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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pāli_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Pāli tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pāli_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Other traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Scholarly analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Ordination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Enlightenment and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Previous_lives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_lives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Previous lives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_lives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Childhood_in_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood_in_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Childhood in Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood_in_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rāhula</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="راهولا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راهولا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="রাহুল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাহুল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Рахула – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рахула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="སྒྲ་གཅན་འཛིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྒྲ་གཅན་འཛིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1hula" title="Ráhula – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ráhula" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahula" title="Rahula – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rahula" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rāhula" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahula" title="Rahula – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rahula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahulo" title="Rahulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rahulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="راهولا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهولا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahula" title="Rahula – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rahula" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%9B%8C%EB%9D%BC" title="라훌라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라훌라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Ռահուլա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռահուլա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0)" title="राहुल (बुद्ध पुत्र) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राहुल (बुद्ध पुत्र)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rāhula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rāhula" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1hula" title="Ráhula – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ráhula" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="राहुल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राहुल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rāhula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="ရာဟုလာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရာဟုလာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahula_(boeddhisme)" title="Rahula (boeddhisme) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rahula (boeddhisme)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85" title="羅睺羅 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="羅睺羅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahula" title="Rahula – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rahula" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahula" title="Rahula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rahula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Рахула – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рахула" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="රාහුල රහතන් වහන්සේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාහුල රහතන් වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahula" title="Rahula – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rahula" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahula" title="Rahula – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rahula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ராகுலன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ராகுலன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="พระราหุล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระราหุล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahula" title="Rahula – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rahula" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="راہولا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راہولا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-h%E1%BA%A7u-la" 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color: #000000;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">The Elder</div><div class="fn">Rāhula</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:%27The_Arhat_Rahula%27,_Nanbokucho_period,_HMA,_5008.11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%27The_Arhat_Rahula%27%2C_Nanbokucho_period%2C_HMA%2C_5008.11.jpg/220px-%27The_Arhat_Rahula%27%2C_Nanbokucho_period%2C_HMA%2C_5008.11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="559" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%27The_Arhat_Rahula%27%2C_Nanbokucho_period%2C_HMA%2C_5008.11.jpg/330px-%27The_Arhat_Rahula%27%2C_Nanbokucho_period%2C_HMA%2C_5008.11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%27The_Arhat_Rahula%27%2C_Nanbokucho_period%2C_HMA%2C_5008.11.jpg/440px-%27The_Arhat_Rahula%27%2C_Nanbokucho_period%2C_HMA%2C_5008.11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="5725" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a> Rāhula, <a href="/wiki/Nanbokucho_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanbokucho period">Nanbokucho period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">Patriarch of the Dharma (East Asian Buddhism)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFD068; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 534 BCE or 451 BCE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004233-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrons2007400-2">[2]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Sources differ</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category">Buddhism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Prince <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Siddhārtha</a> (father), Princess <a href="/wiki/Yashodhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yashodhara">Yaśodharā</a> (mother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">1. <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: sikkhākāmanaṃ, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Eagerness for learning'; 2. <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: mixing diyi; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Practicing with discretion'</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">1. <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: Rāhula-bhadda, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Rāhula the Lucky', <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: Rāhula-bhadra; 2. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 長子; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese pronunciation</a>: chōshi; <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'The Eldest Child'</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data">King <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Śuddhodana</a> (grand father) <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maya" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Maya">Queen Māyā</a> (grand mother) <a href="/wiki/Suppabuddha" title="Suppabuddha">Suprabuddha</a> (grand father) Amita (grand mother) Queen <a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī</a> (grand aunt) <a href="/wiki/Nanda_(Buddhist_nun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda (Buddhist nun)">Sundarī Nandā</a>(aunt) <a href="/wiki/Nanda_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda (Buddhist)">Nanda</a>(uncle)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFD068; color: #000000;">Senior posting</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Teacher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, the Elder <a href="/wiki/Shariputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariputra">Śariputra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryadeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Āryadeva">Āryadeva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Sanghānandi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Initiation</th><td class="infobox-data">7–15 years in the Buddha's ministry <a href="/wiki/Nigrodharama" title="Nigrodharama">Park of Nigrodha</a> by Śāriputra</td></tr></tbody></table> Rahul (<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a>) or Rāhula (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>; born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 534 BCE or 451 BCE) was the only son of <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Siddhārtha Gautama</a>, commonly known as the Buddha, and his wife, princess <a href="/wiki/Yasodhar%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharā">Yaśodharā</a>. He is mentioned in numerous Buddhist texts, from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">early period</a> onward. Accounts about Rāhula indicate a mutual impact between Prince Siddhārtha's life and the lives of his family members. According to the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pāli tradition</a>, Rāhula was born on the day of Prince Siddhārtha's <a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">renunciation</a>, and was therefore named Rāhula, meaning a fetter on the path to <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (Buddhism)">enlightenment</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABlasarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Mūlasarvāstivāda">Mūlasarvāstivāda</a> tradition, and numerous other <a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">later sources</a>, however, Rāhula was only conceived on the day of Prince Siddhartha's renunciation, and was born six years later, when Prince Siddhārtha became enlightened as the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (title)">Buddha</a>. This long gestation period was explained by bad <a href="/wiki/Karma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karma (Buddhism)">karma</a> from previous lives of both Yaśodharā and of Rāhula himself, although more <a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">naturalistic</a> reasons are also given. As a result of the late birth, Yaśodharā needed to prove that Rāhula was really Prince Siddhārtha's son, which she eventually did successfully by an <a href="/wiki/Sacca-kiriya" title="Sacca-kiriya">act of truth</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/H.W._Schumann" title="H.W. Schumann">H.W. Schumann</a> has argued that Prince Siddhārtha conceived Rāhula and waited for his birth, to be able to leave the palace with the king and queen's permission, but Orientalist <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_P%C3%A9ri" title="Noël Péri">Noël Péri</a> considered it more likely that Rāhula was born after Prince Siddhārtha left his palace. 12 years after Rahula's birth, the Buddha returned to his <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">hometown</a>, where Yaśodharā had Rāhula ask the Buddha for the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Śākya</a> clan. The Buddha responded by having Rāhula <a href="/wiki/Pabbajja" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabbajja">ordained</a> as the first Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">novice monk</a>. He taught the young novice about <a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">truth</a>, self-reflection, and <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">not-self</a>, eventually leading to Rāhula's enlightenment. Although early accounts state that Rāhula died before the Buddha did, later tradition has it that Rāhula was one of the disciples that outlived the Buddha, guarding the <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Dispensation" title="Buddha's Dispensation">Buddha's Dispensation</a> until the rising of the <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">next Buddha</a>. Rāhula is known in Buddhist texts for his eagerness for learning, and was honored by novice monks and <a href="/wiki/Samaneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaneri">nuns</a> throughout Buddhist history. His accounts have led to a perspective in Buddhism of seeing children as hindrances to the spiritual life on the one hand, and as people with potential for enlightenment on the other hand. