，稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%AD%E6%BC%A2%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="席漢氏症候群（页面不存在）">席漢氏症候群</a>。</li> <li>生產停滯（長時間收縮而沒有適當的擴張）：通常注射<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E7%94%A2%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="催產素">催產素</a>。如果催產無效可能必須作剖腹生產。很多時候產婦換姿勢也會有效。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E5%85%92%E7%AA%98%E8%BF%AB" title="胎兒窘迫">胎兒窘迫</a>：定義不明確。通常視為胎兒<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%92%E6%81%AF" title="窒息">窒息</a>。症狀包括心跳變快或變慢，羊水中出現<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E7%B3%9E" title="胎糞">胎糞</a>等等。</li> <li>排出停滯（雖然有適當收縮，但胎兒的頭或代表部位沒有娩出）：這可能需要<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%89%BD%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真空牽引（页面不存在）">真空牽引</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E9%89%97%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="產鉗生產">產鉗生產</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%96%E8%85%B9%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="剖腹生產">剖腹生產</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A7%E8%A4%A5%E7%83%AD" title="产褥热">產褥熱</a>：過去是許多女性死因。但是自從<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%BA%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="塞麦尔维斯">塞麥爾維斯</a>（Ignaz Semmelweis）倡導基本衛生條件後，人數減少。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%83%E9%99%B0%E8%A3%82%E5%82%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="會陰裂傷（页面不存在）">會陰裂傷</a>：會很痛。有時有必要進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E9%99%B0%E5%88%87%E9%96%8B%E8%A1%93" title="會陰切開術">會陰切開術</a>以避免傷及肛門<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%AC%E7%BA%A6%E8%82%8C" title="括约肌">括約肌</a>。以前分娩必作會陰切開術被視為正常，現在則被視為有害。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="心理方面">心理方面</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：心理方面">编辑</a>]</div> 分娩的壓力可以很大，大到引起強烈的情緒，醫院常對產婦施予止痛手段。某些女性會報告類似<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E5%82%B7%E5%BE%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B%E7%B7%8A%E5%BC%B5%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="創傷後心理壓力緊張症候群">創傷後心理壓力緊張症候群</a>的症狀。70-80%的美國產婦有所謂<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92%E6%86%82%E9%AC%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嬰兒憂鬱（页面不存在）">嬰兒憂鬱</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_blues" class="extiw" title="en:Maternity blues">Maternity blues</a>），10%被診斷為有<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%BE%8C%E6%86%82%E9%AC%B1%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="產後憂鬱症">產後憂鬱症</a>。預防性團體治療已經證實能有效治療產後憂鬱。<a class="external autonumber" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9#endnote_Zlotnick">[7]</a> 分娩時<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%8E%E5%85%92%E7%AA%92%E6%81%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胎兒窒息（页面不存在）">胎兒窒息</a>也可能影響到嬰兒腦部。目前並不清楚出生經驗對嬰兒人格發展的影響。以往認為新生兒不會感覺到痛或是恐懼。現在某些父母則選擇另類生產環境，希望讓新生兒，產婦以及家人舒服一點。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分娩方式">分娩方式</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：分娩方式">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自然分娩（顺产）">自然分娩（顺产）</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：自然分娩（顺产）">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%81%93%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="陰道分娩">自然分娩</a>是指胎儿通过阴道娩出的过程。 优点： <ul><li>胎儿经过产道而受压，肺泡液排除，从而使肺泡迅速扩张，建立起良好的呼吸。</li> <li>分娩时胎儿由于受到阴道的挤压，呼吸道里的粘液和水分都被挤压出来，因此，出生后患有“新生儿吸入性肺炎”、“新生儿湿肺”的相对减少。</li> <li>分娩时胎头受压，血液运行速度变慢，相应出现的是血液充盈，兴奋呼吸中枢，建立正常的呼吸节律。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="剖宫产">剖宫产</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：剖宫产">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%89%96%E5%AE%AB%E4%BA%A7" title="剖宫产">剖宫产</a>是经腹部切开子宫取出胎儿的过程，除了因挽救母婴必须做剖腹产外，如果没有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="手术指征（页面不存在）">手术指征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BE%81" class="extiw" title="en:手术指征">手术指征</a>）以下情形，应尽量争取自然分娩： <ul><li>採用非手術治療方式無法治癒疾病。</li> <li>採用手術方式將有助於疾病的治療。</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a>对于剖宫产比率设定警戒线为15%。 缺点： <ul><li>剖宫产出血量要比自然分娩者多一至三倍，产后恢复也较慢。</li> <li>产道正因为缺少了自然分娩的经历，有时会出现阴道肌肉萎缩或阴道狭窄。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料">參考資料</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：參考資料">编辑</a>]</div> <ol><li><a href="#ref_breech">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720191612/http://ntuh.mc.ntu.edu.tw/obgy/CD/obs/Obs_010.html">臀位及橫位(Breech and Transverse Lie)</a></li> <li><a href="#ref_SaferMotherhood">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217224033/http://www.safemotherhood.org/facts_and_figures/maternal_mortality.htm">Safer Motherhood Fact Sheet: Maternal Mortality </a></li> <li><a href="#ref_vanLerberghe">^</a> Van Lerberghe W, De Brouwere V. Of blind alleys and things that have worked: history’s lessons on reducing maternal mortality. In: De Brouwere V, Van Lerberghe W, eds. Safe motherhood strategies: a review of the evidence. Antwerp, ITG Press, 2001 (Studies in Health Services Organisation and Policy, 17:7–33).</li> <li><a href="#ref_WAustraliafoot">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/short/317/7155/384">Perinatal death associated with planned home birth in Australia: population based study</a>. BMJ. 317(7155):384-8. [2005-05-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819011916/http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/short/317/7155/384">存档</a>于2006-08-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.atitle=Perinatal+death+associated+with+planned+home+birth+in+Australia%3A+population+based+study&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BMJ.+317%287155%29%3A384-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbmj.bmjjournals.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F317%2F7155%2F384&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="#ref_WHO">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="世界衛生組織">世界衛生組織</a>2005年世界健康報告：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/whr/2005/chapter4/en/index1.html">World Health Organization 2005 World Health Report, Chapter 4: Risking Death To Give Life</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200718072746/http://www.who.int/whr/2005/chapter4/en/index1.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/whr/2005/chapter5/en/index1.html">The Greatest Risks to Life are in its Beginning</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200718071754/http://www.who.int/whr/2005/chapter5/en/index1.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a href="#ref_Zlotnick">^</a> Zlotnick C, Johnson SL, Miller IW, Pearlstein T, Howard M. Postpartum depression in women receiving public assistance: pilot study of an interpersonal-therapy-oriented group intervention, Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Apr;158(4):638-40. [<a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11282702?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11282702</a>]</li> <li><a href="#ref_FHRdeceleration">^</a> Ron M, Menashe M, Scherer D, Palti Z: Fetal heart rate decelerations following the administration of meperidine-promethazine during labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 20:301-305, 1981.</li> <li>Hill JB, Alexander JM, Sharma SK, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ: A comparison of the effects of epidural and meperidine analgesia during labor on fetal heart rate. Obstet Gynecol 102:333-337, 2003.</li> <li>Aly EE, Shilling RS: Are we willing to change? Anaesthesia 55:419-420, 2000.</li> <li>Honet JE, Arkoosh VA, Norris MC, Huffnagle HJ, Silverman NS, Leighton BL: Comparison among intrathecal fentanyl, meperidine, and sufentanil for labor analgesia. Anesth Analg 75:734-739, 1992.</li> <li>F. Gary Cunningham, Norman F. Gant, Kenneth J. Leveno, et al.: Williams Obstetrics. 20th ED. Appleton & Lange, 1997.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文內注釋">文內注釋</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：文內注釋">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mar2014-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mar2014_1-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mar2014_1-1">1.