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'\E700'; } .gelicon--google::before { content: '\E701'; } .gelicon--spotify::before { content: '\E304'; } .gelicon--pinterest::before { content: '\E305'; } .gelicon--tumblr::before { content: '\E306'; } .gelicon--stumbleupon::before { content: '\E307'; } .gelicon--linkedin::before { content: '\E308'; } .gelicon--reddit::before { content: '\E309'; } .gelicon--digg::before { content: '\E30A'; } .gelicon--instagram::before { content: '\E30B'; } .gelicon--whatsapp::before { content: '\E600'; } .body-text-card-inline-video { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } .inline-image__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); font-style: italic; padding: 20px 10px 12px; } .inline-image__description--desktop { padding: 20px 18px 18px; } .inline-image img { border-radius: 0; } .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; padding: 22px 10; } .inline-video__description--desktop { padding: 28px 16px; } .inline-audio-player { height: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__container > div { height: 50px; position: relative; } .inline-audio-player__container > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player__cta-holder { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #4a4a4a; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player__beta { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__beta:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__beta-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__played { background-color: #ededed; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .inline-quote { border-left: 3px solid #575757; color: #575757; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; } .inline-quote--worklife { border-left: 3px solid #8beed9; } .inline-quote--future { border-left: 3px solid #ffc857; } .inline-quote--culture { border-left: 3px solid #472479; } .inline-quote--earth { border-left: 3px solid #002856; } .inline-quote h2 { font-weight: 300; } .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 64%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } .content-embed { width: 100%; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } .bookmark-icon { background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; height: 54px; padding: 0; width: 54px; } .bookmark-icon svg { height: 15px; margin: 15px; stroke: #949494; stroke-width: 40; -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform: scale(0.8); width: 15px; } .bookmark__icon--true-white svg { fill: #fff; } .bookmark__icon--black svg, .bookmark__icon--black path { fill: #000 !important; stroke: #000; } .bookmark__icon--light-grey svg { fill: currentColor !important; } .tooltip-box__container { position: relative; } .tooltip-box__message { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: -80px; width: 215px; z-index: 1; } .tooltip-box__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 21px; position: absolute; top: -15px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-135deg); transform: rotate(-135deg); width: 12px; z-index: 2; } .tooltip-box__close { border: 0 !important; height: 15px !important; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 5px; top: -75px; width: 15px !important; z-index: 2; } .tooltip-box__close:hover .tooltip-box__close-icon { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .tooltip-box__close-icon { color: #444; cursor: pointer; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__remove-bookmark-btn { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #adadad; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-align: left; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: start; align-items: flex-start; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } .error-page-header { position: relative; } .error-page-header__headers { margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page-header__description { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; } .error-page-header__play-icon { margin-right: 16px; } .error-page-header__play-icon button { color: #adadad; } .error-page-header__dot-label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .styled-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .styled-list__item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 8px; } .styled-list__item a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .styled-list__item--worklife a { color: #8beed9; } .styled-list__item--future a { color: #ffc857; } .styled-list__item--culture a { color: #472479; } .styled-list__item--earth a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__item--travel a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__text { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-left: 20px; } .styled-list__dot { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 8px; } .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } .styled-line { background-color: #8beed9; height: 3px; width: 72px; } .styled-line--small { width: 45px; } .styled-line--medium { width: 135px; } .styled-line--large { height: 1px; width: auto; } .styled-line--height--large { height: 5px; } .styled-line--height--small { height: 1px; } .styled-line--xs-small { width: 25px; } .styled-line--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-line--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-line--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-line--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--white { background-color: #fff; } .styled-line--dark-grey { background-color: #6a6a6a; } .styled-line--grey { background-color: #dedede; } .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #000; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 38px 0; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } .hero-image { height: 720px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .hero-image--small-mobile { height: 180px; } .hero-image--mobile { height: 210px; } .hero-image--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-image--tablet { height: 574px; } .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } .spinner--culture { fill: #472479; } .spinner--travel { fill: #002856; } .spinner--earth { fill: #002856; } .similar-articles-list { background-color: #f9f9f9; position: relative; text-align: center; } .similar-articles-list__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: -50px; } .similar-articles-list__collection { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .similar-articles-list__header { background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 36px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .similar-articles-list__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.19px; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .similar-articles-list__number { color: #000; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0; margin-right: 26px; opacity: 0.18; } .similar-articles-list__articles-article { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin: 0 auto; max-width: 262px; padding-bottom: 32px; position: relative; } .similar-articles-list__articles-article:last-child { padding-bottom: 58px; } .similar-articles-list__number, .similar-articles-list__text { display: inline-block; } .similar-articles-list__text { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 210px; text-align: left; } .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero--gradient { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--estimated { height: 64px; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--estimated { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .basic-button__text--estimated-text { font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 300; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-black { background-color: #000; } .basic-button--background-black:hover { background-color: #494646; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 20px; line-height: 27px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } .inline-html { display: block; } .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .linkedin-icon:hover { background-color: #0077b5; } .linkedin-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .share-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; color: #444; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 18px 16px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; width: 110px; z-index: 55; } .share-button .gelicon--share { margin-right: 10px; -webkit-transition: 0.3s ease-in; transition: 0.3s ease-in; } .share-button:hover .gelicon--share, .share-button .gelicon--share-sharing { -webkit-transform: rotate(-180deg); transform: rotate(-180deg); } .twitter-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .twitter-icon:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #1da1f2; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--small { font-size: 18px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } .whatsapp-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .whatsapp-icon:hover { background-color: #25d366; } .whatsapp-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; }html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } 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https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08k3kd9.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08k3kd9.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 420px) 100vw, 150vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08k3kd9.jpg" alt="Oil spills and pipeline accidents can have effects that extend well beyond the immediate environmental crisis (Credit: Reuters)" id=""/></div></div><div class="article__container"><div class="article__main"><div class="article__subcontainer"><article class="article__body"><div class="article__author-unit"><div class="author-unit author-unit--smal-mobile"><div class="author-unit__container author-unit__container--desktop"><a class="author-unit__text b-font-family-serif" target="" rel="" id="">By Chris Baraniuk</a><span class="b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300"> 8th July 2020 </span></div><div class="author-unit__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--large"></div></div></div></div><div class="inline-audio article__author-unit"><div class="inline-audio-player"><div class="inline-audio-player__cta-holder"><div class="inline-audio-player__cta-container" data-bbc-container="songBird" data-bbc-title="The people who imagine disasters" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"songBird","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><button class="play-button__inline-audio"><span class="gelicon--listen"></span></button><button class="inline-audio-player__text b-font-family-serif">Listen to Article</button></div><button class="inline-audio-player__text b-font-family-serif inline-audio-player__beta">BETA <span class="inline-audio-player__arrow"></span></button></div><span class="b-reith-sans-font inline-audio-player__beta-copy inline-audio-player__hidden">This feature is currently in beta testing and uses a computer-generated synthetic voice. There may be some errors, for example in pronunciation, sentiment and tone.</span><div class="inline-audio-player__container inline-audio-player__hidden"><div></div></div></div></div><div class="article__body-content"><div class="article__intro"> Entire teams of people spend their days imagining what might happen in a crisis to ensure we can be better prepared for when the worst really does happen. </div><div><div class="body-text-card b-font-family-serif"><div class="drop-capped b-reith-sans-font drop-capped--future">I</div><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--drop-capped body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>It was a gigantic explosion. The blast tore through buildings and machinery, lighting up a huge refinery complex in Denver, Colorado. Gasoline production at the facility shut down for weeks as a result, leading to fuel reserves in Colorado quickly being used up.</p> <p>Pipelines from Wyoming, Texas and Kansas brought additional fuel to Colorado to make up for the fall in supply, but it meant fuel destined for other nearby states was curtailed. As it all unfolded, fuel prices across the region swelled.</p> <p>The aftermath of the explosion was a troubling example of how a single event can ricochet through systems, supply chains and a country.</p> <p>Except, none of this ever happened. It’s just a scenario played out in a series of calculations – a simulation – published in 2015 by Sandia National Laboratories in the US. The team that modelled the fuel pipeline flows in this make-believe disaster <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://prod-ng.sandia.gov/techlib-noauth/access-control.cgi/2015/152696.pdf">considered a number of other “disruptions”</a> in their report, including an oil spill in Boston harbour, earthquakes in California and a Category 5 hurricane slamming into the Gulf Coast.</p> <p><em>You might also like: </em></p> <p>• <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190408-how-catastrophes-can-change-the-path-of-humanity" target="_blank">Why catastrophes change the course of humanity</a><br/>• <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170711-what-not-to-do-in-a-disaster" target="_blank">What not to do in a disaster</a><br/>• <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190319-what-happens-when-the-food-runs-out" target="_blank">What happens when the food runs out</a></p> <p>“Before something bad happens, we provide a better understanding of how to prevent those things or how to mitigate them when they do occur,” explains Kevin Stamber, who heads the critical infrastructure analysis team at Sandia. He’s spent 20 years working on a stark problem: what can we expect if the worst should happen?</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div><img draggable="false" title="Disasters and accidents can trigger a cascade of consequences, such as fuel shortage or rising prices in shops (Credit: Alamy)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08k3jw7.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08k3jw7.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08k3jw7.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08k3jw7.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08k3jw7.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08k3jw7.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08k3jw7.jpg" alt="Disasters and accidents can trigger a cascade of consequences, such as fuel shortage or rising prices in shops (Credit: Alamy)" id=""/><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Disasters and accidents can trigger a cascade of consequences, such as fuel shortage or rising prices in shops (Credit: Alamy)</p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-font-family-serif"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Modelling systems in order to fathom how they might react to changed circumstances is not new. But businesses and large organisations are increasingly using computer models to inform their contingency planning and decision-making. It helps them to strategise and come up with the best plan for what to do when the worst does happen.</p> <p>Entire groups of researchers, teams of engineers and whole companies are now dedicated to simulating a whole range of unpleasant, and in some cases almost unimaginable, crises to help us all be better prepared.</p> <p>This is the story of how and why they do it.</p> <p>Stamber’s work doesn’t only relate to hypothetical scenarios. About six years ago, his group received a call from the US Department of Energy after a refinery in California was disrupted, causing a fall in production. The department was concerned that in the event of a coincidental disruption at another refinery in the state, fuel supplies could be seriously affected, so it asked Stamber's team to forecast the impact of such a scenario.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><blockquote class="inline-quote b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 inline-quote--future"><h2 class="simple-header b-reith-sans-font b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 simple-header--serif-light-italic simple-header--large">Stamber’s model showed that a security incident at one of those other refineries would indeed cause havoc</h2></blockquote></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-font-family-serif"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>“In that case they were looking in particular at security surrounding facilities – whether or not they needed additional security in place,” says Stamber. What if someone decided to attack one of California’s other refineries at that particular moment?</p> <p>The model showed that a security incident at one of those other refineries would indeed cause havoc. Fuel prices would likely go up – there was even potential for gas stations to run out of fuel entirely. In response to this forecast, the Department of Energy duly stepped up security – just in case.</p> <p>But how do you go about building a model that can make these sorts of predictions? In simple terms, a model is really just a series of calculations that represent – in an abstract way – some entity or system in the real world. We use models all the time without realising it. Try working out how you might get to the supermarket and still pick up the children from school at 3.45pm – you’d probably think about the routes you could take and choose the best one for that time of day. Or, most of us would probably ask an app on our smartphone to do this for us.</p> <p>Be it fuel pipelines, the electricity grid, traffic on roads or even the weather, models make use of past data to make predictions about what can be expected in the future in a given set of circumstances. As the volume of data and number of variables increase, so does the computational task involved. Some of the most powerful models, which aim to forecast events that are inherently unpredictable, make use of machine learning to look for patterns in the data that would otherwise be missed. As new information and variables come in, these AI algorithms then adapt and update accordingly.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div><img draggable="false" title="Crowds behave differently depending who and where they are – at Taylor Swift concerts, for example, fans tend to link arms, which could hinder an evacuation (Credit: Alamy)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08k3k31.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08k3k31.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08k3k31.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08k3k31.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08k3k31.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08k3k31.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08k3k31.jpg" alt="Crowds behave differently depending who and where they are – at Taylor Swift concerts, for example, fans tend to link arms, which could hinder an evacuation (Credit: Alamy)" id=""/><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Crowds behave differently depending who and where they are – at Taylor Swift concerts, for example, fans tend to link arms, which could hinder an evacuation (Credit: Alamy)</p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-font-family-serif"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Sandia drew on historical data to inform their hypothetical scenario of a refinery explosion in Denver. Specifically, they used the example of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://www.csb.gov/bp-america-refinery-explosion/">the 2005 refinery explosion in Texas</a>. Their similar, hypothetical, incident in Denver was then simulated using the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://www.sandia.gov/casosengineering/_assets/documents/transportation_fuel_model_description.pdf">National Transportation Fuel Model</a> – a complex representation of US pipelines and refineries. Turn off a refinery, see how flow is affected. Increase supply in a pipeline. What does that mean for production in the next state? As these variables are tweaked, the model adapts and gives a prediction about what might happen.</p> <p>But just how accurate can a model be?</p> <p>“You can never predict exactly what’s going to happen,” says Andrew Skates at modelling firm Sandtable.</p> <p>Some efforts come close, however. Models looking at the weather, for example, can achieve more than 90% accuracy when making predictions about <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/what/accuracy-and-trust/how-accurate-are-our-public-forecasts">wind speeds or temperatures a couple of days ahead</a>. But predictions get harder when it comes to extreme events.</p> <p>“Crisis is about change, often dramatic change, and the challenge you have there from a modelling perspective is your historical data may not necessarily be a good guide to the future,” Skates explains.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><blockquote class="inline-quote b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 inline-quote--future"><h2 class="simple-header b-reith-sans-font b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 simple-header--serif-light-italic simple-header--large">People who have experienced hurricanes within the past five years tend to be the ones who evacuate most effectively</h2></blockquote></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-font-family-serif"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>One agency that has been using modelling to try and get some sense of what will happen in extraordinary scenarios is the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Fema). It’s well known for using modelling whenever hurricanes are on approach to the US.</p> <p>“The more time we save, the more lives we save. That’s basically the gist of it,” says deputy assistant administrator for response, Joshua Dozor.</p> <p>Besides partnering with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to forecast the probable path of the hurricane itself, Fema has to think about how infrastructure and flood defences will cope. When Hurricane Katrina hit Florida and Louisiana in 2005, tidal walls and levees failed. That led to a devastating flood.</p> <p>Since then, Fema’s modelling has since taken into account the availability of defences in locations like this, says Dozor: “We know where evacuation zones should be placed based upon the size and strength of the water pumps.” (<em>Read more about <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont" target="_blank">how we better plan for hurricanes and other natural disasters</a>.</em>) </p> <p>There’s also the question of how people will respond.</p> <p>Transportation modelling can suggest how quickly communities in the path of a storm will vacate an area once given the order to leave.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div><img draggable="false" title="Since the devastating flooding that occured after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, evacuation plans now take into account the strength of water pumps (Credit: Getty Images)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08k3js0.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08k3js0.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08k3js0.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08k3js0.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08k3js0.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08k3js0.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08k3js0.jpg" alt="Since the devastating flooding that occured after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, evacuation plans now take into account the strength of water pumps (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Since the devastating flooding that occured after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, evacuation plans now take into account the strength of water pumps (Credit: Getty Images)</p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-font-family-serif"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>“We do analysis of behaviour – are they likely or less likely to heed the warnings of emergency managers?” explains Dozor. People who have experienced hurricanes within the past five years tend to be the ones who evacuate most effectively when ordered to do so, he says.</p> <p>This information can further inform decision-making about who should be evacuated first and when the order is to be given. Factors that can influence who is asked to leave first include which districts have the better flood defences such as water pumps are also which are likely to get imminent rainfall, according to forecasts.</p> <p>Behavioural analysis is important when planning for a crisis. One of the most complex entities on the planet is the human being. That said, general rules about how people typically behave in crisis situations can be applied.</p> <p>There is a persistent stereotype that people are prone to panic as a crisis looms and that they might deviate from social norms during a disaster, says Michelle Meyer, director of the Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center at Texas A&M University. Consider the fears over <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1109190/covid-19-pandemic-share-of-persons-worried-about-rioting-and-looting/">riots and looting if social order broke down</a> due to the spread of the coronavirus, for example. But this perception is often misleading.</p> <p>“One of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Hr-SHD0R5xwC&pg=PA253&lpg=PA253&dq=ohio+state+university+panic+disaster+1963&source=bl&ots=k3-NKH3KoO&sig=ACfU3U0IjIkUf7EF2AWU3RT4xeigYUKYiw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie5M-Ugq_qAhXLUMAKHV43CrgQ6AEwAnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=ohio%20state%20university%20panic%20disaster%201963&f=false">the main findings that we have is that people don’t panic</a>,” she says. “I know looting is often talked about but it is relatively rare and only in specific situations.”</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><blockquote class="inline-quote b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 inline-quote--future"><h2 class="simple-header b-reith-sans-font b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 simple-header--serif-light-italic simple-header--large">Taylor Swift fans might more commonly link arms during the concert. That could slow people down in the event of a sudden evacuation</h2></blockquote></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-font-family-serif"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Knowing how people actually respond in different situations is important if you are hoping to keep them safe during a crisis. A particular type of simulation – known as agent-based modelling – tries to understand how individuals in a crowd will behave.</p> <p>One firm that uses this approach is Movement Strategies in the UK. It has consulted on the design of large venues and stadiums, helping architects and staff come up with floorplans and procedures allowing thousands of people to evacuate the building as quickly as possible, for example.</p> <p>One key discovery the company has made is how crowds of people can behave very differently depending on who they are and what kind of event has brought them to the venue. (<em>Read more about <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180312-the-secret-science-that-rules-crowds" target="_blank">the science of how crowds behave</a>.</em>)</p> <p>Aoife Hunt, associate director at the firm, recalls working with one Premier League football club that was developing a new security screening process, such as bag searches upon entering the ground. The trouble was, this club’s home fans were notorious for arriving at the stadium just five minutes before the match.</p> <p>And crowds of football supporters can feature a mix of behaviours.</p> <p>“If they’re male supporters, they’re going to be in groups but they’re looser groups than female supporters. They’re not going to touch shoulders, we’ve found,” says Hunt.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div><img draggable="false" title="Understanding how a group of people might behave in a location can be crucial for knowing how to respond should the worst happen (Credit: Alamy)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08k3k4q.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08k3k4q.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08k3k4q.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08k3k4q.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08k3k4q.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08k3k4q.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08k3k4q.jpg" alt="Understanding how a group of people might behave in a location can be crucial for knowing how to respond should the worst happen (Credit: Alamy)" id=""/><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Understanding how a group of people might behave in a location can be crucial for knowing how to respond should the worst happen (Credit: Alamy)</p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-font-family-serif"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>People’s behaviour in a model can be adjusted depending on what you know about that particular category of person.</p> <p>“At Wembley, we’ve managed to quantify the difference between a group of Taylor Swift fans and a group of Ed Sheeran fans,” adds Hunt. Taylor Swift fans, for instance, might more commonly link arms during the concert. With fans grouped so tightly together, it could slow people down in the event of a sudden evacuation.</p> <p>Understanding these interpersonal behaviours can also help modellers to predict how long a stadium or concert venue might take to empty at the end of an event, allowing public transport operators to work out how many services they might need at the end of a night.</p> <p>Human behaviour can also influence the design of new venues. Depending on what sort of crowds are expected, architects may adjust the number of exits or the staircase designs, for instance, to make sure there is steady flow out of the venue during an evacuation. With too few exits, people won’t be able to get out safely, and with too many, you get something known as “free flow” and an uncontrolled dispersal of people that can lead to dangerous levels of congestion. Getting the balance right is how modelling can help.</p> <p>From stadium evacuations to hurricanes, all of the situations described above have happened before. The trick is in learning from those historical disasters and using that knowledge to refine the models. Even though no two disasters are ever the same, they can help us prepare for the future.</p> <p>It’s not an exact science – but it is a potentially life-saving one.</p> <p>--</p> <p><em>Join one million Future fans by liking us on </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://www.facebook.com/BBCFuture/"><strong><em>Facebook</em></strong></a><em>, or follow us on </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://twitter.com/BBC_Future"><strong><em>Twitter</em></strong></a><em> or<strong> </strong></em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/https://www.instagram.com/bbcfuture_official/"><strong><em>Instagram</em></strong></a><em>.</em></p> <p><em>If you liked this story, </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215923/http://pages.emails.bbc.com/subscribe/?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup"><strong><em>sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter</em></strong></a><em>, called “The Essential List”. 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He writes for New Scientist, Wired and The Economist among others and\nhas a website at \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fchrisbaraniuk.com\"\u003Echrisbaraniuk.com\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. His\nTwitter handle is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fmachinestarts\"\u003E@machinestarts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","email":"","links":null,"name":"Chris Baraniuk","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2014-11-18T09:16:36Z","entity":"author","guid":"85167756-ce0c-4ec8-bdd7-130dd9985254","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-baraniuk","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-02T07:13:47.141849Z","project":"future","slug":"chris-baraniuk","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348016},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Frichard-gray":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Frichard-gray","_id":"5ef9f8da9a34eaf8e21f70c9","assetImage":[],"description":"\u003Cp\u003ERichard is the acting senior editor at BBC Future, managing the site's day-to-day commissioning and scheduling. 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out earlier this year during a five-day nationwide blackout, power cuts can do more than just turn out the lights.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThere was nothing the doctors could do. In almost total darkness, broken only by the beam of a couple of torches and the glow from their mobile phones, the hospital staff watched helplessly as their patient died in front of them. The elderly woman was suffering a blood clot in her lungs – a common, but life-threatening problem that can be treated with the right drugs and equipment. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EEverything the doctors needed to save the woman – including a mechanical ventilator – was tantalisingly close, in the intensive care unit several floors below. But with no power in the nine-floor hospital in Maracay, they had no way to reach it. Without electricity the lifts did not work. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EIt was a situation being played out in hospitals dotted all over Venezuela in March 2019 during a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-latin-america-47522208\"\u003Efive-day nationwide power black out \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ethat accompanied the growing political and economic crisis facing the South American country. Unprepared for the sudden loss of power, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.crisisgroup.org\u002Flatin-america-caribbean\u002Fandes\u002Fvenezuela\u002Fdarkest-hours-power-outages-raise-temperature-venezuela\"\u003Eback-up generators in some hospitals failed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while others only had enough energy to keep a few of the most vital wards functioning. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EBy the end of the five days an estimated 26 people had died in the country’s hospitals as a result of the power outage, according to figures collated by Doctors for Health, a group of concerned medics that have been monitoring the growing health crisis in Venezuela. Among those who died were kidney failure patients who could not get the vital dialysis treatment they needed, and gunshot victims on whom surgeons could not operate in the near darkness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170329-the-extraordinary-electricity-of-the-scottish-island-of-eigg\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe small Scottish isle leading the world in electricity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181102-what-can-i-do-about-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETen simple ways to act on climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170313-the-biggest-energy-challenges-facing-humanity\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe biggest energy challenges facing humanity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlongside the deaths were stories of pregnant women giving birth in dark hospital wards, doctors treating patients and surgeons performing operations \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fmedicosxlasalud\u002Fstatus\u002F1110735125111820289\"\u003Eusing their mobile phones as torches\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and babies in failing incubators.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rtm3d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Blackout in Venezuela hospital (Credit: Getty Images)","imageCaption":"Hospitals over Venezuela lost power during a five-day nationwide black out this year (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“These babies need special care and without electricity for the incubators staff in neonatal units had to find blankets to keep the babies warm,” says Julio Castro, from the school of medicine at the Central University of Venezuela, who has been compiling the data for Doctors for Health, describing some of the stories that hospital staff had told him about the power outages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“When the ventilators failed, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-latin-america-47504722\"\u003Ethe nurses and doctors had to do it manually\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by squeezing a rubber lung,” he says. “They were taking it in turns to keep these patients alive.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe problems extended beyond the hospitals. Elderly people in high-rise flats had to be carried down stairs. People cooked food with fire and ate by candlelight. Without power, food spoiled in warming refrigerators, traffic lights failed and transport systems ground to a halt. The pumps that drove running water to people’s homes stopped, sending residents on a desperate search for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-latin-america-47553536\"\u003Ewater in nearby rivers, streams and even sewers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThroughout the year, Venezuela \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fworld-latin-america-48449085\u002Fwhat-are-the-real-reasons-behind-venezuela-s-blackouts\"\u003Ehas been plagued with power outages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some are short and localised, lasting just a few minutes, others take hours for the power to come back, but some go on for days. As they have continued, Castro and his colleagues have recorded more deaths as a result.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“If you have even four hours without electricity in a hospital, it is far from normal,” says Castro. “The situation with the water is even worse. There are some hospitals that are having to ask patients to bring in their own water with them because they simply cannot get enough supply.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rtp1z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Blackout in Venezuela (Credit: Getty Images)","imageCaption":"The blackouts in Venezuela hit people's homes, causing pumps powering running water to stop and food to spoil in fridges (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe situation he describes seems almost apocalyptic in a country that until a few years ago was one of the richest in South America and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-latin-america-36319877\"\u003Ehas the largest proven oil reserves in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Although the Venezuelan government \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-latin-america-49079175\"\u003Eblames sabotage and terrorists for the blackouts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, others have pointed to years of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fworld-latin-america-48449085\u002Fwhat-are-the-real-reasons-behind-venezuela-s-blackouts\"\u003Epoor investment and neglect of the country’s power grids\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as the cause.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EBut such widespread and long lasting power cuts, known as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eiscouncil.org\u002FBlackSky.aspx\"\u003Eblack sky events\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, are not restricted to countries teetering on the brink of collapse. Each year millions of people in the US and Canada are plunged into darkness by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-49624138\"\u003Epassing storms that bring down power lines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EIn June 2019, almost all of Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay were hit by a power outage that left nearly 40 million people without electricity. In August, almost \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-49402296\"\u003Ea million people in the UK were left without power\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, trapping commuters on busy trains, when lightning strikes caused a gas-fired power plant and an offshore wind farm to shut down simultaneously.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese events, however, are minor in comparison to the kind of power outages that experts fear could be in store in the future. Growing demand on our electricity supplies from rising populations and new technologies like electric cars will face \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcore.ac.uk\u002Fdownload\u002Fpdf\u002F19531796.pdf\"\u003Eincreasing instability as we shift to more renewable, but intermittent energy sources\u003C\u002Fa\u003E like wind and solar power. Extreme weather events driven by climate change will only heighten the risk to our power supplies further.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We used to use the phrase ‘When the lights go out’, but the lights not working are the least of our worries now – Juliet Mian","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“So much of our lives and almost everything we do is now dependent on energy, and particularly on our electricity supplies,” says Juliet Mian, technical director of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.resilienceshift.org\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EResilience Shift\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an initiative to help organisations and individuals prepare for failures in critical infrastructure. “We used to use the phrase ‘when the lights go out’, but the lights not working are the least of our worries now.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rtpzn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Traffic lights in power cut, Argentina","imageCaption":"Traffic lights are just one of the aspects of transport infrastructure affected in huge power cuts (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EShe is right. While the term “black sky” events illustrates perhaps the most visible impact of widespread power failures, it fails to convey the scale of the impact these can have. In our modern world, almost everything, from our financial systems to our communication networks, are utterly reliant upon electricity. Other critical infrastructure like water supplies and our sewer systems rely upon electric powered pumps to keep them running. With no power, fuel pumps at petrol stations stop working, road signs, traffic lights and train systems go dead. Transport networks grind to a halt. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EOur complex food supply chains quickly fall apart without computers to coordinate where produce needs to be, or the fuel to transport it or refrigeration to preserve it. Air conditioning, gas boilers and heating systems also rely upon electricity to work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EA little over 100 years ago, our cities ran on human and animal muscle power to ferry goods and waste around. Modern infrastructure is now utterly reliant upon electricity. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“In today’s world, our systems are highly interdependent and it is very hard to find many systems that are not fundamentally reliant upon power,” says Mian. “A black sky scenario will affect everyone.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe causes of a black sky event are many. They vary from natural disasters like hurricanes or earthquakes to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.swpc.noaa.gov\u002Fimpacts\"\u003Egeomagnetic storms triggered by enormous flares from the Sun\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or coronal mass ejections, that send a barrage of electrically charged particles racing across the Solar System and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2352146516306433\"\u003Ecan overload electrical grids\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. One intense geomagnetic disturbance caused \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Ftopics\u002Fearth\u002Ffeatures\u002Fsun_darkness.html\"\u003Ea nine-hour outage across large areas of Canada in 1989\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Electric Infrastructure Security Council, an international body that reviews threats to power grids, also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eiscouncil.org\u002FBlackSky.aspx\"\u003Elists a number of human threats that can trigger a mass black out\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These include cyberterrorism attacks or coordinated physical assaults on energy infrastructure such as power stations, and electromagnetic pulses that can disable electricity grids.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rtrb4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Blackout in supermarket, Buenos Aires","imageCaption":"People use phones to illuminate goods in a supermarket in Buenos Aires, Argentina during a power cut (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Our national power grids are tremendous feats of engineering and operations that have supported rapid economic growth around the world,” say Melissa Lott, a research fellow at the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University in New York. “But more investment is needed if electric power grids are going to keep up with rapid technology shifts and increasingly extreme weather events.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe says that while true black sky events are mercifully rare, the deep impact they have on businesses and people means more needs to not only update grid technology and management, but also improve infrastructure so it can be more resilient against physical threats like flooding. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In the summer of 2012, blackouts in India cut power to more than 600 million people over two days. In Puerto Rico, Hurricane Maria crippled infrastructure across the island, leaving people in the dark and triggering a humanitarian crisis. In 2018, an earthquake on Japan’s Hokkaido island left more than 5 million people without power.  In order to keep these events from becoming more common and to minimise their impact, we need to invest in our grids.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EPutting measures in place to counter all of these potential threats is difficult and expensive. Critical systems can be guarded from human attacks and they can be shielded from electromagnetic pulses with enough money being spent on them. Building new systems for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2352146516306433\"\u003Eprotecting transformers from coronal mass ejections \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ecan also help to keep systems safe. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EBut there are some events that cannot be planned for and the complex, interconnected nature of our electricity grids are remarkably vulnerable. Take what happened in September 2003 when a fallen tree brought down a power line in Switzerland’s Lukmanier Pass over the Alps into Italy and 24 minutes later another tree came down onto a line in the nearby Great St Bernard pass. The sudden failure of these two key lines caused other connections to Europe’s electricity network to trip, which triggered \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.rae.gr\u002Fold\u002Fcases\u002FC13\u002Fitaly\u002FUCTE_rept.pdf\"\u003Epower plants across Italy to shut down\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The whole of Italy was left without power because of two fallen trees starting a cascade of events.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EModern electricity grids are increasingly interconnected and complicated, making failures like this difficult to predict. Most of Europe now runs off \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.entsoe.eu\u002Fdata\u002Fmap\u002F\"\u003Ea massive interconnected power grid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – probably the largest in the world – that supplies more than 400 million customers in 24 countries. The USA is made up of five different grids. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EBut there are some that are seeking ways of anticipating potential power failures and are enlisting the help of artificial intelligence to help them grapple with this highly complex problem. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EWhen a power plant goes down, for example, it causes an abrupt spike in load on others on the network, which in turn slows down the generators at these plants and causes the frequency held on the grid to decrease. This risks destabilising the delicate balance that electricity grids are held in, and operators have to deploy countermeasures rapidly – often within milliseconds – to prevent sections of the grid being cut off. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EResearchers at the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft research institute in Ilmenau, Germany, recently revealed they are developing an AI system to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fraunhofer.de\u002Fen\u002Fpress\u002Fresearch-news\u002F2019\u002Fresearch-news-april-2019\u002Fartificial-intelligence-automatically-detects-disturbances-in-power-supply-grids.html\"\u003Eautomatically detect these disturbances\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and take steps to address them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rtvgs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"NYPD officer during power cut in Manhattan","imageCaption":"A major outage left both traffic and and subway users in Manhattan in the dark earlier this year (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe US Department of Energy is also funding $7m (£5.4m) of research into using artificial intelligence to not only \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energy.gov\u002Fsites\u002Fprod\u002Ffiles\u002F2019\u002F04\u002Ff61\u002FBig%20Data%20Awards%20Fact%20Sheet%20FINAL_1.pdf\"\u003Epredict potential outages and spot anomalies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that might lead to larger problems, but also to help find ways of keeping supplies constant in the event of a problem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EGeneral Electric is using machine learning to help analyse weather forecasts past outage history and information on the ground from its response crews to predict the impact that impending storms might have on its networks. It is also using it to predict where its repair crews might need to be so that downed lines can be restored more quickly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EPower grids can also help to protect themselves by \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Ffes.nationalgrid.com\u002Fmedia\u002F1363\u002Ffes-interactive-version-final.pdf\"\u003Eincreasing the amount of energy storage such as large scale batteries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E they have available so that supplies can be supplemented when generators do go off-line unexpectedly. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EBut completely protecting our power networks from failures is almost impossible, says Mian. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“We can’t necessarily design our systems so that failures don’t happen,” she says. “There’s so much complexity in our systems these failures can cascade and they can become much more widespread, which means the failure is quite often unavoidable. But what we can do is design our systems so that they can respond and recover quickly.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThis is what the Resilience Shift is now trying to improve. It has been organising exercises in collaboration with the Electric Infrastructure Security Council (EIS) that help large organisations, universities, schools, community groups and even families prepare themselves for an event that might lead to mass power cuts for several days at a time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe Emergency All-sector Response Transnational Hazard Exercise, or Earth Ex, is an online exercise that allows people to rehearse the decisions they need to make and put in place the plans they need should the worst happen. (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eiscouncil.org\u002FEarthEx.aspx\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETry Earth Ex for yourself and see how prepared you are.