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accounts">Accounts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Accounts">edit</a>]</div> Some <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">early texts</a> such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pāli tradition</a> do not mention Rāhula at all;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997113-4">[4]</a> but he is mentioned in later Pāli texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadāna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">commentaries</a>, as well as in the texts on <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">monastic discipline</a> of the <a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABlasarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Mūlasarvāstivāda">Mūlasarvāstivāda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahasanghika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasanghika">Mahāsaṇghika</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Earliest texts do not describe Rāhula in much detail, and he remains an ideal figure without much depth in character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013109-6">[6]</a> Because of the lack of detail, especially after Rāhula's ordination, some scholars have argued Rāhula did not have an important role in Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula1978136-7">[7]</a> Apart from the early texts, there are many <a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">post-canonical Buddhist texts</a> that contain accounts about Rāhula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139-3">[3]</a> The accounts about Rāhula reveal that when Prince Siddhārtha left his palace to become a monk; his decision and subsequent spiritual quest was not just a personal matter, but also affected his family every step during the way, as they responded to and affected the prince on his path to <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (Buddhism)">enlightenment</a>. Thus, the prince's life before enlightenment is about two parallel spiritual lives, that of the Buddha and that of his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997122–4-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pāli_tradition">Pāli tradition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pāli tradition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddhartha_leaving_sleeping_Yashodhara_and_Rahula_Roundel_17_buddha_ivory_tusk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ivory tusk showing a woman and a child sleeping on a bed, and a man standing besides the bed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Siddhartha_leaving_sleeping_Yashodhara_and_Rahula_Roundel_17_buddha_ivory_tusk.jpg/220px-Siddhartha_leaving_sleeping_Yashodhara_and_Rahula_Roundel_17_buddha_ivory_tusk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Siddhartha_leaving_sleeping_Yashodhara_and_Rahula_Roundel_17_buddha_ivory_tusk.jpg/330px-Siddhartha_leaving_sleeping_Yashodhara_and_Rahula_Roundel_17_buddha_ivory_tusk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Siddhartha_leaving_sleeping_Yashodhara_and_Rahula_Roundel_17_buddha_ivory_tusk.jpg/440px-Siddhartha_leaving_sleeping_Yashodhara_and_Rahula_Roundel_17_buddha_ivory_tusk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2355" data-file-height="2993" /></a><figcaption>Just before the prince leaves the palace for the spiritual life, he takes one look at his wife Yaśodharā and his just-born child. 7 years after attaining Buddhahood the Buddha visited Kapilawastupura again on the behalf of Minister Kaludaiy </figcaption></figure> Rāhula was born on same day Prince <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Siddhārtha Gautama</a> renounced the throne by leaving the palace,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-9">[9]</a> when the prince was 29 years old,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004233-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrons2007400-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[note 1]</a> on the full moon day of the eight <a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">lunar month</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">ancient Indian calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481-14">[13]</a> That day, Prince Siddhārtha was preparing himself to leave the palace. The Pāli account claims that when he received the news of his son's birth he replied "rāhulajāto bandhanaṃ jātaṃ", meaning "A rāhu is born, a fetter has arisen",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2013Rāhula-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481-14">[13]</a> that is, an impediment to the search for enlightenment. Accordingly, <a href="/wiki/Suddhodana" class="mw-redirect" title="Suddhodana">Śuddhodana</a>, Prince Siddhārtha's father and king of the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Śākya clan</a>, named the child Rāhula,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481-14">[13]</a> because he did not want his son to pursue a spiritual life as a mendicant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrons2007400-2">[2]</a> In some versions, Prince Siddhārtha was the one naming his son this way, for being a hindrance on his spiritual path.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula1978136-7">[7]</a> Just before the prince left the palace for the spiritual life, he took one look at his wife Yaśodharā and his just-born child. Fearing his resolve might waver, Prince Siddhārtha resisted to hold his son and left the palace as he had planned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-9">[9]</a> Rāhula therefore became Prince Siddhārtha's first and only son.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2013Rāhula-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_traditions">Other traditions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other traditions">edit</a>]</div> Other texts derive rāhu differently. For example, the Pāli <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadāna</a>, as well as another account found in the texts of <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">monastic discipline</a> of the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition, derive rāhu from the eclipse of the moon, which traditionally was seen to be caused by the <a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">asura</a> (demon) <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rāhu">Rāhu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnoli1977119-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a> The Apadāna states that just like the moon is obstructed from view by Rāhu, Prince Siddhārtha was obstructed by Rāhula's birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013105-19">[18]</a> The Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition relates, however, that Rāhula was conceived on the evening of the renunciation of Prince Siddhārtha, and born six years later, on the day that his father achieved enlightenment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-9">[9]</a> which was during a lunar eclipse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997119-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013105-19">[18]</a> Further credence is given to the astrological theory of Rāhula's name by the observation that sons of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">previous Buddhas</a> were given similar names, related to constellations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula1978136-7">[7]</a> Mūlasarvāstivāda and later Chinese texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka#Abhiniṣkramaṇa_Sūtra" title="Dharmaguptaka">Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra</a> give two types of explanation for the long gestation period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139–40-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassonLaw200869-22">[21]</a> The first type involves the <a href="/wiki/Karma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karma (Buddhism)">karma</a> of Princess Yaśodharā and Rāhula himself. According to this interpretation, Yaśodharā had to bear the suffering of carrying a child in her womb for six years, because in a previous life as a cow herder she had refused to help her mother to carry a pail of milk and left it for her mother to carry the extra pail for six <a href="/wiki/Yojana" title="Yojana">leagues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139–40-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassonLaw200869–70-23">[22]</a> As for Rāhula, his karma was that in a previous life as a king he unintentionally had a sage wait for six days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016140-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2012143-25">[24]</a> In this life, he was a king called Sūrya and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva#Early_and_Theravāda_Buddhism" title="Bodhisattva">a previous life of the Buddha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula1978136-7">[7]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">hermit</a> called Candra or Likhita who had taken a vow he would only live from what was given by people. One day, the brother broke his vow to take some water, and feeling guilty, asked the king to punish him.<a href="#cite_note-27">[note 2]</a> The king refused to issue a punishment for such a trivial matter, but had his brother wait for his final decision and constrained in the royal gardens. After six days, the king suddenly realized he had forgotten about the hermit and immediately set him free, including apologies and gifts. As a result, Rāhula had to wait for six years before being born.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> In some versions, the king did not allow a sage to enter his kingdom and accumulated the same bad karma of a long gestation period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirane2013168–9-29">[27]</a> The later Mahāyāna commentary <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81upade%C5%9Ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa">Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 大智度論; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Dazhidulun) does not blame Yaśodharā's karma for the six years gestation period, but does mention Rāhula's same karma as a king. However, in the 13th-century Japanese devotional text Raun Kōshiki, Rāhula's late birth is seen as evidence of a miracle, rather than a result of karma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016141-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergeevna201981-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[note 3]</a> The second type of explanation consists of the more <a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">naturalistic</a> argument that Yaśodharā was practicing <a href="/wiki/Asceticism#Buddhism" title="Asceticism">religious austerities</a> involving fasting and sleeping on a straw bed, which caused Rāhula's growth to slow down. She was involved in these practices during the time when Siddhārtha was practicing self-mortification. Later, King Śuddhodana prevented Yaśodharā from hearing any news of her former husband, and she gradually became healthier, as the pregnancy continued normally. However, some time later, the false rumor spread that the former prince had died of his ascetism. Yaśodharā became very desperate and depressed, endangering her own pregnancy. When the news reached the palace that Siddhārtha had attained enlightenment, Yaśodharā was overjoyed and gave birth to Rāhula. Buddhist Studies scholar <a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">John S. Strong</a> notes that this account draws a parallel between the quest for enlightenment and Yaśodharā's path to being a mother, and eventually, they both are accomplished at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016140-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997118–9-33">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C4%81hula_seeing_the_Buddha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stone relief with throne at the center and numerous figures surrounding the throne, including a mother and her child" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/R%C4%81hula_seeing_the_Buddha.png/220px-R%C4%81hula_seeing_the_Buddha.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/R%C4%81hula_seeing_the_Buddha.png/330px-R%C4%81hula_seeing_the_Buddha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/R%C4%81hula_seeing_the_Buddha.png/440px-R%C4%81hula_seeing_the_Buddha.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>The Buddha returning home following his enlightenment, being greeted by Rāhula. The Buddha is represented by his footprints and throne. <a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amarāvatī</a>, 3rd century. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, New Delhi">National Museum, New Delhi</a>. </figcaption></figure> The late childbirth leads to doubts in the Śākya clan as to who is the father, as told in the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition, in the Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa and in the later Chinese Zabaozang jing (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 雜寶藏經).