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Martin, Richard J.; Fanaroff, Avroy A.; Walsh, Michele C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116">Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. : 116 [2017-12-18]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-323-29537-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-323-29537-6">ISBN 978-0-323-29537-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130193157/https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116">存档</a>于2020-11-30） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.au=Fanaroff%2C+Avroy+A.&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Michele+C.&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.btitle=Fanaroff+and+Martin%27s+Neonatal-Perinatal+Medicine%3A+Diseases+of+the+Fetus+and+Infant&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-323-29537-6&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAnVYBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2008Ed-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2008Ed_2-0">2.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2008Ed_2-1">2.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2008Ed_2-2">2.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2008Ed_2-3">2.3</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1">Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules</a> (PDF) 2nd. Geneva [Switzerland]: World Health Organisation. 2008: 3 [2017-12-18]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-92-4-154666-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-92-4-154666-9">ISBN 978-92-4-154666-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1">存档</a> (PDF)于2015-02-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.btitle=Education+material+for+teachers+of+midwifery+%3A+midwifery+education+modules&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-92-4-154666-9&rft.pages=3&rft.place=Geneva+%5BSwitzerland%5D&rft.pub=World+Health+Organisation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fpublications%2F2008%2F9789241546669_4_eng.pdf%3Fua%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Mem2013-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mem2013_3-0">3.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mem2013_3-1">3.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Memon, HU; Handa, VL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877300">Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders.</a>. Women's health (London, England). May 2013, 9 (3): 265–77; quiz 276–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877300">PMC 3877300</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23638782">PMID 23638782</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2217%2Fwhe.13.17">doi:10.2217/whe.13.17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.atitle=Vaginal+childbirth+and+pelvic+floor+disorders.&rft.au=Handa%2C+VL&rft.aufirst=HU&rft.aulast=Memon&rft.date=2013-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+health+%28London%2C+England%29&rft.pages=265-77%3B+quiz+276-7&rft.volume=9&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3877300&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3877300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2217%2Fwhe.13.17&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23638782&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Mart2015-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mart2015_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mart2015_4-1">4.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Martin, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375">Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary</a>. Oxford University Press. : 375 [2017-12-18]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-968799-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-968799-2">ISBN 978-0-19-968799-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121102956/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375">存档</a>于2020-11-21） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.btitle=Concise+Colour+Medical+l.p.Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968799-2&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_EkBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA375&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA2015-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA2015_5-0">5.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA2015_5-1">5.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html">The World Factbook</a>. www.cia.gov. July 11, 2016 [30 July 2016]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116011033/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html">存档</a>于2016-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fresources%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fxx.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-OWID-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OWID_6-0">6.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OWID_6-1">6.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OWID_6-2">6.2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/maternal-mortality-ratio-who-gho">Maternal mortality ratio</a>. From <a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a> (OWID). Page has detailed definition of maternal mortality ratio. Also the various ways it is measured. Data source: <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, "Global Health Observatory". Table tab has data. Download the .csv file to get yearly numbers. Click map tab, and then the download tab to get latest map. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/">Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363</a>. WHO. November 2015 [30 July 2016]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150307050438/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/">存档</a>于2015-03-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.atitle=Preterm+birth+Fact+sheet+N%C2%B0363&rft.date=2015-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs363%2Fen%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Buck, Germaine M.; Platt, Robert W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&pg=PA163">Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2011: 163 [2017-12-18]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780199857746" title="Special:网络书源/9780199857746">ISBN 9780199857746</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815200142/https://books.google.ca/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&pg=PA163">存档</a>于2016-08-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.au=Platt%2C+Robert+W.&rft.aufirst=Germaine+M.&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.btitle=Reproductive+and+perinatal+epidemiology&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780199857746&rft.pages=163&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dby1lwSpfruQC%26pg%3DPA163&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Co-Operation, Organisation for Economic; Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">Doing better for children</a>. Paris: OECD. 2009: 105 [2017-12-18]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789264059344" title="Special:网络书源/9789264059344">ISBN 9789264059344</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825020458/https://books.google.ca/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">存档</a>于2017-08-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.au=Development&rft.aufirst=Organisation+for+Economic&rft.aulast=Co-Operation&rft.btitle=Doing+better+for+children&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789264059344&rft.pages=105&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Q_WAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Olsen, O; Clausen, JA. Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 12 September 2012, (9): CD000352. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972043">PMID 22972043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.atitle=Planned+hospital+birth+versus+planned+home+birth.&rft.au=Clausen%2C+JA&rft.aufirst=O&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+database+of+systematic+reviews&rft.pages=CD000352&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22972043&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Fossard, Esta de; Bailey, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138">Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education</a>. SAGE Publications India. 