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When the electricity grid fails, there is this risk of cascading impacts from what might seem to be a relatively minor event – John Heltzel","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“We want people to be thinking about these things long before there is a problem,” says John Heltzel, director of resilience planning at the EIS. “It’s important because when the electricity grid fails, there is this risk of cascading impacts that can occur from what might at first seem to be a relatively minor event. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThis cascade effect is where the real damage can be done. As the people of Venezuela have discovered, even basic service like water can stop when the power goes out. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“It’s effectively [like going] back to the dark ages,” says Heltzel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rtvr7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Sunset during a power cut in Venezuela","imageCaption":"People can become trapped in lifts or in high-rise buildings during power outages (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EA report by scientists at University College London mapped out how the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ucl.ac.uk\u002Frisk-disaster-reduction\u002Fsites\u002Frisk-disaster-reduction\u002Ffiles\u002Freport_power_failures.pdf\"\u003Eloss of power can filter through communities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, from the loss of health care provision and sanitation services to citizens trapped in lifts and disruption to transport systems. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThen there are the social consequences that percolate out. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcore.ac.uk\u002Fdownload\u002Fpdf\u002F19531796.pdf\"\u003ECrime rates often go up during blackouts \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eas they provide opportunities for theft and fraud. The supply of cash and credit – particularly in our modern societies so reliant upon electronic and card payments – dry up meaning people have to rely on whatever cash they happen to have squirreled away. Communication networks and the ability to contact loved ones disappear, while vulnerable people like the elderly are often left stranded in their own homes. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EBusinesses are also left largely unable to operate, resulting in huge economic impacts. In 2004, the Department of Energy estimated the annual cost of power outages in the US \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Femp.lbl.gov\u002Fsites\u002Fall\u002Ffiles\u002Flbnl-55718.pdf\"\u003Eto be around $80bn (£62bn) annually\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. When two million customers in California had their supplies cut for two days in October this year, experts estimated the cost to the economy to be around $2.5bn (£1.9bn).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EHeltzel knows first hand the kind of chaos large-scale power outages can cause. He is a retired brigadier general who spent 33 years in the Kentucky National Guard and also served as the deputy commander of the Kentucky Joint Force Headquarters. In 2009, the state was hit by a series of ice storms that brought powerlines tumbling down under the weight of rime ice and snow building up on the wires.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“On one day we got an ice storm, followed by a snow storm, followed by another ice storm,” recalls Heltzel. The build up of ice was so great it even brought down steel utility structures designed to withstand hurricane force winds and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=YwpWFFOZ498C&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=2009+ice+storm+kentucky+steel+power+lines&source=bl&ots=4kK1xUepMa&sig=ACfU3U0Vv7uETMDm_tWDchqAUwIiizcKcw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAnsbSla3lAhUvQkEAHXzYAHgQ6AEwF3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=2009%20ice%20storm%20kentucky%20steel%20power%20lines&f=false\"\u003Esnapped wooden power poles “like toothpicks”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to a later Congressional hearing. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“We lost power in all of western Kentucky,” says Heltzel. “From a state perspective, of 120 counties, we had 114 placed into a state of emergency. It meant that people were stuck in their houses and couldn't get to the stores to buy food. So, we had people that were going hungry and we had people whose wells were frozen over. They could not get water through the normal municipal water systems. At the same time the communications networks weren't working, so they could not call for help.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe Kentucky National Guard mobilised 12,000 soldiers and airmen to go door-to-door delivering food to people. They also requested emergency generators to get the water supply back up and running. Emergency communication stations were brought in from other states to restore the telephone and radio network. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EEven so, the hardest hit areas were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weather.gov\u002Fmedia\u002Fpah\u002FTop10Events\u002F2009\u002FIce%20Storm%20Jan%2026-28%202009.pdf\"\u003Ewithout power for weeks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“We were flying people who managed the electricity grid up and down their power lines in our helicopters so they could assess how many poles and cables they needed,” says Heltzel. “But even with all the resources we brought to bear, it took four and half weeks for the last house to be reconnected.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rttcb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Man picking up bottled water in supermarket","imageCaption":"The Electric Infrastructure Security Council recommends having a two-week supply of bottled water at home in case of power cuts (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EAround 35 people in Kentucky and 30 in neighbouring states lost their lives. At least eight of the deaths were due to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3072909\u002F\"\u003Ecarbon monoxide poisoning due to diesel generators and kerosene heaters being used indoors\u003C\u002Fa\u003E without proper ventilation. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThis is why Heltzel believes planning for a black sky event before one happens is so important. Organisations like hospitals, water suppliers and large companies can make sure they regularly service their back-up generators, and have a sufficient supply of fuel to keep them running. Churches and schools can make sure they have blankets on hand and other facilities to help those who might become stranded and need shelter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EOn an individual level, we can all take steps too. From simple things like having torches with plenty of spare batteries to hand, to ensuring we have adequate supplies of bottled water to fall back on – the EIS recommends having two weeks worth of water with two litres a day per person and one litre for pets. Keeping cupboards stocked with non-perishable foods like rice, pasta and canned vegetables, is also advised.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EBut the Heltzel and his team also have some more unusual tips for families looking to prepare for a black sky event. Baby formula, for example, is a good source of nutrition even if you don’t have young children. A good supply of rubbish bags is also important – these can be tucked under the toilet seat if the water stops running, allowing you to bury your waste outside.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EKeeping a stash of emergency cash could also be a life saver.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We want people to be part of the solution rather than the problem – John Heltzel","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“One of the things we talk about for individuals and families is turning yourself from being a survivor into someone who can help with the restoration,” adds Heltzel. “We want people to be part of the solution rather than the problem. That might be being part of wider community efforts to build resilience or simply helping others who are not as prepared.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EIn Venezuela, the medical staff have become a perfect example of this. Following the first nationwide black outs, the number of deaths in hospitals have declined with each subsequent black out. Julio Castro, from Doctors for Health, puts this partly down to the shorter length of the power outages, but also to the preparations that hospital staff put in place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“Now they are aware of the problem they have put procedures in place,” says Castro. “They have made sure they have fuel and the back up generators are working. They have rotas for when they need to do manual ventilation and manual back ups for their equipment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E“It is keeping people alive.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article was edited on 28 October 2019 to include quotes from Melissa Lott, research fellow at Columbia University, New York.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Richard Gray is a senior journalist at BBC Future and can be found on Twitter \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fchalkmark\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E@chalkmark\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout-22"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fworst-case-scenario"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-24T07:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What would happen in an apocalyptic blackout?","headlineShort":"How to survive an apocalyptic power cut","image":["p07rtrqt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07rtm3d"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"As hospital patients in Venezuela found out earlier this year during a five-day nationwide blackout, power cuts do more than just turn out the lights.","summaryShort":"Power cuts do more than just turn out the lights","tag":["tag\u002Fenergy"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-24T06:00:04.978673Z","entity":"article","guid":"55b6f617-7be6-4ef5-9eb1-87b811078862","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout","modifiedDateTime":"2019-12-31T10:20:34.848668Z","project":"future","slug":"20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348015},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic","_id":"5ef9f8d69a34eaf8e21f5aea","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjosh-sims"],"bodyIntro":"With fewer people on the streets, cars on the roads, businesses closed and flights grounded, the daily noise that fills our lives has reduced. Can we hope to keep the hubbub down?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“Silence is part of our everyday life,” says Paavo Virkkunen, chief executive of the Finnish tourist board, Visit Finland, which almost a decade ago launched an acclaimed and on-going campaign suggesting that peace and quiet was one of the best reasons to visit the country. “Silence is one of those values you need to help you separate the essentials from the non-essentials of life. And I think it has influenced why tourists come here – because silence is a resource you can’t find everywhere in the world.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOr, at least, it wasn’t. With the advent of the Covid-19 lockdown – and the concomitant reduction in crowds, road and air traffic – many places are now bathed in an unusual quiet. The Earth itself is even quieter: the Royal Observatory of Belgium has reported a reduction in seismic noise – the ambient hum of vibrations that travel through the planet’s crust – as a result of reduced human activity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“When lockdown ends I’ll miss the extra silence we’ve had,” says Virkkunen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-will-personal-contact-change-due-to-coronavirus\"\u003EHow personal contact is set to change\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200414-how-to-maintain-relationships-in-self-isolation\"\u003EHow not to fall out in isolation\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200422-how-has-coronavirus-helped-the-environment\"\u003EIs the environment healing?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFor those of us not lucky enough to live amid tranquil surroundings in Finland, we may be in for a shock when we return to life in the outside world again and the noise inevitably returns.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08h3gnb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“It’s change that’s the crucial thing with noise,” Andrew Smith, a psychologist at the University of Cardiff and a leading voice in noise research since the 1970s. “We adapt to living in noisy environments, but it only takes a slight change – a period of quiet – to find that very distracting. And I think there will be an adverse reaction to the return of noise – not just greater annoyance, but less efficiency at work, in education, in our sleep, as well as more chronic effects.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EDespite legislation governing noise levels in many countries around the world – the UK’s Noise Abatement Act, for example, is 60 years old this year – pre-Covid-19 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnoise.eea.europa.eu\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ecity centre sound levels still regularly exceeded 65 decibels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in many parts of Europe, way above \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fdocstore\u002Fpeh\u002Fnoise\u002FComnoise-4.pdf\"\u003Ethe World Health Organization’s recommendations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eea.europa.eu\u002Fpublications\u002Fenvironmental-noise-in-europe\"\u003EAccording to a recent European Environment Agency study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 20% of the EU population live in areas where traffic noise is harmful to health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn the US, millions of people living in cities are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3915267\u002F\"\u003Eestimated to be at risk of noise-induced hearing loss\u003C\u002Fa\u003E due to their daily exposure to noise around them, while \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eea.europa.eu\u002Fpublications\u002Fenvironmental-noise-in-europe\u002F\"\u003E140 million Europeans are affected by long-term noise from traffic, railways, aircraft and industry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that could be harmful to their health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBeyond damage to hearing, prolonged exposure to anything much above 50 decibels has been shown to have unwelcome, typically hidden effects – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5898791\u002F\"\u003Ehigher blood pressure\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and stress levels, double the risk of depression, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4918653\u002F\"\u003Ereduced mental performance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The reading scores of sixth-grade students on the side of a school overlooking railway tracks were a year behind those on the other, quieter side of the building","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA classic 1974 study by psychologist Arline Bronzaft, for example, showed how the reading scores of sixth-grade students on the side of a school building overlooking railway tracks were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F001391657500700406\"\u003Ea year behind those on the other, quieter side of the building\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In 2002 a University of Gavle study found that the reading comprehension skills of children who lived near an airport \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F11169264_A_Prospective_Study_of_Some_Effects_of_Aircraft_Noise_on_Cognitive_Performance_in_Schoolchildren\"\u003Eimproved after the airport moved locations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while stress hormone levels fell – and how, in turn, the learning of children who now found themselves living by the new airport declined, and their stress levels rose. Conversely, focusing on the positive effects of the absence of noise, silence has been shown to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4087081\u002F\"\u003Ehelp the generation of new brain cells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in mice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnd that’s all concerning to the likes of Erica Walker, postdoctoral researcher at Boston University’s School of Public Health and founder of Noise and the City, a campaign organisation studying urban noise levels. Technology may help to reduce overall noisiness: from sound insulated building materials to rubberised asphalt that aim to reduce the noise that reverberates around urban areas; from the first flight of an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution\"\u003Eelectrically-powered commercial aircraft\u003C\u002Fa\u003E last December to the advent of electric cars; even the invention of a new vacuum-assisted airliner toilet that’s half as loud as standard commodes – sources of unwelcome sound are being dialled down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08h3gjk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBut, Walker argues, access to quiet is all too often a matter of income: it’s the poorer members of society who invariably live close to industrial centres and transport lines; the wealthier who can access the technology that may make their lives more peaceful, and have the money to enjoy so-called “quiet tourism”, also tend to be the people with the voice to complain about unwelcome noise. Quiet areas tend to be more rapidly gentrified.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWalker instead argues that access to quiet should be a human right.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“I think when everything goes back to ‘normal’ there will have been this new precedent set – a benchmark of what quiet is possible, and a new perception of our soundscape,” she says, although she is uncertain that this will bring lasting change. “Most people know constant stimulus is not good for your health. But then most authorities see noise as something that can only be mitigated by spending a lot of money. And the argument is always that noise is the product of activity that brings money to a community. The cost to quality of life is overlooked.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAntonella Radicchi, an architect and urban planner at the Technische Universität Berlin, agrees. She’s the creator of Hush City, a free app developed in 2017 initially for people in Berlin to map and share not just the noise levels of their favourite quiet spots in the city, but also audio, imagery and their own impressions; the app has since become available in four languages and over the coming year will be used in studies by the National University of Singapore and Limerick, Ireland.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Noise is pollution, but unlike air pollution you can’t see it or smell it, it’s temporary, so it’s often a forgotten issue – Ulf Winther","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“In a world which only seems to be getting louder and more unjust, there should be a push for everyone to have access to quiet should they want quiet,” Radicchi argues. “Since the beginning of the 20th Century we’ve had movements aimed at reducing urban noise, and now we know it can be a health hazard. But we can’t reduce all sound to noise – because sound is fundamental to our experience of living in the world, to modulating our emotions, and because sound is also about politics. Quiet in our cities is not sufficiently pursued or protected.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWill that change post-Covid-19? With rural flight seeing our cities ever more crowded, could noise pollution become the next big public health issue? Those who have been on the front-line of this campaign for years say it should be, but are wary of expecting too much. One recent study found that 63% of protected natural areas in the US are now so blighted with human-generated noise that it has doubled the background sound levels in these areas, while a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F356\u002F6337\u002F531\"\u003Efifth have seen a 10-fold increase in noise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08h3gzf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAcross the border from the silence of Finland, Ulf Winther is the general secretary of Norwegian Association Against Noise, established in 1963. “I sometimes think that we’re just wasting our time,” he admits. “Noise is pollution, but unlike air pollution you can’t see it or smell it, it’s temporary, so it’s often a forgotten issue. For most people awareness of cost to the community is so low there’s little action against noise, relative to other problems. Reducing noise levels may be too much to ask for. Now it’s about stopping them from growing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFor all that, the quiet of Covid-19 has perhaps revealed a new sensitivity to noise. According to the UK’s Noise Abatement Society, the diminishment of traffic noise has resulted in an increase in complaints about the neighbours we can now hear that much more clearly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“I think that demand for quiet goes hand in glove with demand for a simplicity – and that’s an idea shaping a lot of people’s thinking now,” says Gloria Elliot, the society’s chief executive. “I just hope we don’t all forget just how nice the lockdown quiet has been.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* An earlier version of this article incorrectly stated that noise levels in urban areas in Europe regularly reached 90dB. This has been corrected to reflect data recorded by the European Environment Agency that indicates urban noise levels in many EU countries can exceed 65dB.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-17T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Will the world be quieter after the pandemic?","headlineShort":"How the world fell silent","image":["p08h3gd8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"summaryLong":"With fewer people on the streets, cars on the roads, businesses closed and flights grounded, the daily noise that fills our lives has reduced. Can we hope to keep the hubbub down?","summaryShort":"The pandemic has reduced the hubbub of daily life, but can it continue?","tag":["tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-17T00:00:13.362845Z","entity":"article","guid":"8ea89ec2-97ab-40a3-8e3f-e19f3bf4e7a3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-25T10:03:21.345548Z","project":"future","slug":"20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348016},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible","_id":"5ef9f8d49a34eaf8e21f515d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmatthew-keegan"],"bodyIntro":"For many people with disabilities, options like remote working have been needed for years. Workplaces around the world have now made this shift. Are there other ways the world could become more accessible, too?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EI once asked a previous employer if it was possible to work from home. I live with a progressive neuromuscular condition called Charcot-Marie-Tooth that causes the muscles in my feet, ankles and lower legs to gradually atrophy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI had recently been fitted with an ankle-foot-orthotic – a lower leg splint – to improve my walking and prevent frequent trips and falls. Wearing it all day long in the office was proving uncomfortable. Working from home seemed like the best solution and I was sure I could be more productive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe nature of my job meant I worked almost exclusively online and on a computer. Still, my request was not approved. The company couldn’t make the accommodation, I was told, since it meant others might request the same and the IT systems couldn’t really support lots of people working from home all at the same time. I felt I had no other option than to hand in my notice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow here we are, in the grip of a pandemic – and suddenly, in many cases within a week, organisations the world over with thousands of staff were able to switch to remote working and rolled out systems remarkably quickly to enable it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08d282x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Hopefully this pandemic has shown people that you can be trapped at home, by no fault of your own, and you can still contribute,” says Mik Scarlet, an expert in the field of access and inclusion for disabled people. “In the same way that we’re trying to plan our end of lockdown, can we also plan for the end of society being inaccessible?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-covid-19-how-will-the-coronavirus-change-the-world\"\u003EHow will coronavirus change the world?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200507-medicines-and-drugs-from-animals-venom\"\u003EThe life-saving medicines inspired by animals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-the-revolutionary-wheelchair-rising-to-a-challenge\"\u003EThe revolutionary wheelchair rising to a challenge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith millions under lockdown, many non-disabled people are experiencing, for the first time, how it feels to have external barriers preventing you from participating in everyday life. But although countries around the world have put policies and practices in place to make public spaces, workplaces and other aspects of society more accessible, many barriers still exist for people with disabilities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08d28ch"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fen\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fdisability-and-health\"\u003Edisabled people making up 15% of the global population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, greater accessibility has the potential to improves millions of lives of those 1.3 billion people. But it would help the non-disabled population, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, some changes towards accessibility – such as having buttons at a more accessible height, or making audio descriptions available in museums – wouldn’t have made everyone safer in this epidemic. But other changes, had they been implemented earlier, could have.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Many of the solutions we’ve needed for this pandemic are the same solutions, like remote working, that disabled people have been requesting for years","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EScarlet points out that many of the solutions we’ve needed for this pandemic are the same solutions, like remote working, that disabled people have been requesting for years. If we had already built a physically inclusive and accessible society, more could have been done to shorten lockdowns.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETake, for example, the layout and design changes that help people with mobility issues. If all doors already had opened automatically, it would be easier for people with some types of disabilities to move freely. But it also means that no-one would need to touch the doors – which would mitigate one risk of infection, and potentially mean that everyone could, theoretically, go out more, or sooner.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08d28hk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, if the gaps between store aisles were wider, as they’re meant to be for wheelchair users and others, then everyone today would be better able to socially distance. And if pavements were wider, people could walk past each other without breaking the rules.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It’s funny how so many of the things that disabled people have been saying to architects, town planners and councils for years have suddenly become the very problems that are forcing us to have to continue lockdown for longer than we would do because of the way we have designed society,\" Scarlet says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A survey of 27,000 retail outlets found that 20% don’t provide access to wheelchair users","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite movements to make society more accessible in recent years, there is still a long way to go. One global survey found that although 90% of businesses say they prioritise diversity, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fassets.ey.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002Fey-sites\u002Fey-com\u002Fen_us\u002Ftopics\u002Fdiversity\u002Fey-the-business-leadership-imperative.pdf\"\u003Eonly 4% were working on becoming more inclusive for people with disabilities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In the UK, a 2018 study found that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fonline.flipbuilder.com\u002Fafjd\u002Fuvad\u002Fmobile\u002Findex.html#p=50\"\u003E75% of disabled people have had to leave a shop or business due to the lack of understanding or awareness of their needs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and a survey of 27,000 retail outlets found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fgovernment-concerned-at-shocking-evidence-of-the-inaccessibility-of-the-british-high-street-to-disabled-people-despite-their-200-billion-spending\"\u003E20% don’t provide access to wheelchair users.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd just last year, a federal appeals court in the US city of St Louis, Missouri granted the city’s decision to deny a remote working request to a disabled employee. According to a further \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.bloomberglaw.com\u002Fdaily-labor-report\u002Fwork-at-home-gets-skeptical-eye-from-courts-as-disability-issue\"\u003EBloomberg Law analysis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of cases, employers had won 70% of the rulings over the past two years on whether they could reject workers’ bids to work from home as an accommodation for a disability.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08d2g48"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThese barriers to inclusion have severe consequences. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.globalpartnership.org\u002Fblog\u002Fchildren-disabilities-face-longest-road-education\"\u003ENine out of 10 children with a disability in the developing world don’t get into a classroom, for example.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fdevelopment\u002Fdesa\u002Fdisabilities\u002Fresources\u002Ffactsheet-on-persons-with-disabilities\u002Fdisability-and-employment.html\"\u003EYou are 50% less likely to have a job – and 50% more likely to experience poverty – if you are disabled.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd the cost isn’t just to disabled people. One study across 10 low- and middle-income countries in Asia and Africa, for example, found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Fskills\u002Fpubs\u002FWCMS_149529\u002Flang--en\u002Findex.htm\"\u003Ethe price of excluding disabled people from work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weforum.org\u002Fagenda\u002F2020\u002F04\u002Fcovid-19-isolation-disabilities\u002F\"\u003Ecosts OECD countries 7% of their GDP\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBeyond the crisis\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs work environments have rapidly adapted to curb the spread of the virus, it has become clear that society is able to address the inequalities disabled people face. But that doesn’t automatically translate to a more accessible post-Covid-19 world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith many establishments and businesses closed and under lockdown, for example, now could be the perfect time to make them more accessible. \"Before the pandemic, one of the big excuses was that there wasn't the time to close in order to do a refit,\" says Scarlet. \"Now they are all shut for a while, why doesn’t the government give them a support fund so that they can make it through this period, but part of the tie-in is that they have to make changes around accessibility?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I worry what will happen instead is that lots of the regulations will be softened after the pandemic, because businesses will say, we couldn’t afford to be more accessible before – and we definitely can’t afford it now because we lost so much money during the lockdown.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08d2g96"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis means business leaders themselves will have a key role to play, says Caroline Casey, a leading authority on diversity and inclusion and founder of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thevaluable500.com\u002F\"\u003EThe Valuable 500\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which aims to get 500 CEOs and their companies to commit to putting disability inclusion on their business leadership agenda. To date \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thevaluable500.com\u002Fthe-valuable-500\u002F\"\u003E270 companies have signed up\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including multinational corporations like Google, Microsoft, HSBC and Coca Cola.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Leaders listen to leaders. I truly believe that getting 500 CEOs to include disability on their leadership agendas is the tipping point for change,” Casey says. “Nothing less than system change is going to contribute to the resolution of the disability inequality crisis that exists.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne necessary part of changing the system is listening to more voices, says Mikaela Patrick, inclusive design researcher at the Global Disability Innovation Hub, which has found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.disabilityinnovation.com\u002Fnews\u002Fnext-generation\"\u003Eone billion disabled people around the world today lack access to necessary assistive technology \u003C\u002Fa\u003Elike wheelchairs, hearing aids, walking sticks or accessible mobile devices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"While huge progress has been made in accessibility at the global level, there is still much to learn,” Patrick says. “One of the ways to ensure society continues to become more accessible is by integrating the voices of disabled people in the design and development of policy, technology and infrastructure.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08d2g6c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite 15% of the global population being disabled, these voices are relatively rare in leadership or shaping policy. Only \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fassets.ey.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002Fey-sites\u002Fey-com\u002Fen_us\u002Ftopics\u002Fdiversity\u002Fey-the-business-leadership-imperative.pdf\"\u003E7% of global CEOs report personally having a disability\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And 56% of executive respondents indicate that the topic of disability rarely or never comes up on their leadership agenda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut with the pandemic, there is a glimmer of hope that leaders and governments might think more about including disabled voices. Last week, the United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres released a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fsites\u002Fun2.un.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fsg_policy_brief_on_persons_with_disabilities_final.pdf\"\u003Epolicy brief \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eabout the need for a disability-inclusive Covid-19 response and recovery plan, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fcoronavirus\u002Fwe-have-unique-opportunity-design-and-implement-more-inclusive-and-accessible-societies\"\u003Eurging governments \u003C\u002Fa\u003E“to place people with disabilities at the centre of Covid-19 response and recovery efforts and to consult and engage people with disabilities”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne challenge, Casey says, has been how disabled people are constantly portrayed as being \"vulnerable\" and of little value to society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Disabled people are not just vulnerable – we are valuable – Caroline Casey","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Disabled people are not just vulnerable – we are valuable,\" says Casey. \"Please do not allow with this pandemic for us to go back and switch on that horrible old narrative, which is about ‘poor disabled people’, ‘poor weak people’, ‘poor sick people’. No, we may have a disability, but my God – we’ve got ability, potential, resources, brains, and valuable contributions to give.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, advocates argue, is the moment to remove barriers for inclusion and listen to the needs of people with disabilities. The result could be systems that are potentially more responsive in times of crisis – and which are better for everyone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAs an award-winning science site, BBC Future is committed to bringing you evidence-based analysis and myth-busting stories around the new coronavirus. You can read more of our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ftags\u002Fcovid-19\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECovid-19 coverage here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible-18"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-14T01:01:01Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why coronavirus may make the world more accessible","headlineShort":"Why ignoring the disabled has cost us","image":["p08d2gcq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"For many disabled people, options like remote working have been needed for years. As many workplaces make this shift, are there also other ways the world could become more accessible?","summaryShort":"We're already seeing some of the changes long requested by disability advocates","tag":["tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"creationDateTime":"2020-05-14T00:00:51.278886Z","entity":"article","guid":"b33cb168-a14a-4f02-9800-66a23e6f2ba8","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-14T00:00:51.278886Z","project":"future","slug":"20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348016},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes","_id":"5ef9f8cb9a34eaf8e21f2fea","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"How often have you looked at the cash in your wallet? Look closer: it’s riddled with hidden patterns designed to deter counterfeiters. Chris Baraniuk investigates.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA brand-new Xerox colour photocopier had just arrived at one of Cambridge’s industrial labs. It was the early 2000s, and word of the new-fangled contraption quickly got around – including to computer scientist Markus Kuhn, then a PhD student. It didn’t take him long to decide on the best way to test its abilities. “We were students,” he recalls with a laugh. “We went straight for the banknotes.” (Don’t try this at home – the photocopying of banknotes, in the UK and in other countries, is illegal).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EKuhn placed a British £20 note on the glass surface to scan. He closed the lid, pressed the copy button and waited. The copier whirred. But no colour reproduction of the note appeared in the tray. Instead came a message printed in various languages – explaining that copying banknotes was illegal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERecurring constellation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis was a surprise. How did the copier know what it was being asked to print? “The euro banknotes had just come out,” says Kuhn, “and I had a 10-euro banknote in my wallet. On the 10-euro banknote, I spotted this particularly obvious pattern of little circles. I stared at it for a while and I saw that the constellation inside this pattern was recurring.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKuhn looked again at the £20 note. The pattern was there, too, but on the front of the note it was hidden in a motif of printed music: the circles were printed as the heads of the musical notes. So a recurring pattern of five circles existed on sterling and euro banknotes, on both the front and back. Other currencies around the world, it soon emerged, were printed with the same pattern. But since different notes varied their colours and orientations of the patterns, even across different denominations of the same currency, how did colour photocopiers pick out the pattern each time?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EKuhn began to investigate. At first, he drew the pattern in isolation on a blank piece of paper, printed it and tried to photocopy it. When it was a black-and-white pattern, the photocopier reproduced it without quibbling. But when Kuhn coloured in the circles, the anti-counterfeiting message was churned out instead. “There appears to be some circuitry that requires the circles to be present in a colour channel, not in a black-and-white channel,” he says. Kuhn named the pattern the EURion Constellation after the astronomical constellation of Orion, which it resembles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlthough Kuhn thinks colours are one key part of the code, others have suggested that photocopiers are also looking for specific distances between the five circles. Kuhn has not been able to independently verify this theory.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe precise means by which copiers and scanners recognise the pattern remain a mystery. One clue, though, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bankofmaharashtra.in\u002Fcustemer_bulletin\u002Fcustomer_bulletin_july_2011.pdf\"\u003Ecomes from a document\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published by India’s Bank of Maharashtra, which suggests that there is some kind of mechanism for detecting the circles in a different colour to that seen by the naked eye. “The highlighted portion […] in the banknote when photocopied will exhibit a different colour distinct from genuine banknote,” the document reads.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"No one, from bank officials to equipment manufacturers, wants to talk about the pattern","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGetting confirmation of how the pattern works – or even whether it does what researchers think it does – is difficult. No one, from bank officials to equipment manufacturers, wants to talk about it. The Bank of England has never commented publicly on the existence of the so-called EURion Constellation. Instead, in an interview, director of banknotes Victoria Cleland explained that the bank has an interest in making counterfeiting as difficult as possible. “If you get a £20 counterfeit note today, it’s worth absolutely nothing,” she explains. “You’ll be £20 out of pocket. So on an individual by individual basis, it’s bad news – and people could lose confidence in the cash they’re using.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWho came up with the EURion Constellation in the first place? Although they declined to comment for this article, a Japanese firm called Omron was linked to the pattern in a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rbi.org.in\u002Fscripts\u002FBS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=13520\"\u003E2005 press release\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published by the Reserve Bank of India. In January of this year, a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsanthiprinting.blogspot.co.uk\u002F2015\u002F01\u002Fomron-anti-copying-feature.html\"\u003Eblog post\u003C\u002Fa\u003E apparently written by a retired Indian government official named N R Jayaraman stated that the design, which he called the Omron pattern, has been used on banknotes around the world since 1996. His blog post also stated: “The design and size of the Omron mark shall be as per the master film provided by the SSG-2, the film supplied by the firm itself and should not be altered in any manner, lest the anti-copying feature will fail to work.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESecurity ‘doughnuts’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt seems that SSG-2 refers to the method by which the pattern is transferred to banknote paper during printing. In an email, however, Jayaraman said that the specific machinations of the process are not known to him.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA string of public patents provide further evidence that Omron is indeed behind the EURion Constellation. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Fpatents\u002FUS5845008\"\u003EThis one\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, filed in 1995, states that “marks are detected which are arranged in a given spatial relationship in image data printed on, for example, bank notes or negotiable securities.” An image attached to the patent shows a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpatentimages.storage.googleapis.com\u002Fpages\u002FUS5845008-25.png\"\u003Epattern that is conspicuously similar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to the EURion Constellation, albeit with the central circle missing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne person able to shed some light on the pattern is Steve Casey, marketing director for Innovia Films, which manufactures sheets of material onto which banknotes may be printed. “The rings are called ‘doughnuts’ in the industry”, he explains. “It’s one of the first security features that was ever developed for banknotes in the digital era.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen asked to confirm whether Xerox photocopiers and scanners have been designed to recognise the EURion pattern, a Xerox spokesperson said in an email that “Xerox, along with other imaging companies, consults with the global law enforcement and the Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group, a consortium of 32 banks and note printing authorities, to assess threats to currency and to promote and support the use of anti-counterfeiting technologies. To provide protection against specific criminal behaviour, technology to detect counterfeiting is standardised.” However, they added: “Xerox does not comment on the scope of deployment.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Level 3 features aren’t discussed. No one knows about them except a central bank","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven if it were possible to get to the bottom of the EURion Constellation, there’s another piece of the puzzle: there are other hidden codes on banknotes, too. Innovia Films’ Casey says that there are also ‘Level 3’ features within banknotes that are even more secret than the EURion Constellation. “Level 3 features aren’t discussed. No one knows about them except a central bank,” he says. “That is something that their high speed note-sorting machines will be calibrated to read and they will be able to definitively identify whether something is a counterfeit note or not.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIndeed, the Bank of England’s Cleland says \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk\u002Fbanknotes\u002FPages\u002Flifecycle\u002Fdistribution.aspx\"\u003Ethe greatest source of counterfeit notes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are the sorting machines used by “wholesale cash handlers” – those who distribute cash to and from retailers, banks and ATMs, for example.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Other codes may affect photo editing software like Adobe Photoshop","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOther codes may affect photo editing software like Adobe Photoshop, preventing users from editing images of banknotes. This has been investigated by Steven Murdoch, a computer scientist and former student of Kuhn’s. Murdoch believes image editing programmes are detecting something other than the EURion Constellation: a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.cl.cam.ac.uk\u002F~sjm217\u002Fprojects\u002Fcurrency\u002F\"\u003Edigital watermark\u003C\u002Fa\u003E invisible to humans. A method for doing this is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.co.uk\u002Fpatents\u002FUS6427020\"\u003Edescribed in a patent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Digimarc, the company believed to have developed the technique. Digimarc has also filed other interesting patents in this area, such as one which describes a method for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.co.uk\u002Fpatents\u002FUS6549638\"\u003Esecretly recording\u003C\u002Fa\u003E whether a computer user has been working with images of banknotes in a photo editing programme. Law enforcement agents could later retrieve such data after seizing a suspect's computer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not known which, if any, commercial software programmes include such a technology. Digimarc also refused to comment for this article. But Pierre Laprise, director of the Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group, says that CBCDG has not developed a method of recording illicit use. “We do not track,” he says, “because of the privacy issues.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELaprise did, however, confirm that the CBCDG has indeed developed technologies to prevent photocopying and image editing – but he would not discuss any of the details. Whatever the specifics, Laprise says his group’s efforts in the area have been highly successful. “It’s definitely been effective,” he comments. “Will we be ever able to stop counterfeiting? Probably not, but we’re working at reducing it, and it’s been pretty well contained over the years.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We may never know the full details of these technologies","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe may never know the full details of how technologies intended to deter counterfeiting work, or where they are used. But as Kuhn says, perhaps it’s just as well. That people would try to use colour photocopiers to reprint banknotes was, of course, inevitable. “I think it’s a fairly obvious thing to do,” he says, “and the manufacturer evidently thought so.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd Steve Casey says it’s ultimately better to restrict counterfeiting to dedicated and more easily traceable cells, rather than many pockets of amateurs all having a go. “What a central bank doesn’t want is hundreds of counterfeiters across the country. They don’t want people able to set up their little photocopying operation and then move on.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“That,” he adds, “would be very hard to trace.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis story is a part of BBC Britain – a new series focused on exploring this extraordinary island, one story at a time. Readers outside of the UK can see every BBC Britain story by heading to the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fbritain\"\u003EBritain homepage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; you also can see our latest stories by following us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCBritain\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Britain\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes-15"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2015-06-25T19:15:25Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The secret codes of British banknotes","headlineShort":"The secret codes of banknotes","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"How often have you looked at the cash in your wallet? Look closer: it’s riddled with hidden patterns designed to deter counterfeiters. Chris Baraniuk investigates.","summaryShort":"The cash you’re carrying says more than you think","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2015-06-25T02:11:05.989979Z","entity":"article","guid":"fd7ac789-3f67-49df-b26a-89d67abdc77b","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:30:31.224811Z","project":"future","slug":"20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348017},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know","_id":"5ef9f8cd9a34eaf8e21f36b1","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"All over the world, there are hidden messages in city streets, hospitals, and on public transport. Why do they exist?