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139-3">[3]</a> Since Rāhula's birth was not regarded by Buddhists to be a virginal or miraculous birth, tradition had to explain that Prince Siddhārtha was actually the father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997119-20">[19]</a> Yaśodharā responded by putting her child on a stone in a pond of water and making an <a href="/wiki/Sacca-kiriya" title="Sacca-kiriya">act of truth</a> that if Rāhula really was his child, that Rāhula and the stone may not sink, but rather float back-and-forth. After she made the declaration, the child floated according to her vow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2012142-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997120-35">[32]</a> Strong notes that this is a symbolic parallel with the attainment of enlightenment by the Buddha—described as the "further shore"—and the return to teach humankind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016140-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997120-35">[32]</a> The Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa contains another account, in which Prince Siddhārtha has several wives, and a wife other than Yaśodharā is the one defending her, being witness of her purity in conduct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139–41-36">[33]</a> Furthermore, in both the Mūlasarvāstivāda texts and the Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa, there is a third account that proves Yaśodharā's purity in conduct: in this version, the Buddha made everyone around him look identical to him, through a <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Addhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṛddhi">supernatural accomplishment</a>. Rāhula proved that the Buddha was his true father when he managed to approach the real Buddha straight away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997120-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdkins201332–3-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[note 4]</a> In a fourth story about proving Yaśodhara's purity, appearing in Chinese <a href="/wiki/Avadana" title="Avadana">Avadāna</a>-style texts from the 5th century CE onward, she was burnt alive, but miraculously survived. In this account, King Śuddhodana ordered that she be killed by burning her alive as punishment for her alleged impurity. Instead of being hurt by the flames, however, she performed an act of truth and the fire transformed into a pond of water. Śuddhodana welcomed her and her son back into the clan, and later became very fond of Rāhula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016142-39">[35]</a> Some Chinese <a href="/wiki/Jataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jataka">Jātakas</a> say that he recognized his son Siddhārtha in the child, and managed to better cope with the loss of Prince Siddhārtha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPéri191822-40">[36]</a> Religion scholar Reiko Ohnuma sees the fire ordeal as a metaphor that parallels the Buddha's enlightenment, a similar argument that Strong makes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2012142-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scholarly_analysis">Scholarly analysis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scholarly analysis">edit</a>]</div> Historians <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> and <a href="/wiki/H.W._Schumann" title="H.W. Schumann">H.W. Schumann</a> hypothesized that Prince Siddhārtha conceived Rāhula to please his parents, to obtain their permission for leaving the palace and becoming a mendicant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200446-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade198274-42">[38]</a> It was an Indian custom to <a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">renounce the world</a> only after the birth of a child or grandchild.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade198274-42">[38]</a> Schumann further speculated that the prince only conceived a son thirteen years after his marriage, because Yaśodharā initially did not want to bear a child, for fear that the prince would leave the palace and the throne as soon as the child was conceived. Orientalist <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_P%C3%A9ri" title="Noël Péri">Noël Péri</a> believed, however, that a late gestation period was more historically probable than the birth on the same day, as in the Pāli tradition. He believed that if Prince Siddhārtha had left an heir to the throne, there would have been no sound reason for him to leave secretly at night. In many traditional biographies, Prince Siddhārtha is described leaving the palace without his parents' permission. Péri argued that this makes little sense if he had already provided an heir to his parents' satisfaction. He further argued that there are many sources that try to explain the long gestation period, indicating an established tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPéri191834–5-43">[39]</a> Nevertheless, although many traditional accounts of the Buddha's life relate that Siddhartha leaves the palace in secret, Early Buddhist Texts clearly state that his parents are aware of his choice, as they are said to weep at the time their son leaves them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200445–46-44">[40]</a> From a mythological and text critical point of view, Buddhist Studies scholar Kate Crosby argues that Prince Siddhārtha conceiving or giving birth to a son before his renunciation functions as a motif to prove that he was the best at each possible path in life: after having tried the life of a father to the fullest, he decided to leave it behind for a better alternative. In <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist</a> India, being a father and bearing a son was seen as a spiritual and religious path as well as that of renouncing one's family, and Prince Siddhārtha's bringing a son in the world before renunciation proves he was capable of both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013108–9-45">[41]</a> Buddhist studies scholar John S. Strong hypothesizes that the Mūlasarvāstivāda version of the story of the prince conceiving a child on the eve of his departure was developed to prove that the Buddha was not physically disabled in some way. A disability might have raised doubts about the validity of his ordination in monastic tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001The_Great_Departure-46">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordination">Ordination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ordination">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ordination_of_Rahula,_Jamalgarhi_(9220605766).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief with child depicted at the center, and numerous figures at the sides, including the Buddha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ordination_of_Rahula%2C_Jamalgarhi_%289220605766%29.jpg/400px-Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ordination_of_Rahula%2C_Jamalgarhi_%289220605766%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ordination_of_Rahula%2C_Jamalgarhi_%289220605766%29.jpg/600px-Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ordination_of_Rahula%2C_Jamalgarhi_%289220605766%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ordination_of_Rahula%2C_Jamalgarhi_%289220605766%29.jpg/800px-Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ordination_of_Rahula%2C_Jamalgarhi_%289220605766%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7146" data-file-height="2793" /></a><figcaption>Ordination of Rāhula, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> </figcaption></figure> The accounts continue and describe that Rāhula was raised by his mother Yaśodharā and grandfather King Śuddhodana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-9">[9]</a> When Rāhula was between seven and fifteen years old,<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> the Buddha returned to his home city of <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a> at the request of Śuddhodana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481-14">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mahavastu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavastu">Mahāvastu</a> text from the <a href="/wiki/Lokottarav%C4%81da" title="Lokottaravāda">Lokottaravāda</a> tradition states that the royals tried to prevent Rāhula from learning about the return of his father, but eventually he insisted to know who the "Great Ascetic" about to arrive was, and he was told.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula1978133–4-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[note 5]</a> Next, the Mahāvastu and the Mūlasarvāstivāda texts relate that Yaśodharā tried to tempt the Buddha back into his life as a prince by having Rāhula offer the Buddha an <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121-51">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula1978134-49">[45]</a> Mūlasarvāstivāda texts continue and tell that her plan backfired when the Buddha had Rāhula eat it himself, and Rāhula therefore became enamored by his father and wished to follow him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2012145-52">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121-51">[46]</a> In the Pāli version of the story, on the seventh day of the Buddha's return, Yaśodharā took Rāhula to see his father, the Buddha. She told Rāhula that since his father had renounced the palace life and as he was the next royal prince in line, he should ask his father for his inheritance of crown and treasure. This would be for his future sake when his grandfather would no longer rule the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula1978134-49">[45]</a> After the Buddha had a meal, Rāhula followed the Buddha and asked him for his inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a> The Buddha did not try to prevent Rāhula from following him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenner200968-53">[48]</a> but in some versions of the story, some women from the court did try to, yet Rāhula persisted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPéri19185-54">[49]</a> He then looked at his father and says, "Pleasant is your shadow, <a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">recluse</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482-55">[50]</a> After Rāhula reached the <a href="/wiki/Nigrodharama" title="Nigrodharama">Park of Nigrodha</a>, where the Buddha was staying,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482-55">[50]</a> the Buddha considered that the heritage of the throne would one day perish, and was tied up with suffering and stress: "I will give him the wealth I obtained under the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi tree">tree of enlightenment</a> thus making him the heir of an inheritance that does not perish."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenner200968-53">[48]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The Prince Rāhula When he was nine years old Went forth from the home life To cultivate the Eightfold Path. Let us take refuge in and pay highest homage to Venerable Rāhula, who was born and went forth in order to benefit sentient beings." </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">cited in <a href="#CITEREFSekiguchi1998">Sekiguchi (1998</a>, p. 16), translated by <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks (2016</a>, p. 144), Raun Kōshiki</cite> </div> Most traditions relate that the Buddha then called <a href="/wiki/Sariputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sariputta">Śāriputra</a> and asked him to ordain Rāhula. Rāhula was ordained, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">śrāmaṇera</a> (novice monk),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-9">[9]</a> and probably the first person in the <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">monastic order</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pabbajja" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabbajja">receive ordination in a formal way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula197883-56">[51]</a> In some versions of the story, such as the 9th-century Chinese Weicengyou Yinyuan Jing (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 未曾有因緣經), a group of young boys were ordained together with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016143-57">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdkins201334–5-58">[53]</a> The king discovered that his grandson, <a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">his son Nanda</a> and a number of other young men in the royal family had then received ordination and left the palace. Seeing his daughter grieve, he asked the Buddha that from now on, he only ordain people with the consent of their parents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004281-59">[54]</a> Śuddhodana explained that Rāhula's ordination was a great shock to him. The Buddha assented to the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482-55">[50]</a> This rule was later expanded in the case of women ordaining, as both parents and the husband had to give permission first to allow women to join the order of monks and nuns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2004163-60">[55]</a> In some versions of the story of Rāhula's ordination, Yaśodharā also protested, but relented in the end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdkins201334-61">[56]</a> The Mahāvastu states, however, that Rāhula asked to ordain himself, and was eventually granted permission by Yaśodharā and Śuddhodana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula1978134-49">[45]</a> Archaeologist Maurizio Taddei has noted that in many <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhāran</a> art depictions, Rāhula's life is linked to that of a previous life of the Buddha, the hermit <a href="/wiki/Sumedha" title="Sumedha">Sumedha</a>. The Buddha giving his spiritual heritage to his son is compared to that of Sumedha allowing the <a href="/wiki/Dipankara" title="Dipankara">Buddha Dīpaṃkara</a> to walk over him, which was followed by Dipaṃkara predicting that Sumedha will become a <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (title)">Buddha</a> in a future life. Both the figure of Gautama Buddha giving his inheritance to his son, and the figure of Dīpaṃkara Buddha giving his inheritance of <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a> to Sumedha are depicted with flames emitting from their bodies; both scenes are depictions of inheritance, <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety_in_Buddhism" title="Filial piety in Buddhism">filial</a> and disciple piety; both may have been considered by 5th-century Buddhists to be representations of "eager youth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013119–20-62">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_and_death">Enlightenment and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Enlightenment and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ping_Sien_Si_-_036_Rahula_Thera_(Thinking)_(15638059169).