2016 [31 July 2016]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789351507581" title="Special:网络书源/9789351507581">ISBN 9789351507581</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825034221/https://books.google.ca/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138">存档</a>于2017-08-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Michael&rft.aufirst=Esta+de&rft.aulast=Fossard&rft.btitle=Communication+for+Behavior+Change%3A+Volume+lll%3A+Using+Entertainment%E2%80%93Education+for+Distance+Education&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789351507581&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPWElDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT138&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Col2016-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Col2016_12-0">12.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Col2016_12-1">12.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/birth.aspx#5">Birth</a>. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 6. Columbia University Press. 2016 [2016-07-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306205819/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/birth.aspx#5">存档</a>于2016-03-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.atitle=Birth&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Columbia+Electronic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2Fbirth.aspx%235&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2010-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2010_13-0">13.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2010_13-1">13.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2010_13-2">13.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2010_13-3">13.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2010_13-4">13.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2010_13-5">13.5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2010_13-6">13.6</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2010_13-7">13.7</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000124/http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html">Pregnancy Labor and Birth</a>. Women's Health. September 27, 2010 [31 July 2016]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016年7月28日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.atitle=Pregnancy+Labor+and+Birth&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenshealth.gov%2Fpregnancy%2F%2Fchildbirth-beyond%2Flabor-birth.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">McDonald, SJ; Middleton, P; Dowswell, T; Morris, PS. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 11 July 2013, (7): CD004074. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23843134">PMID 23843134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.atitle=Effect+of+timing+of+umbilical+cord+clamping+of+term+infants+on+maternal+and+neonatal+outcomes.&rft.au=Dowswell%2C+T&rft.au=Middleton%2C+P&rft.au=Morris%2C+PS&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+database+of+systematic+reviews&rft.pages=CD004074&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23843134&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hofmeyr, GJ; Hannah, M; Lawrie, TA. Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 21 July 2015, (7): CD000166. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26196961">PMID 26196961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.atitle=Planned+caesarean+section+for+term+breech+delivery.&rft.au=Hannah%2C+M&rft.au=Lawrie%2C+TA&rft.aufirst=GJ&rft.aulast=Hofmeyr&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+database+of+systematic+reviews&rft.pages=CD000166&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26196961&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326674/">Childbirth: Labour, Delivery and Immediate Postpartum Care</a>. World Health Organization. 2015: Chapter D [31 July 2016]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-92-4-154935-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-92-4-154935-6">ISBN 978-92-4-154935-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718071657/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326674/">存档</a>于2020-07-18） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.btitle=Childbirth%3A+Labour%2C+Delivery+and+Immediate+Postpartum+Care&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-92-4-154935-6&rft.pages=Chapter+D&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK326674%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Mol2015-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Mol2015_17-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Molina, G; Weiser, TG; Lipsitz, SR; Esquivel, MM; Uribe-Leitz, T; Azad, T; Shah, N; Semrau, K; Berry, WR; Gawande, AA; Haynes, AB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2015-12-01_314_21/page/2263">Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality</a>. JAMA. 1 December 2015, 314 (21): 2263–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26624825">PMID 26624825</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2015.15553">doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.atitle=Relationship+Between+Cesarean+Delivery+Rate+and+Maternal+and+Neonatal+Mortality&rft.au=Azad%2C+T&rft.au=Berry%2C+WR&rft.au=Esquivel%2C+MM&rft.au=Gawande%2C+AA&rft.au=Haynes%2C+AB&rft.au=Lipsitz%2C+SR&rft.au=Semrau%2C+K&rft.au=Shah%2C+N&rft.au=Uribe-Leitz%2C+T&rft.au=Weiser%2C+TG&rft.aufirst=G&rft.aulast=Molina&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=21&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.pages=2263-70&rft.volume=314&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_jama_2015-12-01_314_21%2Fpage%2F2263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2015.15553&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26624825&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-我即我脑-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-我即我脑_18-0">18.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-我即我脑_18-1">18.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-我即我脑_18-2">18.2</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%AA%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迪克·斯瓦伯（页面不存在）">迪克·斯瓦伯</a>（荷兰语：<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Swaab" class="extiw" title="nl:Dick Swaab">Dick Swaab</a>）. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E5%8D%B3%E6%88%91%E8%84%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="我即我脑（页面不存在）">我即我脑</a>（荷兰语：<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wij_zijn_ons_brein" class="extiw" title="nl:Wij zijn ons brein">Wij zijn ons brein</a>）：从子宫中孕育，于阿尔茨海默综合症中消亡. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.au=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E8%BF%AA%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%AF%22+data-lang-code%3D%22nl%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Dick+Swaab%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E8%BF%AA%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%AF%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22nl%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EDick+Swaab%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E6%88%91%E5%8D%B3%E6%88%91%E8%84%91%22+data-lang-code%3D%22nl%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Wij+zijn+ons+brein%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E6%88%91%E5%8D%B3%E6%88%91%E8%84%91%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22nl%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EWij+zijn+ons+brein%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%95%E8%82%B2%EF%BC%8C%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%97%87%E4%B8%AD%E6%B6%88%E4%BA%A1&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  王奕瑶、陈琰璟、包爱民译。 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yuer.ibabyzone.cn/fenmian/daichan/15296.html">孕妇应该懂得产前的分娩信号</a>. 宝宝地带. 2013-03-26 [2014-01-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110120807/http://yuer.ibabyzone.cn/fenmian/daichan/15296.html">存档</a>于2020-11-10） （中文）. <q>阵痛...阵性腹痛，多发生在分娩前12~14小时，大部分开始于夜里10点至翌日凌晨6点之间</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%95%E5%A6%87%E5%BA%94%E8%AF%A5%E6%87%82%E5%BE%97%E4%BA%A7%E5%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%9D%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%A6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyuer.ibabyzone.cn%2Ffenmian%2Fdaichan%2F15296.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v.book.ifeng.com/book/ts/10605/984979.htm">子宫中的成长、分娩与父母养育（1）</a>. 鳳凰網. [2014-01-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072957/http://v.book.ifeng.com/book/ts/10605/984979.htm">存档</a>于2015-05-18） （中文）. <q>分娩通常发生在休息时间（例如在夜里或是清晨）。