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Inspector Sands to the control room, please.” If you ever hear that at a British train station, don’t panic. But you might appreciate knowing that this is a codeword meant to inform staff that there is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FInspector_Sands\"\u003Ean emergency somewhere in the building\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The idea is to avoid causing alarm among commuters, but still get the message out to those trained to deal with the problem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe subject of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reddit.com\u002Fr\u002FAskReddit\u002Fcomments\u002F3x004o\u002Fwhat_secret_codes_are_all_around_us_that_only\u002F\"\u003Esecret codewords like this was raised this week on Reddit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and the discussion has attracted thousands of examples. But what codewords and signs are really out there in the wild?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA good place to start is hospital emergency codes. These are often colour-coded, and one health centre in Canada has \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsunnybrook.ca\u002Fcontent\u002F?page=patient-emergprep-codes\"\u003Epublished its list online\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Code red” announces a fire, “code white” indicates a violent person while “code black” means a bomb threat is active. Some phrases might simply be used euphemistically. It’s been reported that hospital staff sometimes refer to the morgue as “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fthe-last-post-inside-a-military-morgue-in-helmand-1790722.html\"\u003ERose Cottage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”, in order to avoid upsetting relatives of a recently deceased patient.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESeafaring vessels have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVessel_emergency_codes\"\u003Etheir own codewords\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. One of these, “Mr Skylight”, is a general emergency code that may be announced over the tannoy on a cruise ship. The crew used it during \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.estoniasamlingen.se\u002FSSPA\u002F2_Review_of_evidence_and_forming_of_loss_hypothesis.pdf\"\u003Ethe sinking of the MS Estonia in 1994\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which killed 852 people. As the disaster unfolded, a cryptic announcement was made: “Mr Skylight to Number One and Two” – indicating that crew were to shut watertight doors to seal parts of the hull.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I can see very good reasons for having these codes,” says Paul Baker, a linguist at the University of Lancaster. “It may be that people are unsure when they’re giving the code so there’s no point upsetting [members of the public].”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not just institutions and services that come up with codewords for things, though. Many contributors to the Reddit thread give examples from their own lives – such as retail workers who came up with specific knowing phrases to communicate special messages to staff. Several users gave the example of “Pebkac”, a derogatory acronym used by IT specialists to refer to certain individuals reporting a fault with their computer. It stands for, “Problem Exists Between Keyboard and Chair”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Not all codes are alphanumeric. Some are visual, intended to be hidden in plain sight","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere are lots of examples of these phrases in specific communities. BBC Trending recently reported on \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fblogs-trending-34572462\"\u003Ea special phrase used by scientists online\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to share copies of journal articles – “I can haz PDF”, a riff on the popular “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fknowyourmeme.com\u002Fmemes\u002Fsites\u002Fcheezburger\"\u003EI can haz cheezburger\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” meme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd online daters might want to use their profiles to alert potential partners to the fact that they have a sexually transmitted infection, but to do so discreetly. There’s a codeword for that, too: \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.urbandictionary.com\u002Fdefine.php?term=437737\"\u003E437737\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. On a telephone dialing pad with letters associated with numbers, the number spells out “herpes”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVisual codes\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENot all codes are alphanumeric. Some are visual, intended to be hidden in plain sight. As BBC Future discovered earlier this year, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes\"\u003Emany banknotes feature a specific pattern of dots\u003C\u002Fa\u003E called the EURion constellation, placed there to prevent people from photocopying money. Many copiers and scanners are programmed to spot it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOther visual codes are scrawled in the landscape around us. One surprising example is the series of signs known as “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fweburbanist.com\u002F2010\u002F06\u002F03\u002Fhoboglyphs-secret-transient-symbols-modern-nomad-codes\u002F\"\u003Ehoboglyphs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” – a collection of symbols meant to provide information to travelling workers and homeless people. Among other things, these could indicate the quality of a nearby water source, or suggest whether the occupant of a house is friendly or not.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGraffiti gangs have also been known to develop esoteric glyphs which which they might scribble over the graffiti of rival groups. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdiscovermagazine.com\u002F2012\u002Fsep\u002F25-the-graffiti-code-breaker\"\u003EDiscover magazine listed some examples in 2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These included “SS” meaning “South Side” – a faction within a specific gang in Indianapolis; and a lazy red “X” over someone else’s graffiti – a visually jarring mark of disrespect.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAmazingly, as Discover reported, software is now helping police decipher these symbols automatically. Such programs are even \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.lawofficer.com\u002Farticles\u002Fprint\u002Fvolume-10\u002Fissue-4\u002Ffeatures\u002Fnew-smartphone-app-interprets.html\"\u003Eavailable as smartphone apps\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd finally, the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fmagazine-26745534\"\u003Espray-painted squiggles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E you see on pavements in towns and cities all over the world adhere to codes understood by construction workers and engineers. A BBC News Magazine report recently revealed the meaning of many of these in the UK, and pointed out that different colours related to different types of cable or pipe. Blue meant a water system while yellow indicated gas lines and green labelled CCTV or data wiring.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAll of these codes have a purpose – to avoid causing panic, to transmit subtle signals in social groups, or to provide technical information quickly and easily. But once you know about them, it’s difficult to shake off that sense of intrigue and conspiracy – if only a conspiracy of knowledge. It’s no wonder online discussions about these codes are so popular.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“People don’t like secrets, do they?” says Baker. “There is a drive to have as much information as possible – we do live in the information age,” he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFollow us\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eon\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fcompany\u002Fbbc-com\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELinkedIn\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finstagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2015-12-17T10:54:13.699Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The secret codes you’re not meant to know","headlineShort":"Secret codes you’re not meant to know","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"All over the world, there are hidden messages in city streets, hospitals, and on public transport. Why do they exist?","summaryShort":"You’ll find them in city streets, hospitals and on public transport","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2015-12-17T11:41:18.970208Z","entity":"article","guid":"498d5099-ef3c-4352-865f-50c87ec6dad8","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:32:01.111235Z","project":"future","slug":"20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348017},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design","_id":"5ef9f8cf9a34eaf8e21f3b18","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"As more of us flock to urban living, city designers are re-thinking buildings’ influence on our moods in an era of “neuro-architecture”.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us,” mused Winston Churchill in 1943 while considering the repair of the bomb-ravaged House of Commons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMore than 70 years on, he would doubtless be pleased to learn that neuroscientists and psychologists have found plenty of evidence to back him up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe now know, for example, that buildings and cities can \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Fnews\u002F2011\u002F110622\u002Ffull\u002F474429a.html\"\u003Eaffect our mood and well-being\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0376635716302480\"\u003Ethat specialised cells in the hippocampal region of our brains\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are attuned to the geometry and arrangement of the spaces we inhabit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYet urban architects have often paid scant attention to the potential cognitive effects of their creations on a city’s inhabitants. The imperative to design something unique and individual tends to override considerations of how it might shape the behaviours of those who will live with it. That could be about to change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“There are some really good [evidence-based] guidelines out there” on how to design user-friendly buildings, says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.northumbria.ac.uk\u002Fabout-us\u002Four-staff\u002Fd\u002Fruth-conroy-dalton\u002F\"\u003ERuth Dalton\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, who studies both architecture and cognitive science at Northumbria University in Newcastle. “A lot of architects choose to ignore them. Why is that?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Today, thanks to psychological studies, we have a much better idea of the kind of urban environments that people like or find stimulating","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELast month, the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ccities.org\u002Fconscious-cities-conference-2\u002F\"\u003EConscious Cities Conference\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in London considered how cognitive scientists might make their discoveries more accessible to architects. The conference brought together architects, designers, engineers, neuroscientists and psychologists, all of whom increasingly cross paths at an academic level, but still rarely in practice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne of the conference speakers, Alison Brooks, an architect who specialises in housing and social design, told BBC Future that psychology-based insights could change how cities are built. “If science could help the design profession justify the value of good design and craftsmanship, it would be a very powerful tool and quite possibly transform the quality of the built environment,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGreater interaction across the disciplines would, for example, reduce the chances of repeating such architectural horror stories as the 1950s \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.pruitt-igoe.com\u002F\"\u003EPruitt-Igoe housing complex\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in St Louis, Missouri, whose 33 featureless apartment blocks – designed by Minoru Yamasaki, also responsible for the World Trade Center – quickly became notorious for their crime, squalour and social dysfunction. Critics argued that the wide open spaces between the blocks of modernist high-rises discouraged a sense of community, particularly as crime rates started to rise. They were eventually demolished in 1972.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPruitt-Igoe was not an outlier. The lack of behavioural insight behind the modernist housing projects of that era, with their sense of isolation from the wider community and ill-conceived public spaces, made many of them feel, in the words of British grime artist Tinie Tempah, who grew up in one, as if they’d been “designed for you not to succeed”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EToday, thanks to psychological studies, we have a much better idea of the kind of urban environments that people like or find stimulating. Some of these studies have attempted to measure subjects’ physiological responses \u003Cem\u003Ein situ\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, using wearable devices such as bracelets that monitor skin conductance (a marker of physiological arousal), smartphone apps that ask subjects about their emotional state, and electroencephalogram (EEG) headsets that measure brain activity relating to mental states and mood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“This adds a layer of information that is otherwise difficult to get at,” said \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fcolinellard.com\u002F\"\u003EColin Ellard\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, who researches the psychological impact of design at the University of Waterloo in Canada. “When we ask people about their stress they say it’s no big deal, yet when we measure their physiology we discover that their responses are off the charts. The difficulty is that your physiological state is the one that impacts your health.” Taking a closer look at these physiological states could shed light on how city design affects our bodies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne of Ellard’s most consistent \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fcdn.bmwguggenheimlab.org\u002FTESTING_TESTING_BMW_GUGGENHEIM_LAB_2013_2.pdf\"\u003Efindings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is that people are strongly affected by building façades. If the façade is complex and interesting, it affects people in a positive way; negatively if it is simple and monotonous. For example, when he walked a group of subjects past the long, smoked-glass frontage of a Whole Foods store in Lower Manhattan, their arousal and mood states took a dive, according to the wristband readings and on-the-spot emotion surveys. They also quickened their pace as if to hurry out of the dead zone. They picked up considerably when they reached a stretch of restaurants and stores, where (not surprisingly) they reported feeling a lot more lively and engaged.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe writer and urban specialist \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.charlesmontgomery.ca\u002F\"\u003ECharles Montgomery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, who collaborated with Ellard on his Manhattan study, has said this points to “an emerging disaster in street psychology”. In his book Happy City, he warns: “As suburban retailers begin to colonise central cities, block after block of bric-a-brac and mom-and-pop-scale buildings and shops are being replaced by blank, cold spaces that effectively bleach street edges of conviviality.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnother oft-replicated finding is that having access to green space such as woodland or a park can offset some of the stress of city living.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Urban living can change brain biology in some people","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EVancouver, which surveys consistently rate as one of the most popular cities to live in, has made a virtue of this, with its downtown building policies geared towards ensuring that residents have a decent view of the mountains, forest and ocean to the north and west. As well as being restorative, green space appears to improve health. A \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flancet\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS0140-6736(08)61689-X\u002Fabstract\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the population of England in 2008 found that the health effects of inequality, which tends to increase the risk of circulatory disease among those lower down the socioeconomic scale, are far less pronounced in greener areas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow so? One theory is that the visual complexity of natural environments acts as a kind of mental balm. That would fit with Ellard’s findings in downtown Manhattan, and also with a 2013 virtual reality \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0272494412000643\"\u003Eexperiment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Iceland in which participants viewed various residential street scenes and found the ones with the most architectural variation the most mentally engaging. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F00038628.2016.1266597\"\u003EAnother VR study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, published this year, concluded that most people feel better in rooms with curved edges and rounded contours than in sharp-edged rectangular rooms – though (tellingly perhaps) the design students among the participants preferred the opposite.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe importance of urban design goes far beyond feel-good aesthetics. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fschizophreniabulletin\u002Farticle\u002F42\u002F6\u002F1372\u002F2399413\u002FWhy-Are-Children-in-Urban-Neighborhoods-at\"\u003Enumber of studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have shown that growing up in a city doubles the chances of someone developing schizophrenia, and increases the risk for other mental disorders such as depression and chronic anxiety.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe main trigger appears to be what researchers call “social stress” – the lack of social bonding and cohesion in neighbourhoods. Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg at the University of Heidelberg \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fschizophreniabulletin\u002Farticle-lookup\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1093\u002Fschbul\u002Fsbu072\"\u003Ehas shown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that urban living can change brain biology in some people, resulting in reduced gray matter in the right dosolateral prefrontal cortex and the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, two areas where changes have previously been linked to early-life stressful experiences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt sounds counterintuitive: surely the sheer number of people makes social interaction more likely. While this may be true superficially, the kind of meaningful social interactions that are crucial for mental health do not come easily in cities. Social isolation is now recognised by urban authorities as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgrattan.edu.au\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2014\u002F04\u002F137_report_social_cities_web.pdf\"\u003Ea major risk factor\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for many illnesses. Is it possible to design against it, to build in a way that encourages connection?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne of the first to try was the sociologist \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pps.org\u002Freference\u002Fwwhyte\u002F\"\u003EWilliam Whyte\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, who advised urban planners to arrange objects and artefacts in public spaces in ways that nudged people physically closer together and made it more likely they would talk to each other, a process he called “triangulation”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Visual complexity of natural environments acts as a kind of mental balm","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1975, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pps.org\u002F\"\u003EProject for Public Spaces\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, founded by one of Whyte’s colleagues, transformed the way people used the Rockefeller Center in New York City by placing benches alongside the yew trees in its basement concourse (instead of the people-repelling spikes the management had originally wanted). The architectural firm \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsnohetta.com\u002F\"\u003ESnohetta\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has followed a similar principle in Times Square, introducing long sculpted granite benches to emphasise that the iconic space, once clogged with cars, is now a haven for pedestrians.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEnriching public spaces will not banish loneliness from cities, but it could help by making residents feel more engaged and comfortable with their surroundings. “Living among millions of strangers is a very unnatural state of affairs for a human being,” says Ellard. “One of the jobs of a city is to accommodate that problem. How do you build a society where people treat each other kindly in that kind of setting? That is more likely to happen when people feel good. If you feel positive you’re more likely to speak to a stranger.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne thing that is guaranteed to make people feel negative about living in a city is a constant sense of being lost or disorientated. Some cities are easier to navigate than others – New York’s grid-like street pattern makes it relatively straightforward, whereas London, with its hotchpotch of neighbourhoods all orientated differently and the Thames meandering through the middle, is notoriously confusing. At the Conscious Cities conference, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ucl.ac.uk\u002Fjefferylab\u002F\"\u003EKate Jeffery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a behavioural neuroscientist at University College London who studies navigation in rats and other animals, made the point that to feel connected to a place you need to know how things relate to each other spatially. In other words, you need a sense of direction. Places with rotational symmetry, which look the same whichever direction you look at them from – Piccadilly Circus, for example – are a “nightmare” for orientation, she said.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"One thing that is guaranteed to make people feel negative about living in a city is a constant sense of being lost or disorientated","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA sense of direction is equally important inside buildings. One of the most notoriously disorientating buildings is the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSeattle_Central_Library\"\u003ESeattle Central Library\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which has won multiple awards for its architecture. Northumbria University’s Dalton, who has studied the building for several years and has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.routledge.com\u002FTake-One-Building--Interdisciplinary-Research-Perspectives-of-the-Seattle\u002FConroy-Dalton-Holscher\u002Fp\u002Fbook\u002F9781472471147\"\u003Eedited a book\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about it, says she finds it fascinating that a place so “universally admired by architects … can be so dysfunctional”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of the issues with the library is the huge one-way escalators that sweep visitors from the ground floor into the upper reaches with no obvious means of descent. “I think there was a desire by the architects to try and thwart expectations and be a bit edgy,” says Dalton. “Unfortunately when it comes to navigation, our expectations are there for a good reason. There are very few situations in the real world where you can go from A to B via one route and you’re forced to take a different route from B back to A. That really confuses people.” On an online forum, one of the library’s users commented that she had “left the building as soon as I could figure out how to get out, hoping I wouldn’t have an anxiety attack first.’’\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut that’s the thing about cities: people who live in them do a good job of making them feel like them home despite all the design and architectural obstacles that may confront them, be it in a byzantine library or a sprawling park.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA visible manifestation of this are the “desire lines” that wend their way across grassy curbs and parks marking people’s preferred paths across the city. They represent a kind of mass rebellion against the prescribed routes of architects and planners. Dalton sees them as part of a city’s “distributed consciousness” – a shared knowledge of where others have been and where they might go in the future – and imagines how it might affect our behaviour if desire lines (or “social trails” as she calls them) could be generated digitally on pavements and streets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe is getting at a point that architects, neuroscientists and psychologists all seem to agree on: that successful design is not so much about how our buildings can shape us, as Churchill had it, but about making people feel they have some control over their environment. Or as Jeffery put it at Conscious Cities, that we’re “creatures of the place we’re in”. Welcome to the new era of neuro-architecture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 800,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design-18"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-06-06T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The hidden ways that architecture affects how you feel","headlineShort":"The hidden way cities affect your mood","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"As more of us flock to urban living, city designers are re-thinking buildings’ influence on our moods in an era of “neuro-architecture”.","summaryShort":"Architects are looking to design buildings that make you happier","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2017-06-06T06:01:45.64888Z","entity":"article","guid":"dbb6c0bf-3f1e-4163-a526-786e97e2634a","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:31:15.942132Z","project":"future","slug":"20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348017},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots","_id":"5ef9f8cf9a34eaf8e21f3c04","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-baraniuk"],"bodyIntro":"They’re almost invisible but contain a hidden code – and now their presence on a leaked document has sparked speculation about their usefulness to FBI investigators.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Flockdown-longreads\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp08fbgv3.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"“The\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future has brought you in-depth and rigorous stories to help you navigate the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ftags\u002Fcovid-19\"\u003Ecurrent pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but we know that’s not all you want to read. So now we’re dedicating a series to help you escape. We’ll be revisiting our most popular features from the last three years in our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELockdown Longreads\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.   \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou’ll find everything from the story about the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission\"\u003Eworld’s greatest space mission\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to the truth about whether \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly\"\u003Eour cats really love us\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the epic hunt to bring \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190213-the-dramatic-hunt-for-the-fish-pirates-exploiting-our-seas\"\u003Eillegal fishermen to justice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the small team which brings \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180312-the-salvagers-who-raise-world-war-two-tanks-from-the-dead\"\u003Elong-buried World War Two tanks back to life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. What you won’t find is any reference to, well, you-know-what. Enjoy.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn 3 June 2017, FBI agents arrived at the house of government contractor Reality Leigh Winner in Augusta, Georgia. They had spent the last two days \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-40168417\"\u003Einvestigating a top secret classified document that had allegedly been leaked to the pres\u003C\u002Fa\u003Es. In order to track down Winner, agents claim they had carefully studied copies of the document provided by online news site The Intercept and noticed creases suggesting that the pages had been printed and “hand-carried out of a secured space”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.justice.gov\u002Fopa\u002Fpress-release\u002Ffile\u002F971331\u002Fdownload\"\u003EIn an affidavit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the FBI alleges that Winner admitted printing the National Security Agency (NSA) report and sending it to The Intercept. Shortly after a story about the leak was published, charges against Winner were made public.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Many colour printers add the dots to documents without people ever knowing they’re there","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt that point, experts began taking a closer look at the document, now publicly available on the web. They discovered something else of interest: yellow dots in a roughly rectangular pattern repeated throughout the page. They were barely visible to the naked eye, but formed a coded design. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fflashman\u002Fstatus\u002F871896475902631936\"\u003EAfter some quick analysis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, they seemed to reveal the exact date and time that the pages in question were printed: 06:20 on 9 May, 2017 – at least, this is likely to be the time on the printer’s internal clock at that moment. The dots also encode a serial number for the printer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese “microdots” are well known to security researchers and civil liberties campaigners. Many colour printers add them to documents without people ever knowing they’re there.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05568yh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn this case, the FBI has not said publicly that these microdots were used to help identify their suspect, and the bureau declined to comment for this article. The US Department of Justice, which published news of the charges against Winner, also declined to provide further clarification.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheintercept.com\u002F2017\u002F06\u002F06\u002Fstatement-on-justice-department-allegations\u002F\"\u003Ea statement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, The Intercept said, “Winner faces allegations that have not been proven. The same is true of the FBI’s claims about how it came to arrest Winner.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut the presence of microdots on what is now a high-profile document (against the NSA’s wishes) has sparked great interest.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Based on their positions when plotted against a grid, they denote specific hours, minutes, dates and numbers","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Zooming in on the document, they were pretty obvious,” says Ted Han at cataloguing platform \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.documentcloud.org\u002F\"\u003EDocument Cloud\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, who was one of the first to notice them. “It is interesting and notable that this stuff is out there.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnother observer was security researcher Rob Graham, who published \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fblog.erratasec.com\u002F2017\u002F06\u002Fhow-intercept-outed-reality-winner.html#.WTZ2uOvyuM8\"\u003Ea blog post explaining how to identify\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and decode the dots. Based on their positions when plotted against a grid, they denote specific hours, minutes, dates and numbers. Several security experts who decoded the dots came up with the same print time and date.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMicrodots have existed for many years. The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) maintains a list of colour \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eff.org\u002Fpages\u002Flist-printers-which-do-or-do-not-display-tracking-dots\"\u003Eprinters known to use them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The images below, captured by the EFF, demonstrate how to decode them:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"ImageGallery","iFrameType":"","imageGallery":["p0555xbw"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs well as perhaps being of interest to spies, microdots have other potential uses, says Tim Bennett, a data analyst at software consultancy Vector 5 who also examined the allegedly leaked NSA document.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The Electronic Frontier Foundation has an online tool that should reveal what information the pattern encodes","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“People could use this to check for forgeries,” he explains. “If they get a document and someone says it’s from 2005, [the microdots might reveal] it’s from the last several months.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EIf you do encounter microdots on a document at some point, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fw2.eff.org\u002FPrivacy\u002Fprinters\u002Fdocucolor\u002F\"\u003Ethe EFF has an online tool\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E that should reveal what information the pattern encodes.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHidden messages\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESimilar kinds of steganography – secret messages hidden in plain sight – have been around for much longer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESlightly more famously, many banknotes around the world feature \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes\"\u003Ea peculiar five-point pattern called the Eurion constellation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In an effort to avoid counterfeiting, many photocopiers and scanners are programmed not to produce copies of the banknotes when this pattern is recognised.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003EREAD MORE: \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes\"\u003EThe secret codes on banknotes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe NSA itself points to a fascinating historical example of tiny dots forming messages – from World War Two. German spies in Mexico were found to have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:German_microdots_World_War_II_Mexico_Spain.jpg\"\u003Etaped tiny dots inside the envelope concealing a memo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for contacts in Lisbon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAt the time, these spies were operating undercover and were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nsa.gov\u002Fabout\u002Fcryptologic-heritage\u002Fhistorical-figures-publications\u002Fpublications\u002Fwwii\u002Fassets\u002Ffiles\u002Fcryptologic_aspects_of_gi.pdf\"\u003Etrying to get materials from Germany\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as radio equipment and secret ink. The Allies intercepted these messages, however, and disrupted the mission. The tiny dots used by the Germans were often simply bits of unencrypted text miniaturised to the size of a full-stop.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis sort of communication was widely used during WWII and afterwards, notably during the Cold War. There are reports of agents operating for the Soviet Union, but based undercover in West Germany and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=33Q4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT202&lpg=PT202&dq=berlin+wall+microdots+letters&source=bl&ots=L2uc_aKwWf&sig=fhHHJ2tRA4jrt0dujFKzZl-gsTU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP04fJv6nUAhVCBsAKHWqhDasQ6AEIOjAG#v=onepage&q=berlin%20wall%20microdots%20letters&f=false\"\u003Eusing letter drops to transmit these messages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0555wnh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd today, anyone can try using microtext to protect their property – some companies, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.alpha-dot.co.uk\u002F\"\u003Esuch as Alpha Dot in the UK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, sell little vials of permanent adhesive full of pin-head sized dots, which are covered in microscopic text containing a unique serial number. If the police recover a stolen item, the number can in theory be used to match it with its owner.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMany examples of these miniature messages do not involve a coded pattern as with the output of many colour printers, but they remain good examples of how miniscule dispatches physically applied to documents or objects can leave an identifying trail.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"One project has tracked more than 45,000 complaints to printer companies about the technology","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome forms of text-based steganography don’t even use alphanumeric characters or symbols at all. Alan Woodward, a security expert at the University of Surrey, notes the example of ‘Snow’ –  Steganographic Nature Of Whitespace – which places spaces and tabs at the end of lines in a piece of text. The particular number and order of these white spaces can be used to encode an invisible message.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Locating trailing whitespace in text is like finding a polar bear in a snowstorm,” \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.darkside.com.au\u002Fsnow\u002F\"\u003Ethe Snow website explains\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWoodward points out, though, that there are usually multiple ways of tracing documents back to whoever printed or accessed them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Organisations such as the NSA have logs of every time something is printed, not just methods of tracking paper once printed,” he says. “They know that people know about the yellow dots and so they don’t rely upon it for traceability.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere is a long-running debate over whether it is ethical for printers to be attaching this information to documents without users knowing. In fact, there has even been a suggestion that it is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eff.org\u002Fdeeplinks\u002F2008\u002F02\u002Feu-printer-tracking-dots-may-violate-human-rights\"\u003Ea violation of human rights\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fseeingyellow.com\u002F\"\u003Eone MIT project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has tracked more than 45,000 complaints to printer companies about the technology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStill, many believe that the use of covert measures to ensure the secrecy of classified documents remains necessary in some cases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“There are things that governments should be able to keep secret,” says Ted Han.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHowever, he adds, “I hope that folks think about their operational security and also about how journalists can protect themselves – and their sources as well.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 800,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EAccording to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scribd.com\u002Fdoc\u002F81897582\u002Fmicrodots-pdf\"\u003Efreedom of information request to the US Secret Service\u003C\u002Fa\u003E made by journalist Theo Karantsalis in 2012, these printer manufacturers agreed to fulfil \"document identification requests\":\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ECanon\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EBrother\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ECasio\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EHewlett-Packard\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EKonica\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EMinolta\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EMita\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ERicoh\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ESharp\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EXerox\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E","calloutTitle":"Is your printer sharing your history?","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots-15"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Flockdown-longreads","future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fin-depth","future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-03T07:38:09Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why printers add secret tracking dots","headlineShort":"Why printers add secret tracking dots","image":["p0555wdq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes","future\u002Farticle\u002F20151217-the-secret-codes-youre-not-meant-to-know","future\u002Farticle\u002F20170605-the-psychology-behind-your-citys-design"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"They’re almost invisible but contain a hidden code – and now their presence on a leaked document has sparked speculation about their usefulness to FBI investigators.","summaryShort":"They’re almost invisible but contain a hidden code","tag":["tag\u002Ftechnology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2017-06-07T09:24:46.458411Z","entity":"article","guid":"e0beaebc-ffe1-494d-a732-4e8d80de107d","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-03T13:13:49.420204Z","project":"future","slug":"20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348016},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster","_id":"5f05bef39a34eaf8e29d48d2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-baraniuk"],"bodyIntro":"Entire teams of people spend their days imagining what might happen in a crisis to ensure we can be better prepared for when the worst really does happen.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt was a gigantic explosion. The blast tore through buildings and machinery, lighting up a huge refinery complex in Denver, Colorado. Gasoline production at the facility shut down for weeks as a result, leading to fuel reserves in Colorado quickly being used up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPipelines from Wyoming, Texas and Kansas brought additional fuel to Colorado to make up for the fall in supply, but it meant fuel destined for other nearby states was curtailed. As it all unfolded, fuel prices across the region swelled.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe aftermath of the explosion was a troubling example of how a single event can ricochet through systems, supply chains and a country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExcept, none of this ever happened. It’s just a scenario played out in a series of calculations – a simulation – published in 2015 by Sandia National Laboratories in the US. The team that modelled the fuel pipeline flows in this make-believe disaster \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fprod-ng.sandia.gov\u002Ftechlib-noauth\u002Faccess-control.cgi\u002F2015\u002F152696.pdf\"\u003Econsidered a number of other “disruptions”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in their report, including an oil spill in Boston harbour, earthquakes in California and a Category 5 hurricane slamming into the Gulf Coast.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190408-how-catastrophes-can-change-the-path-of-humanity\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhy catastrophes change the course of humanity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170711-what-not-to-do-in-a-disaster\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhat not to do in a disaster\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190319-what-happens-when-the-food-runs-out\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhat happens when the food runs out\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Before something bad happens, we provide a better understanding of how to prevent those things or how to mitigate them when they do occur,” explains Kevin Stamber, who heads the critical infrastructure analysis team at Sandia. He’s spent 20 years working on a stark problem: what can we expect if the worst should happen?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08k3jw7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EModelling systems in order to fathom how they might react to changed circumstances is not new. But businesses and large organisations are increasingly using computer models to inform their contingency planning and decision-making. It helps them to strategise and come up with the best plan for what to do when the worst does happen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEntire groups of researchers, teams of engineers and whole companies are now dedicated to simulating a whole range of unpleasant, and in some cases almost unimaginable, crises to help us all be better prepared.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is the story of how and why they do it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStamber’s work doesn’t only relate to hypothetical scenarios. About six years ago, his group received a call from the US Department of Energy after a refinery in California was disrupted, causing a fall in production. The department was concerned that in the event of a coincidental disruption at another refinery in the state, fuel supplies could be seriously affected, so it asked Stamber's team to forecast the impact of such a scenario.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Stamber’s model showed that a security incident at one of those other refineries would indeed cause havoc","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“In that case they were looking in particular at security surrounding facilities – whether or not they needed additional security in place,” says Stamber. What if someone decided to attack one of California’s other refineries at that particular moment?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe model showed that a security incident at one of those other refineries would indeed cause havoc. Fuel prices would likely go up – there was even potential for gas stations to run out of fuel entirely. In response to this forecast, the Department of Energy duly stepped up security – just in case.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut how do you go about building a model that can make these sorts of predictions? In simple terms, a model is really just a series of calculations that represent – in an abstract way – some entity or system in the real world. We use models all the time without realising it. Try working out how you might get to the supermarket and still pick up the children from school at 3.45pm – you’d probably think about the routes you could take and choose the best one for that time of day. Or, most of us would probably ask an app on our smartphone to do this for us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBe it fuel pipelines, the electricity grid, traffic on roads or even the weather, models make use of past data to make predictions about what can be expected in the future in a given set of circumstances. As the volume of data and number of variables increase, so does the computational task involved. Some of the most powerful models, which aim to forecast events that are inherently unpredictable, make use of machine learning to look for patterns in the data that would otherwise be missed. As new information and variables come in, these AI algorithms then adapt and update accordingly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08k3k31"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESandia drew on historical data to inform their hypothetical scenario of a refinery explosion in Denver. Specifically, they used the example of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.csb.gov\u002Fbp-america-refinery-explosion\u002F\"\u003Ethe 2005 refinery explosion in Texas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Their similar, hypothetical, incident in Denver was then simulated using the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sandia.gov\u002Fcasosengineering\u002F_assets\u002Fdocuments\u002Ftransportation_fuel_model_description.pdf\"\u003ENational Transportation Fuel Model\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – a complex representation of US pipelines and refineries. Turn off a refinery, see how flow is affected. Increase supply in a pipeline. What does that mean for production in the next state? As these variables are tweaked, the model adapts and gives a prediction about what might happen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut just how accurate can a model be?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“You can never predict exactly what’s going to happen,” says Andrew Skates at modelling firm Sandtable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome efforts come close, however. Models looking at the weather, for example, can achieve more than 90% accuracy when making predictions about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk\u002Fabout-us\u002Fwhat\u002Faccuracy-and-trust\u002Fhow-accurate-are-our-public-forecasts\"\u003Ewind speeds or temperatures a couple of days ahead\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But predictions get harder when it comes to extreme events.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Crisis is about change, often dramatic change, and the challenge you have there from a modelling perspective is your historical data may not necessarily be a good guide to the future,” Skates explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People who have experienced hurricanes within the past five years tend to be the ones who evacuate most effectively","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne agency that has been using modelling to try and get some sense of what will happen in extraordinary scenarios is the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Fema). It’s well known for using modelling whenever hurricanes are on approach to the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The more time we save, the more lives we save. That’s basically the gist of it,” says deputy assistant administrator for response, Joshua Dozor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBesides partnering with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to forecast the probable path of the hurricane itself, Fema has to think about how infrastructure and flood defences will cope. When Hurricane Katrina hit Florida and Louisiana in 2005, tidal walls and levees failed. That led to a devastating flood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince then, Fema’s modelling has since taken into account the availability of defences in locations like this, says Dozor: “We know where evacuation zones should be placed based upon the size and strength of the water pumps.” (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-we-could-lessen-the-toll-of-hurricanes-but-we-dont\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehow we better plan for hurricanes and other natural disasters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere’s also the question of how people will respond.