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of older monk with large eyebrows, sitting, with his hands hidden in his sleeves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ping_Sien_Si_-_036_Rahula_Thera_%28Thinking%29_%2815638059169%29.jpg/180px-Ping_Sien_Si_-_036_Rahula_Thera_%28Thinking%29_%2815638059169%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ping_Sien_Si_-_036_Rahula_Thera_%28Thinking%29_%2815638059169%29.jpg/270px-Ping_Sien_Si_-_036_Rahula_Thera_%28Thinking%29_%2815638059169%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ping_Sien_Si_-_036_Rahula_Thera_%28Thinking%29_%2815638059169%29.jpg/360px-Ping_Sien_Si_-_036_Rahula_Thera_%28Thinking%29_%2815638059169%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Rāhula as monk at Ping Sien Si, <a href="/wiki/Pasir_Panjang" title="Pasir Panjang">Pasir Panjang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, Malaysia </figcaption></figure> According to the Pāli texts, once Rāhula had become novice, the Buddha taught Rāhula regularly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a> His instructions were very age-specific, using vivid metaphors and simple explanations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013113,_115-63">[58]</a> The Buddha's teachings have led to numerous <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sūtra">discourses</a> being named after Rāhula in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Buddhist Texts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a> Pāli texts relate how Rāhula grew up to become a novice that was diligent, dutiful, amenable and eager for learning,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawa200534-64">[59]</a> but there are also some early medieval Chinese and Japanese accounts which relate that Rāhula initially struggled with being a novice and only later appreciated the Buddha's teaching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016143-57">[52]</a> Besides the Buddha, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Śāriputra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Maugalyayāna</a> also helped to teach Rāhula.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawa200534-64">[59]</a> Rāhula often assisted Śāriputra on his rounds for <a href="/wiki/Alms_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alms (Buddhism)">alms</a> in the morning, and sometimes on other travels.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> Every morning, Rāhula woke up and threw a handful of sand in the air, making the wish that he may be counselled by good teachers as much as those grains of sand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482-55">[50]</a> Still in the same year as Rāhula's ordination, the Buddha taught his son the importance of telling the truth in a discourse known as the Ambalatthika-Rāhulovāda Sutta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481-14">[13]</a> In this discourse, the Buddha taught and encouraged consistent self-reflection, to help let go of all evil actions that lead to harm to oneself and others, and to develop self-control and a moral life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482-55">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlieter2014319-67">[62]</a> He encouraged reflection before, during and after one's actions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlieter2014319-67">[62]</a> and explained that lying makes the spiritual life void and empty,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482-55">[50]</a> leading to many other evils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesamambalatthika_raahulovaada_shtm_Ambalatthika-Rāhulovāda_Sutta]-68">[63]</a> When Rāhula became eighteen years old, the Buddha instructed Rāhula in a <a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">meditation technique</a> to counter the desires that hinder him during his tours for alms. Rāhula had grown enamored with his own and his father's handsome appearance. To help Rāhula, the Buddha taught another discourse to him. He told Rāhula that all <a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABpa" title="Rūpa">matter</a> is <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">not-self</a>, and the same held for the <a href="/wiki/Skandhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Skandhas">different parts of one's mental experience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> Having heard the discourse, Rāhula started to practice meditation. His teacher Śāriputra recommended him to practice <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">breathing meditation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2006189–93-70">[65]</a> but was unable to give Rāhula the instructions he needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013110-71">[66]</a> Rāhula therefore asked the Buddha to explain the meditation method in more detail and the Buddha responded by describing several meditation techniques to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2006189–93-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013115-72">[67]</a> On a similar note, the Buddha taught Rāhula at a place called Andhavana about the <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">impermanence</a> of all things, and instructed him how to overcome the <a href="/wiki/Asava" title="Asava">"taints"</a> inside the mind. As a result, Rāhula attained enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482–3-73">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013116-74">[69]</a> Pāli tradition has it that the sermon was also attended by a <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">heavenly beings</a>, who once had vowed to witness the enlightenment of the son of the Buddha. Rāhula obtained the name "Rāhula the Lucky" (Pali: Rāhula-bhadda; Sanskrit: Rāhula-bhadra), which he himself explained was because of being the son of the Buddha, and because of having attained enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodh_Gaya_-_Buddha_Statue_-_Rahula_(9224949643).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of monk with one shoulder uncovered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bodh_Gaya_-_Buddha_Statue_-_Rahula_%289224949643%29.jpg/150px-Bodh_Gaya_-_Buddha_Statue_-_Rahula_%289224949643%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bodh_Gaya_-_Buddha_Statue_-_Rahula_%289224949643%29.jpg/225px-Bodh_Gaya_-_Buddha_Statue_-_Rahula_%289224949643%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bodh_Gaya_-_Buddha_Statue_-_Rahula_%289224949643%29.jpg/300px-Bodh_Gaya_-_Buddha_Statue_-_Rahula_%289224949643%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="4114" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Rāhula, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, India. </figcaption></figure> Later, the Buddha declared that Rāhula was <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka#Foremost_disciples" title="Śrāvaka">foremost</a> among all disciples in eagerness in learning (Pali: sikkhākamānaṃ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2013Rāhula-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a> and in the Pāli <a href="/wiki/Udana" class="mw-redirect" title="Udana">Udāna</a>, the Buddha included him as one of eleven particularly praiseworthy disciples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarao2004720-76">[71]</a> Chinese sources add that he was also known for his <a href="/wiki/Khanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanti">patience</a>, and that he was foremost in 'practicing with discretion' (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: mixing diyi), meaning practicing the Buddha's teaching consistently, dedication to the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aila" class="mw-redirect" title="Śila">precepts</a> and study, but without seeking praise or being proud because of being the son of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> Pāli texts give examples of Rāhula's strictness in monastic discipline. E.g. after there was a rule established that no novice could sleep in the same room as a <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">fully ordained monk</a>, Rāhula was said to have slept in an outdoor toilet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482-55">[50]</a> When the Buddha became aware of this, he admonished the monks for not taking proper care of the novices. After that, the Buddha adjusted the rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesttipallatthamiga_jat_16htm_Tipallatthamiga_Jātaka_(No.16)]-78">[73]</a> Pāli texts state that despite Rāhula being his son, the Buddha did not particularly favor him: he is said to have loved problematic disciples such as <a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta</a> as much as his own son, without any bias.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a> Schumann writes that the Buddha's relationship with his son was "... trusting and friendly, but not cordial or intimate", in order to prevent attachment in the monastic life. Schumann concludes that the Buddha's discourses to his son were essentially not different in nature from those he gave to his other disciples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2004123–4-79">[74]</a> Later in Rāhula's life his mother Yaśodharā became ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">nun</a>. In one story, the nun Yaśodharā fell ill with <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a>. Rāhula helped her recover by asking his teacher Śāriputra to find sweetened mango juice for her, which was the medicine she was used to and required. Therefore, with Rāhula's help, she eventually recovered.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> When he was 20 years old, Rāhula <a href="/wiki/Upasampada" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasampada">fully ordained</a> as a monk in <a href="/wiki/Savatthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Savatthi">Sāvatthī</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> Rāhula's death receives little attention in the earliest sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013106-82">[77]</a> Rāhula died before the Buddha and his teacher Śariputra did. According to Pāli<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a> and Chinese<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-9">[9]</a> sources, this happened as he was travelling psychically through the <a href="/wiki/Tavatimsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavatimsa">second Buddhist heaven</a> (Sanskrit: Trāyastriṃśa). According to the early <a href="/wiki/Ekottara_Agama" title="Ekottara Agama">Ekottara Āgama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sārvastivāda</a> or Mahāsaṅghika tradition) and the later Śāriputrapṛcchā, however, Rāhula was one of the four <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">enlightened disciples</a> whom Gautama Buddha asked to prolong their lives to stay in the world until the <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">next Buddha Maitreya</a> has risen, to protect his dispensation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121-51">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_lives">Previous lives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Previous lives">edit</a>]</div> Following the Pāli and Sanskrit language sources, Rāhula was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva#Early_and_Theravāda_Buddhism" title="Bodhisattva">Buddha-to-be</a> throughout many lifetimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a> He developed his habit of being amenable and easy to teach in previous lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482-55">[50]</a> Pāli texts explain that in a previous life he was impressed by the son of a previous Buddha, and vowed to be like him in a future life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rahula_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elderly monk in green and red robes, holding his hands in front of his chest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Rahula_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Rahula_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Rahula_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Rahula_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Rahula_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Rahula_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5605" data-file-height="9133" /></a><figcaption>Rāhula on a Tibetan painting, 16th century </figcaption></figure> Texts in the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayāna</a> tradition describe that Rāhula is the eleventh of the <a href="/wiki/16_arhats" class="mw-redirect" title="16 arhats">16 Elders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: Ṣoḍaśasthavira; Chinese tradition added two elders in the 10th century, making for 18 Elders<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDong201033-83">[78]</a>), enlightened disciples that have been entrusted with taking care of the Buddha's dispensation until the rising of Maitreya Buddha. Tradition states therefore that Rāhula will be alive until the next Buddha, and until that time resides with 1,100 of his pupils in an island called the 'land of chestnuts and grains' (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 畢利颺瞿洲; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Biliyangqu zhou).