在这段时间内，分娩速度最快而需要助产士的协助最少。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AB%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E9%95%BF%E3%80%81%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%E4%B8%8E%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D%E5%85%BB%E8%82%B2%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E9%B3%B3%E5%87%B0%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv.book.ifeng.com%2Fbook%2Fts%2F10605%2F984979.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111033308/http://www.muying.com/fenmian/fs/3563.html">分娩會刺激陰蒂可能會引起性高潮</a>. 母嬰網. 2013-10-24 [2014-01-11]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muying.com/fenmian/fs/3563.html">原始内容</a>存档于2014-01-11） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.btitle=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%E6%9C%83%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80%E9%99%B0%E8%92%82+%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%9C%83%E5%BC%95%E8%B5%B7%E6%80%A7%E9%AB%98%E6%BD%AE&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E6%AF%8D%E5%AC%B0%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muying.com%2Ffenmian%2Ffs%2F3563.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20130603/183213/">「痛並快樂著」婦女分娩也可能體驗性高潮</a>. 蘋果日報. 2013-06-03 [2014-01-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143015/http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20130603/183213/">存档</a>于2015-09-24）. <q>根據法國心理學家波斯特(Theirry Postel)所提供的資料，約有0.3%的婦女生產時曾經歷高潮感覺。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E7%97%9B%E4%B8%A6%E5%BF%AB%E6%A8%82%E8%91%97%E3%80%8D%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%E4%B9%9F%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94%E9%A9%97%E6%80%A7%E9%AB%98%E6%BD%AE&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appledaily.com.tw%2Frealtimenews%2Farticle%2Fnew%2F20130603%2F183213%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E5%A4%A7%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="臺大醫院">臺大醫院</a>婦產部提供之<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntuh.mc.ntu.edu.tw/obgy/CD/OBSHOMEF.HTM">產科學綱要 (Synopsis of Obstetrics)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160304204359/http://ntuh.mc.ntu.edu.tw/obgy/CD/OBSHOMEF.HTM">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>馬偕紀念醫院麻醉科所建構<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225202910/http://www.anesthesia.net.tw/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=start">麻醉WIKI</a>中<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111224225824/http://www.anesthesia.net.tw/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=sop:procedure:painless">減痛分娩</a>部份</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="延伸閱讀">延伸閱讀</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peoplenews.tw/news/5453667d-590d-4023-a0c9-6a933fc2a047">溫柔革命／生產不是生病　把「主權」從醫師手中奪回 | 民報 Taiwan People News</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201121103202/http://www.peoplenews.tw/news/5453667d-590d-4023-a0c9-6a933fc2a047">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silencetv.hk/program/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%AD%90%E5%A5%B3%E6%88%90%E9%95%B7%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%974%EF%BC%9A%E6%8E%A5%E7%94%A2%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%8A%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B/">家庭計劃及子女成長系列4：接產期及生產過程 | 龍耳電視 Silence TV</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201110120855/http://www.silencetv.hk/program/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%AD%90%E5%A5%B3%E6%88%90%E9%95%B7%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%974%EF%BC%9A%E6%8E%A5%E7%94%A2%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%8A%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Template:懷孕和分娩"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="Template talk:懷孕和分娩"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:懷孕和分娩"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="懷孕及分娩" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%8A%E5%A8%A0" title="妊娠">懷孕</a>及<a class="mw-selflink selflink">分娩</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBEEBB;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2" title="计划生育">计划生育</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="生育控制">生育控制</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%95%E5%89%8D%E5%92%A8%E8%AF%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孕前咨询（页面不存在）">孕前咨询</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling" class="extiw" title="en:Pre-conception counseling">Pre-conception counseling</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然家庭計劃（页面不存在）">自然家庭計劃</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_family_planning" class="extiw" title="en:Natural family planning">Natural family planning</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBEEBB;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="人类受精">受精</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_fertilization" class="extiw" title="en:Human fertilization">Human fertilization</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="辅助生殖技术">辅助生殖技术</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%8E%88%E7%B2%BE" title="人工授精">人工授精</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生育药物（页面不存在）">生育药物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_medication" class="extiw" title="en:Fertility medication">Fertility medication</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="體外人工受精">體外人工受精</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E5%8D%B5%E6%9C%9F%E6%B8%AC%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="排卵期測定">排卵期测定</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_awareness" class="extiw" title="en:Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E9%A0%90%E6%9C%9F%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95" title="非預期懷孕">非預期懷孕</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBEEBB;;width:1%">試驗及檢查</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%8A%E5%A8%A0%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="妊娠试验">妊娠试验</a> （<a href="/wiki/HCG%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="HCG試驗">HCG試驗</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D%E8%B6%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%B3%A2%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3D超音波檢查（页面不存在）">3D超音波檢查</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ultrasound" class="extiw" title="en:3D ultrasound">3D ultrasound</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A2%E7%A7%91%E8%B6%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%B3%A2%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="產科超音波檢查（页面不存在）">產科超音波檢查</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" class="extiw" title="en:Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric ultrasonography</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%89%8D%E8%A8%BA%E6%96%B7" title="產前診斷">產前診斷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBEEBB;;width:1%">产前</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#BBEEBB;">解剖学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E6%B0%B4" title="羊水">羊水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E8%86%9C%E5%9B%8A" title="羊膜囊">羊膜囊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE%E5%85%A7%E8%86%9C" title="子宮內膜">子宮內膜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E7%9B%A4" title="胎盤">胎盤</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#BBEEBB;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A7%E5%89%8D%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2" title="产前发育">发育</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%BA%95%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6" title="宮底高度">宮底高度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%95%E9%BD%A1" title="孕齡">孕齡</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人类胚胎（页面不存在）">人类胚胎</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Human embryogenesis">Human embryogenesis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95%E6%99%82%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="懷孕時的生理变化（页面不存在）">懷孕時的生理变化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_physiological_changes_in_pregnancy" class="extiw" title="en:Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy">Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#BBEEBB;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A7%E5%89%8D%E4%BF%9D%E5%81%A5" title="产前保健">护理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>營養 