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETransportation modelling can suggest how quickly communities in the path of a storm will vacate an area once given the order to leave.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08k3js0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We do analysis of behaviour – are they likely or less likely to heed the warnings of emergency managers?” explains Dozor. People who have experienced hurricanes within the past five years tend to be the ones who evacuate most effectively when ordered to do so, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis information can further inform decision-making about who should be evacuated first and when the order is to be given. Factors that can influence who is asked to leave first include which districts have the better flood defences such as water pumps are also which are likely to get imminent rainfall, according to forecasts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBehavioural analysis is important when planning for a crisis. One of the most complex entities on the planet is the human being. That said, general rules about how people typically behave in crisis situations can be applied.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is a persistent stereotype that people are prone to panic as a crisis looms and that they might deviate from social norms during a disaster, says Michelle Meyer, director of the Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center at Texas A&M University. Consider the fears over \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F1109190\u002Fcovid-19-pandemic-share-of-persons-worried-about-rioting-and-looting\u002F\"\u003Eriots and looting if social order broke down\u003C\u002Fa\u003E due to the spread of the coronavirus, for example. But this perception is often misleading.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“One of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=Hr-SHD0R5xwC&pg=PA253&lpg=PA253&dq=ohio+state+university+panic+disaster+1963&source=bl&ots=k3-NKH3KoO&sig=ACfU3U0IjIkUf7EF2AWU3RT4xeigYUKYiw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie5M-Ugq_qAhXLUMAKHV43CrgQ6AEwAnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=ohio%20state%20university%20panic%20disaster%201963&f=false\"\u003Ethe main findings that we have is that people don’t panic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,” she says. “I know looting is often talked about but it is relatively rare and only in specific situations.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Taylor Swift fans might more commonly link arms during the concert. That could slow people down in the event of a sudden evacuation","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKnowing how people actually respond in different situations is important if you are hoping to keep them safe during a crisis. A particular type of simulation – known as agent-based modelling – tries to understand how individuals in a crowd will behave.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne firm that uses this approach is Movement Strategies in the UK. It has consulted on the design of large venues and stadiums, helping architects and staff come up with floorplans and procedures allowing thousands of people to evacuate the building as quickly as possible, for example.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne key discovery the company has made is how crowds of people can behave very differently depending on who they are and what kind of event has brought them to the venue. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180312-the-secret-science-that-rules-crowds\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethe science of how crowds behave\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAoife Hunt, associate director at the firm, recalls working with one Premier League football club that was developing a new security screening process, such as bag searches upon entering the ground. The trouble was, this club’s home fans were notorious for arriving at the stadium just five minutes before the match.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd crowds of football supporters can feature a mix of behaviours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If they’re male supporters, they’re going to be in groups but they’re looser groups than female supporters. They’re not going to touch shoulders, we’ve found,” says Hunt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08k3k4q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPeople’s behaviour in a model can be adjusted depending on what you know about that particular category of person.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“At Wembley, we’ve managed to quantify the difference between a group of Taylor Swift fans and a group of Ed Sheeran fans,” adds Hunt. Taylor Swift fans, for instance, might more commonly link arms during the concert. With fans grouped so tightly together, it could slow people down in the event of a sudden evacuation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnderstanding these interpersonal behaviours can also help modellers to predict how long a stadium or concert venue might take to empty at the end of an event, allowing public transport operators to work out how many services they might need at the end of a night.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHuman behaviour can also influence the design of new venues. Depending on what sort of crowds are expected, architects may adjust the number of exits or the staircase designs, for instance, to make sure there is steady flow out of the venue during an evacuation. With too few exits, people won’t be able to get out safely, and with too many, you get something known as “free flow” and an uncontrolled dispersal of people that can lead to dangerous levels of congestion. Getting the balance right is how modelling can help.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom stadium evacuations to hurricanes, all of the situations described above have happened before. The trick is in learning from those historical disasters and using that knowledge to refine the models.  Even though no two disasters are ever the same, they can help us prepare for the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not an exact science – but it is a potentially life-saving one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-08T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The people who imagine disasters","headlineShort":"The people who imagine disasters","image":["p08k3kd9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-what-would-happen-in-an-apocalyptic-blackout","future\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-will-the-world-be-quieter-after-the-pandemic","future\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-accessible","future\u002Farticle\u002F20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Entire teams of people spend their days imagining what might happen in a crisis to ensure we can be better prepared for when the worst really does happen.","summaryShort":"Entire teams of people spend their days imagining what might happen in a crisis","tag":["tag\u002Fprediction","tag\u002Fnaturaldisaster"],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-08T00:01:11.911958Z","entity":"article","guid":"d3590591-f357-4088-8195-3c21bbb073eb","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-08T12:41:06.922047Z","project":"future","slug":"20200707-how-we-can-prepare-for-disaster","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348015},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses","_id":"5ef9f8d19a34eaf8e21f431b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fzaria-gorvett"],"bodyIntro":"There’s mounting evidence that brain damage has the power to unlock extraordinary creative talents. What can this teach us about how geniuses are made?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis story is featured in BBC Future’s “Best of 2018” collection. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\"\u003EDiscover more of our picks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt was the summer of 1860 and Eadweard Muybridge was running low on books. This was somewhat problematic, since he was a bookseller. He handed his San Francisco shop over to his brother and set off on a stagecoach to buy supplies. Little did he know, he was about to change the world forever.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe was some way into his journey, in north-eastern Texas, when the coach ran into trouble. The driver cracked his whip and the horses broke into a run, leading the coach surging down a steep mountain road. Eventually it veered off and into a tree. Muybridge was catapulted into the air and cracked his head on a boulder.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe woke up nine days later at a hospital 150 miles (241 km) away. The accident left him with a panoply of medical problems, including double vision, bouts of seizures and no sense of smell, hearing or taste. But the most radical change was his personality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPreviously Muybridge had been a genial and open man, with good business sense. Afterwards he was risk-taking, eccentric and moody; he later murdered his wife’s lover. He was also, quite possibly, a genius.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe question of where creative insights come from – and how to get more of them – has remained a subject of great speculation for thousands of years. According to scientists, they can be driven by anything from \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F13546783.2011.625663\"\u003Efatigue\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F10400419.2014.901073\"\u003Eboredom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The prodigies themselves have other, even less convincing ideas. Plato said that they were the result of divine madness. Or do they, as Freud believed, arise from the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.abandon.nl\u002F3creativ.htm\"\u003Esublimation of sexual desires\u003C\u002Fa\u003E? \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abebooks.co.uk\u002Fbook-search\u002Ftitle\u002Fcreativity\u002Fauthor\u002Fp-e-vernon-editor\u002F\"\u003ETchaikovsky maintained\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that eureka moments are born out of cool headwork and technical knowledge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut until recently, most sensible people agreed on one thing: creativity begins in the pink, wobbly mass inside our skulls. It surely goes without saying that striking the brain, impaling it, electrocuting it, shooting it, slicing bits out of it or depriving it of oxygen would lead to the swift death of any great visions possessed by its owner.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05v0n3n"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs it happens, sometimes the opposite is true.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter the accident, Muybridge eventually recovered enough to sail to England. There his creativity really took hold. He abandoned bookselling and became a photographer, one of the most famous in the world. He was also a prolific inventor. Before the accident, he hadn’t filed a single patent. In the following two decades, he applied for at least 10.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 1877 he took a bet that allowed him to combine invention and photography. Legend has it that his friend, a wealthy railroad tycoon called Leland Stanford, was convinced that horses could fly. Or, more accurately, he was convinced that when they run, all their legs leave the ground at the same time. Muybridge said they didn’t.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo prove it he placed 12 cameras along a horse track and installed a tripwire that would set them off automatically as Stanford’s favourite racing horse, Occident, ran. Next he invented the inelegantly named “zoopraxiscope”, a device which allowed him to project several images in quick succession and give the impression of motion. To his amazement, the horse was briefly suspended, mid-gallop. Muybridge had filmed the first movie – and with it proven that yes, horses can fly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Jon Sarkin was transformed from a chiropractor into an artist after a stroke","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe abrupt turnaround of Muybridge’s life, from ordinary bookseller to creative genius, has \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fartshim.com\u002FShimamura-Muybridge.pdf\"\u003Eprompted speculation that it was a direct result of his accident\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It’s possible that he had “sudden savant syndrome”, in which exceptional abilities emerge after a brain injury or disease. It’s extremely rare, with just 25 verified cases on the planet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere’s Tony Cicoria, an orthopaedic surgeon who was struck by lightning at a New York park in 1994. It went straight through his head and left him with an irresistible desire to play the piano. To begin with he was playing other people’s music, but soon he started writing down the melodies that were constantly running through his head. Today he’s a pianist and composer, as well as a practicing surgeon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnother case is Jon Sarkin, who was transformed from a chiropractor into an artist after a stroke. The urge to draw landed almost immediately. He was having “all kinds” of therapy at the hospital – speech therapy, art therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, mental therapy – “And they stuck a crayon in my hand and said ‘want to draw?’ And I said ‘fine’,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05v0p4y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHis first muse was a cactus at his home in Gloucester, Massachusetts. It was the fingered kind, like you might find in Western movies from the 50s. Even his \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.lawandwater.com\u002Fsarkin-cactus\u002F\"\u003Eearliest paintings are extremely abstract\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In some versions the branches resemble swirling green snakes, while others they are red, zig-zagging staircases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHis works have since been published in The New York Times, featured on album covers and been covered in a book by a Pulitzer Prize-winning author. They regularly sell for $10,000 (£7,400).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMost strikingly there’s Jason Padgett, who was attacked at a bar in Tacoma, Washington in 2002. Before the attack, Padgett was a college dropout who worked at a futon store. His primary passions in life were partying and chasing girls. He had no interest in maths – at school, he didn’t even get into algebra class.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut that night, everything changed. Initially he was taken to the hospital with a severe concussion. “I remember thinking that everything looked funky, but I thought it was just the narcotic pain shot they gave me” he says. “Then the next morning I woke up and turned on the water. It looked like little tangent lines [a straight line that touches a single point on a curve], spiralling down.”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When you’re bashed on the head, the effects are similar to a dose of LSD","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFrom then onwards Padgett’s world was overlaid with geometric shapes and gridlines. He became obsessed with maths and is now renowned for his drawings of formulas such as Pi. Today he’s incredulous that he once didn’t know what a tangent was. “I do feel like two people, and I’ve had my mum and my dad say that. It’s like having two separate kids,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhy does this happen? How does it work? And what does it teach us about what makes geniuses special?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere are two leading ideas. The first is that when you’re bashed on the head, the effects are similar to a dose of LSD. Psychedelic drugs are thought to enhance creativity by increasing the levels of serotonin, the so-called “happiness hormone”, in the brain. This leads to “synaesthesia”, in which more than one region is simultaneously activated and senses which are usually separate become linked.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMany people don’t need drugs to experience this: nearly 5% of the population has some form of synaesthesia, with the most common type being “grapheme-colour”, in which words are associated with colours. For example, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fblog\u002Fsensorium\u002F201408\u002Fgeoffrey-rush-his-synesthesia\"\u003Eactor Geoffrey Rush believes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that Mondays are pale blue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen the brain is injured, dead and dying cells leak serotonin into the surrounding tissue. Physically, this seems to encourage new connections between brain regions, just as with LSD. Mentally, it allows the person to link the seemingly unconnected. “We’ve found permanent changes before – you can actually see connections in the brain that weren’t there before,” says Berit Brogaard, a neuroscientist who directs the Brogaard Lab for Multisensory Research, Florida.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05v0p9v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut there is an alternative. The first clue emerged in 1998, when a group of neurologists noticed that five of their patients with dementia were also artists – remarkably good ones. Specifically, they had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F9781516\"\u003Efrontotemporal dementia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which is unusual in that it only affects some parts of the brain. For example, visual creativity may be spared, while language and social skills are progressively destroyed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne of these was “Patient 5”. At the age of 53 he had enrolled in a short course in drawing at a local park, though he previously had no interest in such things. It just so happened to coincide with the onset of his dementia; a few months later, he was having trouble speaking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESoon he became irritable and eccentric, developing a compulsion to search for money on the street. As his illness progressed, so did his drawing, advancing from simple still-life paintings to haunting, impressionist depictions of buildings from his childhood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo find out what was going on, the scientists performed 3D scans of their patients’ brains. In four out of five cases, they found lesions on the left hemisphere. Nobel Prize-winning research from the 1960s shows that the two halves of the brain specialise in different tasks; in general, the right side is home to creativity and the left is the centre of logic and language.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":" ‘Autistic savants’ can have superhuman skills to rival those of the Renaissance polymaths","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut the left side is also something of a bully. “It tends to be the dominant brain region,” says Brogaard. “It tends to suppress very marginal types of thinking - highly original, highly creative thinking, because it’s beneficial for our decision-making abilities and our ability to function in normal life.”. The theory goes that as the patients’ left hemispheres became progressively more damaged, their right hemispheres were free to flourish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis is backed up by several other studies, including one in which \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0016655\"\u003Ecreative insight was roused\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in healthy volunteers by temporarily dialling down activity in the left hemisphere and increasing it in the right. “[the lead researcher] Allen Snyder’s work was replicated by another person, so that’s the theory that I think is responsible,” says Darold Treffert, a psychiatrist from the University of Wisconsin Medical School, who has been studying savant syndrome for decades.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut what about more mainstream geniuses? Could the theory explain their talents, too?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid”:”p05v0mwh\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EConsider autism. From Daniel Tammet, who can perform mind-boggling mathematical calculations at stupendous speed, to Gottfried Mind, the “Cat Raphael”, who drew the animal with an astonishing level of realism, so-called “autistic savants” can have superhuman skills to rival those of the Renaissance polymaths.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s been estimated that as many as one in 10 people with autism have savant syndrome and there’s mounting evidence the disorder is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10803-015-2518-2\"\u003Eassociated with enhanced creativity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And though it’s difficult to prove, it’s been speculated that numerous intellectual giants, including Einstein, Newton, Mozart, Darwin and Michelangelo, were on the spectrum.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne theory suggests that autism arises from abnormally low levels of serotonin in the left hemisphere in childhood, which prevents the region from developing normally. Just like with sudden savant syndrome, this allows the right hemisphere to become more active.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"They are usually able to have a normal life, but they also have this obsession - Berit Brogaard, neuroscientist","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EInterestingly, many people with sudden savant syndrome also develop symptoms of autism, including social problems, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and all-consuming interests. “It got so bad that if I had money I would spray the money with Lysol and put it in the microwave for a few seconds to get rid of the germs,” says Padgett.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“They are usually able to have a normal life, but they also have this obsession,” says Brogaard. This is something universal across all sudden savants. Jon Sarkin compares his art to an instinct. “It doesn’t feel like I like drawing, it feels like I must draw.” His studio contains thousands of finished and unfinished works, which are often scribbled with curves, words, cross-hatchings, and overlapping images.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05v0qbr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"       \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, though they often don’t need to, sudden savants work hard at improving their craft. “I mean, I practiced a lot. Talent and hard work, I think they are indistinguishable – you do something a lot and you get better at it,” says Sarkin. Padgett agrees. “When you’re fixated on something like that, of course you do discover things.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMuybridge was no exception. After the bet, he moved to Philadelphia and continued with his passion for capturing motion on film, photographing all kinds of activities such as walking up and down the stairs and, oddly, himself swinging a pickaxe in the nude. Between 1883 and 1886, he took more than 100,000 pictures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“In my opinion at least, the fact that they can improve their abilities doesn’t negate the suddenness or insistence with which they are there,” says Treffert. As our understanding of sudden savant syndrome improves, eventually it’s hoped that we might all be able to unlock our hidden mental powers – perhaps with the help of smart drugs or hardware.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut until then, perhaps us mortals could try putting in some extra hours instead. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 800,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses-16"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-01-06T14:53:02Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The mystery of why some people become sudden geniuses","headlineShort":"The mystery of the sudden geniuses","image":["p05v0smr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"summaryLong":"There’s mounting evidence that brain damage has the power to unlock extraordinary creative talents. What can this teach us about how geniuses are made?","summaryShort":"The people who suddenly became geniuses","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"creationDateTime":"2018-01-16T11:57:03.517043Z","entity":"article","guid":"35538724-dcf1-4133-8d94-d5c44a1ff5a2","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:27:24.037568Z","project":"future","slug":"20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348018},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths","_id":"5ef9f8d09a34eaf8e21f3fbf","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fadrienne-bernhard"],"bodyIntro":"Our world is ordered with rigid measurements - but alongside them are much more human ways to scale such things as the ferocity of storms and the strength of chilis.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow much spicier is a Scotch Bonnet chili pepper than a Bird’s Eye? How much harder is diamond than quartz? If a \u003Cem\u003Ejiffy\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is quick, is a \u003Cem\u003Eshake\u003C\u002Fem\u003E even quicker, and a \u003Cem\u003EWarhol\u003C\u002Fem\u003E the quickest of all?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EScales help us measure the physical world. To compare quantities, we mostly rely on \u003Cem\u003Equantitative \u003C\u002Fem\u003Escales – numerical measurements that tell us something about frequency and quantity. Inches, feet, yards and miles; ounces, quarts, litres and gallons; seconds, minutes, and centuries are all quantitative scales. But what about \u003Cem\u003Equalitative\u003C\u002Fem\u003E scales?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese are yardsticks that measure observable, but not necessarily numerical, properties – and we use them all the time. Qualitative scales are sometimes humorous and often downright bizarre, but they are just as valuable as quantitative scales for imagining relationships between properties and standardising ideas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20170201-how-maths-can-help-you-escape-a-maze\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow maths can help you escape a maze\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20161206-we-couldnt-live-without-zero-but-we-once-had-to\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe world’s most revolutionary number\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20160515-a-few-controversial-numbers-may-be-illegal-to-share\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe numbers that are illegal\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThey range from chili pepper heat to mineral hardness to ocean breezes to something called the Mother Cow Index (formerly used in real estate transactions in the American Southwest, the MCI was the number of pregnant cows an acre of a given plot of land could support). Qualitative scales allow us to label variables with little or no quantitative information. These unusual units of measurement are often colloquial: guesstimations and “as-the-crow-flies” rules of thumb that allow for quick assessments and comparisons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06fsfq8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet qualitative scales prove their usefulness time and again. Without them, we would struggle to conceptualise ideas of pain (a doctor might ask a patient to rank his symptoms) or grade the severity of weather conditions (like the Beaufort Scale does).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDate, when measured from an arbitrary epoch such as BC or AD, helps us understand time, while direction measured in degrees from true or magnetic north orients us in physical space.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EQuantitative scales are much easier to evaluate, since they are effectively comparisons to a known standard. A square-kilometre, a teaspoon of sugar or an hour-long lecture are basically unchanging measurements. Qualitative scales are more subjective. Neither quantitative nor qualitative scales, however, are ever 100% accurate: they are each limited by the uncertainty baked into the definitions of units themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Beaufort may have developed the first modern qualitative scale","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAny true measurement, when you get down to it, is arbitrary. Yet the very human urge to appraise, quantify, and compare persists, and so we continuously seek new ways to describe our experience of the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 1805, Rear Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, an Irish hydrographer in the Royal Navy, wanted a way to more accurately measure ocean breezes. Each day aboard the HMS Woolwich, he recorded in his diary wind force and sea conditions, from eerie calm to violent gales. Today, a “Beaufort 0” means an ocean as smooth as glass, while a \"Beaufort 12\" indicates crashing waves, hurricane-force wind, whitecaps and greatly reduced visibility.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn between these extremities are gentle breezes and fresh breezes and moderate breezes (yes, these are all different breeze strengths). Beaufort may have developed the first modern qualitative scale: a ranking in which the order of values is significant, but the difference between each value is not really known.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy and large, qualitative scales fall into one of two categories: Ordinal measurements (in which values can be arranged in a meaningful order), or Interval measurements (in which values can be arranged in a meaningful order, and the difference between two values matters). For example, an earthquake that measures 6.0 on the Richter scale is many orders of magnitude greater than a small trembler of 3.0. So the order of quake size matters, and the interval is also fixed, meaning that Richter’s scale is an Interval scale.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06fsk5w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGrades such as beginner, intermediate and advanced, by contrast, are Ordinal. Who can say what the exact difference is between a novice and an expert, or where one classification ends and the other begins? Another way to put it: Ordinal scales allow for the difference among items, but not the ratio between them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAn “extremely satisfied” response on a customer service ranking is not triple the satisfaction of “somewhat dissatisfied”; even the difference between 10C and 20C, while quantitative, is not an intuitive measurement. Some argue that these limitations make qualitative scales inherently less functional.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There are things that we can measure and things we can’t – Andrew Hanson","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIndeed, while proper measurement ascribes value to the physical world, our perception of the physical world varies widely. “There are things that we can measure and things we can’t,” says Andrew Hanson, senior research scientist at the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.npl.co.uk\u002F\"\u003ENational Physical Laboratory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (NPL) in the UK. “But even what we \u003Cem\u003Ecan\u003C\u002Fem\u003E measure, we can only do to a degree.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHanson works in soft metrology: he studies measurements that relate to sensory scales like colour and light, which are quantitative but also subjective. No human can see ultraviolet or infrared light, but even shades on the visible spectrum appear differently from person to person – a difference that has real-world implications.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThink about traffic signals, which must appear red, amber, or green. The way we perceive the brightness of these coloured lights is non-linear: numerical changes in input (watts) don’t always translate to the naked eye, or to human experience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06fsl29"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“For a scale to become legitimate, everyone must agree on its units and intervals,” Hanson explains. Despite the fact that they aren’t always linear or mathematical, qualitative scales still seem to get the international greenlight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETake the Scoville scale. Named after its creator, American pharmacist Wilber Scoville, this scale ranks chili pepper spiciness. But the Scoville doesn’t actually measure the amount of spice, or capsaicin, in a pepper; rather, it notes the number of dilutions needed to put out a capsaicin-fueled fire.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA habanero pepper, for example, must be diluted 3,500 to 8,000 times, while a garden variety bell pepper needn’t be diluted at all. Because no two tongues experience capsaicin the same way, the American Spice Trade Association came up with measuring pepper heat in \u003Cem\u003EScoville Heat Units\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (SHU), a method standardized in 1998. The spiciest pepper in the world is tied between the Carolina Reaper and the Dragon’s breath, which tops out at a blistering three-million SHU.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Lord Kelvin, who had a unit named after him, reasoned “when we cannot measure a thing in numbers, our knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind”","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter all that heat, a cold drink might be in order. Metrologists beware: your glass of whiskey may not be the same size from one pub to the next, or even the same strength. The \u003Cem\u003Eshot\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is a liquid volume measure that varies from country to country and state to state depending on legislation, while a spirit’s \u003Cem\u003Eproof\u003C\u002Fem\u003E has only recently been standardised (until the 20th Century, alcoholic spirits were assessed by mixing them with gunpowder and testing the mixture to “prove” that it would ignite).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe shot is routinely used for measuring strong liquor or spirits when the amount served and consumed is smaller than the more common measures of alcoholic “drink” and “pint” – each themselves qualitative measures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06fsdvm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELord Kelvin, who had a unit named after him, reasoned “when we cannot measure a thing in numbers, our knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind”. But sometimes numbers don’t quite hit the spot, and that’s where qualitative scales come in.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese scales are what allow us to express the size of a sinkhole as a \u003Cem\u003EDouble Decker Bus\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (DDB). They give us a \u003Cem\u003ERoyal Albert Hall\u003C\u002Fem\u003E’s worth of rubbish in a landfill (the volume of the famous London auditorium is between 3 and 3.5 million cubic feet). They even help us to measure beauty. One \u003Cem\u003EHelen\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is enough to launch one thousand ships (a \u003Cem\u003Emilli-Helen\u003C\u002Fem\u003E launches but one), while a sapphire’s \u003Cem\u003Eabsolute Mohs\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is a perfect 10 (the Mohs Scale of Hardness measures a mineral’s resistance to being scratched). Measurement – whether qualitative or quantitative – underpins virtually all aspects of human activity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Measurement is the comparison of something unknown against something known,” says Hanson. Better measurement enables better science, less waste, and greater precision in fields like engineering and healthcare, which in turn means a better quality of life. Someday, we might be able to put numbers to ideas like pain or happiness, turning qualitative measurements into true quantitative scales.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAt present, qualitative measurements help us translate ideas that are almost poetically incalculable: the length of a city block or the Grand Canyon, the pitch of a teakettle or a lightning strike or a whisper in the dark.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 900,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=EsWCxOxipeDTD2uG1KjXrVr2aohpEtGq4--4FAWEVFTb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.facebook.com%2fBBCFuture\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=m-PP8de121BqbUMFuNSaT_1otrPX5hz17nUvtbpdtUbb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2ftwitter.com%2fbbc_future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=aKgBDVAFPnR-GgSKDwyPQlFGWWC7k4B8S6moVv9HFeTb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.instagram.com%2fbbcfuture_official%2f\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-07-27T14:16:26Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How we measure without maths","headlineShort":"How we measure without maths","image":["p06fsn43"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fmathematics"],"summaryLong":"Our world is ordered with rigid measurements, from inches to kilometres, seconds to years. But alongside them are other ways to interpret the world - much more human and inexact.","summaryShort":"The scales we use for everything from storms to chili peppers","tag":["tag\u002Fmathematics"],"creationDateTime":"2018-07-26T23:49:52.10138Z","entity":"article","guid":"5681fdfd-020d-4d13-9582-178644bd7c25","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:27:24.037568Z","project":"future","slug":"20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348018},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there","_id":"5ef9f8d29a34eaf8e21f4717","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"How does it feel to suddenly lose more than a week of your memory? Claudia Hammond investigates an unsettling and mysterious brain condition.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETwo years ago, 63-year-old Paul Bolding was on holiday in Croatia, visiting a beach on a tiny island with his wife, Kirsty. They decided to go to snorkelling, taking turns to go in the sea while the other one looked after their stuff. Paul had a swim and then dozed on a beach mat on the pebbles for a while. When he woke up he had no idea where he was or how he got there. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENot surprisingly, Paul was very scared. His wife took him to sit in the shade, desperately trying to find a way to calm him down and to work out what was happening to him. She told me in \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fb08rq747\"\u003ERadio 4’s All in the Mind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that she soon worked out that he wasn’t able to form any new memories because he kept asking the same questions: “Do you think I’ve got sunstroke? Do you think I fell asleep in the Sun?” This happened more than 20 times.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"He couldn’t remember any of the previous 10 days of their holiday","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKirsty wondered whether this be the start of dementia. Fearing she might have to spend the rest of life looking after him, she drove him back to the town where they were staying, hoping that more familiar surroundings might trigger his memory. She had to order lunch for him because he didn’t know what to have. He couldn’t remember any of the previous 10 days of their holiday, even though part of it had involved meeting some relatives for the very first time.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBy late afternoon he began to feel better, suggesting going for the walk they had discussed the previous day, suggesting his memory was returning. Within an hour everything had gone back to normal – everything apart from his missing memory of those six hours, which, to this day, has never come back.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBack home in the UK he visited his doctor, who told him he’d had an episode of transient global amnesia, a condition that’s more common in people over the age of 50 (which Paul was). Accident and emergency units are accustomed to seeing two or three cases a month.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDuring an episode, people still know how to drive and how to talk, but in a typical case such as Paul’s they can’t remember what they’ve been doing in the preceding days. Repeated questioning of others, just as Paul did on the beach, is a hallmark of this diagnosis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Accident and emergency units are accustomed to seeing two or three cases a month","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe cause is still something of a mystery. Initially doctors thought these attacks might be a symptom of epilepsy or a migraine, or even a mini-stroke. But now they are considered to be unrelated to other health issues. The seahorse-shaped hippocampus, which processes our autobiographical memories, allowing us to store them long-term, is thought to hold the key.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAdam Zeman, professor of cognitive and behavioural neurology at University of Exeter Medical School explains how it works: “What we think happens is that the hippocampi get switched off temporarily. Paul’s case is classic. You lose memory of the past couple of weeks and can’t make new memories while the episode goes on.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBrain imaging studies support this theory, revealing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F23296343\u002F\"\u003Etemporary abnormalities in the hippocampus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during an episode.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People with a history of headaches were more likely to experience them","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EReviewing 142 individual women with transient global amnesia, doctors in France found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F16670178\"\u003Ethese cases were precipitated by stressful emotional events\u003C\u002Fa\u003E such as an argument, while in men they happened more frequently after physical exertion or immersion in cold water. People with a history of headaches were more likely to experience them. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOccasionally, people with a different condition called transient epileptic amnesia can be misdiagnosed with transient global amnesia, but with this form of epilepsy, episodes are briefer and more frequent, often happening when someone has first woken up. Zeman says that most of the time diagnosis is easy: “If you see someone after an episode and they give the kind of description Paul gave, there’s very little doubt. If you see them in the midst of an episode, it’s a little more difficult and you’d have to consider other possibilities, such as a mini-stroke, epilepsy or psychogenic amnesia.” The big difference with psychogenic amnesia is that patients don’t remember who they are, but they can lay down new memories.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe good news about transient global amnesia is that usually, it’s mysteriously a one-off that’s not indicative of any other problems. Only a very small percentage of those who experience one episode will ever have another. But if it happens to you it can, of course, be very frightening.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPaul hopes it won’t ever happen again. But if it does, at least Kirsty will know what it is.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 800,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter, called “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EIf You Only Read 6 Things This Week\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-07-20T13:12:24.776Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"When you can’t remember where you are or how you got there","headlineShort":"When your memory suddenly vanishes","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"How does it feel to suddenly lose more than a week of your memory? Claudia Hammond investigates.","summaryShort":"A worrying brain condition: forgetting where you are and how you got there","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2017-07-21T08:03:57.78214Z","entity":"article","guid":"2db4be86-4d72-4db3-9e17-c0907c613258","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:30:31.224811Z","project":"future","slug":"20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348019},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast","_id":"5ef9f8cc9a34eaf8e21f3151","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Rising social media use has sparked a passionate debate among psychologists: are today’s young people more “Generation Me”, or “Generation We”?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt the next table in the cafe where I was working this morning, a young woman spent a whole hour talking excitedly to her older companion about herself, her hopes and aspirations for her job, her romantic relationship and her home. It was hard to avoid the impression that she thought herself the centre of the Universe, her dreams eminently fascinating and important.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIs this simply what young people or “millennials” (people born after 1980) are like these days? Fuelled by the endless opportunity for self-promotion and self-reflection on social media, combined with a wider culture that’s arguably placed greater emphasis on the importance of self-esteem than learning, have young people’s personalities changed from earlier generations to become more narcissistic and selfish?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPsychologists are divided. Some say the evidence that the young have become “Generation Me” is overwhelming, yet others counter just as strongly that this simply isn’t true. Meanwhile, more encouraging evidence is emerging to show positive trends in how our personalities seem to be changing over time, similar to the way that intelligence has increased over the generations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe most vocal proponent of the view that young people today are more narcissistic and self-centred than in previous generations is psychologist Jean Twenge at San Diego State University, California, who has been studying the shift for more than 15 years. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETwenge believes that the rise in narcissism has its roots in cultural changes, especially the increased focus on individualism through the last few decades. For example, with parents, and society as a whole, today arguably placing greater value on young people’s individual achievement over their civic duty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20151123-how-dark-is-your-personality\"\u003EHow narcissistic are you?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20171003-millennials-are-the-generation-thats-fun-to-hate\"\u003EWhat everyone gets wrong about ‘millennial snowflakes’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20171003-proof-that-people-have-always-complained-about-young-adults\"\u003EPeople have always whinged about young adults\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnother possible theory is that it’s down to what’s been dubbed the “self-esteem movement” – the idea that many of society’s problems, from drug addiction to violence, can be traced to people having low self-esteem. Alas, countless studies have shown this simply isn’t true; in fact, myth 33 in the book \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.co.uk\u002FGreat-Myths-Popular-Psychology-Misconceptions\u002Fdp\u002F1405131128\"\u003E50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is “Low self-esteem is a major cause of psychological problems”. Nevertheless, thanks to this movement, especially through the 1980s and 1990s, efforts were made to protect young people from negative feedback, such as poor grades, for fear it may damage their self-esteem. At the same time, self-love and feelings of being “special” were nurtured.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWriting in New York magazine \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fnymag.com\u002Fscienceofus\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fself-esteem-grit-do-they-really-help.html\"\u003Erecently\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Jesse Singal describes how the self-esteem movement especially took hold in American schools, which adopted exercises like Koosh ball: “A kid tosses the ball to another kid and compliments them — \u003Cem\u003EI like your shirt\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Then they toss the ball to someone else and compliment them — \u003Cem\u003EYou’re good at soccer\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. The good feelings travel with the Koosh ball across the room, back and forth and back and forth.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGiven these cultural trends, it certainly seems plausible that today’s youth might have learned to see themselves as gifted and crave admiration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMuch of Jean Twenge’s case is based on the “Narcissistic Personality Inventory”, a measure that asks people to choose between 40 pairs of self-descriptive items, one of which is narcissistic in tone (“I will be a success”) and the other not (“I am not too concerned about success”). Twenge’s studies show that scores have risen among US college students over time. For example, she and her colleagues \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1467-6494.2008.00507.x\u002Fabstract\"\u003Efound\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that, among a 2009 cohort, almost two-thirds of undergraduates were more narcissistic than the cohort average from 1982.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESummarising her position in \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F2167696812466548\"\u003Ea 2013 review\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Twenge concluded: “At the moment, the evidence clearly supports the view that today’s young generation (born after 1980) is – at least compared to previous generations – more 'Generation Me' than 'Generation We'.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOthers disagree, among them Jeffrey Arnett at Clark University, Worcester. He \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F2167696812466842\"\u003Eargues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that US college students are hardly representative of young people as a whole and he also doubts whether the Narcissistic Personality Inventory really measures narcissism at all. For instance, the supposedly narcissistic option on the inventory could sometimes actually be a measure of benign, or harmless confidence – he points to examples such as “I am assertive” versus “I wish I were more assertive”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Millennials are an exceptionally generous generation that hold great promise for improving the world – Jeffrey Arnett  ","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECiting the fact that the young are more likely to volunteer and more tolerant of diversity, Arnett says his view is directly the opposite of Twenge’s: today’s emerging adults are not only less narcissistic, they’re “an exceptionally generous generation that holds great promise for improving the world”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, there’s mounting evidence that this might just be the case. Take a study which is about to be published in the journal \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologicalscience.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fps\"\u003EPsychological Science\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Personality expert Brent Roberts and his colleagues compared scores on the Narcissism Inventory among several cohorts of over 50,000 students who attended three American universities in three separate eras: the 1990s, 2000s and early 2010s. Unlike most of the earlier research, Roberts’ team didn’t just look at narcissism directly, but also other, related traits such as vanity, entitlement and leadership.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey also accounted for the fact that students from different generations may interpret the statements they were tested with differently. However the researchers sliced the data, they found the same pattern: narcissism has been declining among young people since the 90s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn a press release, Roberts also added that older generations may have forgotten their own youthful narcissism; it fades with age. “We have faulty memories,” he said, “so we don’t remember that we were rather self-centered when we were that age.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Narcissism has been declining among young people since the 90s, according to one study  ","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis also chimes with a new study just \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F0146167217733079\"\u003Epublished\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in New Zealand, which found no evidence of rising entitlement, an aspect of narcissism, among millennials. Intriguingly, it also hinted that the higher sense of entitlement among younger people is a developmental effect, not a generational one. In other words, we generally feel less entitled as we get older.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor their part, Twenge and her colleagues are convinced that narcissism is on the rise. Among other things, they’ve discovered that more recent pop songs contain more \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2011-05681-001\"\u003Ewords pertaining to self-focus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E compared to 80s hits, and that more individualistic words and phrases, such as “I am special”, have been on the rise in books since 1960. They’ve even speculated that this same individualistic culture could be responsible for \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F1948550609349515\"\u003Ecommon names falling out of fashion with parents for their children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese scholarly debates are raging against a backdrop of rising of social media use, selfies and the habit of constantly updating everyone else with what you’re doing, thinking and feeling. It’s hard to resist the conclusion that this technological and cultural change may be fostering a rise in vanity and narcissism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETwenge has certainly made the link. In a 2013 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Froomfordebate\u002F2013\u002F09\u002F23\u002Ffacebook-and-narcissism\u002Fsocial-media-is-a-narcissism-enabler\"\u003Earticle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for the New York Times, she called social media a “narcissism enabler” but conceded that there is little evidence to show that social media actually causes narcissism. Indeed, accumulating data suggest that yes, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0191886916304032\"\u003Enarcissists are more likely to post selfies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but that doesn’t mean that posting selfies makes you a narcissist. In fact, there’s evidence that the more “agreeable” you are – trusting, warm and friendly – the more active you’re likely to be on \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0191886916312545%23bb0065\"\u003Esocial\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0747563211002020\"\u003Emedia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo much of the debate has been focused on narcissism, but what about the possibility that our characters are changing in positive ways? In fact, there is some good news.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Is social media a “narcissism enabler”?   ","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EScientists have known for years that we’re getting cleverer, by around three IQ points per decade.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s called the Flynn Effect after James Flynn, an academic from New Zealand who first came up with the idea. Years of incremental improvements have added up to a substantial increase in intelligence test scores from the 1930s to the present day. Explanations range from a decline in infectious diseases to better schooling, but now scientists are wondering if a similar effect has been shaping personality traits, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA Finnish study released this year suggested that this might well be the case. The researchers, led by Markus Jokela at the University of Helsinki, analysed personality data from nearly half a million military conscripts born between 1962 and 1976, collected when they were aged 18 or 19. Jokela and his colleagues reported that over time, successive cohorts are scoring higher in extroversion-related traits, like sociability and being more energetic, and conscientiousness-related traits, like dutifulness and achievement striving.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIntriguingly, they also found evidence of rising self-confidence. This may corroborate the research on rising narcissism depending on whether the confidence is seen as healthy or not, which the Finnish data can’t speak to.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt seems it may well be true that young people today are more self-assured than in previous generations. Whether you see that as a healthy sign of confidence or a worrying signal of narcissism may well say more about you than it does about them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E --\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologywriter.org.uk\u002FIndex\u002FWelcome.html\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDr Christian Jarrett\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E edits the British Psychological Society's \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdigest.bps.org.uk\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EResearch Digest\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E blog. His next book, Personology, will be published in 2019.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 800,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast-18"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-11-17T00:06:32Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Millennials are narcissistic? The evidence is not so simple","headlineShort":"The truth about millennial narcissism?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Rising social media use has sparked a passionate debate among psychologists: are today’s young people more “Generation Me”, or “Generation We”?","summaryShort":"What the evidence says about the egos of today's youth","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2017-11-17T09:29:45.288309Z","entity":"article","guid":"4b0ba457-3b7e-469f-ba78-e6aa419f5ad9","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:28:53.945442Z","project":"future","slug":"20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348019},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory","_id":"5ef9f8cb9a34eaf8e21f2cfb","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-robson"],"bodyIntro":"A surprisingly potent technique can boost your short and long-term recall – and it appears to help everyone from students to Alzheimer’s patients.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis story is featured in BBC Future’s “Best of 2018” collection. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\"\u003EDiscover more of our picks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen trying to memorise new material, it’s easy to assume that the more work you put in, the better you will perform. Yet taking the occasional down time – to do literally nothing – may be exactly what you need. Just dim the lights, sit back, and enjoy 10-15 minutes of quiet contemplation, and you’ll find that your memory of the facts you have just learnt is far better than if you had attempted to use that moment more productively.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlthough it’s already well known that we should pace our studies, new research suggests that we should aim for “minimal interference” during these breaks – deliberately avoiding any activity that could tamper with the delicate task of memory formation. So no running errands, checking your emails, or surfing the web on your smartphone. You really need to give your brain the chance for a complete recharge with no distractions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20160726-the-mystery-of-why-you-cant-remember-being-a-baby\"\u003EThe mystery of why you can’t remember being a baby\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20160428-this-is-how-it-feels-to-learn-your-memories-are-fiction\"\u003EThe man who can’t trust his own brain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20171012-how-emotions-can-trick-your-mind-and-body\"\u003EA new way to master your emotions \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAn excuse to do nothing may seem like a perfect mnemonic technique for the lazy student, but this discovery may also offer some relief for people with amnesia and some forms of dementia, suggesting new ways to release a latent, previously unrecognised, capacity to learn and remember.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E "},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05xhjsr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe remarkable memory-boosting benefits of undisturbed rest were first documented in 1900 by the German psychologist Georg Elias Muller and his student Alfons Pilzecker. In one of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Flearnmem.cshlp.org\u002Fcontent\u002F6\u002F2\u002F77.full\"\u003Etheir many experiments on memory consolidation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Muller and Pilzecker first asked their participants to learn a list of meaningless syllables. Following a short study period, half the group were immediately given a second list to learn – while the rest were given a six-minute break before continuing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen tested one-and-a-half-hours later, the two groups showed strikingly different patterns of recall. The participants given the break remembered nearly 50% of their list, compared to an average of 28% for the group who had been given no time to recharge their mental batteries. The finding suggested that our memory for new information is especially fragile just after it has first been encoded, making it more susceptible to interference from new information.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlthough a handful of other psychologists occasionally returned to the finding, it was only in the early 2000s that the broader implications of it started to become known, with a pioneering study by Sergio Della Sala at the University of Edinburgh and Nelson Cowan at the University of Missouri.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E "},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05xhjv2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe team was interested in discovering whether reduced interference might improve the memories of people who had suffered a neurological injury, such as a stroke. Using a similar set-up to Muller and Pilzecker’s original study, they presented their participants with lists of 15 words and tested them 10 minutes later. In some trials, the participants remained busy with some standard cognitive tests; in others, they were asked to lie in a darkened room and avoid falling asleep.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It seems to benefit young and old people alike ","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe impact of the small intervention was more profound than anyone might have believed. Although the two most severely amnesic patients showed no benefit, the others tripled the number of words they could remember – from 14% to 49%, placing them almost within the range of healthy people with no neurological damage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe next results were even more impressive. The participants were asked to listen to some stories and answer questions an hour later. Without the chance to rest, they could recall just 7% of the facts in the story; with the rest, this jumped to 79% – an astronomical 11-fold increase in the information they retained."},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EIf you are interested in further, low-effort ways to boost your recall, you may benefit from the following strategies:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20140307-how-to-learn-like-a-memory-champ\"\u003ETest yourself. So-called “retrieval practice” – actively forcing yourself to remember information – is far more effective than passive reading\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.learningscientists.org\u002Fspaced-practice\u002F\"\u003E“Space” your studies, leaving a few weeks between the times you revisit material\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.learningscientists.org\u002Fspaced-practice\u002F\"\u003EIndeed, it’s often better to wait until you are on the cusp of forgetting the material to avoid “overlearning”.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20151111-improve-your-memory-in-40-seconds\"\u003ETalk to yourself. Simple describing an event cements it in your memory.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150429-how-to-learn-with-zero-effort\"\u003EAdd variety. It can sometimes be beneficial to mix up and rotate the subjects you are studying, a process called “interleaving”, rather than studying each one in a single block\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E","calloutTitle":"Towards total recall","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"The researchers also found a similar, though less pronounced, benefit for healthy participants in each case, boosting recall between 10 and 30%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDella Sala and Cowan’s former student, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsych.hw.ac.uk\u002Fpeople\u002Fa-e\u002Fdr-michaela-dewar.html\"\u003EMichaela Dewar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at Heriot-Watt University, has now led several follow-up studies, replicating the finding in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fresearchportal.hw.ac.uk\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Fdelaying-interference-enhances-memory-consolidation-in-amnesic-pa\"\u003Emany different contexts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In healthy participants, they have found that these short periods of rest can also improve our spatial memories, for instance – helping participants to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fresearchportal.hw.ac.uk\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Fwakeful-rest-promotes-the-integration-of-spatial-memories-into-ac\"\u003Erecall the location of different landmarks in a virtual reality environment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Crucially, this advantage lingers a week after the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fresearchportal.hw.ac.uk\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Fbrief-wakeful-resting-boosts-new-memories-over-the-long-term\"\u003Eoriginal learning task\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and it seems to benefit young and old people alike. And besides the stroke survivors, they have also found similar benefits for people in the earlier, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fresearchportal.hw.ac.uk\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Finsights-into-spared-memory-capacity-in-amnestic-mci-and-alzheime\"\u003Emilder stages of Alzheimer’s disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05xhjx1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn each case, the researchers simply asked the participants to sit in a dim, quiet room, without their mobile phones or similar distractions. “We don’t give them any specific instructions with regards to what they should or shouldn’t do while resting,” Dewar says. “But questionnaires completed at the end of our experiments suggest that most people simply let their minds wander.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven then, we should be careful not to exert ourselves too hard as we daydream. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fresearchportal.hw.ac.uk\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Fautobiographical-thinking-interferes-with-episodic-memory-consoli\"\u003Eone study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for instance, participants were asked to imagine a past or future event during their break, which appeared to reduce their later recall of the newly learnt material. So it may be safest to avoid any concerted mental effort during our down time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe exact mechanism is still unknown, though some clues come from a growing understanding of memory formation. It is now well accepted that once memories are initially encoded, they pass through a period of consolidation that cements them in long-term storage. This was once thought to happen primarily during sleep, with heightened communication between the hippocampus – where memories are first formed – and the cortex, a process that may build and strengthen the new neural connections that are necessary for later recall.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05xhlhg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis heightened nocturnal activity may be the reason that we often \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150106-how-to-nap-like-a-pro\"\u003Elearn things better just before bed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F20152133\"\u003EBut in line with Dewar’s work, a 2010 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.psych.nyu.edu\u002Fdavachi\u002F\"\u003ELila Davachi\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at New York University, found that it was not limited to sleep, and similar neural activity occurs during periods of wakeful rest, too. In the study, participants were first asked to memorise pairs of pictures – matching a face to an object or scene – and then allowed to lie back and let their minds wander for a short period. Sure enough, she found increased communication between the hippocampus and areas of the visual cortex during their rest. Crucially, people who showed a greater increase in connectivity between these areas were the ones who remembered more of the task, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the brain takes any potential down time to cement what it has recently learnt – and reducing extra stimulation at this time may ease that process. It would seem that neurological damage may render the brain especially vulnerable to that interference after learning a new memory, which is why the period of rest proved to be particularly potent for stroke survivors and people with Alzheimer’s disease.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOther psychologists are excited about the research. “The effect is quite consistent across studies now in a range of experiments and memory tasks,” says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.york.ac.uk\u002Fpsychology\u002Fstaff\u002Facademicstaff\u002Fah1643\u002F\"\u003EAidan Horner\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the University of York. “It’s fascinating.” Horner agrees that it could potentially offer new ways to help individuals with impairments to function.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05xhl8j"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPractically speaking, he points out that it may be difficult to schedule enough periods of rest to increase their overall daily recall. But he thinks it could still be valuable to help a patient learn important new information – such as learning the name and face of a new carer. “Perhaps a short period of wakeful rest after that would increase the chances that they would remember that person, and therefore feel more comfortable with them later on.” Dewar tells me that she is aware of one patient who seems to have benefitted from using a short rest to learn the name of their grandchild, though she emphasises that it is only anecdotal evidence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ntu.ac.uk\u002Fstaff-profiles\u002Fsocial-sciences\u002Fthom-baguley\"\u003EThomas Baguley\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at Nottingham Trent University in the UK is also cautiously optimistic. He points out that some Alzheimer’s patients are already advised to engage in mindfulness techniques to alleviate stress and improve overall well-being. “Some [of these] interventions may also promote wakeful rest and it is worth exploring whether they work in part because of reducing interference,” he says, though it may be difficult to implement in people with severe dementia, he says.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBeyond the clinical benefits for these patients, Baguley and Horner both agree that scheduling regular periods of rest, without distraction, could help us all hold onto new material a little more firmly. After all, for many students, the 10-30% improvements recorded in these studies could mark the difference between a grade or two. “I can imagine you could embed these 10-15 minute breaks within a revision period,” says Horner, “and that might be a useful way of making small improvements to your ability to remember later on.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the age of information overload, it’s worth remembering that our smartphones aren’t the only thing that needs a regular recharge. Our minds clearly do too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is a freelance writer based in London. He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 800,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fin-depth","future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-02-12T15:02:22Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"An effortless way to improve your memory","headlineShort":"A lazy way to boost your memory","image":["p05xhl47"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20170720-when-you-cant-remember-where-you-are-or-how-you-got-there","future\u002Farticle\u002F20171115-millenials-are-the-most-narcissistic-generation-not-so-fast","future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A surprisingly potent technique can boost your short and long-term recall – and it appears to help everyone from students to Alzheimer’s patients.","summaryShort":"It’s the perfect technique that requires no effort","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"creationDateTime":"2018-02-12T08:46:14.51064Z","entity":"article","guid":"e4a14440-83c3-4ad8-99e2-3871321471d5","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:27:24.037568Z","project":"future","slug":"20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348018},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind","_id":"5ef9f8cf9a34eaf8e21f3b8f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The century-old detective stories are being studied by today’s neurologists – but why? As it turns out, not even modern technology can replace their lessons in rational thinking.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESoon after Andrew Lees embarked on his medical career at University College Hospital London, one of his superiors gave him a rather strange reading list. Rather than the usual fusty anatomical volumes, it included The Complete Sherlock Holmes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhat on earth could the fictional detective teach an aspiring neurologist? As it turns out, a good deal, as Lees recently wrote in \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbrain.oxfordjournals.org\u002Fcontent\u002F138\u002F7\u002F2103\"\u003Ea paper in Brain journal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Whatever your expertise, the insights provide a welcome lesson in the art of rational thinking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I thought I would try my hand at writing a story where the hero would treat crime as Dr Bell treated disease – Arthur Conan Doyle","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs Lees points out, Holmes’ creator Arthur Conan Doyle was a physician himself, and there is evidence that he modelled the character of Holmes on one of the leading doctors of the day, Joseph Bell of the Royal Edinburgh Infirmary. “I thought I would try my hand at writing a story where the hero would treat crime as Dr Bell treated disease,” Doyle recalled in a 1927 interview.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENotice the details\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut Lees suspects that as his stories developed, Conan Doyle may have also drawn some inspiration from other doctors, such as William Gowers, who wrote the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Gowers_%28neurologist%29\"\u003EBible of Neurology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. (Conan Doyle himself had specialised in neurodegenerative disease as a doctoral student, and he and Gowers had a mutual friend in the author Rudyard Kipling.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGowers often taught his students to begin their diagnosis from the moment a patient walked through the door, as seen in a record of one of his clinical demonstrations, later published as \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC2405581\u002F\"\u003EA Clinical Lecture on Silver and Syphilis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: “Did you notice him as he came into the room? If you did not then you should have done so. One of the habits to be acquired and never omitted is to observe a patient as he enters the room; to note his aspect and his gait. If you did so, you would have seen that he seemed lame, and you may have been struck by that which must strike you now – an unusual tint of his face.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s remarkably similar to Holmes’ habit of profiling each person he meets based on the scantest of clues, as reimagined in the BBC’s remake of the classic stories:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It has long been an axiom of mine that the little things are infinitely the most important – Conan Doyle","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn particular, it was the importance of the seemingly inconsequential that seems to inspire both men. “It has long been an axiom of mine that the little things are infinitely the most important,” Conan Doyle wrote in A Case of Identity. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBoth Gowers and Holmes also warned against letting your preconceptions fog your judgement. For both men, cool, unprejudiced observation was the order of the day. It is for this reason that Holmes chastises Watson in The Scandal of Bohemia: “You see, but you do not observe. The distinction is clear.” Or in the words of Gowers: “The method you should adopt is this: Whenever you find yourself in the presence of a case that is not familiar to you in all its detail forget for a time all your types and all your names. Deal with the case as one that has never been seen before, and work it out as a new problem sui generis, to be investigated as such.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOccasionally, Gowers’ real-life powers’ of observation appear to have rivalled Holmes’ fictional hero. Consider his study of a man initially misdiagnosed with a psychological disturbance similar to hysteria:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I looked casually at the bed-card and at once my eye was caught by the record of his occupation ‘Painter’. I looked from the bed-card to his gums, and there I saw written in equally distinct characters the record of the effect of his occupation – in a conspicuous lead-line.” By simply using his eyes to see what others had missed, Gowers correctly inferred that the man was being poisoned by his pigments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere are many other examples: how both men “reasoned backwards”, for instance, dissecting all the possible paths that may have led to a particular disease (in Gowers’ case) or murder (in Holmes’). This line of approach is perhaps best summarised as Holmes’ most famous aphorism: “When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut perhaps the most important lesson to be learned, from both Gowers and Holmes, is the value of recognising your errors. “Gentlemen – It is always pleasant to be right, but it is generally a much more useful thing to be wrong,” wrote Gowers, while Holmes admits: “I confess that I have been blind as a mole, but it is better to learn wisdom late than never to learn it at all.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It is always pleasant to be right, but it is generally a much more useful thing to be wrong – Gowers","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis humility is key in beating the ‘curse of expertise’ that afflicts so many talented and intelligent people. Over the last few years, the cognitive neuroscientist Itiel Dror of University College London has documented many instances in which apparent experts in both \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ucl.ac.uk\u002F~ucjtidr\u002F\"\u003Emedicine and forensic science\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have allowed their own biases to cloud their judgements – sometimes even in life or death situations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhatever the exact nature of Gowers’ influence on Conan Doyle, Holmes’ lessons today offer a larger lesson in the power of logical thought. Even the most advanced technology can never replace the powers of simple observation and rational deduction. As Lees says, the hospital “is still a crime scene” – and we still need the finest minds to solve those mysteries. As he found all those years ago, if you want to train your powers of deduction, you could do a lot worse than read (or reread) Sherlock Holmes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is BBC Future’s feature writer. He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on twitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFollow BBC Future on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmobile.twitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts#107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fcompany\u002Fbbc-com\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELinkedIn\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003EThis story is a part of BBC Britain – a series focused on exploring this extraordinary island, one story at a time. Readers outside of the UK can see every BBC Britain story by heading to the \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fbritain\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBritain homepage\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E; you also can see our latest stories by following us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCBritain\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmobile.twitter.com\u002FBBC_Britain\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind-11"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2016-01-07T15:34:09.184Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What Sherlock Holmes taught us about the mind","headlineShort":"The ways Sherlock teaches us to think","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"The century-old detective stories are being studied by today’s neurologists – but why? As it turns out, not even modern technology can replace their lessons in rational thinking.","summaryShort":"A neurologist explains Holmes’ lasting legacy","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2016-01-08T02:31:38.833803Z","entity":"article","guid":"a45cf382-9366-4636-88bd-a914a7416721","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:34:19.621893Z","project":"future","slug":"20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348019},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever","_id":"5ef9f8cd9a34eaf8e21f3526","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Can high intelligence be a burden rather than a boon? David Robson investigates.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is part of BBC Future’s “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-2015\"\u003EBest of 2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” list, our greatest hits of the year, including:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E- \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20151123-how-dark-is-your-personality\"\u003EHow dark is your personality?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150402-the-worst-place-on-earth\"\u003EThe dystopian lake filled by the world’s tech lust\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150906-the-best-and-worst-ways-to-spot-a-liar\"\u003EHow to spot a liar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150213-the-downsides-of-being-beautiful\"\u003EThe downsides of being drop dead gorgeous\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E…and much more. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-2015\"\u003EBrowse the full list\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutSubtitle":"Our top stories","calloutTitle":"Best of 2015","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf ignorance is bliss, does a high IQ equal misery? Popular opinion would have it so. We tend to think of geniuses as being plagued by existential angst, frustration, and loneliness. Think of Virginia Woolf, Alan Turing, or Lisa Simpson – lone stars, isolated even as they burn their brightest. As Ernest Hemingway wrote: “Happiness in intelligent people is the rarest thing I know.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe question may seem like a trivial matter concerning a select few – but the insights it offers could have ramifications for many. Much of our education system is aimed at improving academic intelligence; although its limits are well known, IQ is still the primary way of measuring cognitive abilities, and we spend millions on brain training and cognitive enhancers that try to improve those scores. But what if the quest for genius is itself a fool’s errand?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe first steps to answering these questions were taken almost a century ago, at the height of the American Jazz Age. At the time, the new-fangled IQ test was gaining traction, after proving itself in World War One recruitment centres, and in 1926, psychologist Lewis Terman decided to use it to identify and study a group of gifted children. Combing California’s schools for the creme de la creme, he selected 1,500 pupils with an IQ of 140 or more – 80 of whom had IQs above 170. Together, they became known as the “Termites”, and the highs and lows of their lives are still being studied to this day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The Termites’ average salary was twice that of the average white-collar job","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs you might expect, many of the Termites did achieve wealth and fame – most notably Jess Oppenheimer, the writer of the classic 1950s sitcom \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FI_Love_Lucy\"\u003EI Love Lucy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Indeed, by the time his series aired on CBS, the Termites’ average salary was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com\u002Fbooks?id=7IWaAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA100&ots=8z6o5onaTV&dq=terman%20salary%20gifted%201955&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q=terman%20salary%20gifted%201955&f=false\"\u003Etwice that of the average white-collar job\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But not all the group met Terman’s expectations – there were many who pursued more “humble” professions such as police officers, seafarers, and typists. For this reason, Terman concluded that “intellect and achievement are far from perfectly correlated”. Nor did their smarts endow personal happiness. Over the course of their lives, levels of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Falumni.stanford.edu\u002Fget\u002Fpage\u002Fmagazine\u002Farticle\u002F?article_id=40678\"\u003Edivorce, alcoholism and suicide\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were about the same as the national average.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs the Termites enter their dotage, the moral of their story – that intelligence does not equate to a better life – has been told again and again. At best, a great intellect makes no differences to your life satisfaction; at worst, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F15427609.2014.936182#.VR1XHRCtaFE\"\u003Eit can actually mean you are less fulfilled\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat’s not to say that everyone with a high IQ is a tortured genius, as popular culture might suggest – but it is nevertheless puzzling. Why don’t the benefits of sharper intelligence pay off in the long term?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E A weighty burden\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne possibility is that knowledge of your talents becomes something of a ball and chain. Indeed, during the 1990s, the surviving Termites were asked to look back at the events in their 80-year lifespan. Rather than basking in their successes, many reported that they had been plagued by the sense that they had somehow \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F10400121\"\u003Efailed to live up to their youthful expectations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat sense of burden – particularly when combined with others’ expectations – is a recurring motif for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tes.co.uk\u002Farticle.aspx?storycode=351315\"\u003Emany other gifted children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The most notable, and sad, case concerns the maths prodigy Sufiah Yusof. Enrolled at Oxford University aged 12, she dropped out of her course before taking her finals and started waitressing. She later worked as a call girl.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Sufiah Yusof, a child prodigy, enrolled at Oxford aged 12 but later dropped out and worked as a call girl  ","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother common complaint, often heard in student bars and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.quora.com\u002FWhat-are-the-disadvantages-of-being-smart\"\u003Einternet forums\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is that smarter people somehow have a clearer vision of the world’s failings. Whereas the rest of us are blinkered from existential angst, smarter people lay awake agonising over the human condition or other people’s folly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EConstant worrying may, in fact, be a sign of intelligence – but not in the way these armchair philosophers had imagined. Interviewing students on campus about various topics of discussion, Alexander Penney at MacEwan University in Canada found that those with the higher IQ did indeed \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdigest.bps.org.uk\u002F2014\u002F12\u002Fis-being-worrier-sign-of-intelligence.html\"\u003Efeel more anxiety throughout the day\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Interestingly, most worries were mundane, day-to-day concerns, though; the high-IQ students were far more likely to be replaying an awkward conversation, than asking the “big questions”. “It’s not that their worries were more profound, but they are just worrying more often about more things,” says Penney. “If something negative happened, they thought about it more.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EProbing more deeply, Penney found that this seemed to correlate with verbal intelligence – the kind tested by word games in IQ tests, compared to prowess at spatial puzzles (which, in fact, seemed to reduce the risk of anxiety). He speculates that greater eloquence might also make you more likely to verbalise anxieties and ruminate over them. It’s not necessarily a disadvantage, though. “Maybe they were problem-solving a bit more than most people,” he says – which might help them to learn from their mistakes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMental blind spots\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe harsh truth, however, is that greater intelligence does not equate to wiser decisions; in fact, in some cases it might make your choices a little more foolish. Keith Stanovich at the University of Toronto has spent the last decade building tests for rationality, and he has found that fair, unbiased decision-making is largely independent of IQ. Consider the “my-side bias” – our tendency to be highly selective in the information we collect so that it reinforces our previous attitudes. The more enlightened approach would be to leave your assumptions at the door as you build your argument – but \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fcdp.sagepub.com\u002Fcontent\u002F22\u002F4\u002F259.abstract\"\u003EStanovich found that smarter people are almost no more likely to do so than \u003C\u002Fa\u003Epeople with distinctly average IQs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People who ace cognitive tests are more likely to see past their own flaws","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat’s not all. People who ace standard cognitive tests are in fact slightly more likely to have a “bias blind spot”. That is, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww4.ncsu.edu\u002F~jlnietfe\u002FMetacog_Articles_files\u002FWest,%20Meserve,%20%26%20Stanovich%20%282012%29.pdf\"\u003Ethey are less able to see their own flaws, even when though they are quite capable of criticising the foibles of others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And they have a greater tendency to fall for the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0047019\"\u003E“gambler’s fallacy”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – the idea that if a tossed coin turns heads 10 times, it will be more likely to fall tails on the 11th. The fallacy has been the ruination of roulette players planning for a red after a string of blacks, and it can also lead stock investors to sell their shares before they reach peak value – in the belief that their luck has to run out sooner or later.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA tendency to rely on gut instincts rather than rational thought might also explain why a surprisingly high number of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mensa.org\u002F\"\u003EMensa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E members believe in the paranormal; or why someone with an IQ of 140 is about \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0160289607000219\"\u003Etwice as likely to max out their credit card\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIndeed, Stanovich sees these biases in every strata of society. “There is plenty of dysrationalia – people doing irrational things despite more than adequate intelligence – in our world today,” he says. “The people pushing the anti-vaccination meme on parents and spreading misinformation on websites are generally of more than average intelligence and education.” Clearly, clever people can be dangerously, and foolishly, misguided.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo if intelligence doesn’t lead to rational decisions and a better life, what does? Igor Grossmann, at the University of Waterloo in Canada, thinks we need to turn our minds to an age-old concept: “wisdom”. His approach is more scientific that it might at first sound. “The concept of wisdom has an ethereal quality to it,” he admits. “But if you look at the lay definition of wisdom, many people would agree it’s the idea of someone who can make good unbiased judgement.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn one experiment, Grossmann presented his volunteers with different social dilemmas – ranging from what to do about the war in Crimea to heartfelt crises disclosed to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fwp-dyn\u002Fcontent\u002Flinkset\u002F2005\u002F03\u002F25\u002FLI2005032502583.html\"\u003EDear Abby\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the Washington Post’s agony aunt. As the volunteers talked, a panel of psychologists judged their reasoning and weakness to bias: whether it was a rounded argument, whether the candidates were ready to admit the limits of their knowledge – their “intellectual humility” – and whether they were ignoring important details that didn’t fit their theory.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHigh scores turned out to predict \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3594053\u002F\"\u003Egreater life satisfaction, relationship quality, and, crucially, reduced anxiety and rumination\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – all the qualities that seem to be absent in classically smart people. Wiser reasoning even seemed to ensure a longer life – those with the higher scores were less likely to die over intervening years. Crucially, Grossmann found that IQ was not related to any of these measures, and certainly didn’t predict greater wisdom. “People who are very sharp may generate, very quickly, arguments [for] why their claims are the correct ones – but may do it in a very biased fashion.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELearnt wisdom\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the future, employers may well begin to start testing these abilities in place of IQ; \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2014\u002F02\u002F23\u002Fopinion\u002Fsunday\u002Ffriedman-how-to-get-a-job-at-google.html\"\u003EGoogle has already announced that it plans to screen candidates for qualities like intellectual humility\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, rather than sheer cognitive prowess.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFortunately, wisdom is probably not set in stone – whatever your IQ score. “I’m a strong believer that wisdom can be trained,” says Grossmann. He points out that we often find it easier to leave our biases behind when we consider other people, rather than ourselves. Along these lines, he has found that simply talking through your problems in the third person (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologicalscience.org\u002Findex.php\u002Fpublications\u002Fobserver\u002Fobsonline\u002Fneed-to-solve-a-personal-problem-try-a-third-person-perspective.html\"\u003E“he” or “she”, rather than “I\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”) helps create the necessary emotional distance, reducing your prejudices and leading to wiser arguments. Hopefully, more research will suggest many similar tricks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe challenge will be getting people to admit their own foibles. If you’ve been able to rest on the laurels of your intelligence all your life, it could be very hard to accept that it has been blinding your judgement. As Socrates had it: the wisest person really may be the one who can admit he knows nothing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EShare this story on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERead more:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150213-the-downsides-of-being-beautiful\"\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150213-the-downsides-of-being-beautiful\"\u003EThe surprising downsides of being drop dead gorgeous\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever-23"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2015-04-14T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The surprising downsides of being clever","headlineShort":"The downsides of being clever","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Can a high IQ be a burden rather than a boon? David Robson investigates.","summaryShort":"Why the smart can be stupid","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2015-04-14T06:14:18Z","entity":"article","guid":"cd8eb49f-ad2a-406e-a35f-6cd61b2b6cad","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:32:01.111235Z","project":"future","slug":"20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348020},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart","_id":"5ef9f8d09a34eaf8e21f4124","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"We tend to assume that our intelligence is simply a matter of nature and nurture – but as the celebrated psychologist James Flynn explains to BBC Future, many other factors can stunt or boost your IQ, right down to the person you choose to marry.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJames Flynn is worried about leaving the world to millennials. As a professor at the University of Otago in New Zealand, he regularly meets bright students with enormous potential, only to find that many of them aren’t engaging with the complex past of the world around them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“They have all these modern skills and yet they come out of university no different than the medieval peasant who is anchored in his own little world,” he tells me mid-way through our conversation. “Well, actually they are anchored in a much bigger world – the world of the present – but with no historical dimension.” The result, he thinks, is that we have overly simplistic views of current issues, leaving us open to manipulation by politicians and the media.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe are talking in the living room of his son Victor, who is a mathematician at the University of Oxford, during a flying visit from his home in New Zealand. Open on the sofa is his latest reading, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20131016-in-praise-of-alice-munro\"\u003EAlice Munro’s Runaway\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the result of a recent foray into literary criticism – again, with the hope that he can encourage younger people to look beyond their smartphone screens. “I have a second book out this year that says to young people ‘for god’s sake, you are educated, why don’t you read!’” he tells me. When he was young, he says, “girls wouldn’t date you if you hadn’t read the recent novels”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI am here to discuss his latest book, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fus\u002Facademic\u002Fdoes-your-family-make-you-smarter\"\u003EDoes Your Family Make You Smarter?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E It is a wide ranging conversation on the ways that human thinking has changed over time, including a mysterious rise in IQ – the “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFlynn_effect\"\u003EFlynn Effect\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” for which he is now best known – and the various competing influences that shape our intellect over our lifetime.