<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> The pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Xuan_Zang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuan Zang">Xuan Zang</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>602–664) heard a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmin</a> claim that he met Rāhula as an old man, who had delayed his passing into <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvana</a> and was therefore still alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016146-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997122-86">[81]</a> On a similar note, Rāhula is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Principal_Disciples" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Principal Disciples">Ten Principal Disciples</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004298-87">[82]</a> known for his dedication to training new monks and novices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002262-88">[83]</a> Moreover, he is considered to be one of the 23–28 masters in the lineage of the <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> tradition, one of the 28 in the <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> lineage,<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> and one of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_arahants_(Burma)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eight arahants (Burma) (page does not exist)">eight enlightened disciples</a> in the Burmese tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997122-86">[81]</a> As one of the enlightened disciples responsible for protecting the Buddha's dispensation, Rāhula has often been depicted in East Asian art. He is depicted with a large, "umbrella-shaped" head, prominent eyes and a hooked nose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatters1898340-90">[85]</a> The Chinese monks Xuan Zang and <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>320–420 CE) noted during their pilgrimages in India that a cult existed that worshiped Rāhula, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Madhura" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhura">Madhura</a> area. Whereas monks would worship certain early male disciples following their particular specialization, and nuns would honor <a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a> in gratitude for helping to set up the nun's order, novices would worship Rāhula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016135–6-91">[86]</a> The two Chinese pilgrims noted that Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Aśoka</a> built a <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">monument</a> in honor of Rāhula, especially meant for novices to pay their respects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">[17]</a> Religious studies scholar <a href="/wiki/Lori_Meeks" title="Lori Meeks">Lori Meeks</a> points out with regard to Japan, however, that Rāhula was not the individual object of any devotional cult, but was rather honored as part of a group of enlightened disciples, such as the 16 Elders. Exception to this was the 13th–14th century, when the figure of Rāhula became an important part of a revival of devotion to early Buddhist disciples among the old <a href="/wiki/Nara_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara prefecture">Nara</a> schools, as <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dshiki" title="Kōshiki">chanted lectures</a> (kōshiki) rites, and images were used in dedication to Rāhula. On regular <a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">days of religious observance</a>, male and <a href="/wiki/Samaneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaneri">female</a> novices performed rites and gave lectures in honor of Rāhula. These were popular with the laypeople, as well as with priests that aimed to revive Indian Buddhism, in particular early Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">monastic discipline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016131–3,_147-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergeevna201983-93">[88]</a> In the kōshiki Rāhula was praised extensively, and was described as the "Eldest Child", eldest being a devotional term, since Prince Siddhārtha had no other children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016137,_n.2-94">[89]</a> Thus, the person of Rāhula became an object of devotion and inspiration for monks who wished to observe monastic discipline well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergeevna201983-93">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sūtra</a>, as well as later East Asian texts such as the Raun Kōshiki, relate that Gautama Buddha predicts Rāhula will become a <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (title)">Buddha</a> in a future life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-9">[9]</a> named "Stepping on Seven Treasure Flowers" (Sanskrit: Saptaratnapadmavikrama). In these texts, Rāhula is seen as a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva#In_Mahāyāna_Buddhism" title="Bodhisattva">Mahāyāna type of Buddha-to-be</a>, who would save many <a href="/wiki/Sentient_being_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentient being (Buddhism)">sentient beings</a> and lives in a <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016144-95">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergeevna201982-96">[91]</a> The exhortations the Buddha gives to Rāhula have also become part of his legacy. The Ambalatthika-Rāhulovāda Sutta became one of the seven Buddhist texts recommended for study in the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">inscriptions</a> of the Emperor Aśoka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesamambalatthika_raahulovaada_shtm_Ambalatthika-Rāhulovāda_Sutta]-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazzra199538-97">[92]</a> This discourse has been raised by modern ethicists as evidence for <a href="/wiki/Consequentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequentalism">consequentalist</a> ethics in Buddhism, though this is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlieter2014319-67">[62]</a> Rāhula is mentioned as one of the founders of a system of Buddhist philosophy called the <a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Vaibhāṣika</a>, which was part of the Sarvāstivāda schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnouf2010418-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013107-99">[94]</a> He is also considered by some Thai schools of Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Tantric_Theravada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantric Theravada">borān</a> meditation to be the patron of their tradition, which is explained by referring to Rāhula's gradual development in meditation as opposed to the instant enlightenment of <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_the_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Disciples of the Buddha">other disciples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013121-100">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_in_Buddhism">Childhood in Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Childhood in Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novices_studying_Dhamma_and_Pali_language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Teenage novices studying in class." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Novices_studying_Dhamma_and_Pali_language.jpg/260px-Novices_studying_Dhamma_and_Pali_language.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Novices_studying_Dhamma_and_Pali_language.jpg/390px-Novices_studying_Dhamma_and_Pali_language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Novices_studying_Dhamma_and_Pali_language.jpg/520px-Novices_studying_Dhamma_and_Pali_language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2542" /></a><figcaption>The acceptance of Rāhula in the monastic order as a child set a precedent, which later developed into a widespread Buddhist tradition of educating children in monasteries.</figcaption></figure> From the narratives surrounding Rāhula several conclusions have been drawn with regard to Buddhist perspectives on childhood. Several scholars have raised Rāhula's example to indicate that children in Buddhism are seen as an obstacle to spiritual enlightenment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonMaukKellyCook201261-101">[96]</a> or that Buddhism, being a monastic religion, is not interested in children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESasson2014594–5-102">[97]</a> Education scholar Yoshiharu Nakagawa argues, however, that Rāhula's story points at two ideals of childhood which exist parallel in Buddhism: that of the common child, subject to the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>, and that of the child with a potential for enlightenment, who Crosby describes as a heroic disciple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawa200541-103">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013119,_121-104">[99]</a> Religion scholar Vanessa Sasson notes that although Prince Siddhārtha initially abandons his son, he comes back for him and offers a spiritual heritage to him as opposed to a material one. This heritage is given from a viewpoint of trust in the potential of the child Rāhula, presuming that the Buddhist path can also be accessed by children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESasson2014595-105">[100]</a> The acceptance of Rāhula in the monastic order as a child set a precedent, which later developed into a widespread Buddhist tradition of educating children in monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawa200534–5-106">[101]</a> The numerous teachings given to Rāhula have left behind teaching material which could be used for teaching children of different ages, and were sophisticated for the time period with regard to their age-specific material. <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a> tradition further built on this genre, with Pāli manuals of religious teaching for novices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013117–8-107">[102]</a> Writing about the Buddha's teachings methods used for Rahula, psychologist Kishani Townshend argues "... Buddha's use of <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic questioning</a>, poetic devices and role modelling are still relevant to developing virtue in today's children."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend201811-108">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> According to some traditional sources, the prince is sixteen then.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004267-10">[10]</a> Furthermore, some sources say that Rāhula is born seven days before Prince Siddhārtha leaves the palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrrahulamatahtm_Rāhulamātā]-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarao2017Biography_of_the_Buddha_and_Early_Buddhism-12">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> In the texts of the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition, the brother is another hermit, not the king, but he sends his brother to see the king for punishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPéri19188-26">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> In the Pāli texts, no long gestation period of Rāhula is mentioned, but a similar motif occurs in the story of Suppāvāsā, with a similar karma in a past life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula1978136-7">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Yaśodharā had Rāhula present a gift to his real father, and he manages to find him straight away. In one version of the story the gift is a ring signet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdkins201332–3-37">[34]</a> in another version it is an aphrodisiac.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997120-35">[32]</a> (See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ordination">§ Ordination</a>, below.) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Indologist Bhikkhu Telwatte Rahula argues that the child was conscious of being without a father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula1978134-49">[45]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004233-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2004233_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2004233_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2004">Keown 2004</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrons2007400-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrons2007400_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrons2007400_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrons2007400_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFIrons2007">Irons 2007</a>, p. 