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A2%E5%89%8D%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="產前營養（页面不存在）">產前</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_nutrition" class="extiw" title="en:Prenatal nutrition">Prenatal nutrition</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E5%92%8C%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="營養和懷孕（页面不存在）">營養和懷孕</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" class="extiw" title="en:Nutrition and pregnancy">Nutrition and pregnancy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%80%E5%AD%95%E6%99%82%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E6%AF%92%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="怀孕時的环境毒素（页面不存在）">怀孕時的环境毒素</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_toxins_in_pregnancy" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental toxins in pregnancy">Environmental toxins in pregnancy</a>）</li></ul></li> <li>伴随疾病 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E5%B0%BF%E7%97%85%E5%B0%8D%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="糖尿病對懷孕的影響（页面不存在）">糖尿病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_and_pregnancy" class="extiw" title="en:Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy">Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%80%A7%E7%BA%A2%E6%96%91%E6%80%A7%E7%8B%BC%E7%98%A1%E5%B0%8D%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系統性红斑性狼瘡對懷孕的影響（页面不存在）">系統性红斑性狼瘡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus_and_pregnancy" class="extiw" title="en:Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy">Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#BBEEBB;">檢查</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E8%86%9C%E7%A9%BF%E5%88%BA%E8%A1%93" title="羊膜穿刺術">羊膜穿刺術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%92%E6%AF%9B%E5%8F%96%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AF" title="绒毛取样术">绒毛取样术</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%8E%E5%BF%83%E5%AE%AB%E7%BC%A9%E7%9B%91%E6%8A%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胎心宫缩监护（页面不存在）">胎心宫缩监护</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotocography" class="extiw" title="en:Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%8E%E5%BF%83%E7%8E%87%E6%97%A0%E8%B4%9F%E8%8D%B7%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胎心率无负荷试验（页面不存在）">胎心率无负荷试验</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonstress_test" class="extiw" title="en:Nonstress test">Nonstress test</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBEEBB;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">分娩</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#BBEEBB;">準備</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="适应子宫外生活（页面不存在）">适应子宫外生活</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life" class="extiw" title="en:Adaptation to extrauterine life">Adaptation to extrauterine life</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BRADLEY%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BRADLEY自然分娩法（页面不存在）">BRADLEY自然分娩法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_method_of_natural_childbirth" class="extiw" title="en:Bradley method of natural childbirth">Bradley method of natural childbirth</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%AC%E7%9C%A0%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="催眠分娩（页面不存在）">催眠分娩</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnobirthing" class="extiw" title="en:Hypnobirthing">Hypnobirthing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%9B%E6%B3%BD%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%B3%95" title="拉玛泽呼吸法">拉玛泽呼吸法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AF%89%E5%B7%A2%E6%9C%AC%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="築巢本能（页面不存在）">築巢本能</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesting_instinct" class="extiw" title="en:Nesting instinct">Nesting instinct</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#BBEEBB;">角色</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%AA%E7%94%A2%E5%A9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陪產婦（页面不存在）">陪產婦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doula" class="extiw" title="en:Doula">Doula</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E7%94%9F%E5%93%A1" title="接生員">接生員</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A2%E7%A7%91%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86%E5%B8%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="產科護理師（页面不存在）">產科護理師</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrical_nursing" class="extiw" title="en:Obstetrical nursing">Obstetrical nursing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%A8%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="男性在分娩過程中的角色（页面不存在）">男性的角色</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_role_in_childbirth" class="extiw" title="en:Men's role in childbirth">Men's role in childbirth</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="產科學">產科</a>醫生</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#BBEEBB;">分娩方式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AA%A8%E7%9B%86%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="骨盆测量（页面不存在）">骨盆测量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvimetry" class="extiw" title="en:Pelvimetry">Pelvimetry</a>）/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop%E8%AF%84%E5%88%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishop评分（页面不存在）">Bishop评分</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_score" class="extiw" title="en:Bishop score">Bishop score</a>） (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%AB%E9%A2%88%E6%89%A9%E5%BC%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宫颈扩张（页面不存在）">宫颈扩张</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_dilation" class="extiw" title="en:Cervical dilation">Cervical dilation</a>）, <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AB%E9%A2%88%E7%AE%A1%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1" title="宫颈管消失">宫颈管消失</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E4%BD%8D" title="胎位">胎位</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>醫院分娩</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="在家分娩（页面不存在）">在家分娩</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_birth" class="extiw" title="en:Home birth">Home birth</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%83%9E%E8%83%8E" title="多胞胎">多胞胎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="自然分娩">自然分娩</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%A9%E4%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无人助产（页面不存在）">无人助产</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unassisted_childbirth" class="extiw" title="en:Unassisted childbirth">Unassisted childbirth</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="水中分娩">水中分娩</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%BE%E8%A1%80_(%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="現血 (生產)（页面不存在）">現血 (生產)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_show" class="extiw" title="en:Bloody show">Bloody show</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E4%BD%8D" title="胎位">胎位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE%E6%94%B6%E7%B8%AE" title="子宮收縮">子宮收縮</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%9C%B2%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="先露部位（页面不存在）">先露部位</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)" class="extiw" title="en:Presentation (obstetrics)">Presentation (obstetrics)</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%80%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="臀位分娩">臀位</a>（寤生）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%B4%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%8D%E6%AD%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="头位不正（页面不存在）">头位</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalic_presentation" class="extiw" title="en:Cephalic presentation">Cephalic presentation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%A9%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%8D%E6%AD%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肩位不正（页面不存在）">肩位</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_presentation" class="extiw" title="en:Shoulder presentation">Shoulder