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt 82, Flynn is now a towering figure in intelligence research, but it was only meant to be a short distraction, he says. “I’m a moral philosopher who dabbles in psychology,” he says. “And by dabbling I mean it’s taken over half my time for the past 30 years.” As part of this philosophical research on the nature of objectivity, he came across dubious claims that certain races are intellectually inferior. Examining the evidence, he saw that the average scores for everyone – black and white alike – had been rising consistently by around three points a decade. Yet few people had noted on the fact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Why aren’t psychologists dancing in the street over this? What the hell is going on? – James Flynn","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I thought, why aren’t psychologists dancing in the street over this? What the hell is going on?” These were no small, incremental, improvements – \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF03076406\"\u003Ebetween 1934 and 1964, the Dutch had gained 20 points\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – yet it had been ignored by the very people administering the tests. “It was sitting there right in front of their noses and they didn’t see it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPsychologists had long known that our genes play a role in our intelligence, and that its influence only increases as we get older. At kindergarten, genetics matter relatively little: what’s more important is whether your parents talk to you, read to you and practise things like counting. Sure enough, twin studies suggest that your genes account for about 20% of the variation in IQ at this age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs you grow up and begin to think for yourself, however, your parents’ influence wears off. You spend most of your time at school anyway, and if you have the potential, your brain will develop in line with the extra stimulation. Your genes may also push you to find new ways to stimulate your mind yourself – you might pursue more intellectually demanding pastimes, join a book club, or you might be selected for a harder maths class, which should in turn raise your score. So you begin to create your own niche that reflects your genetic potential. That’s not to say that your family background doesn’t count at all – it still matters if you attend a better school or if your parents buy you lots of books. And chance factors can add up; if you find yourself unemployed or beset by a personal tragedy, your IQ may take a blow. But overall, as an adult your genes can predict about \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Fmp\u002Fjournal\u002Fv20\u002Fn1\u002Ffull\u002Fmp2014105a.html\"\u003E80% of the differences between you and the next person\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet the Flynn Effect was just too pronounced and too rapid to be explained by changing genes; natural selection happens slowly across thousands of years. So what could it be? Other psychologists were dumbfounded. “They were so wedded to the notion that intelligence only changed slowly that they couldn’t see what was in front of them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, the answer is not so puzzling if you compare it to another trait that has slowly grown over the decades: body height. Within one generation you will find that tall parents have taller children, and short parents have shorter children, showing a large genetic component; but if you compare different generations, you will find we are all much taller than our grandparents – and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fwhy-are-we-getting-taller\u002F\"\u003Ethat’s not because our genes have changed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It’s because modern life, with better medicine and diet, has allowed our bodies to grow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EScientific spectacles\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FWilliam_Dickens\u002Fpublication\u002F11956815_Heritability_estimates_versus_large_environmental_effects_The_IQ_paradox_resolved\u002Flinks\u002F0046352bf043bd1665000000.pdf\"\u003EFlynn and his colleague William Dickens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have hypothesised that exactly the same thing was happening to our minds thanks to shifts in the cognitive demands of our society. IQ measures a variety of qualities, such as vocabulary, spatial reasoning and the ability to think abstractly and recognise categories, which together are meant to reflect a “general intelligence”. And even though we are not schooled in all these skills explicitly, our education nevertheless exercises a more abstract way of seeing the world that could help us with that task.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJust think of the elementary school lessons that lead us to consider the different branches of the tree of life, the different elements and the forces of nature – we are slowly beginning to group things together into categories and classes and logical rules, which is central to many questions on the IQ test. The more children are asked to view the world through these “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.newyorker.com\u002Fmagazine\u002F2007\u002F12\u002F17\u002Fnone-of-the-above\"\u003Escientific spectacles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”, the higher they will score, Flynn suggests. “Society makes highly different demands on us over time, and people have to respond.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut it’s not just education; \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.personalityresearch.org\u002Fpapers\u002Fcherry.html\"\u003Esome researchers have argued\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that our whole world is now engineered to make us think in this way, thanks to an increasing reliance on technology. Where our great-grandparents may have grappled with typewriters, our parents struggled to program their video recorder, while children today learn to use a touchscreen from an early age. Even reading the schematic \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTube_map\"\u003ELondon Underground map\u003C\u002Fa\u003E may have been tough for someone in the 1900s who was used to seeing the world more literally, Flynn says. This progression has forced us to think in hierarchies and symbols, to learn how to follow rules and draw analogies – and it is now so widespread that we forget the cognitive leaps it requires.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We are fine-tuning the mental machinery rather than upgrading it","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a consequence, we all became a bit better at thinking abstractly, leading to an increase of at least 30 points over the last century. The rise in IQ may not mean we have ramped up our raw brainpower – we are fine-tuning our ancient mental machinery for the modern world, rather than upgrading it completely – but he argues that the improvements are “sociologically significant”, reflecting real changes in thinking. The Flynn Effect seems to predict a country’s rising economic performance, for instance. “If the gains were hollow, they couldn’t do that,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFlynn compares it to physical exercise – we are shaped by our chosen sport. “The brain is a muscle – and a change in mental exercise influences the brain just as much as if you gave up swimming for weightlifting.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECrucially, IQ is malleable over a lifetime. This means that the elderly can still gain ground, thanks to better overall health (which is linked to intelligence) and longer-lasting, more intellectually demanding careers keeping their brains active for longer and forestalling decline. “There has been such an enormous improvement that today someone of 70 just kills a person [of the same age] 15 years ago,” he says. Overall, the rate is about 11 points a decade, he says. Flynn himself could be proof of this. “My father never ran a step after 12 and he retired at 70. I exercise more and I’ve never retired.” The result is a healthier brain and more active mind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFlynn’s latest book is an attempt to fill in some of the gaps left in this picture, using an ingenious new analysis that allows him to break down the effects depending on the person at hand, and the particular skills it will effect. Consider the part of the IQ test that measures vocabulary. Having more educated parents, who talk with more varied and erudite language, will help give a boost even to people with little genetic potential; conversely, people with a genetic advantage may find themselves dragged down by those around them (just think of Lisa Simpson).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe differences are small enough that many would like to ignore them, but Flynn’s analysis shows that even a few IQ points can determine your path in life. For a fairly bright kid entering university in America, for instance, living in a slightly more academic home could push their score from 500 to 566 on the SAT exams, for instance – the difference between a place at a prestigious or more mediocre college. “Universities use the SAT as their measure of the viability of the student and if you are lousy on that you won’t go to UCLA, or if you do you will probably flunk out in the first year.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFlynn is not a defeatist: no matter what our family background, we all have the power to take our intellectual development into our own hands. After all, the studies show that our circumstances today shape our current IQ more than our past history. This is apparent, he says, with his mature students. “Plenty of people come to us from environments that look as if they provide very little intellectual stimulation, and compared to our average students, they gain like crazy.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The major intellectual thing that disturbs me is that young people like you are reading less history and less serious novels than you used to – James Flynn","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EI ask him how else I could hope to get a brain boost. “You can marry a partner, not because they look like a star, but because you found them intellectually challenging,” he advises me. “They would introduce you into a world of ideas and peers that would make your life far more interesting.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhich brings us round to his concerns about millennials. Despite the gains in IQ, he worries that we aren’t engaging our minds effectively on the issues that matter. “I’m not being gloomy but actually the major intellectual thing that disturbs me is that young people like you are reading less history and less serious novels than you used to,” he says, arguing that we should have a background in the crises that have shaped world history before we form opinions on current politics. He chastises me for my lack of knowledge of Europe’s \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.history.com\u002Ftopics\u002Fthirty-years-war\"\u003EThirty Years’ War\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for instance, which he believes has many parallels with today’s conflicts in the Middle East. (His criticism is perfectly fair, and he is persuasive enough to convince me to fill the gaps in my knowledge.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGeorge Orwell, he says, painted a dystopia where the government \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMinistries_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four\"\u003Erewrites history\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to control and manipulate the population. “But all you need are ‘ahistorical’ people who then live in the bubble of the present, and by fashioning that bubble the government and the media can do anything they want with them,” Flynn adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn other words, our IQs may have risen, but this hasn’t made us any wiser. “Reading literature and reading history is the only thing that’s going to capitalise on the IQ gains of the 20th Century and make them politically relevant.” You may or may not agree, but Flynn is not the only person with this concern: as William Poundstone shows in his latest book Head In The Clouds, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Flifeandstyle\u002F2016\u002Faug\u002F28\u002Finner-life-does-knowledge-matter-in-the-age-of-google\"\u003Eeveryday ignorance is influencing the way we make decisions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in many areas of our lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhether or not Flynn will persuade young people to pick up a book, there’s no doubting that he has forever changed our views of intelligence. “Today I think I’m leaving a field where you can write genuine cognitive history,” he says – meaning that we can finally track and explain the ways the mind has changed and responded to our environment over time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAt 82, however, he hopes that other scientists will continue this work, as he plans to spend the rest of his career writing about philosophy and politics. The question of IQ was, after all, only ever supposed to be a temporary distraction. “I got sucked into this area accidentally and now thank God I may get out of it again.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is BBC Future’s feature writer. He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Cem\u003EJames Flynn’s latest book Does Your Family Make You Smarter? is out now from Cambridge University Press.\u003Cem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 700,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fcompany\u002Fbbc-com\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELinkedIn\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finstagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, Travel and Autos, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart-18"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2016-09-30T17:17:56Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Our IQs have never been higher – but it hasn’t made us smart","headlineShort":"The hidden forces shaping your IQ","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"We tend to assume that our intelligence is simply a matter of nature and nurture – but many other factors can stunt or boost your IQ.","summaryShort":"Experience can alter your intelligence in mysterious ways","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2016-09-30T01:56:05.314152Z","entity":"article","guid":"8bde7ecd-a478-4cac-a0df-9be5639e0d7c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:28:01.446304Z","project":"future","slug":"20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348020},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages","_id":"5ef9f8c99a34eaf8e21f26c1","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Some people can speak a seemingly impossible number of tongues. How do they manage it, asks David Robson, and what can we learn from them?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is part of BBC Future’s “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-2015\"\u003EBest of 2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” list, our greatest hits of the year, including:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E- \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20151123-how-dark-is-your-personality\"\u003EHow dark is your personality?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150402-the-worst-place-on-earth\"\u003EThe dystopian lake filled by the world’s tech lust\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150906-the-best-and-worst-ways-to-spot-a-liar\"\u003EHow to spot a liar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150213-the-downsides-of-being-beautiful\"\u003EThe downsides of being drop dead gorgeous\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E…and much more. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-2015\"\u003EBrowse the full list\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutSubtitle":"Our top stories","calloutTitle":"Best of 2015","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOut on a sunny Berlin balcony, Tim Keeley and Daniel Krasa are firing words like bullets at each other. First German, then Hindi, Nepali, Polish, Croatian, Mandarin and Thai – they’ve barely spoken one language before the conversation seamlessly melds into another. Together, they pass through about 20 different languages or so in total.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBack inside, I find small groups exchanging tongue twisters. Others are gathering in threes, preparing for a rapid-fire game that involves interpreting two different languages simultaneously. It looks like the perfect recipe for a headache, but they are nonchalant. “It’s quite a common situation for us,” a woman called Alisa tells me.\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt can be difficult enough to learn one foreign tongue. Yet I’m here in Berlin for the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpolyglotberlin.com\u002F\"\u003EPolyglot Gathering,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a meeting of 350 or so people who speak multiple languages – some as diverse as Manx, Klingon and Saami, the language of reindeer herders in Scandinavia. Indeed, a surprising proportion of them are “hyperglots”, like Keeley and Krasa, who can speak at least 10 languages. One of the most proficient linguists I meet here, Richard Simcott, leads a team of polyglots at a company called eModeration – and he uses about 30 languages himself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWith a modest knowledge of Italian and some rudimentary Danish, I feel somewhat out of place among the hyperglots. But they say you should learn from the best, so I am here to try to discover their secrets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen you consider the challenges for the brain, it’s no wonder most of us find learning a language so demanding. We have many different memory systems, and mastering a different tongue requires all of them. There’s procedural memory – the fine programming of muscles to perfect an accent – and declarative memory, which is the ability to remember facts (at least 10,000 new words if you want to come close to native fluency, not to mention the grammar). What’s more, unless you want to sound like a stuttering robot, those words and structures have to make it to the tip of your tongue within a split second, meaning they have to be programmed in both “explicit” and “implicit” memory.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Speaking extra languages delays dementia by five years or more","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat tough mental workout comes with big payoffs, however; it is arguably the best brain training you can try. Numerous studies have shown that being multilingual can improve attention and memory, and that this can provide a “cognitive reserve” that delays the onset of dementia. Looking at the experiences of immigrants, Ellen Bialystok at York University in Canada has found that speaking two languages \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F24959001\"\u003Edelayed dementia diagnosis by five years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Those who knew three languages, however, were diagnosed 6.4 years later than monolinguals, while for those fluent in four or more languages, enjoyed an extra nine years of healthy cognition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThose lasting benefits are a stark contrast to the failure of most commercial “brain training” games you can download – which \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Flongevity3.stanford.edu\u002Fblog\u002F2014\u002F10\u002F15\u002Fthe-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2\u002F\"\u003Egenerally fail to offer long-term improvements in memory or attention.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Learning a new language as we age is easier than you might assume","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUntil recently, however, many neuroscientists had suggested that most of us are too old to reach native-like fluency in a fresh language; according to the “critical period hypothesis”, there is a narrow window during childhood in which we can pick up the nuances of a new language. Yet Bialystok’s research suggests this may have been exaggerated; rather than a steep precipice, she has found that there is a very slight decline in our abilities as we age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECertainly, many of the hyperglots I meet in Berlin have mastered languages later in life. Keeley grew up in Florida, where he was exposed to native Spanish speakers at school.  As a child, he used to tune into foreign radio stations – despite not being able to understand a word. “It was like music to me,” he says. But it was only as an adult that he started travelling the world – first to Colombia, where he also studied French, German and Portuguese at college. He then moved on to Switzerland and Eastern Europe before heading to Japan. He now speaks at least 20 languages fluently, almost all of which were learnt as an adult. “The critical period hypothesis is a bunch of crap,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe question is, how do hyperglots master so many new tongues – and could the rest of us try to emulate them? True, they may just be more motivated than most. Many, like Keeley, are globe-trotters who have moved from country to country, picking up languages as they go. It’s sometimes a case of sink or swim.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYet even with the best intentions, many of us struggle to speak another language convincingly. Keeley, who is currently writing a book on the “social, psychological and affective factors in becoming multilingual”, is sceptical that it’s simply a question of raw intelligence.  “I don’t think it’s a major factor, although it does make it faster to have the analytical ability,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECultural chameleons\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInstead, he thinks we need to look past the intellect, into the depths of our personality. Keeley’s theory is that learning a new language causes you to re-invent your sense of self – and the best linguists are particularly good at taking on new identities. “You become a chameleon,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPsychologists have long known that the words we speak are entwined with our identity. It’s a cliche that French makes you more romantic, or Italian makes you more passionate, but each language becomes associated with cultural norms that can affect how you behave – it could be as simple as whether you value outspoken confidence or quiet reflection, for instance. Importantly, various studies have found that multilingual people often adopt different behaviours according to the language they are speaking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDifferent languages can also evoke different memories of your life – as the writer Vladimir Nabokov discovered when working on his autobiography. The native Russian speaker wrote it first in his second language, English, with agonising difficulty, finding that “my memory was attuned to one key – the musically reticent Russian, but it was forced into another key, English”. Once it was finally published, he decided to translate the memoirs back into the language of his childhood, but as the Russian words flowed, he found his memories started to unfurl with new details and perspectives. “His Russian version differed so much he felt the need to retranslate to English,” says Aneta Pavlenko at Temple University in Philadelphia, whose book, The Bilingual Mind, explores many of these effects. It was almost as if his English and Russian selves had subtly different pasts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EResisting the process of reinvention may prevent you from learning another language so well, says Keeley, who is a professor of cross-cultural management at Kyushu Sangyo University in Japan. He recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.academia.edu\u002F8816844\u002FThe_Importance_of_Self-Identity_and_Ego_Permeability_in_Foreign_Culture_Adaptation_and_Foreign_Language_Acquisition\"\u003Eran a survey of Chinese speakers learning Japanese\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to examine their “ego permeability” – with questions such as “I find it easy to put myself in other’s shoes and imagine how they feel” or “I can do impressions of other people”, and whether you can change your opinions to suit the people you are near. As he suspected, the people who score highly on these traits had much greater fluency in their new language.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It is not just about the amount of time spent learning and using languages","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow come? It’s well known that if you identify with someone, you are more likely to mimic them – a process that would effortlessly improve language learning. But the adopted identity, and the associated memories, may also stop you from confusing the language with your mother tongue – by building neural barriers between the languages. “There must be some type of home in your mind for each language and culture and the related experiences, in order for the languages to stay active and not get all mixed together,” Keeley says. “It is not just the amount of time spent learning and using the languages. The quality of the time, in terms of emotional salience, is critical.” Indeed, that might explain why Keeley could switch so effortlessly between those 20-odd languages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOf all the polyglots, Michael Levi Harris may demonstrate these principles the best. An actor by training, Harris also has an advanced knowledge of 10 languages, and an intermediate understanding of 12 more. Occasionally, his passion has landed him in some difficulty. He once saw an online ad for a Maltese meet-up. Going along, he hoped to find a group of people from Malta, only to walk into a room full of middle-aged women and their \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.animalplanet.com\u002Fbreed-selector\u002Fdog-breeds\u002Ftoy\u002Fmaltese.html\"\u003Ewhite lap dogs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – an experience he recently relayed in a short film \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.imdb.com\u002Ftitle\u002Ftt2852262\u002F\"\u003EThe Hyperglot\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. You can see a trailer below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen I meet him in a cafe near the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, he effortlessly slips into a rather posh, “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FReceived_Pronunciation\"\u003Ereceived pronunciation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” English accent, despite being a native New Yorker. As he does so, his whole posture changes as he melds into the new persona. “I’m not really trying to consciously change my character or my persona. It just happens, but I know that I am suddenly different.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EImportantly, Harris thinks that anyone can learn to adopt a new cultural skin in this way – and he has a few tips for how to begin, based on his experiences of acting. The important thing, he says, is to try to imitate without even considering the spelling of the words. “Everyone can listen and repeat,” he says. You may find yourself over-exaggerating, in the same way that an actor may be a little over-the-top in their performance to start with – but that’s a crucial part of the process, he says. “In acting first, you go really big, and then the director says OK, now tone it down. And you do the same with a language.” He also suggests looking carefully at things like facial expressions – since they can be crucial to producing the sounds. Speaking with slightly pouted lips instantly makes you sound a little bit more French, for instance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFinally, he says you should try to overcome the embarrassment associated with producing \"strange\" noises – such as the guttural sounds in Arabic, for instance. “You have to realise it’s not foreign to us – when you are disgusted, you already say ‘eugh’. And if you acknowledge and give your subconscious permission to do it in speech, you can make the sound.” That may sound a little silly, but the point is that all this should help you to get over your natural inhibitions. “It’s all to do with owning the language, which is what actors have to do to make the audience believe that these words are yours. When you own words you can speak more confidently, which is how people will engage with you.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There’s one big factor that stops people learning languages efficiently…","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven so, most agree that you shouldn’t be too ambitious, particularly when starting out. “If there’s a single factor that stops people learning languages efficiently, it’s that we feel we have to be native-like – it’s an unreachable standard that looms over us,” says Temple University’s Pavlenko. “The ease of expression is what matters to me a lot – finding a better way to express myself, colloquially.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlong these lines, you should also practice a little and often – perhaps just for 15-minute stints, four times a day. “I think the analogies with exercise are quite good,” says Alex Rawlings, who has developed a series of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpolyglotworkshops.com\u002Fabout\u002F\"\u003Epolyglot workshops\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with Richard Simcott to teach their techniques. Even if you are too busy or tired to do serious study, just practising a dialogue or listening to a foreign pop song can help, says Simcott.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the UK, Australia and US, it is easy to believe that we don’t need to make that effort. Indeed, before I met the hyperglots, I had wondered if their obsession merited the hard work; perhaps, I thought, it was just about bragging rights. Yet all of the hyperglots I meet are genuinely enthusiastic about the amazing benefits that can only be achieved by this full immersion in different languages – including the chance to make friends and connections, even across difficult cultural barriers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHarris, for instance, describes living in Dubai. “As a Jewish person living in the Middle East, I faced challenges. But it turns out that one of my best friends was from Lebanon,” he says. “And when I moved away, he said ‘when we first met I didn’t think I could be friends with you and now you’re leaving, I’m distraught’. It’s one of the most precious things to me.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs Judith Meyer, who organised the gathering in Berlin, tells me, she saw Ukrainians and Russians, Israelis and Palestinians all conversing at the gathering. “Learning another language really does open up whole new worlds.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFollow us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eor\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages-20"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2015-05-29T08:41:24Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How to learn 30 languages","headlineShort":"How to learn 30 languages","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Some people can speak a seemingly impossible number of tongues. How do they manage it, asks David Robson, and what can we learn from them?","summaryShort":"Secrets of multilingual “hyperglots”","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2015-05-29T01:30:25.472225Z","entity":"article","guid":"aec9d4a1-7ad2-4b99-972c-81532f435a7c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:34:19.621893Z","project":"future","slug":"20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348020},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid","_id":"5ef9f8cd9a34eaf8e21f37ac","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Even the smartest people can be fools. David Robson explains how to avoid the most common traps of sloppy thinking.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf you ever doubt the idea that the very clever can also be very silly, just remember the time the smartest man in America tried to electrocute a turkey. Benjamin Franklin had been attempting to capture “electrical fire” in glass jars as a primitive battery. Having succeeded, he thought it’d be impressive to use the discharge to kill and roast his dinner. Soon it became a regular party trick, as he wowed guests with his magical ability to command this strange force.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDuring one of these demonstrations, however, Franklin became distracted, and made an elementary mistake – he touched one of the live jars while holding a metal chain in the other hand. “The company present… say that the flash was very great and the crack as loud as a pistol,” \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.masshist.org\u002Fobjects\u002Fcabinet\u002Fdecember2002\u002Fexcerpts.htm\"\u003Ehe later wrote\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “I then felt what I know not how well to describe; a universal blow thro'out my whole body from head to foot which seem'd within as well as without; after which the first thing I took notice of was a violent quick shaking of my body.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EClearly, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever\"\u003Eintelligence doesn’t mean that you are more rational or sensible\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – a fact that we’ve explored before on BBC Future. Although it is easy to laugh at Franklin’s eccentricity, the other examples are sobering. The American surgeon \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAtul_Gawande\"\u003EAtul Gawande\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has written powerfully about a great tragedy in modern medicine. Despite their astonishing skill, surgeons can cause \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.newyorker.com\u002Fmagazine\u002F2007\u002F12\u002F10\u002Fthe-checklist\"\u003Ethe needless loss of life through sheer carelessness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – something as simple as forgetting to wash their hands or apply a clean dressing. In business, short-sighted thinking might involve cutting corners that eventually lead to the downfall of a company.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA new way to think\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe problem, says Robert Sternberg at Cornell University, is that our education system is not designed to teach us to think in a way that is useful for the rest of life. “The tests we use – the SATs or A-levels in England – are very modest predictors of anything besides school grades,” he says. “You see people who get very good grades, and then they suck at leadership. They are good technicians with no common sense, and no ethics. They get to be the president or vice-president of corporations and societies and they are massively incompetent.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhat can be done? Sternberg and others are now campaigning for a new kind of education that teaches people how to think more effectively, alongside more traditional academic tasks. Their insights could help all of us – whatever our intelligence – to be a little less stupid:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E1. Recognise your blind spots\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike Hanna-Barbera’s Yogi, do you secretly think “you’re smarter than the average bear”? Don’t we all. It’s something called “illusory superiority”, and, as Yogi shows, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20131125-why-the-stupid-say-theyre-smart\"\u003Eit’s particularly inflated among the least able\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In your defence, you might claim that you know you’re smart because of your report cards, or that impressive performance at a pub quiz. If so, you might be suffering from “confirmation bias” – the tendency to only pick evidence to support your viewpoint. Still unconvinced? Then psychologists would claim that you are suffering from the “bias blind-spot” – a tendency to deny flaws in your own thinking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe fact is that we all suffer from some subconscious biases, clouding everything from the decision to buy a house to your views on the conflict in Crimea. Fortunately, psychologists are finding that people can be trained to spot them. There are about a 100 to consider, so \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Frationalwiki.org\u002Fwiki\u002FList_of_cognitive_biases\"\u003Estart swotting up with this comprehensive list\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We all suffer from subconscious biases","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E2. Be ready to eat humble pie\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“A man should never be ashamed to own he has been in the wrong, which is but saying, in other words, that he is wiser today than he was yesterday,” wrote the 18th Century poet Alexander Pope. To psychologists today, that kind of thinking is considered a core personality trait known as “open-mindedness”. Among other things, it measures how easily you deal with uncertainty, and how quickly and willingly you will change your mind based on new evidence. It’s a trait that some people find surprisingly hard to cultivate, yet the moment of self-deflation pays off in the long term. For example, Philip Tetlock at the University of Pennsylvania is currently asking ordinary people to predict the course of complex political events in a four-year contest. He has \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20140612-the-best-way-to-see-the-future\"\u003Efound that the best forecasters depended just as much on open-mindedness as a high IQ.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIntellectual humility comes in many other forms – but at its centre is the ability to question the limits of your knowledge. On what assumptions are you basing your decision? How verifiable are they? What additional information should you hunt out to make a more balanced viewpoint? Have you looked at examples of similar situations for comparison? Going through those steps may seem elementary, but consider this: with that simple training, many of Tetlock’s subjects managed to beat the forecasts of professional intelligence agents, who were perhaps less ready to own up to their ignorance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E 3. Argue with yourself – and don’t pull the punches\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EIf self-deprecation isn’t your strong suit, there is a simple strategy to deflate those biases: pick the exact opposite standpoint, and start arguing against your convictions. That internal argument can puncture many of the most resilient biases – such as overconfidence, and “anchoring” – \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.hbs.edu\u002Ffaculty\u002FPublication%20Files\u002F08-102.pdf\"\u003Ethe tendency to be convinced by the first piece of evidence that floats your way\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A similar, but distinct, tactic might involve putting yourself in someone else’s shoes and imagining their viewpoint. That could be particularly useful when dealing with personal problems; like King Solomon in the Bible, we are often \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuwaterloo.ca\u002Fwisdom-and-culture-lab\u002Fsites\u002Fca.wisdom-and-culture-lab\u002Ffiles\u002Fuploads\u002Ffiles\u002Fgrossmann_kross_-_exploring_solomons_paradox_-_article_proof.pdf\"\u003Emuch wiser when advising others than when dealing with issues closer to home\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E 4. Imagine “what if…”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of Sternberg’s biggest issues with the education system is that we are not taught to use our smarts to be \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Ffiles.eric.ed.gov\u002Ffulltext\u002FEJ787926.pdf\"\u003Epractical, or creative\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Even if we aren’t schooled through rote memorisation any more, many teachers still don’t necessarily train the kind of flexibility needed in most of real life. One way to develop those skills could be to re-imagine key events. History students could write an essay exploring “What would the world be like if Germany had won World War Two?” or “What would have happened if Britain had permanently abolished the monarchy in the 17th Century?”. If history isn’t your thing, writing a story imagining “The day the president quit” or “The day my wife disappeared” could be a starting point.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt may sound fanciful, but the point is that it forces you to consider the different eventualities and form hypotheses. Young children help hone that kind of “counterfactual thinking” when they play pretend, which helps them to learn everything from the laws of physics to social skills. We don’t tend to practise it deliberately as an adult – but you might find that it helps broaden your mindset when grappling with the unexpected. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E5. \u003Cstrong\u003EDon’t underestimate the checklist\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs Benjamin Franklin’s mishap demonstrates, distraction and absent-mindedness can be the downfall of the best of us. When wrestling with complex situations, it is easy to forget the basics – which is why Gawande is a passionate advocate of checklists as a gentle reminder.  At the Johns Hopkins Hospital, for instance, a list of five bullet points reminding doctors of basic hygiene reduced 10-day infection rates from 11% to 0%. A similar checklist for pilots, reminding them of the basic procedures for take-off and landing, seemed to halve American pilot deaths during World War Two.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs Gawande points out, these were professionals with the greatest skill and cutting-edge technology – yet a simple piece of paper ended up saving so many lives. Whatever your profession, those facts are worth considering before you assume that you know it all already.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPractice these steps, and you might just find that you start to find talents that were previously unrecognised.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIf you are looking for inspiration, consider Sternberg. As a child at elementary school, he flunked an IQ test and generally failed to impress academically. “All my teachers thought I was stupid – and I thought I was stupid.” He might have bombed out of school, had he not later found a mentor who realised there was more to smart thinking than abstract problems, and encouraged him to train his mind more broadly. Thanks to that support, he is now a professor at Cornell.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Intelligence isn’t a score on an IQ test – it’s the ability to figure what you want in life and finding ways to achieve that,” he says – even if that involves some painful self-awareness of your own follies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EShare this story on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2015-04-23T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"A five-step guide to not being stupid","headlineShort":"How not to be stupid","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Even the smartest people can be fools. David Robson explains how to avoid the most common traps of sloppy thinking.","summaryShort":"A five-step guide to smarter thinking","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2015-04-23T02:16:44Z","entity":"article","guid":"50a2633f-5e91-42dd-9b94-059e7f9717b9","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:35:10.266973Z","project":"future","slug":"20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348020},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits","_id":"5ef9f8cf9a34eaf8e21f3ca7","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fzaria-gorvett"],"bodyIntro":"More than 10 hours of sleep and no socks – could this be the secret to thinking like a genius?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECelebrated inventor and physicist Nikola Tesla swore by toe exercises – every night, he’d \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=DzMR8x_rbPgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=toe+squish+tesla&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj83aHPqbbUAhVmM5oKHStODcwQ6AEIMjAD#v=onepage&q=toes&f=false\"\u003Erepeatedly ‘squish’ his toes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 100 times for each foot, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.co.uk\u002FWizard-Life-Times-Nikola-Tesla\u002Fdp\u002F0806519606\"\u003Eaccording to the author Marc J Seifer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. While it’s not entirely clear exactly what that exercise involved, Tesla claimed it helped to stimulate his brain cells.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe most prolific mathematician of the 20th Century, Paul Erdos, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FMan-Who-Loved-Only-Numbers\u002Fdp\u002F0786884061\"\u003Epreferred a different kind of stimulant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: amphetamine, which he used to fuel 20-hour number benders. When a friend bet him $500 that he couldn’t stop for a month, he won but complained “You’ve set mathematics back a month”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENewton, meanwhile, bragged about the benefits of celibacy. When he died in 1727, he had transformed our understanding of the natural world forever and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.co.uk\u002FNewton-Papers-Strange-Odyssey-Manuscripts\u002Fdp\u002F0199951047\"\u003Eleft behind 10 million words\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of notes; he was also, by all accounts, still a virgin (Tesla was also celibate, though he later claimed he fell in love with a pigeon).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Like it or not, our daily habits have a powerful impact on our brains  ","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany of the world’s most brilliant scientific minds were also fantastically weird. From Pythagoras’ outright \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.co.uk\u002FBeans-History-Ken-Albala\u002Fdp\u002F1845204301\"\u003Eban on beans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to Benjamin Franklin’s \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Ffranklinpapers.org\u002Ffranklin\u002FframedVolumes.jsp?vol=15&page=180a\"\u003Enaked ‘air baths’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the path to greatness is paved with some truly peculiar habits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut what if these are more than superficial facts? Scientists are increasingly realising that intelligence is less about sheer genetic luck than we tend to think. According to the latest review of the evidence, around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4270739\u002F\"\u003E40% of what distinguishes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the brainiacs from the blockheads in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4270739\u002F\"\u003Eadulthood is environmental\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Like it or not, our daily habits have a powerful impact on our brains, shaping their structure and changing the way we think.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p055m9hz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOf all history’s great minds, arguably the master of combining genius with unusual habits was Albert Einstein – so what better person to study for clues to mind-enhancing behaviours to try ourselves? He taught us how to squeeze energy out of atoms, so maybe, just maybe, he might be able to teach us a thing or two about how to squeeze the most out of our tiny mortal brains. Could there be any benefits in following Einstein’s sleep, diet, and even fashion choices?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E10 HOURS OF SLEEP AND ONE-SECOND NAPS\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s common knowledge that sleep is good for your brain – and Einstein took this advice more seriously than most. He reportedly slept for at least 10 hours per day – nearly one and a half times as much as the average American today (6.8 hours). But can you really slumber your way to a sharper mind? \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe author John Steinbeck once said: “It is a common experience that a problem difficult at night is resolved in the morning after the committee of sleep has worked on it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMany of the most radical breakthroughs in human history, including the periodic table, the structure of DNA and Einstein’s theory of special relativity, have supposedly occurred while their discoverer was unconscious. The latter came to Einstein while he was dreaming about cows being electrocuted. But is this really true?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBack in 2004, scientists at the University of Lubeck, Germany, tested the idea with a simple experiment. First they trained volunteers to play a number game. Most gradually got the hang of it with practice, but by far the quickest way to improve was to uncover a hidden rule. When the students were tested again eight hours later, those who had been allowed to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Fnature\u002Fjournal\u002Fv427\u002Fn6972\u002Ffull\u002Fnature02223.html\"\u003Esleep were more than twice as likely to gain insight\u003C\u002Fa\u003E into the rules than those who had remained awake.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Those who have more spindle events tend to have greater ‘fluid intelligence’  ","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen we fall asleep, the brain enters a series of cycles. Every 90-120 minutes the brain fluctuates between light sleep, deep sleep and a phase associated with dreaming, known as Rapid Eye Movement (REM), which until recently was thought to play the leading role in learning and memory. But this isn’t the full story. “Non-REM sleep has been a bit of a mystery, but we spend about 60% of our night in this type of sleep,” says Stuart Fogel, a neuroscientist at the University of Ottawa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENon-REM sleep is characterised by bursts of fast brain activity, so called ‘spindle events’ because of the spindle-shaped zigzag the waves trace on an EEG. A normal night’s sleep will involve thousands of these, each lasting no longer than a few seconds. “This is really the gateway to other stages of sleep – the more you sleep, the more of these events you’ll have,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p055m9k0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESpindle events begin with a surge of electrical energy generated by the rapid firing of structures deep in the brain. The main culprit is the thalamus, an oval shaped region which acts as the brain’s main ‘switching centre’, sending incoming sensory signals in the right direction. While we’re sleeping, it acts like an internal earplug, scrambling external information to help you stay asleep. During a spindle event, the surge travels up to the brain’s surface and then back down again to complete a loop.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIntriguingly, those who have more \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F27626227\"\u003Espindle events tend to have greater ‘fluid intelligence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’ – the ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns – the kind Einstein had in spades. \"They don’t seem related to other types of intelligence, such as the ability to memorise facts and figures, so it’s really specific to these reasoning skills,\" says Fogel. This ties in nicely with Einstein’s disdain for formal education and advice to \"never memorise anything which you can look up\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd though the more you sleep, the more spindle events you’ll have, this doesn’t necessarily prove that more sleep is beneficial. It’s a chicken and egg scenario: do some people have more spindle events because they are smart, or are they smart because they have more spindle events? The jury is still out, but a recent study showed that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Flife-style\u002Fhealth-and-families\u002Fhealth-news\u002Fsleeping-nap-benefits-effects-brain-power-men-women-a7124916.html\"\u003Enight-time sleep in women – and napping in men\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – can improve reasoning and problem solving skills. Crucially, the boost to intelligence was linked to the presence of spindle events, which only occurred during night-time sleep in women and daytime slumbers in men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not yet known why spindle events would be helpful, but Fogel thinks it may have something to do with the regions which are activated. “We’ve found that the same regions that generate spindles – the thalamus and the cortex [the brain’s surface] – well, these are the areas which support the ability to solve problems and apply logic in new situations,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELuckily for Einstein, he also took regular naps. According to apocryphal legend, to make sure he didn’t overdo it he’d recline in his armchair with a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.co.uk\u002Fd\u002FBooks\u002FPaths-Happiness-Ways-Your-Every\u002F1452149070\"\u003Espoon in his hand and a metal plate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E directly beneath. He’d allow himself to drift off for a second, then – bam! – the spoon would fall from his hand and the sound of it hitting the plate would wake him up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDAILY WALKS\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEinstein’s daily walk was sacred to him. While he was working at Princeton University, New Jersey, he’d walk the mile and a half journey there and back. He followed in the footsteps of other diligent walkers, including Darwin who went for three 45 minute walks every day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese constitutionals weren’t just for fitness – there’s mountains of evidence that walking can boost memory, creativity and problem-solving. For \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fxlm\u002F40\u002F4\u002F1142\u002F\"\u003Ecreativity at least, walking\u003C\u002Fa\u003E outside is even better. But why?