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks 2016</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997113-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997113_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong1997">Strong 1997</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> For the <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadāna</a>, see <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby (2013</a>, p. 105). The other information is mentioned in <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks (2016</a>, p. 139). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013109-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013109_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula1978136-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula1978136_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula1978136_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula1978136_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula1978136_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula1978136_7-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahula1978">Rahula 1978</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997122–4-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997122–4_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong1997">Strong 1997</a>, pp. 122–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula_9-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Rāhula. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004267-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2004267_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2004">Keown 2004</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrrahulamatahtm_Rāhulamātā]-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrrahulamatahtm_Rāhulamātā]_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera1960">Malalasekera 1960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/rahulamata.htm">Rāhulamātā</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarao2017Biography_of_the_Buddha_and_Early_Buddhism-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarao2017Biography_of_the_Buddha_and_Early_Buddhism_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarao2017">Sarao 2017</a>, Biography of the Buddha and Early Buddhism. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481_14-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaddhasena2003">Saddhasena 2003</a>, p. 481. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2013Rāhula-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2013Rāhula_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2013Rāhula_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2013Rāhula_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowers2013">Powers 2013</a>, Rāhula. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFViolatti2013" class="citation web cs1">Violatti, Cristian (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Siddhartha_Gautama/">"Siddhartha Gautama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825002210/http://www.ancient.eu/Siddhartha_Gautama">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Siddhartha+Gautama&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.aulast=Violatti&rft.aufirst=Cristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FSiddhartha_Gautama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnoli1977119-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnoli1977119_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGnoli1977">Gnoli 1977</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_18-15">p</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera1960">Malalasekera 1960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm">Rāhula</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013105-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013105_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013105_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997119-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997119_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997119_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong1997">Strong 1997</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139–40-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139–40_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139–40_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks 2016</a>, pp. 139–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassonLaw200869-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassonLaw200869_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSassonLaw2008">Sasson & Law 2008</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassonLaw200869–70-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassonLaw200869–70_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSassonLaw2008">Sasson & Law 2008</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016140-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016140_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016140_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016140_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks 2016</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2012143-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2012143_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOhnuma2012">Ohnuma 2012</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPéri19188-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPéri19188_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPéri1918">Péri 1918</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFSassonLaw2008">Sasson & Law (2008</a>, p. 69) and <a href="#CITEREFStrong1997">Strong (1997</a>, p. 117). For the names of the two brothers, see <a href="#CITEREFDeeg2010">Deeg (2010</a>, pp. 59, 62). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirane2013168–9-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirane2013168–9_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirane2013">Shirane 2013</a>, pp. 168–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016141-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016141_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks 2016</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESergeevna201981-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESergeevna201981_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSergeevna2019">Sergeevna 2019</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997118–9-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997118–9_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong1997">Strong 1997</a>, pp. 118–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2012142-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2012142_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2012142_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOhnuma2012">Ohnuma 2012</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997120-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997120_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997120_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997120_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997120_35-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong1997">Strong 1997</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139–41-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139–41_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks 2016</a>, pp. 139–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdkins201332–3-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdkins201332–3_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdkins201332–3_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdkins2013">Edkins 2013</a>, pp. 32–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016142-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016142_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks 2016</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPéri191822-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPéri191822_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPéri1918">Péri 1918</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200446-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann200446_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann2004">Schumann 2004</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade198274-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade198274_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade198274_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliade1982">Eliade 1982</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPéri191834–5-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPéri191834–5_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPéri1918">Péri 1918</a>, pp. 34–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200445–46-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann200445–46_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann2004">Schumann 2004</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013108–9-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013108–9_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, pp. 108–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001The_Great_Departure-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong2001The_Great_Departure_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong2001">Strong 2001</a>, The Great Departure. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Different texts refer to different ages. For seven years, see <a href="#CITEREFSaddhasena2003">Saddhasena (2003</a>, p. 481); for nine years, see <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks (2016</a>, p. 136) and <a href="#CITEREFSchumann2004">Schumann (2004</a>, p. 123); for fifteen years, see <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby (2013</a>, p. 110). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula1978133–4-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula1978133–4_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahula1978">Rahula 1978</a>, pp. 133–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula1978134-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula1978134_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula1978134_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula1978134_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula1978134_49-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahula1978">Rahula 1978</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121_51-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong1997">Strong 1997</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2012145-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2012145_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOhnuma2012">Ohnuma 2012</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenner200968-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenner200968_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenner200968_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenner2009">Penner 2009</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPéri19185-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPéri19185_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPéri1918">Péri 1918</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482_55-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482_55-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482_55-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaddhasena2003">Saddhasena 2003</a>, p. 482. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula197883-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula197883_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahula1978">Rahula 1978</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016143-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016143_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016143_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks 2016</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdkins201334–5-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdkins201334–5_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdkins2013">Edkins 2013</a>, pp. 34–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004281-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2004281_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2004">Keown 2004</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2004163-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann2004163_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann2004">Schumann 2004</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdkins201334-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdkins201334_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdkins2013">Edkins 2013</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013119–20-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013119–20_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, pp. 119–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013113,_115-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013113,_115_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, pp. 113, 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawa200534-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakagawa200534_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakagawa200534_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakagawa2005">Nakagawa 2005</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shariputra">"Shariputra: Disciple of the Buddha"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114220448/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shariputra">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shariputra%3A+Disciple+of+the+Buddha&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FShariputra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Both <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez (2013</a>, Rāhula) and <a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera1960">Malalasekera (1960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm">Rāhula</a>) mention the alms, but only <a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera1960">Malalasekera (1960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm">Rāhula</a>) mentions the other travels. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlieter2014319-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlieter2014319_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlieter2014319_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlieter2014319_67-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlieter2014">Schlieter 2014</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesamambalatthika_raahulovaada_shtm_Ambalatthika-Rāhulovāda_Sutta]-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesamambalatthika_raahulovaada_shtm_Ambalatthika-Rāhulovāda_Sutta]_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesamambalatthika_raahulovaada_shtm_Ambalatthika-Rāhulovāda_Sutta]_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera1960">Malalasekera 1960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/am/ambalatthika_raahulovaada_s.htm">Ambalatthika-Rāhulovāda Sutta</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> For the part on alms rounds, see <a href="#CITEREFSaddhasena2003">Saddhasena (2003</a>, p. 482). For the part about not-self, see <a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera1960">Malalasekera (1960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm">Rāhula</a>) and <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby (2013</a>, p. 115). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2006189–93-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2006189–93_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2006189–93_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw2006">Shaw 2006</a>, pp. 189–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013110-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013110_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013115-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013115_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482–3-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482–3_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaddhasena2003">Saddhasena 2003</a>, pp. 482–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013116-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013116_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez (2013</a>, Rāhula) and <a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera1960">Malalasekera (1960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm">Rāhula</a>). For the Sanskrit translation, see <a href="#CITEREFBurnouf2010">Burnouf (2010</a>, p. 489). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarao2004720-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarao2004720_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarao2004">Sarao 2004</a>, p. 720. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> For the aspect of dedication to the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aila" class="mw-redirect" title="Śila">precepts</a> and to study, as well as avoiding being proud, see <a href="#CITEREFIrons2007">Irons (2007</a>, p. 163); for the aspect of seeking praise, see <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez (2013</a>, Rāhula). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesttipallatthamiga_jat_16htm_Tipallatthamiga_Jātaka_(No.16)]-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesttipallatthamiga_jat_16htm_Tipallatthamiga_Jātaka_(No.16)]_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera1960">Malalasekera 1960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/t/tipallatthamiga_jat_16.htm">Tipallatthamiga Jātaka (No.16)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2004123–4-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann2004123–4_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann2004">Schumann 2004</a>, pp. 123–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera1960">Malalasekera (1960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/rahulamata.htm">Rāhulamātā</a>) and <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby (2013</a>, p. 112). Only Malalasekera mentions the mango juice and the recovery. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFBaroni2002">Baroni (2002</a>, p. 261) and <a href="#CITEREFSchumann2004">Schumann (2004</a>, p. 123). For the information that he was fully ordained in Sāvatthī, see <a href="#CITEREFSarao2013">Sarao (2013</a>, p. 157). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013106-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013106_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDong201033-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDong201033_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDong2010">Dong 2010</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez (2013</a>, Rāhula) and <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks (2016</a>, pp. 137–8). For the number of 18, see <a href="#CITEREFIrons2007">Irons (2007</a>, p. 400); <a href="#CITEREFStrong1997">Strong (1997</a>, pp. 121–22). For the information that Biliyangqu zhou is an island, see <a href="#CITEREFDong2010">Dong (2010</a>, p. 59 n.11). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016146-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016146_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks 2016</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997122-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997122_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997122_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong1997">Strong 1997</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004298-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2004298_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2004">Keown 2004</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002262-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002262_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaroni2002">Baroni 2002</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelter2004">Welter (2004</a>, pp. 462–3) says <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> has only 23 patriarchs, whereas <a href="#CITEREFIrons2007">Irons (2007</a>, p. 526) states they later expanded to 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatters1898340-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatters1898340_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatters1898">Watters 1898</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016135–6-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016135–6_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks 2016</a>, pp. 135–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016131–3,_147-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016131–3,_147_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks 2016</a>, pp. 131–3, 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESergeevna201983-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESergeevna201983_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESergeevna201983_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSergeevna2019">Sergeevna 2019</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016137,_n.2-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016137,_n.2_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks 2016</a>, p. 137, n.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016144-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016144_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks 2016</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESergeevna201982-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESergeevna201982_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSergeevna2019">Sergeevna 2019</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazzra199538-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazzra199538_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHazzra1995">Hazzra 1995</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnouf2010418-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnouf2010418_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurnouf2010">Burnouf 2010</a>, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013107-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013107_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013121-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013121_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonMaukKellyCook201261-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonMaukKellyCook201261_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompsonMaukKellyCook2012">Thompson et al. 2012</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESasson2014594–5-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESasson2014594–5_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSasson2014">Sasson 2014</a>, pp. 594–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawa200541-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakagawa200541_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakagawa2005">Nakagawa 2005</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013119,_121-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013119,_121_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, pp. 119, 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESasson2014595-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESasson2014595_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSasson2014">Sasson 2014</a>, p. 595. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawa200534–5-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakagawa200534–5_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakagawa2005">Nakagawa 2005</a>, pp. 34–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013117–8-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013117–8_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, pp. 117–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend201811-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend201811_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownshend2018">Townshend 2018</a>, p. 11. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaroni2002" class="citation cs2">Baroni, Helen J. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terebess.hu/zen/szoto/Baroni.pdf">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Rosen_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosen Publishing Group">Rosen Publishing Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2240-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2240-6"><bdi>978-0-8239-2240-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528024341/http://terebess.hu/zen/szoto/Baroni.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2015, retrieved 31 October 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Zen+Buddhism&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-2240-6&rft.aulast=Baroni&rft.aufirst=Helen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterebess.hu%2Fzen%2Fszoto%2FBaroni.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnouf2010" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Burnouf" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Burnouf">Burnouf, Eugene</a> (2010) [1844], Buffetrille, Katia; <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald S. Lopez Jr">Lopez, Donald S. Jr.</a> (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/eugene_burnouf_introduction_to_the_history_of_indian_buddhism_buddhism_and_modernity__2010.pdf">Introduction à l'histoire du Buddhisme indien</a> [Introduction to the History of Indian Buddhism] (PDF) (in French), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-08125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-08125-0"><bdi>978-0-226-08125-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721063040/http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/eugene_burnouf_introduction_to_the_history_of_indian_buddhism_buddhism_and_modernity__2010.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+%C3%A0+l%27histoire+du+Buddhisme+indien&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-08125-0&rft.aulast=Burnouf&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khamkoo.com%2Fuploads%2F9%2F0%2F0%2F4%2F9004485%2Feugene_burnouf_introduction_to_the_history_of_indian_buddhism_buddhism_and_modernity__2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buswell_Jr." title="Robert Buswell Jr.">Buswell, Robert E. Jr.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr." title="Donald S. Lopez Jr.">Lopez, Donald S. Jr.</a> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/files/file-nen/Princeton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf">Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3"><bdi>978-0-691-15786-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303042558/http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/files/file-nen/Princeton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15786-3&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+S.