presentation</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E8%86%9C%E5%9B%8A%E7%A0%B4%E8%A3%82" title="羊膜囊破裂">羊膜囊破裂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBEEBB;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%BE%8C%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86" title="產後護理">產後</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E7%85%A7%E9%A1%A7" title="兒童照顧">兒童照顧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="先天性疾病">先天性疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分娩後的性行為（页面不存在）">分娩後的性行為</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_after_pregnancy" class="extiw" title="en:Sex after pregnancy">Sex after pregnancy</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBEEBB;;width:1%">产科記錄</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%95%E7%94%A2%E6%AC%A1%E6%95%B8" title="孕產次數">孕產次數</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#BBEEBB;;background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:#BBEEBB;;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Template:医学导航">医学导航</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="產科學">产科</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:white;;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="Template:懷孕和分娩">生理</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:Embryology" title="Template:Embryology">发育</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Extraembryonic_and_fetal_membranes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Extraembryonic and fetal membranes（页面不存在）">薄膜</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Extraembryonic_and_fetal_membranes" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Extraembryonic and fetal membranes">Template:Extraembryonic and fetal membranes</a>） </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:silver;;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95%E3%80%81%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9%E5%8F%8A%E7%94%A2%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:懷孕、分娩及產後的病理學">病理</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:Certain_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Template:Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period">条件源</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Diseases_of_maternal_transmission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Diseases of maternal transmission（页面不存在）">母体传递</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_maternal_transmission" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Diseases of maternal transmission">Template:Diseases of maternal transmission</a>）, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Eponymous_medical_signs_for_obstetrics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Eponymous medical signs for obstetrics（页面不存在）">齐名</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eponymous_medical_signs_for_obstetrics" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Eponymous medical signs for obstetrics">Template:Eponymous medical signs for obstetrics</a>） </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:#ccf;;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Obstetrical_procedures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Obstetrical procedures（页面不存在）">手术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Obstetrical_procedures" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Obstetrical procedures">Template:Obstetrical procedures</a>）, 药物(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Oxytocics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Oxytocics（页面不存在）">2A</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Oxytocics" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Oxytocics">Template:Oxytocics</a>）/<a href="/wiki/Template:Other_gynecologicals" title="Template:Other gynecologicals">G2C</a>) </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="嬰兒及护理" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFCBA4;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E5%8F%8A%E6%8A%A4%E7%90%86" title="Template:婴儿及护理"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E5%8F%8A%E6%8A%A4%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:婴儿及护理（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E5%8F%8A%E6%8A%A4%E7%90%86" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:婴儿及护理"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="嬰兒及护理" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92" title="嬰兒">嬰兒</a>及护理</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主条目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92" title="嬰兒">嬰兒</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Breastfeeding-icon-med.svg/100px-Breastfeeding-icon-med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Breastfeeding-icon-med.svg/150px-Breastfeeding-icon-med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Breastfeeding-icon-med.svg/200px-Breastfeeding-icon-med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">健康</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" title="嬰兒食品">婴儿食品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E7%94%9F%E4%BD%93%E9%87%8D" title="出生体重">出生体重</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E4%B9%B3%E5%99%A8" title="吸乳器">吸乳器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E4%B9%B3%E5%93%BA%E8%82%B2" title="母乳哺育">母乳哺育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92%E5%A5%B6%E7%93%B6" title="嬰兒奶瓶">婴儿奶瓶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92%E5%93%AD%E9%AC%A7" title="嬰兒哭鬧">婴儿哭闹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB" title="免疫">免疫接种</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%97%82" title="乳痂">乳痂</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%B9%BC%E5%84%BF%E5%86%85%E6%96%9C%E8%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴幼儿内斜视（页面不存在）">婴幼儿内斜视</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile_esotropia" class="extiw" title="en:Infantile esotropia">Infantile esotropia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E5%81%9C%E6%BB%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="发育停滞（页面不存在）">发育停滞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" class="extiw" title="en:Failure to thrive">Failure to thrive</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%B9%BC%E5%84%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴幼儿安全（页面不存在）">婴幼儿安全</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_and_toddler_safety" class="extiw" title="en:Infant and toddler safety">Infant and toddler safety</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E6%B4%97%E6%BE%A1" title="婴儿洗澡">婴儿洗澡</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿食物安全（页面不存在）">婴儿食物安全</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_food_safety" class="extiw" title="en:Infant food safety">Infant food safety</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E6%96%B9%E5%A5%B6%E7%B2%89" title="配方奶粉">婴儿配方奶粉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E6%8C%89%E6%91%A9" title="婴儿按摩">婴儿按摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB" title="婴儿营养">婴儿营养</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E5%84%BF%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E7%AA%98%E8%BF%AB%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81" title="新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征">新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E8%AE%AD%E7%BB%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿睡眠训练（页面不存在）">婴儿睡眠训练</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/infant_sleep_training" class="extiw" title="en:infant sleep training">infant sleep training</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%94%9F%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92%E6%B7%B1%E5%88%87%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%E9%83%A8" title="初生嬰兒深切治療部">初生嬰兒深切治療部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E6%9C%8D%E8%A1%A5%E6%B6%B2" title="口服补液">口服补液</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%A3%E8%B4%A8%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="电解质水（页面不存在）">电解质水</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedialyte" class="extiw" title="en:Pedialyte">Pedialyte</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E5%84%BF%E6%8A%A4%E7%90%86%E5%8F%8A%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新生儿护理及安全（页面不存在）">新生儿护理及安全</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newborn_care_and_safety" class="extiw" title="en:Newborn care and safety">Newborn care and