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p055mb1c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen you think about it, it doesn’t make a lot of sense. Walking distracts the brain from more cerebral tasks, and forces it to focus on putting one foot in front of the other and not falling over. Enter ‘\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0165178106000199\"\u003Etransient hypofrontality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’ – translated into basic English, this impressive mouthful basically means temporarily toning down the activity in certain parts of the brain. In particular, the frontal lobes, which are involved in higher processes such as memory, judgement and language.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy turning it down a notch, the brain adopts a totally different style of thinking – one which may lead to insights you wouldn’t get at your desk. There isn’t any evidence for this explanation of walking’s benefits yet, but it’s a tantalising idea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEATING SPAGHETTI\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo what do geniuses eat? Alas, it’s not clear what fuelled Einstein’s extraordinary mind, though the internet somewhat dubiously claims it was spaghetti. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.co.uk\u002FConcise-History-Mathematics-Fourth-Revised\u002Fdp\u002F0486602559\"\u003EHe did once joke\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that his favourite things about Italy were “spaghetti and [mathematician] Levi-Civita”, so we’ll go with that.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThough carbohydrates have got a bad rep, as always, Einstein was spot on. It’s well known that the brain is a food-guzzling greedy guts, consuming 20% of the body’s energy though it only accounts for 2% of its weight (Einstein’s may have been even less – his brain weighed just 1,230g, compared to an average of around 1,400g). Just like the rest of the body, the brain prefers to snack on simple sugars, such as glucose, which have been broken down from carbohydrates. Neurons require an almost-contunuous supply and will only accept other energy sources when it’s really desperate. And therein lies a problem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDespite this sweet tooth, the brain has no way of storing any energy, so when blood glucose levels drop, it quickly runs out. “The body can release some from its own glycogen stores by releasing stress hormones such as cortisol, but these have side-effects,” says Leigh Gibson, a lecturer in psychology and physiology at the University of Roehampton.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p055m9mm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThese include the familiar light-headedness and confusion we feel when we skip dinner. One study found that those on \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0195666308005515\"\u003Elow carbohydrate diets have slower reaction times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and reduced spatial memory – though only in the short-term (after a few weeks, the brain will adapt to salvaging energy from other sources, such as protein).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESugars can give the brain a valuable boost, but unfortunately this doesn’t mean binging on spaghetti is a good idea. “Typically the evidence suggests that about 25g of carbohydrate is beneficial, but double that and you may actually impair your ability to think,” says Gibson. For perspective, that’s around 37 strands of spaghetti, which is a lot less than it sounds (around half as much as the recommended portion). “It’s not as simple a story as it sounds,” says Gibson.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESMOKING A PIPE\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EToday, the many health risks of smoking are widely known, so this is not a habit that it would be wise to follow. But Einstein was a hardened pipe smoker, known as much around campus for the cloud of smoke which followed him as for his theories. He famously loved to smoke, believing it “contributes to a somewhat calm and objective judgment in all human affairs.” He’d even pick cigarette butts off the street and stuff the remaining tobacco into his pipe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENot really the behaviour of a genius, but in his defence, though evidence had been mounting since the 1940s, tobacco wasn’t publicly \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.3322\u002Fcanjclin.12.3.111\u002Fabstract\"\u003Elinked to lung cancer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and other illnesses until 1962 – seven years after his death.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EToday the risks are no secret – smoking stops brain cells forming, thins the cerebral cortex (the wrinkled outer layer responsible for consciousness) and starves the brain of oxygen. It’s fair to say that Einstein was clever despite this habit – not because of it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut there is one final mystery. An \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3574787\u002F\"\u003Eanalysis of 20,000 adolescents in the United States\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, whose habits and health were followed for 15 years, found that irrespective of age, ethnicity or education, more intelligent children grow up to smoke more cigarettes, more frequently, than the rest of us. Scientists still don’t know why this is, though intriguingly it’s not true everywhere – in the UK, smokers tend to have lower IQs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p055m9yt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENO SOCKS \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENo list of Einstein’s eccentricities would be complete without a mention of his passionate aversion to socks. “When I was young,” he wrote in a letter to his cousin – and later, wife – Elsa, “I found out that the big toe always ends up making a hole in a sock. So I stopped wearing socks.” Later in life, when he couldn’t find his sandals he’d wear Elsa’s sling backs instead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs it turns out, rocking the hipster look probably didn’t do Einstein any favours. Regrettably, there haven’t been any studies looking directly at the impact of going sockless, but changing into casual clothing, as opposed to a more formal outfit, has been linked to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F1948550615579462\"\u003Epoor performance on tests of abstract thinking\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd what better way to end that with some advice from the man himself. “The important thing is not to stop questioning; curiosity has its own reason for existing,” he told \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002Fabout\u002FLIFE.html?id=dlYEAAAAMBAJ\"\u003ELIFE magazine in 1955\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFailing that, you might try some toe exercises. Who knows – they might just work. And aren’t you dying to find out?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 800,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fin-depth","future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-06-12T10:06:01.528Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What you can learn from Einstein’s quirky habits","headlineShort":"What Einstein’s quirky habits teach us","image":["p055m9h8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p055mb1c"],"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20160107-what-sherlock-holmes-tells-us-about-the-mind","future\u002Farticle\u002F20150413-the-downsides-of-being-clever","future\u002Farticle\u002F20160929-our-iqs-have-never-been-higher-but-it-hasnt-made-us-smart","future\u002Farticle\u002F20150528-how-to-learn-30-languages","future\u002Farticle\u002F20150422-how-not-to-be-stupid"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"More than 10 hours of sleep and no socks – could this be the secret to thinking like a genius?","summaryShort":"Extra hours of sleep and no socks – could this be the secret to genius?","tag":["tag\u002Fbrain"],"creationDateTime":"2017-06-12T11:15:37.40416Z","entity":"article","guid":"7df2e800-adba-4933-8287-77447d2af582","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:27:24.037568Z","project":"future","slug":"20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348019},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius","_id":"5f05883f9a34eaf8e270eb95","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsarah-keating"],"bodyIntro":"Futon salesman Jason Padgett cared little about anything beyond partying and chasing girls, then one fateful night changed him forever.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Flockdown-longreads\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp08fbgv3.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"“The\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future has brought you in-depth and rigorous stories to help you navigate the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ftags\u002Fcovid-19\"\u003Ecurrent pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but we know that’s not all you want to read. So now we’re dedicating a series to help you escape. We’ll be revisiting our most popular features from the last three years in our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELockdown Longreads\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.  \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou’ll find everything from the story about the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission\"\u003Eworld’s greatest space mission\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to the truth about whether \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly\"\u003Eour cats really love us\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the epic hunt to bring \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190213-the-dramatic-hunt-for-the-fish-pirates-exploiting-our-seas\"\u003Eillegal fishermen to justice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the small team which brings \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180312-the-salvagers-who-raise-world-war-two-tanks-from-the-dead\"\u003Elong-buried World War Two tanks back to life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. What you won’t find is any reference to, well, you-know-what. Enjoy.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJason Padgett sees maths everywhere. Even something as ordinary as brushing his teeth is governed by mathematics – he turns the tap on and dips his toothbrush into the water 16 times.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I don’t know why I like perfect squares,” he says. “It’s not just a perfect square, it’s two to the power of four or four squared but I just like perfect squares… I automatically do that stuff with everything.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPadgett is so obsessed with maths and understands such complex concepts, he's been called a genius. He certainly has a rare talent for drawing repeating geometric patterns – known as fractals – by hand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E •\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190723-the-ethics-of-using-nazi-science\"\u003EIs it right to use Nazi science?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190606-the-maths-problem-that-modern-life-depends-on\"\u003EThe maths problem that could bring the world to a halt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190705-how-to-survive-a-nerve-agent-attack\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat it’s like during a chemical attack\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the former futon salesman from Alaska hasn’t always had a way with numbers. Just under 17 years ago he was living a very different life in Tacoma, Washington.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I was very shallow,” he laughs. “Life rotated around girls, partying, drinking, waking up with a hangover and then going out and chasing girls and going out to bars again.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMaths wasn’t on his radar whatsoever.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I used to say math is stupid, how can you you use that in the real world? – Jason Padgett","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I used to say ‘math is stupid, how can you use that in the real world’? And I thought that was like a smart statement. I really believed it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut on the night of Friday 13 September 2002 everything changed. \u003Cem\u003E(Read more about \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses\"\u003Ewhy some people become sudden geniuses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile out with friends, Padgett was attacked and robbed by two men outside a karaoke bar. They took his already torn leather jacket.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0765c71"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I heard as much as felt this deep, low-pitched thud as the first guy ran up behind me and smashed me in the back of the head,” he recalls. “And I saw this puff of white light just like someone took a picture. The next thing I knew I was on my knees and everything was spinning and I didn’t know where I was or how I got there.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPadgett staggered to a hospital across the street where he was told he had concussion and a bleeding kidney thanks to a punch to the gut. “They gave me a shot of pain medication and sent me home,” he remembers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut once home, Padgett’s behaviour changed quickly and dramatically. He had sustained a traumatic brain injury, which can bring on obsessive compulsive disorder - OCD. In Jason's case, he became increasingly afraid of the outside world and would only leave his house to stock up on food.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I just remember nailing blankets and towels over all the windows in the house… I remember actually using this spray foam and gluing the front door shut.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe OCD had made Padgett irrationally afraid of germs, which had a knock-on effect on his daughter who would come to stay with him amidst custody negotiations with his ex-partner.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“When she would come over I would obsessively wash my hands and clean,” he says. “The very first thing I would want to do is get her shoes off, get her into clean clothes, wash her hands.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut while Padgett was experiencing all these negative consequences from his attack, something incredible was happening too. The way Jason was seeing things changed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0765cch"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Everything that was curved looked like it was slightly pixelated,” he explains. “Water coming down the drain didn’t look like it was a smooth, flowing thing anymore, it looked like these little tangent lines.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe same thing happened with clouds, sunlight streaming between trees and puddles. To Padgett, the world essentially looked like a retro video game. Seeing such a radically different view of his surroundings evoked conflicting emotions in Padgett. “I was surprised…confused. It was beautiful but it was also scary at the same time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBecause of these visions, Padgett began to think about huge questions in relation to mathematics and physics. Given his hermit-like existence at that time, the internet became a valuable source of information to him as he read extensively about mathematics online.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Water coming down the drain didn’t look like it was a smooth, flowing thing anymore, it looked like these little tangent lines – Jason Padgett","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHe stumbled across a webpage about fractals which struck a chord with him. It’s a difficult mathematical concept which, put at its most basic, can be likened to a snowflake. When you zoom in, you will see it’s made up of smaller snowflakes connected together, zoom in again and those snowflakes are made of smaller snowflakes, and so on until infinity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPadgett was fascinated by this concept but didn’t yet have the words to describe it until one day his daughter asked him how the TV worked.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0765bvp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“When you’re looking at a TV screen and you see a circle it’s really not a circle,” he says. “It’s made with rectangles or squares and, if you look close, the edge of the circle is really a zig zag. You can take those pixels and cut them in half and cut them in half and you get closer and closer to a perfect circle but you never actually reach one because you can keep cutting the pixels in half forever, so the resolution gets better but you never have a perfect circle.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPadgett felt compelled to explore this intriguing concept further. So, he began to draw. And he kept drawing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Padgett believed his drawings held the key to the universe and took them everywhere with him","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I had literally a thousand or more drawings of circles, fractals, every shape that I could manage to draw. It was the only way I could manage to communicate effectively what I was seeing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPadgett believed his drawings “held the key to the universe” and were so important that he needed to take them everywhere with him.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile on a rare trip out one day, he was approached by a man who had noticed Padgett with his drawings and told him they looked mathematical.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0765b9r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I’m trying to describe the discrete structure of space time based on Planck length (a tiny unit of measurement developed by physicist Max Planck) and quantum black holes,” Padgett told him. It turned out the man was a physicist and recognised the high-level mathematics Padgett was drawing. He urged him to take a maths class, which led Padgett to enrol in a community college, where he began to learn the language he needed to describe his obsession.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter three and a half years of living like a virtual hermit, going to school changed everything for Padgett. He started to get psychological help for his OCD and even met the woman who would become his wife.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut why was he seeing things in such a strange and different way? Why was his world now comprised of geometric shapes and graphs?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPoetically, it was television that again provided him with a clue. Padgett saw a man, a so-called savant, who had extraordinary numerical abilities and talked about what numbers looked like to him.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0765cgw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I would always describe that math was shapes not numbers and that was the first time I’d heard anybody but me talk about what numbers looked like,” says Padgett.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe scoured the internet for more information and came across Berit Brogaard, a cognitive neuroscientist now at the University of Miami. The pair spent hours talking on the phone and from these conversations, Brogaard hypothesised that Padgett had synaesthesia – essentially a cross-wiring of the brain in which the senses get mixed up. \u003Cem\u003E(Find out more about \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20140611-can-synaesthesia-be-learnt\"\u003Esynaesthesia — and whether it can be learnt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Brogaard believes the brain injury Padgett sustained caused him to develop a form of synaesthesia that made him an acquired savant","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt is estimated to effect only around 4% of the population. Some synesthetes might see certain colours when they hear music or smell something that’s not there when feeling a particular emotion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe condition is caused by connections between parts of the brain that are not there in other people. You can be born this way or some type of trauma, an injury, a stroke, an allergic reaction, can change the brain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBrogaard believes the brain injury Padgett sustained caused him to develop a form of synaesthesia where certain things triggered visions of mathematical formulas or geometric shapes, either in his mind or projected in front of him. She also hypothesised that synaesthesia made Padgett an acquired savant.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Most of us don’t have that kind of insight because we don’t visualise mathematical formulas,” says Brogaard.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0765byw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo test these ideas, Brogaard brought Padgett to the Brain Research Unit of Aalto University in Helsinki, where he underwent a series of brain scans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile in the MRI scanner, hundreds of equations, including fake ones, flashed on a screen in front of Padgett’s eyes. The researchers then watched which parts of his brain lit up in response.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“They found that I had access to parts of the brain that we don’t have conscious access to and also the visual cortex was working in conjunction with the part of the brain that does mathematics, which obviously makes sense,” says Padgett.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBrogaard’s hypotheses turned out to be true. Padgett was formally diagnosed with acquired savant syndrome and a form of synaesthesia. Finally, he had answers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESince his diagnosis, Padgett has published a book about his experience called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hmhbooks.com\u002Fshop\u002Fbooks\u002FStruck-by-Genius\u002F9780544045606\"\u003EStruck by Genius\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he’s toured the world telling people his story and educating them about maths. He is aiming to help others who have had unique or rare\u002Finteresting lives by getting their stories published or made into movies. He even sells his drawings of fractals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe two men who attacked him that fateful September night were never convicted despite Padgett identifying them and pressing charges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0765c98"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYears later, however, one of the men, Brady Simmons, wrote to Padgett to apologise while he was undergoing treatment for prescription drug addiction following a suicide attempt. In a sense, two lives were changed in the years that followed the attack.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Through Padgett’s eyes, the puddle is transformed into complex rippling patterns, overlapping and forming shapes like stars or snowflakes","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I’m a completely different person,” says Simmons. “When I look back the abysmal person that I was in the past, I just don’t see how I existed on that level.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPadgett too feels like he is a different person than he was before.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I see it [beauty] everywhere,” he says. He is mesmerised by simple things that most people don’t even notice such as raindrops falling on a puddle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThrough Padgett’s eyes, the puddle is transformed into complex rippling patterns, overlapping and forming shapes like stars or snowflakes. And he wants everyone else to see what he sees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“You should be walking around in absolute amazement at all times that reality even exists,” he says. “I’m having this mathematical awakening and all around us is absolute magic or about as close as you can get to magic.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius-24"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Flockdown-longreads"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-08T09:57:34Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The violent attack that turned a man into a maths genius","headlineShort":"The attack that made me a maths genius","image":["p0765bkv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20180116-the-mystery-of-why-some-people-become-sudden-geniuses","future\u002Farticle\u002F20180726-the-measures-that-dont-need-maths","future\u002Farticle\u002F20180208-an-effortless-way-to-strengthen-your-memory","future\u002Farticle\u002F20170612-what-you-can-learn-from-einsteins-quirky-habits"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Futon salesman Jason Padgett cared little about anything beyond partying and chasing girls, then one fateful night changed him forever.","summaryShort":"How a violent mugging turned a futon salesman into a savant","tag":["tag\u002Fneuroscience","tag\u002Fhealth","tag\u002Fbrain"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2019-04-11T10:24:41.212263Z","entity":"article","guid":"114800d6-7c45-4fa7-803d-36bc5f789de5","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-08T08:47:42.016088Z","project":"future","slug":"20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348017},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace","_id":"5f0458369a34eaf8e2830fa5","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park"],"bodyIntro":"For many people, these past few months in lockdown might be the longest they have ever gone without physical contact with a friend. In our new Hidden Value series, we explore the effect \"skin hunger\" is having on our wellbeing.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I can't do any sort of work without touching someone. It is part of my profession,” says Jo Adenuga, a London-based makeup artist. Since the end of March, when the UK went into lockdown, beauty professionals like her have had to stop working, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-53183744\"\u003Eand as yet there is no plan for them to return to work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I love being able to chit-chat with my clients. And being close to them is so important. I am right in front of their face, touching their face, chatting. I took a drastic hit mentally when the work stopped,” she says. “Psychologically the first two weeks I was mentally down.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdenuga says that the loss of income is not the sole reason for feeling down. She is used to the seasonality of her work; most of her clients are brides and weddings peak at various times of the year. There are times in quiet seasons when Adenuga will have less paid work, so instead she will pay for models whose photographs she uses in her portfolio as part of marketing on Instagram.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I miss it so much,” says Adenuga. “My husband is like, ‘Hell no, don’t come here with that brush’.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-what-makes-people-stop-caring\"\u003EWhat makes people stop caring?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190809-how-the-views-of-a-few-can-determine-the-fate-of-a-country\"\u003EHow the views of a few can determine a country’s fate \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170306-the-astonishing-focus-of-namibias-nomads\"\u003EThe astonishing vision and focus of Namibia’s nomads\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeauty is not the only industry which has been restricted by social distancing rules. Professionals from personal trainers to tailors have found it difficult to work under the guidelines. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fuk-england-cambridgeshire-52038643\u002Fcoronavirus-fitness-instructor-hails-his-move-to-online\"\u003ESome have been able to continue to work using video calls\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “One of the first things I did when I realised the world is going virtual; I did virtual consultation,” says Adenuga. “Since I cannot come to you to do your makeup I am going to teach you how to do it yourself. This went on for two months, but it is not the same, I am sorry. I want to reach out through the phone – through the computer screen.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I am blessed to be able to touch and be a part of the family – Mary Greenwell","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAdenuga is describing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fgb\u002Fblog\u002Faffectionado\u002F201308\u002Fwhat-lack-affection-can-do-you\"\u003E“skin hunger”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: a longing to touch or be touched in a social way. She is like so many others who have realised that life became a lot less intimate in lockdown. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Ftv\u002FCCBKmMPALRC\u002F?igshid=xqbfo891y8gd\"\u003EMakeup artist Mary Greenwell recently posted a video\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of herself working with a friend with whom she is in a closed “bubble”. “I am blessed to be able to touch and be a part of the family,” she wrote. “This was the first person I have touched since lockdown.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jzpyk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECue an outpouring from her followers. “Isn’t it funny that human touch – I don’t mean in a romantic or family love sense – but just that human touch we experience on an everyday basis is so important,” wrote one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I agree,” replied another. “So many elderly folk crave human touch and their one only human touch ever is their hair stylist. It’s an important part of being human, isn’t it? I think of older people who live alone and have no one.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhy is it that we crave to be close to others? And why is human touch so hard to replace?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKory Floyd, a communication professor at the University of Arizona, is an expert on affection deprivation. Skin hunger, or “touch deprivation”, is one aspect of this, though Floyd has also researched how \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F10570314.2016.1263757?src=recsys&journalCode=rwjc20\"\u003Ethe elderly or isolated are deprived in other ways, like not having someone to talk to\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We feel skin hunger when we notice a discrepancy between the amount of touch we want and the amount that we receive","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe current situation is unique in that those people who previously felt isolated still feel alone while people who probably never felt isolated before are being deprived of affection in one specific way – touch. While social contact can be maintained on the phone or via video calls, we cannot, or should not, be close to one another. And the effects are noticeable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFloyd says that we feel skin hunger when we notice a discrepancy between the amount of touch we want and the amount that we receive. It means that the signals are very similar to regular hunger – we only notice it when we’re not getting enough of what we want.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jzp0x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“People are missing touch often without realising it,” says Floyd. “They feel a general sense of ill ease. In part because they haven’t had a hug in three weeks, they’ve not touched grandkids or been around their parents or spouse.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EClearly, some people have greater needs than others. The amount of touch we desire is personal, though Floyd says there are very few people who will need absolutely none at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFloyd says there is a normal distribution of desire to be touched across the population, meaning most people are somewhere between needing a lot or needing a little. “Some people are touch aversive or avoidant so minimal amounts are preferable,” he says. “Some people need a great deal of touch to feel like they are thriving.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut people who are more likely to feel lonely are more likely to say they are deprived of touch or affection in general. “And the people who are loneliest are young adults, from population studies,” he says. “The second loneliest are the elderly. Those are the two populations who are missing the tactile interaction the most.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The people who are most put out by lockdown are those who are used to being around their peers on a daily basis","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETraditionally we might think of the elderly as the most lonely group, but “often their circumstances have not changed significantly”, says Floyd. “They might have changed somewhat, they might not see grandchildren – they might be looking at their family members through a glass window. By and large there is a good proportion whose circumstances have not changed substantially.” The people who are most put out by lockdown are those who are used to being around their peers on a daily basis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jznvx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESubstitutes for human touch come in various forms from techie, internet-enabled prosthetics, called telehaptics, to human-sized, warming pillows. These are imperfect substitutes. In the case of telehaptics, where the touch might be controlled by a loved one remotely, the feelings might be good, but they are not equal to real human touch from that person.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBefore the spread of the virus, people who were feeling under touched might choose to go to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fp044gx9h\"\u003E“cuddle parties”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where strangers can agree to touch each other affectionately in a controlled environment. Again, the solution is imperfect. While this touch may be real, Floyd questions the authenticity of it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“As long as you are not reacting negatively to touch, it is not invasive or threatening, then some is better than none at all, and touch from a loved one is better still,” he says. “It is better to be touched by a cuddle professional or massage therapist – that is better than nothing at all. When touch is coupled with a positive emotional connection with other people, that magnifies the benefit for our wellness.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo this end, even exchanging touch with a pet can be hugely beneficial. Unlike with cuddle parties, the affection of a pet has some genuineness – they are getting something out of it too, rather than it being a transaction between two strangers. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fworld-52442424\u002Fcoronavirus-families-foster-pets-during-outbreak\"\u003EAnimal shelters around the world have reported spikes in adoption rates during lockdown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and data suggests, at least in the US, that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fqz.com\u002F1857069\u002Fcoronavirus-means-fewer-people-are-adopting-pets\u002F\"\u003Eshelters are running out of animals to put up for adoption\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nbcconnecticut.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth\u002Fu-s-surgeon-general-gov-lamont-to-discuss-coronavirus-from-states-public-health-lab\u002F2231783\u002F\"\u003Epublic health officials in the US have called people to no longer shake hands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when businesses return to work. It has caused a lot of speculation about whether we will ever go back to normal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jzth7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor Adenuga, getting back to normal is likely to involve wearing gloves and a face shield when she can finally see clients again. She is puzzled how she can work properly in gloves, when so much of her work requires physically touching her clients’ skin, but thinks she might find a way around it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe bigger concern for her is how to form those important bonds with her clients while covering her face. “I am working with someone who is inviting me to be a part of her special day – one of the best days of her life. The morning of her wedding she is happy, we have a little chit-chat. A mask is going to kill the mood.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Most times the brides are excited but I get ones that are nervous and I use a calming effect, calming her nerves, saying the right things, not allowing her to get nervous. I am not sure how that is going to work with a mask. It literally just occurred to me now.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAre close interactions going to be a thing of the past? “My speculation is that we will very quickly return to normal, whether we should or not is another question,” says Floyd. “But we have been in pandemics before. Those ways of interacting have not gone by the wayside.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“They are so normal, comforting, it is so important to our wellbeing that I think that there will be a period of caution where we think twice, but my speculation is that we will get beyond that and get back to normal pretty quickly.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor now, Adenuga is restricted to posting throwback photos on Instagram and reliving her work in memory. “I long to work again,” she says. “One day.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHidden Value\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe tend to think that there are rational, permanent reasons that we desire certain things more than others. But from the Aztecs, who were baffled that Spanish conquistadors prized gold over feathers, to the modern-day, where negative oil prices recently flummoxed global markets, history tells us that this is not always the case. This series takes a look at the hidden factors that drive the value we place on things – and how what we prize might change in the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fhidden-value"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-07T14:11:07Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why human touch is so hard to replace","headlineShort":"Why we are suffering from ‘skin hunger’","image":["p08jznbr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p08jznvx"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"summaryLong":"For many people, these past few months in lockdown might be the longest they have ever gone without physical contact with a friend – and it’s having an effect on our wellbeing.","summaryShort":"Have the global lockdowns led to a crisis of human touch?","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-07T00:00:47.130121Z","entity":"article","guid":"8fd5f220-e514-4649-a91c-5b15cf053c1a","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-07T11:10:30.036474Z","project":"future","slug":"20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348020},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution","_id":"5ef9f8d49a34eaf8e21f5001","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Aviation is one of the fastest rising sources of carbon emissions from transport, but can a small Canadian airline show the industry a way of flying that is better for the planet?","businessUnit":"public service","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs air journeys go, it was just a short hop into the early morning sky before the de Havilland seaplane splashed back down on the Fraser River in Richmond, British Columbia. Four minutes earlier it had taken off from the same patch of water. But despite its brief duration, the flight may have marked the start of an aviation revolution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose keen of hearing at the riverside on that cold December morning might have been able to pick up something different amid the rumble of the propellers and whoosh of water as the six-passenger de Havilland DHC-2 Beaver took off and landed. What was missing was the throaty growl of the aircraft’s nine-cylinder radial engine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180814-norways-plan-for-a-fleet-of-electric-planes\"\u003ENorway’s plan for a fleet of electric planes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E • \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20160818-the-quest-to-make-a-crystal-harder-than-diamonds\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe quest to make a material harder than diamonds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E • \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow does Future Planet count carbon? \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn its place was an all-electric propulsion engine built by the technology firm magniX that had been installed in the aircraft over the course of several months. The four-minute test flight (the plane was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.harbourair.com\u002Fseaplane-to-eplane-flight-test-confirmed\u002F\"\u003Erestricted to flying in clear skies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, so with fog and rain closing in the team opted for a short trip) was the first time an all-electric commercial passenger aircraft had taken to the skies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“It was the first shot of the electric aviation revolution,” says Roei Ganzarski, chief executive of magniX, which worked with Canadian airline Harbour Air Seaplanes to convert one of the aircraft in their fleet of seaplanes so it could run on battery power rather than fossil fuels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Greg McDougall, founder of Harbour Air and pilot during the test flight, it marked the culmination of years of trying to put the environment at the forefront of its operations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It was the first shot of the electric aviation revolution – Roei Ganzarski","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHarbour Air, which has a fleet of some 40 commuter floatplanes serving the coastal regions around Vancouver, Victoria and Seattle, was the first airline in North America to become carbon-neutral through offsets in 2007. A one-acre green roof on their new Victoria airline terminal followed. Then in 2017, 50 solar panels and four beehives housing 10,000 honeybees were added, but for McDougall, a Tesla owner with an interest in disruptive technology, the big goal was to electrify the fleet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMcDougall searched for alternative motor options for a couple of years and had put the plan on the backburner when Ganzarski first approached him in February 2019. “He said, ‘We’ve got a motor we want to get certified and we want to fly it before the end of the year,’” McDougall recalls.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe two companies found their environmental values and teams were a good match and quickly formed a partnership. Eleven months later, the modest Canadian airline got what McDougall refers to as their “e-plane” off the ground, pulling ahead of other electric flight projects, including those by big-name companies Airbus, Boeing and Rolls-Royce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe project came together in record time considering how risk-adverse the aviation industry is, says McDougall. “Someone had to take the lead,” he says. “The reason I live in British Columbia is because of the outdoors: protecting it is in our DNA. When it came to getting the benefits from electric flight it made sense for us to step in and pioneer the next step.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"As the threat posed by the climate crisis deepens, there has been renewed interest in developing electric passenger aircraft as a way of reducing emissions","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EElectric flight has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.airspacemag.com\u002Fflight-today\u002Fthe-electric-airplane-34986164\u002F\"\u003Earound since the 1970s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but it’s remained limited to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180814-norways-plan-for-a-fleet-of-electric-planes\"\u003Elight-weight experimental planes flying short distances\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-36890563\"\u003Esolar-powered aircraft with enormous wingspans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E yet incapable of carrying passengers. But as the threat posed by the climate crisis deepens, there has been renewed interest in developing electric passenger aircraft as a way of reducing emissions and airline operating costs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECurrently there are about 170 electric aircraft projects underway internationally –\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rolandberger.com\u002Fen\u002FPoint-of-View\u002FElectric-propulsion-is-finally-on-the-map.html\"\u003Eup by 50% since April 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to the consulting firm Roland Berger. Many of the projects are futuristic designs aimed at developing urban air taxis, private planes or aircraft for package delivery. But major firms such as Airbus have also announced plans to electrify their own aircraft. It plans to send its\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.airbus.com\u002Finnovation\u002Ffuture-technology\u002Felectric-flight\u002Fe-fan-x.html\"\u003E E-Fan X hybrid prototype of a commercial passenger jet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on its maiden flight by 2021. But only one of the aircraft’s four jet engines will be replaced with a 2MW electric motor, powered by a combination of an onboard battery and generator attached to a turboshaft engine, which still uses fossil fuels, inside the fuselage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis makes Harbour Air something of an outlier. As a coastal commuter airline, it operates smaller floatplanes that tend to make short trips up and down the coastline of British Columbia and Washington State, which means its aircraft can regularly recharge their batteries. The company sees itself in a position to retrofit its entire fleet of floatplanes and make air travel in the region as green as possible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis could bring some advantages. The efficiency of a typical combustion engine for a plane like this is fairly low – a large proportion of the energy from the fuel is lost as waste heat as it turns the propeller that drives the aircraft forward. Electrical motors have fewer moving parts, meaning there’s less maintenance and less maintenance cost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Electrical motors have fewer moving parts, meaning there’s less maintenance and less maintenance cost","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EErika Holtz, Harbour Air’s engineering and quality manager, sees the move to electric as the next major aviation advancement, but warns that one stumbling block has been the perception of safety. “Mechanical systems are much better known and trusted,” she says. In contrast people see electrical systems as a bit unknown – think of your home computer. “Turning it off and on again isn’t an option in aviation,” she adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it’s the possibility of spurring lasting change in aviation that’s made working on the Harbour Air\u002FmagniX project so exciting for Holtz. Aviation technology has stagnated over the past decades, she says. “Although there have been incremental improvements in certain technologies, there hasn't been a major development change in aviation in 50 years.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne area that requires further development is battery capacity. Many experts doubt that large fully electric passenger airliners will be available any time soon – current \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Felectric-planes-are-here-but-they-wont-solve-flyings-co-problem-125900\"\u003Ebattery technology simply does not offer as many miles per kilo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E compared to aviation fuel. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe power density in aviation fuel is high, in the neighbourhood of 12,000 watt hours per kilogram. A lithium ion battery is only in the region of 200 watt hours per kilogram. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHarbour Air’s short-distance flights on small, single and twin engine planes have lower power demands which mean they don’t need heavy batteries. “Most of our routes are within the range of technology that exists today,” McDougall says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Harbour Air hopes to get paying passengers in its eplanes in under two years","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis ability to use existing technology, including the 62-year-old Beaver airframe and the Nasa-certified lithium ion batteries, means the certification process to meet the Federal Aviation Agency and Transport Canada requirements is expected to be easier than it would be with a plane built from the ground up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHarbour Air hopes to get paying passengers in its eplanes in under two years. “Canada isn't always known as an innovation centre,” says Holtz. “It's very regulated and aviation itself is very regulated. But Transport Canada has been trying to help us get through hurdles instead of putting them up.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut Harbour Air’s efforts to electrify their fleet are unlikely to have a major impact on aviation emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Two to 12 passenger aircraft are only a tiny fraction of global aviation emissions,” says Lynnette Dray, senior research associate at University College London’s Energy Institute. “Even looking at all scheduled flights under 500 miles (which are performed by many sizes of aircraft, most of which are much bigger than two to 12 seats), less than 10% of global scheduled passenger fuel use and CO2 emissions can be substituted.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There’s a lot of value in getting prototype models to market so that the technology has a chance to become familiar and trusted – Lynette Dray","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhere Dray sees the Canadian airline having a bigger impact is with public perception. “There’s a lot of value in getting prototype models to market so that the technology has a chance to become familiar and trusted,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBlazing a trail for other electrical aircraft projects has been a major goal for Harbour Air and magniX. According to the The International Council on Clean Transportation, aviation contributes an estimated \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheicct.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fco2-emissions-commercial-aviation-2018\"\u003E2.4% of global carbon emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with 24% of global passenger transport-related CO2 being attributed to flights originating in the US. This should be a strong motivator for change, says Ganzarski.