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daophatngaynay.com%2Fvn%2Ffiles%2Ffile-nen%2FPrinceton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby2013" class="citation cs2">Crosby, Kate (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_TytPQ1gCvwC">"The Inheritance of Rāhula: Abandoned Child, Boy Monk, Ideal Son and Trainee"</a>, in Sasson, Vanessa R. (ed.), Little Buddhas: Children and Childhoods in Buddhist Texts and Traditions, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pp. 97–123, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994561-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994561-0"><bdi>978-0-19-994561-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Inheritance+of+R%C4%81hula%3A+Abandoned+Child%2C+Boy+Monk%2C+Ideal+Son+and+Trainee&rft.btitle=Little+Buddhas%3A+Children+and+Childhoods+in+Buddhist+Texts+and+Traditions&rft.pages=97-123&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-994561-0&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_TytPQ1gCvwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanessa_R._SassonFranz_Metcalf2018" class="citation web cs1">Vanessa R. 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O' C., <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1817-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1817-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1817-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Historische+Buddha&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1817-0&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0ByQR06AzKZizWHJUM1FaV0pNSFE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekiguchi1998" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sekiguchi, Shizuo (1998), "Raun kōshiki shōkō", Ube kokubun kenkyū <bdi lang="ja">羅云講式小考</bdi> (in Japanese), vol. 29, pp. 3–20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raun+k%C5%8Dshiki+sh%C5%8Dk%C5%8D&rft.btitle=Ube+kokubun+kenky%C5%AB+%E7%BE%85%E4%BA%91%E8%AC%9B%E5%BC%8F%E5%B0%8F%E8%80%83&rft.pages=3-20&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sekiguchi&rft.aufirst=Shizuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergeevna2019" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sergeevna, Lepyokhova Elena (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=39106240">"Образ Рахулы в японских ритуальных текстах косики"</a> [The image of Rahula in Japanese ritual texts of Koshiki], Religiovedenie (in Russian) (2), <a href="/wiki/Amur_State_University" title="Amur State University">Amur State University</a>: 77–84, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22250%2F2072-8662.2019.2.77-84">10.22250/2072-8662.2019.2.77-84</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2072-8662">2072-8662</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religiovedenie&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-84&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22250%2F2072-8662.2019.2.77-84&rft.issn=2072-8662&rft.aulast=Sergeevna&rft.aufirst=Lepyokhova+Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felibrary.ru%2Fitem.asp%3Fid%3D39106240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2006" class="citation cs2">Shaw, Sarah (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911050559/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhist%20Meditation%20An%20anthology%20from%20the%20Pali%20canon_Sarah%20Shaw.pdf">Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pāli Canon</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35918-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35918-4"><bdi>978-0-415-35918-4</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhist%20Meditation%20An%20anthology%20from%20the%20Pali%20canon_Sarah%20Shaw.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Meditation%3A+An+Anthology+of+Texts+from+the+P%C4%81li+Canon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35918-4&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FBuddhist%2520Meditation%2520An%2520anthology%2520from%2520the%2520Pali%2520canon_Sarah%2520Shaw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirane2013" class="citation cs2">Shirane, H. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NSI2AAAAQBA">Record of Miraculous Events in Japan: The Nihon Ryoiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+of+Miraculous+Events+in+Japan%3A+The+Nihon+Ryoiki&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Shirane&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNSI2AAAAQBA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">Strong, John S.</a> (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2JBVKRXveQC">"A Family Quest: The Buddha, Yaśodharā, and Rāhula in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya"</a>, in Schober, Juliane (ed.), Sacred Biography in the Buddhist Traditions of South and Southeast Asia, pp. 113–28, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1699-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1699-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-1699-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Family+Quest%3A+The+Buddha%2C+Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81%2C+and+R%C4%81hula+in+the+M%C5%ABlasarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da+Vinaya&rft.btitle=Sacred+Biography+in+the+Buddhist+Traditions+of+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=113-28&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1699-5&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2JBVKRXveQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">Strong, J.S.</a> (2001), The Buddha: A Beginner's Guide, <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-054-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-054-6"><bdi>978-1-78074-054-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddha%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-054-6&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonMaukKellyCook2012" class="citation cs2">Thompson, J.M.; Mauk, H.; Kelly, V.; Cook, M.; Matthews, M. 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Buddhism, Children, and the Naga-King's Daughter"</a>, Virginia Review of Asian Studies: 60–81, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virginiareviewofasianstudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-Thompson-Buddhism-Children.doc">the original</a> on 10 November 2018, retrieved 10 November 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Review+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Women+and+Children+Last%3F+Buddhism%2C+Children%2C+and+the+Naga-King%27s+Daughter&rft.pages=60-81&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft.au=Mauk%2C+H.&rft.au=Kelly%2C+V.&rft.au=Cook%2C+M.&rft.au=Matthews%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvirginiareviewofasianstudies.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F11%2F3.-Thompson-Buddhism-Children.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownshend2018" class="citation cs2">Townshend, K. (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/120132/1/Townshend2019_PhD.pdf">Evolving Emotions: Critically Analysing the Associations between Mindful Parenting and Affect Regulation</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaideb</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolving+Emotions%3A+Critically+Analysing+the+Associations+between+Mindful+Parenting+and+Affect+Regulation&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaideb&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Townshend&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2440%2F120132%2F1%2FTownshend2019_PhD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatters1898" class="citation cs2">Watters, T. (1898), "Art. XVIII.—The Eighteen Lohan of Chinese Buddhist Temples", <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a>, 30 (2): 329–47, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0035869x00025223">10.1017/s0035869x00025223</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207967">25207967</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163796720">163796720</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Art.+XVIII.%E2%80%94The+Eighteen+Lohan+of+Chinese+Buddhist+Temples&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=329-47&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163796720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25207967%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0035869x00025223&rft.aulast=Watters&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelter2004" class="citation cs2">Welter, Albert (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912051354/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Encyclopedia%20of%20Buddhism_2%20Vols_%20Buswell.pdf">"Lineage"</a> (PDF), in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Buswell_Jr." title="Robert Buswell Jr.">Buswell, Robert E.</a> (ed.), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Macmillan Reference USA, <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Gale" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson Gale">Thomson Gale</a>, pp. 461–5, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865720-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865720-2"><bdi>978-0-02-865720-2</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Encyclopedia%20of%20Buddhism_2%20Vols_%20Buswell.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 September 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lineage&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=461-5&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA%2C+Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865720-2&rft.aulast=Welter&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FEncyclopedia%2520of%2520Buddhism_2%2520Vols_%2520Buswell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR%C4%81hula" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/buddha-teachingsurw6.pdf">The Buddha and His Teaching</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Narada_Mahathera" class="mw-redirect" title="Narada Mahathera">Nārada Mahāthera</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/967-9920-44-5" title="Special:BookSources/967-9920-44-5">967-9920-44-5</a>. A classic book about Buddhism from a Sri Lankan monk, with a section about the Buddha's encounters with Rāhula (pp. 94–102).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81hula&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rahula" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rahula">Rahula</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ekottara_%C4%80gama_17.1:_%C4%80n%C4%81p%C4%81nasm%E1%B9%9Bti_S%C5%ABtra" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Ekottara Āgama 17.1: Ānāpānasmṛti Sūtra">Ekottara Āgama 17.1: Ānāpānasmṛti Sūtra</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.11.irel.html">Rāhula Sutta, the Pāli text in which the Buddha gives advice to Rāhula about meditation</a>, translated by John Ireland, hosted on the website <a href="/wiki/Access_to_Insight" title="Access to Insight">Access to Insight</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060701055840/http://www.accesstoinsight.org:80/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.11.irel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suttacentral.net/thag4.8/en/sujato">The poems attributed to Rāhula</a>, as found in the <a href="/wiki/Theragatha" title="Theragatha">Theragāthā</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Sujato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhu Sujato">Bhikkhu Sujato</a> and Jessica Walton, hosted on Sutta Central.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmpKCi2ZH98">Talk about Rāhula</a>, based on the Pāli tradition and a book of <a href="/wiki/Nanamoli_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanamoli Bhikkhu">Ñānamoli Bhikkhu</a>, speaker unknown, hosted by the <a href="/wiki/London_Buddhist_Centre" title="London Buddhist Centre">London Buddhist Centre</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Āryadeva</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Chan and Zen lineages</a> (According to the <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> schools of China and Japan) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangh%C4%81nandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanghānandi (page does not exist)">Sanghānandi</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Buddha_(Gautama_Buddha)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gautama_Buddha" title="Template:Gautama Buddha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gautama_Buddha" title="Template talk:Gautama Buddha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gautama_Buddha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gautama Buddha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Buddha_(Gautama_Buddha)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta" title="Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta">Core teachings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Sayings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Disciples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Śuddhodana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rāhula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modak" title="Modak">Modak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81parinibb%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cetiya" title="Cetiya">Cetiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">footprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">life in art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Gautama Buddha in world religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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