safety</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%85%92%E7%A7%91" title="小兒科">小兒科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E7%94%A2" title="早產">早产</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85%E6%80%A7%E9%A0%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%89%B5%E5%82%B7" title="虐待性頭部創傷">虐待性頭部創傷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%86%E9%85%8D%E6%96%B9" title="大豆配方">大豆配方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92%E7%8C%9D%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%87" title="嬰兒猝死症">嬰兒猝死症</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">发展</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%B2%E5%AF%86%E8%82%B2%E5%84%BF%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亲密育儿法（页面不存在）">亲密育儿法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment_parenting" class="extiw" title="en:Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E6%96%AD%E5%A5%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿自动断奶（页面不存在）">婴儿自动断奶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby-led_weaning" class="extiw" title="en:Baby-led weaning">Baby-led weaning</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%80%A1%E6%AF%8D%E4%B9%B3%E5%93%BA%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提倡母乳哺育（页面不存在）">提倡母乳哺育</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding_promotion" class="extiw" title="en:Breastfeeding promotion">Breastfeeding promotion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%84%BF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="儿语（页面不存在）">儿语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_talk" class="extiw" title="en:Baby talk">Baby talk</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99%E7%89%99%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="牙牙學語">咿呀语</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">分娩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="先天性障碍">先天性障礙</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿爬行（页面不存在）">婴儿爬行</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawling_(human)" class="extiw" title="en:Crawling (human)">Crawling (human)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿视觉发展（页面不存在）">婴儿视觉发展</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_visual_development" class="extiw" title="en:Infant visual development">Infant visual development</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E5%B8%83%E7%96%B9" title="尿布疹">尿布疹</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A6%8A%E5%A8%A0%E5%B9%B4%E9%BE%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="妊娠年龄（页面不存在）">妊娠年龄</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_age" class="extiw" title="en:Gestational age">Gestational age</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿认知发育（页面不存在）">婴儿认知发育</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_cognitive_development" class="extiw" title="en:Infant cognitive development">Infant cognitive development</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A2%8B%E9%BC%A0%E6%8A%A4%E7%90%86%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="袋鼠护理法（页面不存在）">袋鼠护理法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_care" class="extiw" title="en:Kangaroo care">Kangaroo care</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%A6%AA" title="母親">妈妈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E6%AD%8C" title="兒歌">兒歌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94%E6%81%86%E5%AD%98" title="物體恆存">物體恆存</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E6%9C%AC" title="親本">父母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E8%81%B7%E6%95%99%E9%A4%8A" title="親職教養">親職教養</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%B2%E7%8C%AB%E7%8C%AB" title="躲猫猫">躲猫猫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%A9%E8%80%8D" title="玩耍">玩耍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A7%E5%89%8D%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2" title="产前发育">产前发育</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%BA%E7%89%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="出牙（页面不存在）">出牙</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teething" class="extiw" title="en:Teething">Teething</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%AD" title="哭">哭泣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E5%A5%B6" title="斷奶">断奶</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">社会化与文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E9%99%84%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="依附理論">依附</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E4%BF%9D%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="临时保姆（页面不存在）">临时保姆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babysitting" class="extiw" title="en:Babysitting">Babysitting</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" title="虐待兒童">虐待儿童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%A5%B3%E6%92%AB%E9%A4%8A%E6%AC%8A" title="子女撫養權">子女撫養權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="兒童人權">儿童人权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84" title="兒童權利公約">兒童權利公約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B2%E7%A6%AE" title="割禮">割禮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E7%85%A7%E9%A1%A7" title="兒童照顧">兒童照顧</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E7%A8%9A%E5%9C%92" title="幼稚園">托儿所</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E9%A4%8A" title="寄養">寄养</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%96%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D%E6%8E%A2%E8%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祖父母探视（页面不存在）">祖父母探视</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparent_visitation" class="extiw" title="en:Grandparent visitation">Grandparent visitation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E6%B8%B8%E6%B3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿游泳（页面不存在）">婴儿游泳</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_swimming" class="extiw" title="en:Infant swimming">Infant swimming</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%B9%B3%E6%8D%90%E7%8D%BB" title="人乳捐獻">母乳银行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%93%E5%A7%86" title="褓姆">保姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%AF%8D" title="乳母">奶妈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%90%E6%9C%88%E5%AD%90" title="坐月子">坐月子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%B3%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92%E7%AF%80" title="跳嬰兒節">跳婴儿节</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E5%85%92%E7%A6%AE" title="洗兒禮">洗儿礼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">婴儿护理和设备</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%B3%E8%B7%B3%E6%A4%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跳跳椅（页面不存在）">跳跳椅</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_jumper" class="extiw" title="en:Baby jumper">Baby jumper</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E9%97%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿安全门（页面不存在）">婴儿安全门</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_gate" class="extiw" title="en:Baby gate">Baby gate</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E7%9B%91%E8%A7%86%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿监视器（页面不存在）">婴儿监视器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_monitor" class="extiw" title="en:Baby monitor">Baby monitor</a>）/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E8%97%8F%E6%91%84%E5%83%8F%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隐藏摄像机（页面不存在）">隐藏摄像机</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_camera" class="extiw" title="en:Hidden camera">Hidden camera</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%B1%E5%AD%90%E7%B2%89" title="痱子粉">婴儿爽身粉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E9%A6%99%E6%B3%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿香波（页面不存在）">婴儿香波</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_shampoo" class="extiw" title="en:Baby shampoo">Baby shampoo</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E7%8E%A9%E5%85%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿玩具（页面不存在）">婴儿玩具</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%A5%E8%BB%8A" title="學步車">學步車</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%B4%E5%98%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="围嘴（页面不存在）">围嘴</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bib_(garment)" class="extiw" title="en:Bib (garment)">Bib (garment)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E5%8D%83" title="秋千">婴儿秋千</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%89%E9%81%8B%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="載運嬰兒（页面不存在）">載運嬰兒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_transport" class="extiw" title="en:Baby transport">Baby transport</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%90%96%E7%B1%83" class="mw-redirect" title="搖籃">摇篮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassinet" class="extiw" title="en:Bassinet">Bassinet</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%BA%A7%E6%A4%85" title="兒童安全座椅">儿童安全座椅</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BF%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布尿布（页面不存在）">布尿布</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth_diaper" class="extiw" title="en:Cloth diaper">Cloth diaper</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%87%E7%AF%AE%E6%9D%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摇篮板（页面不存在）">摇篮板</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_board" class="extiw" title="en:Cradle board">Cradle board</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E7%89%87" title="尿片">尿布</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BF%E5%B8%83%E8%A2%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尿布袋（页面不存在）">尿布袋</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaper_bag" class="extiw" title="en:Diaper bag">Diaper bag</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E6%B9%BF%E5%B7%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿湿巾（页面不存在）">婴儿湿巾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_wipes" class="extiw" title="en:Baby wipes">Baby wipes</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%A5%B6%E7%93%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈伯曼奶瓶（页面不存在）">哈伯曼奶瓶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haberman_Feeder" class="extiw" title="en:Haberman Feeder">Haberman Feeder</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E8%84%9A%E6%A4%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高脚椅（页面不存在）">高脚椅</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highchair" class="extiw" title="en:Highchair">Highchair</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92%E5%BA%8A" title="嬰兒床">婴儿床</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E6%8F%90%E7%AF%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿提篮（页面不存在）">婴儿提篮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_carrier" class="extiw" title="en:Infant carrier">Infant carrier</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E8%A3%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿装（页面不存在）">婴儿装</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_clothing" class="extiw" title="en:Infant clothing">Infant clothing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B6%E5%98%B4" title="奶嘴">奶嘴</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E5%9B%B4%E6%A0%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="游戏围栏（页面不存在）">游戏围栏</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playpen" class="extiw" title="en:Playpen">Playpen</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92%E8%BB%8A" title="嬰兒車">嬰兒車</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E5%96%82%E5%A5%B6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辅助喂奶器（页面不存在）">辅助喂奶器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_nursing_system" class="extiw" title="en:Supplemental nursing system">Supplemental nursing system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%81%E8%A4%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="襁褓（页面不存在）">襁褓</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaddling" class="extiw" title="en:Swaddling">Swaddling</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E6%B3%B3%E5%B0%BF%E8%A3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="游泳尿裤（页面不存在）">游泳尿裤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim_diaper" class="extiw" title="en:Swim diaper">Swim diaper</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92%E7%89%99%E8%86%A0" title="嬰兒牙膠">嬰兒牙膠</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%85%E8%A1%8C%E5%BA%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旅行床（页面不存在）">旅行床</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_cot" class="extiw" title="en:Travel cot">Travel cot</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他主题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%8E%E5%A9%B4%E8%81%9A%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迎婴聚会（页面不存在）">迎婴聚会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_shower" class="extiw" title="en:Baby shower">Baby shower</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E6%9B%B4%E8%A1%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿更衣（页面不存在）">婴儿更衣</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babywearing" class="extiw" title="en:Babywearing">Babywearing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%8F%E5%BF%BD%E7%85%A7%E9%A1%A7%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疏忽照顧兒童（页面不存在）">疏忽照顧兒童</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E6%94%B6%E5%85%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="秘密收养（页面不存在）">秘密收养</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_adoption" class="extiw" title="en:Closed adoption">Closed adoption</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%AD%E6%B3%A3%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哭泣室（页面不存在）">哭泣室</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_room" class="extiw" title="en:Cry room">Cry room</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E8%80%B3%E7%A9%BF%E5%AD%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿耳穿孔（页面不存在）">婴儿耳穿孔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_ear_piercing" class="extiw" title="en:Infant ear piercing">Infant ear piercing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E9%A2%86%E5%85%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="合法领养（页面不存在）">合法领养</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_adoption" class="extiw" title="en:Open adoption">Open adoption</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A7%E5%89%8D%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%9B%A0%E6%91%84%E5%85%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="产前可卡因摄入（页面不存在）">产前可卡因摄入</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_cocaine_exposure" class="extiw" title="en:Prenatal cocaine exposure">Prenatal cocaine exposure</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E5%84%BF%E8%99%9A%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新生儿虚脱综合征（页面不存在）">新生儿虚脱综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" class="extiw" title="en:Neonatal withdrawal">Neonatal withdrawal</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D%E5%AF%B9%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E7%BB%91%E6%9E%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="父母对儿童绑架（页面不存在）">父母对儿童绑架</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_child_abduction" class="extiw" title="en:Parental child abduction">Parental child abduction</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%83%E8%B4%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="父母的权责（页面不存在）">父母的权责</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" class="extiw" title="en:Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility (access and custody)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%BB%E8%82%B2%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="养育计划（页面不存在）">养育计划</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting_plan" class="extiw" title="en:Parenting plan">Parenting plan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%B2%E5%AD%90%E8%AF%88%E9%AA%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亲子诈骗（页面不存在）">亲子诈骗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_fraud" class="extiw" title="en:Paternity fraud">Paternity fraud</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%B2%E5%AD%90%E9%89%B4%E5%AE%9A" title="亲子鉴定">亲子鉴定</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BF%83%E8%BF%9B%E6%AF%8D%E4%B9%B3%E5%96%82%E5%85%BB%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界促进母乳喂养行动联盟（页面不存在）">世界促进母乳喂养行动联盟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Alliance_for_Breastfeeding_Action" class="extiw" title="en:World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action">World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526129">西班牙</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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