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think the idea of electric aviation – getting rid of emissions and lowering operating costs – is something that the worldwide community should embrace,” he says. “The more companies get into it, the better. But we’ll be there right in front, leading the way.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 4kg CO2, travelling by bus, train and car. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution-20"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-12T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Is this the start of an aviation revolution?","headlineShort":"The electric plane leading a revolution","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Aviation is one of the fastest rising sources of carbon emissions from transport, but can a small Canadian airline show the industry a way of flying that is better for the planet?","summaryShort":"A small Canadian airline is hoping to prove that electric planes are the future","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-02-12T01:00:44.350665Z","entity":"article","guid":"bcbfe32f-5a0e-451c-ad02-bcbba111d9bb","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution","modifiedDateTime":"2020-02-17T12:11:08.112237Z","project":"future","slug":"20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348025},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change","_id":"5ef9f8d69a34eaf8e21f58d2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Indonesia is home to vast peatlands that have been widely degraded to grow crops, such as oil palm. Can ‘green Islam’ help to restore the country’s peat to its former glory?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEvery Thursday night, the men of Tanjung Makmur village on the Indonesian island of Sumatra gather in the mosque for sunset prayers. Afterwards, they sit together to recite \u003Cem\u003ESurah Yasin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the 36th chapter of the Koran, which they believe sends prayers to the dead. But on one December evening in 2019, in the ritual took an unexpected turn.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMustangin, a local cleric, closed the prayers for the dead with a discussion of a religious edict against environmental destruction. This time was usually reserved for reciting the surah in Arabic, without discussing its meaning. But that evening, Mustangin saw fit to overturn the usual tradition.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe village of Tanjung Makmur is found in South Sumatra’s vast peatlands, much of which have been cleared of the trees that naturally cover them and drained so they can be used for plantations and farming. These \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjdmlm.ub.ac.id\u002Findex.php\u002Fjdmlm\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F75\"\u003Edeforested regions have acidic, nutrient-poor soil\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Many choose to burn the land before planting crops, which can improve its fertility.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut restoring peatland, rather than burning it, is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fforestsnews.cifor.org\u002F63392\u002Fpeatland-restoration-efforts-key-to-mitigating-climate-change?fnl=en\"\u003Ecurrently one of Indonesia’s priorities to reduce its annual carbon emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Worldwide, peatlands in their natural waterlogged state \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucn.org\u002Fresources\u002Fissues-briefs\u002Fpeatlands-and-climate-change\"\u003Ecan sequester 0.37 Gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) every year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as the organic matter that falls into them can’t rot as they are not exposed to the air. But, if drained and dried, the stored organic carbon begins break down and is released as carbon dioxide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeatland that has been degraded in this way is also vulnerable to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fatmosphere.copernicus.eu\u002Fcopernicus-atmosphere-monitoring-service-tracks-extent-and-pollution-fires-across-indonesia\"\u003Ewildfires, which release vast quantities of carbon into the atmosphere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Overall, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.globalpeatlands.org\u002F\"\u003Edegraded peat is responsible for an estimated 5% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions globally each year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Tanjung Makmur, Mustangin saw evening prayers as a way of starting a conversation about the issue with the villagers. Local practices of clearing land through burning can spark \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-34265922\"\u003EIndonesia’s infamous wildfires\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “I told them that it is \u003Cem\u003Eharam \u003C\u002Fem\u003E[forbidden] for us as Muslims to burn the land,” Mustangin says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200304-the-electric-vehicles-cutting-delhis-air-pollution-problem\"\u003EIndia’s answer to the electric car\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru\"\u003EThe life-changing power of fog\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EHow and why does Future Planet count carbon?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMustangin had been given training as part of an initiative from the country’s highest Islamic authority, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI). Working with Indonesia’s Peatland Restoration Agency (BRG) and the Center of Islamic Studies in National University (UNAS) since 2018, they have trained hundreds of local clerics to promote peatland restoration in communities in Sumatra and Kalimantan, home to majority Muslim populations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Wherever we travel to villages in rural areas, we would find that religious figures play a crucial role in social life,” says Fachruddin Mangunjaya, senior conservationist at UNAS. The hope was that environmental fatwas issued by the MUI, and promoted by local clerics and mosque activists, would be an effective way to encourage peatland restoration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEstimates of how much carbon is locked up in Indonesia’s peat vary, ranging from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcbmjournal.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13021-017-0080-2\"\u003E13.6-40.5 Gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with a best estimate of around 28.1Gt. This suggests Indonesia holds 37% of the world’s peatland carbon stores. Indonesia has around \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id\u002Findex.php\u002Fjsl\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F6444\"\u003E15 million hectares (ha) of peatlands and nearly half of these areas are already degraded\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In 2016, the BRG was established with the intention of restoring \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fthepalmscribe.id\u002Findonesias-peat-restoration-efforts-after-three-year\u002F\"\u003E2.5 million ha of degraded peatlands by 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Due to limited resources, the agency had to reign in its goal to 900,000 ha of land, says Nazir Foead, the head of BRG.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother 1.7 million ha of the restoration target are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200109-what-are-the-alternatives-to-palm-oil\"\u003Eunder concession by oil palm\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and pulpwood companies, says Foead, under the supervision of the Ministry of Forestry and Environmental Affairs. In non-concession areas, nearly 780,000 ha of the 900,000-ha goal had been restored by the end of 2019.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“This is because we have collaborated with the people in rural areas,” says Foead. In the past four years, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gatra.com\u002Fdetail\u002Fnews\u002F458803\u002Fpolitik\u002Fbrg-perlu-kajian-ilmiah-yakinkan-perusahaan-kelola-gambut\"\u003EBRG has worked with 366 villages in Sumatra and Kalimantan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to rewet the dried peatlands and replant them with local trees. Religion was key to engaging the village communities, he says. “Therefore, we asked their religious figures to raise awareness and determination to protect and restore the peatlands,” says Foead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis was the spark for discussions like those in Tanjung Makmur at evening prayers. In his sermon, Mustangin cited a fatwa – a non-legally binding opinion – that had been released by the MUI in 2016. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-37358253\"\u003EThe fatwa stated that it was a sin to facilitate or derive benefits from setting fire to the land\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“When we burn the land, we are not only burning the trees but also small animals that we see and we can’t see,” says Mustangin. “These creatures are all among God’s worshippers.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA 2013 study \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Foryx\u002Farticle\u002Fpractise-what-you-preach-a-faithbased-approach-to-conservation-in-indonesia\u002F5980FEF7803953D4FEDA48C4AE42A43C\"\u003Efound that Muslim clerics who incorporated conservation messages into sermons raised public awareness and concern for those issues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In some senses, the religion embodies environmentalism, says Jeanne Mckay, senior researcher at Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology at the University of Kent who led the study.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Religions and spiritual beliefs have a great potential for conservation,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConcepts such as the principle of \u003Cem\u003EKhalifah\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F278727259_Environmental_Ethics_in_Islam_Principles_and_Perspectives\"\u003Eurge Muslims to be stewards of the Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while the concept of \u003Cem\u003EMizan\u003C\u002Fem\u003E describes “a balance system” in natural world, with Muslims encouraged to preserve the balance and not disturb it. McKay’s study found that these principles may not be generally known, but introducing them to religious sermons is effective – particularly among female worshippers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHayu Prabowo, the head of Natural Resources Division at the MUI, has been trying to promote these ideas of Islamic environmentalism since 2010. In that time the MUI has released six fatwas on environmental affairs, such as water management, protection of endangered animals and, most recently, land burning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe MUI has also introduced a concept of EcoMasjid – an environmentally friendly mosque that is managed in the spirit of Islamic environmentalism. A typical EcoMasjid usually has a sustainable water management system (water is essential because it is used to purify the body before prayer) and the sermon usually combines scientific explanation and Koranic verses to promote conservation and environmental protection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPrabowo says that the public response has been “extraordinary”. So far, more than 100 mosques have been registered as EcoMasjids in Indonesia, he says. More widely, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newmandala.org\u002Fgreen-islam\u002F\"\u003E“Green Islam” is becoming a trend, especially in Java\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, writes Kristina Grossman, a comparative development researcher at the University of Passau, Germany.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs for the fatwas, studies led by Fachruddin Mangunjaya at UNAS in Jakarta, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2077-1444\u002F10\u002F10\u002F570\u002Fhtm\"\u003Ehave shown that they have helped governments and international NGOs in promoting some of their conservation work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For example, a fatwa on the protection of endangered animals has increased awareness among the villagers who live around the primary habitat of Javan rhinoceros in Ujung Kulon as well as Sumatran tigers in West Sumatra, says Mangunjaya.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Before the existence of this fatwa, there was no straightforward explanation on why animals had to be preserved and why Muslims were encouraged to protect them,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn an ongoing study, Mangunjaya says that he has found evidence that the land-burning fatwa and the training of local clerics has increased local awareness in the BRG’s restoration target areas in Riau. “Before the clerics introduced the concept of peatland restoration, many of the villagers had not known that they lived on peatlands for decades,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Mangunjaya notes that behavioural change is not an instant result. It’s a challenge that Mustangin and other clerics have to face first-hand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There’s always scepticism coming from the people,” says Mustangin. Some of his neighbours told him that it’s too late to preach about peatland restoration because the smoke from burning had already turned the sky of Sumatra red.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENur Azmi, a local cleric in Padekik village in Riau, on Sumatra, also deals with scepticism when he preaches about peatland restoration. “They think we won’t have fertile soil if we don’t burn it,” he says. But Azmi is hoping to inspire his community by proving that it is possible to farm on peatlands without setting fires.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fzero-burning-policy-hurts-small-farmers-a-flexible-approach-is-needed-77969\"\u003Ethe practice of burning has officially been banned since 2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Murniati, a researcher at Center for Research and Forest and Development in the Ministry of Forestry, found in 2016 that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbiodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id\u002FD\u002FD1904\u002FD190428.pdf\"\u003Eburning the land was still widespread among growers in in Siak, Riau\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “They are actually afraid of burning the land, but they don’t have money to fund non-fire techniques,” Murniati says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne alternative to burning is to rent an excavator for clearing shrubs, for which a farmer needs to pay 20 million rupiah (£1,080) per hectare. Another alternative is to do it by hand and using herbicides, for which they need at least 1.8 million rupiah (£98) per hectare.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Azmi says manual clearance is worth it. “The haze tragedy in 2015 was so bad. Children were sick and died because of the smoke. And I don’t want to contribute to the disaster,” he says. He also uses an organic fertiliser to boost the soil’s nutrition. “I mix pineapples, \u003Cem\u003Eterasi\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (fermented shrimps), ginger, and other ingredients to make the fertiliser,” he says. All these would cost 30,000 rupiah (£1.60) which could be used for 5 to 6 ha of land. “\u003Cem\u003EAlhamdulillah\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (thanks to God), the tomatoes and watermelons which I planted are good quality,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen he is not farming, Azmi preaches at many occasions – not only to men in the mosques, but also to local women’s association and to school children. At least 30 people have joined him to promote farming without burning method, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHerry Purnomo, a researcher at Indonesia’s Center for International Forestry Research, says that the Islamic approach is innovative, but he has reservations that religious lectures will be enough. “There are always challenges in the fields that make it difficult for farmers to keep on the track,” he says. Purnomo cites a story of farmers who had worked hard to clear the land manually, and planted it with \u003Cem\u003Egaharu \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(agarwood). Just before the harvest time, a wild boar came and ate the fruits along with the young trees’ bark. “This is when our faith is tested. Are we going to give up?” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother consideration, says Purnomo, is that it is not only poor and smallholder farmers that need to change. His research found that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.cifor.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpdf_files\u002Farticles\u002FAPurnomo1902.pdf\"\u003Ethere were more fire hotspots in the run up to local elections\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Local elections involve land transactions, and fires were used as a cheap way to increase land value,” he says. Engaging local elites and politicians could do more good than working with individual farmers, says Purnomo. In addition, it is not just small-scale farmers that set fires – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F10\u002F04\u002Fbusiness\u002Findonesia-fires-palm-oil\u002F#.XmjjTRfLe-w\"\u003Elarge plantations have been accused of engaging in the practice too\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMangunjaya agrees that peatland restoration is a very complex issue and he can’t guarantee that a fatwa, preached by local clerics like Mustangin or Azmi, would influence local politicians. “But their persistency in spreading Islamic environmentalism has a great potential to help the government achieve the restoration target,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd the results, so far, appear to be positive. In 2019’s fires, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-southeast-asia-haze\u002Findonesian-fires-burnt-1-6-million-hectares-of-land-this-year-researchers-idUSKBN1Y60VP\"\u003E1.6 million hectares of land burned\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencemag.org\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F10\u002Findonesias-fires-are-bad-new-measures-prevented-them-becoming-worse\"\u003Eno signs of fire were found at 65% of the villages which BRG had worked with\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In some restoration areas where there were fires, they were more controllable. “[In the past] we needed at least two months to fight the fires. But last year, the fires ended just in two days,” says Azmi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the dry season approaches, which runs from April to October, it is an effort that clerics hope to continue to abate the fires. “Whenever there is a meeting in the village office, I always speak up and ask the village head and the audience to manage degraded lands,” says Mustangin. “I will never get bored of reminding them. We have to protect God’s creation.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2: the writer interviewed sources remotely. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-03-12T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The Muslim clerics preaching for Indonesia’s peat","headlineShort":"The Muslim clerics preaching for peat","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Indonesia is home to vast peatlands that have been widely degraded to grow crops, such as oil palm. Can ‘green Islam’ help to restore the country’s peat to its former glory?","summaryShort":"Can Islamic environmentalism save Indonesia’s peatlands?","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-03-12T01:00:43.548843Z","entity":"article","guid":"0deffd3e-e4fc-4f87-a7ca-e7f97783dab7","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change","modifiedDateTime":"2020-03-17T09:00:50.19681Z","project":"future","slug":"20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348025},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska","_id":"5ef9f8d49a34eaf8e21f526b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Solar energy has become so accessible that new farms are being switched on in the most unexpected places – including in the depths of the Alaskan winter.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe temperature gauge on my car reads a frosty -16C (3F) as I pull off the highway and onto the side road next to the Willow solar farm, about 50 miles north of Anchorage, Alaska. The panels, ice-covered behemoths that rise starkly against the still-dark sky, are incongruous sight in the snowy landscape. And considering that the sun is just peeking over the mountains at 9:00am, it also feels like a highly impractical venture. Standing in the middle of the farm, freezing cold, slipping on the ice, it is not what you expect when visiting the largest and newest solar farm in the state.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn northerly regions like Alaska, where daylight hours are minimal for a good portion of the year, the use of solar power seems improbable, if not impossible. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.alaskacenters.gov\u002Fexplore\u002Fattractions\u002Fpermafrost\"\u003ENearly 85% of land in the state has at least some level of permafrost\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and even in the southern regions, winter months receive minimal daylight. But this solar farm in Willow, is one of those proving that solar can work even in the most unexpected cold and northerly climates.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180822-why-china-is-transforming-the-worlds-solar-energy\"\u003EWhy China is transforming the world’s solar energy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-the-electric-plane-leading-a-revolution\"\u003EIs this a start of an aviation revolution?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow does Future Planet count carbon?  \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESited a few hundred miles south of the Arctic Circle, the Willow farm gets less than \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabsak.com\u002Flibrary\u002Faverage-annual-insolation-alaska\u002F\"\u003Esix hours of daylight\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the winter months. In January, the Alaskan solar company Renewable IPP switched this 10-acre farm on, making it the largest in the state. Its output is expected to be 1.35 megawatt hours per year – enough to provide power for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eia.gov\u002Ftools\u002Ffaqs\u002Ffaq.php?id=97&t=3\"\u003Eabout 120 average homes year-round\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The farm is made up of 11 rows of panels, nine 133 kW rows and two smaller 70kW rows that were the farm’s pilot project.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191004-largest-arctic-expedition-in-history-going-the-north-pole\"\u003Epace of climate change in the Arctic and its surroundings is much greater than other parts of the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, leading to an urgent need to reduce the use of fossil fuels and expand renewable energy options. Renewable’s four founding business partners met while working in Alaska’s oil industry. The four shared a mutual interest in renewable energy, with some of them having experimented with DIY solar projects at home. After generating power for their own homes, they wanted to find a way to expand solar within the state.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We chose to go with a utility scale solar project, as we felt that would provide the biggest impact,” says Jenn Miller, chief executive of Renewable. “We got out and drove piles and built frames, which was great because we were able to learn a lot, figure out potential design problems and make changes to create the most efficient model possible.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Solar viability is a function of two things: solar resource and electricity prices – Jenn Miller","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETheir pilot project of two rows of 70 kW panels suggested that the farm would work on a larger scale. The first rows went in during the summer of 2018, and after eight months, the costs came in on target, says Chris Colbert, chief finance officer of Renewable. “We monitored production throughout the year, which also came in on target,” he says. That made it easier for them to get the attention of investors to allow them to expand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Solar viability is a function of two things: solar resource and electricity prices,” says Miller. Alaska’s electricity prices \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eia.gov\u002Fstate\u002Fprint.php?sid=AK\"\u003Eare almost double the US average\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, creating a great deal of interest in alternative technologies. And, perhaps surprisingly, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.adn.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fsunniest-day-year-look-why-alaska-has-most-daylight\u002F2015\u002F06\u002F20\u002F\"\u003Eon average Alaska is a sunny place\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERenewable’s farm may be the largest in Alaska, but it isn’t the most northerly; Fairbanks’ \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gvea.com\u002Fenergy\u002Fsolar-farm\"\u003EGolden Valley Electric Association\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (GVEA) is a three-acre solar farm around 200 miles from the Arctic Circle. While there are smaller farms and solar set-ups further north still, GVEA’s farm is one of the largst at this latitude in the state.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGVEA began building the farm in 2018 after two years of research, settling on a piece of land that it already owned and is situated right behind one of their substations. The farm was up and running as of October 2018, creating enough solar energy to power approximately 70 homes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In months like December, when it’s really dark, we just let the snow build up, as there isn’t enough daylight to warrant snow clearing – Jenn Miller","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOnce installed, the operating costs for solar farms are minimal, another aspect that is attractive to investors and builders. There is, however, one thing that northerly solar farms have to contend with that their southern counterparts don’t. Willow averages \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bestplaces.net\u002Fclimate\u002Fcity\u002Falaska\u002Fwillow\"\u003E2.2 metres (87 inches) of snow\u003C\u002Fa\u003E per year, which means solar panels can end up blanketed in snow and ice during the winter months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We have had to hire people for snow removal,” says Renewable’s Miller. “But in months like December, when it’s really dark, we just let the snow build up, as there isn’t enough daylight to warrant snow clearing. As we move into spring, when we are starting to get more hours of sun, we will come out and clear snow frequently.” At GVEA, they have the same philosophy on snow removal, leaving the panels buried during the least productive winter months and beginning scraping around February.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother solution has been finding the optimal \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fenergyeducation.ca\u002Fencyclopedia\u002FSolar_panel_orientation\"\u003Epanel angle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to help with snow removal. The snow will simply slide off the more sharply angled panels. According to Miller, 45 degrees is the preferred angle for optimum energy production at the Willow farm, which is also a steep enough slope to help snow slide off the panels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERenewable is also working with the University of Alaska, as part of the Alaska Center for Energy and Power solar technology program, on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.uaf.edu\u002Facep-tests-solar-panel-coatings\u002F\"\u003Etesting clear coatings that can be applied to panels to make them slippery and so shed snow more easily\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Miller says that this year there hasn’t been enough snow cover to properly test the coatings, but they are hopeful that they will mean less maintenance for the facility.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBesides the snow, a limitation of northerly solar is not necessarily the amount of energy produced but the time of year that it’s available: peak production does not match peak energy use. “In Alaska, we don’t generally use air conditioning in homes,” says Tom DeLong, board chairman of GVEA. “So in the summer months, when production is at its highest, actual kilowatt hours sales are at their lowest. And in December, when people are using more energy for heat, more electricity, we get next to nothing from our panels.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We make more in one day in June than we make for the entire month of December – Sam Dennis","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELower output in winter is true across the board for the farms, with Renewable showing winter output as low as 30 kWh, dipping to zero when the panels are fully covered in snow. On the flipside of that, during the summer months, when it’s light for upwards of 18 hours a day, output can exceed 8,000 kWh per day. Sam Dennis, chief operating officer at Renewable, says: “We make more in one day in June than we make for the entire month of December.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe reflection of the sun off the snow on the ground in spring also helps with output. “We get a lot of reflective light from the snow in the early spring months,” he says. “This helps increase output. Last year in March our best day generated an output of 800 kilowatts.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite the limitation of lower output during the winter months, solar energy is being welcomed as a partial solution to reduce carbon emissions in the north. Finding local solutions is especially pressing given the rate at which the Arctic is experiencing climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Arctic regions often experience warming above the global mean,” says Shyla Raghav, a climate change adaptation and mitigation expert at Conservation International. “Solar power can help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and can be installed off-grid, on-grid, or via a hybrid system.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile the energy produced by solar farms is fully renewable, there is a carbon cost to installing the farms – there has been some concern over \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.euractiv.com\u002Fsection\u002Fenergy\u002Fopinion\u002Fmondaycop22-lower-co2-emissions-with-lower-carbon-solar-energy\u002F1057375\u002F\"\u003Ethe carbon footprint of solar farms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but both Miller and Raghav say the benefit outweighs carbon cost. “Our solar farm pays back the carbon footprint associated with manufacturing and construction, to include tree clearing, in three to five years. And a solar farm has an expected life span of 30 years,” says Miller.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s important to consider the entire life-cycle of energy use and emissions, to include manufacturing,” adds Raghav. “Most studies that evaluate solar and wind alongside coal and other fossil fuels \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41560-017-0032-9\"\u003Ehave found that renewable energy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has a considerably more favourable carbon footprint.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDeclining costs associated with solar energy is also an incentive. Whereas \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.seia.org\u002Fsolar-industry-research-data\"\u003Esolar was initially expensive to generate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, costs have dropped precipitously and continue to do so. Overall, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0301421518305196?via%3Dihub\"\u003Ethe cost of solar panels has consistently fallen in the past 40 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Even since the first Willow farm panels went in, prices have dropped. “Our panels for our pilot project are 340 watts,” says Miller. “The new panels are 370 watt and were 10% cheaper than the pilot panels. That’s in one year.” Miller anticipates costs for future projects to continue to go down as solar power becomes more affordable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMiller says solar use in Alaska is on the rise. According to data from Alaska’s Solarize Anchorage campaign, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fakcenter.org\u002Fclimate-clean-energy\u002Fsolarize-anchorage\u002F\"\u003Ein 2018 just 33 homes had solar installed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As of 2019, that number had jumped to 163.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the cost of solar has fallen, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fenergyinnovation.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002FCoal-Cost-Crossover_Energy-Innovation_VCE_FINAL.pdf\"\u003Eit has become cheaper than fossil fuels such as coal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “This means we not only have a positive environmental impact, but a competitive, positive economic impact,” says Chris Colbert. The Renewable team plan to expand in the coming years, and is currently looking for sites for their next solar project, which they anticipate will occupy 50 to 100 acres. They hope a farm this size could provide power for 1,000 homes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe prospect of affordable renewable energy even in these icy northern regions is a mark of just how far solar power has come. From tentative, expensive origins, it has reached as far as Alaska in the US – and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farctic-council.org\u002Findex.php\u002Fen\u002Four-work2\u002F8-news-and-events\u002F337-solar-project-pieta-sweden\"\u003Eelsewhere, even further north\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If solar is proving viable even here, then it is perhaps not just a glimmer of sunlight across a frozen landscape, but also a glimmer of hope.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E--\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 41kg CO2, travelling by car. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E--\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-20T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The world’s most unlikely solar farms","headlineShort":"The world’s most unlikely solar farms","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Solar energy has become so accessible that new farms are being switched on in the most unexpected places – including in the depths of the Alaskan winter.","summaryShort":"Solar panels aren't just for hot countries","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-02-20T01:00:07.195022Z","entity":"article","guid":"fcb33a8b-0acb-49ef-8272-67d6bc125204","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska","modifiedDateTime":"2020-02-20T01:01:42.30754Z","project":"future","slug":"20200219-the-solar-farms-fighting-climate-change-in-alaska","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348025},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru","_id":"5ef9f8d59a34eaf8e21f5413","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"In chronically dry regions around the world, communities are finding ways to live from the water suspended in the air - creating valuable drinking water from mist.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen Abel Cruz was just a boy, near the Peruvian region of Cusco, he had to walk for more than an hour every day to collect water from the nearest source and take it back home. Then he realised that, during the rainy season, drops accumulated in the banana leaves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“When we saw that, my father and I built natural canals with the leaves to collect the water,” he says. “The first drops were a bit dirty and dusty, yet it was useful to wash dishes.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe leaves, however, only lasted for around two weeks. “So we cut bamboo in half and we replaced the canal pipes with them, which lasted a lot longer,” explains Cruz. “That is how I got involved with collecting water.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday Cruz is collecting water in a very different way – he catches fog.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180821-climate-change-may-force-us-to-conjure-water-from-thin-air\"\u003EHow to drink from the enormous lakes in the air\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200203-the-south-african-plant-fighting-climate-change\"\u003EHow shrubs can help solve climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EWhy and how does Future Planet count carbon?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith large sheets of mesh strung up on hillsides, it is possible to harvest the thick mists that drift across the arid Peruvian landscape. Tiny droplets condense on the netting and dribble down into pipes that carry the water into containers where it can be used to irrigate crops or even as drinking water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEach net can capture between \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=G4GHGBov15U\"\u003E200-400 litres of fresh water every day\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, providing a new source of water for communities that have had no easy access to regular supplies. Cruz has helped to install more than 2,000 of these fog catching nets in eight rural communities across Peru as well as in Bolivia, Colombia and Mexico. The impact has been dramatic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There are families that are cultivating figs, grapevines and olives, in places where you could never have imagined seeing crops – Abel Cruz","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“In places where there was a lot of draughts, nowadays there is agriculture,” says Cruz, who has founded an organisation to help supply water to desert communities in South America called Movimiento Peruanos Sin Agua (Movement of Peruvians without Water). “In Tacna, just one man is raising 1,000 chickens with fog catchers. His life has changed radically. It is extraordinary. There are families that are cultivating figs, grapevines and olives, in places where you could never have imagined seeing crops.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBuilt in a desert on the Pacific coast of Peru, Lima is one of the driest capital cities in the world. The megacity, which is home to more than 10 million people, gets less than an inch of rain each year. Residents are reliant upon highly variable river supplies that are largely fed by water melting off glaciers high in the Andes mountains and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.lima-water.de\u002Fen\u002Flima.html\"\u003Eground water buried beneath the city\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor those living on the outskirts of the city, water needs to be brought in by trucks. For those living in poorer, peripheral communities, this is an expensive supply they cannot readily afford, and so they tend to buy the minimum amount of water they need – about 40 litres per day for each person.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Lima’s unique climate means that for much of the year it is blanketed in a dense fog due to the hot coastal air mixing with cool, moist winds from the Pacific Ocean. Known as La Garúa, the thick mists, which occur along the Peruvian and Chilean coastlines, are most prevalent between April and September.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe problem was how to get hold of this airborne water in meaningful amounts so that it could be used. Cruz and residents from communities around Lima teamed up with scientists who had been testing fog nets in other parts of the world and began erecting them on hillsides around Lima, providing residents with a ready supply of water they could collect drip by drip.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Chr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\" \u002F\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The city of Lima is one of the most polluted on the planet, so the water that we obtain in the outskirts of Lima is used for crops and animals but not for human consumption – Abel Cruz","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn rural areas this water is often clean enough to drink, but the city of Lima introduces an additional complication.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The city of Lima is one of the most polluted on the planet, so the water that we obtain in the outskirts of Lima is used for crops and animals but not for human consumption,” says Cruz. “In the provinces of Cusco, Tacna, Arequipa, the water is for human consumption.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is because the water can pick up pollution as it moves through the air over busy cities. Water purification techniques, however, could render this water fit for drinking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are now hopes that fog catching could be a way of providing reliable supplies of water to parched communities and settlements all over the world where the right mix of geography and climate can be found. But while new technologies are being brought to bear on the problem, the basic techniques of fog catching go back centuries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In one of the first villages on the island of El Hierro, in the Spanish Canary Islands, there are graphic testimonies from the 16th and 17th centuries where you can see how they used the water from the bushes to drink, says María Victoria Marzol, a professor of physical geography at the University of La Laguna, Tenerife. “This island is further south of the archipelago and has always had water problems.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the 1500s, local people discovered that putting containers under the dripping trees could get them enough water, and they lived on it. “We are talking about 16th Century engravings that already describe this,” says Marzol.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2009, German conservationists Kai Tiedemann and Anne Lummerich planted 800 she-oak trees in Peru to create a natural fog-catching system that aimed to replicate this ancient technique. During their research they found that trees with vertical, needle-like leaves work as an organic net to which drops of water adhere. They later went on to develop artificial nets that could also capture water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMarzol has been studying “the hidden precipitation” in fog for nearly 25 years now, partly because modern meteorological instruments struggle to measure its relationship with precipitation. During the course of her research she has witnessed the social transformation that can occur in communities that collect fog water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Every day, women spent up to 3.5 hours to fetch water from the closer well – Jamila Bargach","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the mountains of Morocco, for example, lack of rain and infrastructure for water supply have historically affected rural Amazigh communities. It created a daily burden for the women there, who were responsible for carrying water from communal wells to their houses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Every day, women spent up to 3.5 hours to fetch water from the closer well,” says Jamila Bargach, executive director and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdarsihmad.org\u002Ffog\u002F\"\u003Eco-founder of Dar Si Hmad, an organisation that works to create opportunities for vulnerable communities in South-western Morocco\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and fellow of the Oak Institute for Human Rights at Colby College in Waterville, Maine. “Elder women, the mothers, the care-takers of the community, would go thirsty because they gave water to the children, the elders and their animals. It was impossible for them to conceive of their animals being thirsty. “Now, the low clouds that cover their towns with mist is changing that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Dar Si Hmad started to work with Amazigh women and men in 2006, the fog was seen as a negative element of nature that caused humidity, illness and excessive moisture. Today it is a lifeline. “Some of the wells were simply dry and some of them you have to wait a long time for the water to rise because of the high demand and because there is much less rainfall than 25 years ago,” says Bargach.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuote":"Getting water from the well is not a forgiving and not a romantic thing. It is time consuming, it is difficult, it can be dangerous but, at the same time, it has its advantages – Jamila Bargach","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENow that women have recovered their time, says Bargach, they can use it however they want. While some of them dedicate more time to work on the olive fields, the Dar Si Hmad co-founder says that the fog-catching nets have empowered female members of the community by providing water not only to their households but to the local school and for farming uses too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInitially, however, the women in the Amazigh towns were reluctant to use the nets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Getting water from the well is not a forgiving and not a romantic thing,” says Bargach. “It is time consuming, it is difficult, it can be dangerous but, at the same time, it has its advantages. Women can get together. They can talk. It is a way of teaching the younger generation about ways of living.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs the guardians of the wells and suppliers of the water, it also gave the women in the community a certain degree of status and autonomy, but at the same time, with the situation of global warming and climate change, the amount of water available for the community has critically fallen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“They were the guardians of this source that gives life to the community and to themselves, so once you put the water in the community, you are taking away some sort of control,” says Bargach. They key was to work with the women to ensure they could keep this crucial role.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile local men built and installed the fog catching nets, it was left to the women to decide how to collect it, distribute it and use it. They are in charge of tending the nets each day and ensuring the system is maintained.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilar fog harvesting successes have also benefited communities in Namibia, Bolivia and Chile.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while fog catching is helping to change the fortunes of remote, rural communities, it could also help to ease the pressure on water resources in large cities around the world. On the coastlines of the US, New Zealand and Namibia there are a number of cities that are regularly smothered in fogs that could be tapped for water. Some scientists have already proposed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcaliforniawaterblog.com\u002F2015\u002F01\u002F26\u002Fdemystifying-mist-as-a-source-of-water-supply\u002F\"\u003Edemisting fogs over San Francisco\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as a way of relieving some of the droughts the city regularly suffers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnfortunately fog nets require a lot of space and already crowded cities are unlikely to be good locations for enormous fences dedicated to condensing water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“This technology is absolutely sustainable, efficient and affordable that solves the problem of water scarce in very specific rural areas, where they have gone from an average of four litres of water consumption a day to up to 12 litres,” says Marzol. “Yet, we cannot say that it will be enough for water scarce environments that have over 140 litres consumed per person daily.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut some researchers are looking at other ways to tap into the water contained within fog. Chilean architects Alberto Fernandez and Susana Ortega have designed angular kite-like structures as well as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.chilearq.com\u002Ffegoalbe\u002Farchitecture\u002F231\u002FCoastal-Fog-Tower\u002F\"\u003Ehuge, spiral-shaped fog harvesting towers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that aim to create a large surface area to collect water from as high as possible in the fog. A another project in Chile, called\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fproyectoniebla\u002F\"\u003E Proyecto Niebla, uses 3D structures to enable the collection of fog regardless of the wind direction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere may, however, be another problem facing the fog catchers. Out in the Atacama Desert of Chile and Peru, María Victoria Marzol has been conducting research on how climate change is affecting the fogs there. She has been studying \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-35065404\"\u003Ea plant called tillandsia, which is able to survive in the arid landscape\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by collecting droplets of water from the nightly mists.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith climate change, water droplets in clouds are predicted to get smaller, which could mean that mists themselves will get lighter. Marzol and her colleagues have also uncovered clues that suggest tillandsia is moving higher up the desert hills of the Atacama. If this is proven to be the case, it could mean that fog is travelling at a different height, which would put at risk fog-catching in the communities where is currently being harvested.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer warnings are reminders that even as new technologies offer opportunities to tap into the ethereal power of fog, it may yet slip beyond our reach.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E--\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2: the writer interviewed sources remotely. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru-16"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-24T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The ethereal art of fog-catching","headlineShort":"The life-changing power of fog","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"In chronically dry regions around the world, communities are finding ways to live from the water suspended in the air – creating valuable drinking water from mist.","summaryShort":"In a desert, sometimes the only available water is in the air","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-02-24T01:00:43.125714Z","entity":"article","guid":"5a07d823-9c9a-4a74-bdb2-1fe1fd92d2be","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru","modifiedDateTime":"2020-02-24T01:00:43.125714Z","project":"future","slug":"20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348025},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","_id":"5ef9f8d39a34eaf8e21f4b34","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike almost every human activity in the world, journalism releases carbon dioxide. Reporters often need to travel to reach a story, whether across a city or further afield. They need to switch on the lights, power up laptops and make phone calls. As in other industries, journalism’s carbon impact will lessen over time as (and if) more of the world’s power grids and transit systems are powered by sustainable energy. But for now, this is the reality we face.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is our new section devoted to covering the climate crisis, pollution and the environment, we felt it was important for it, as much as possible, to be part of the solution. As a result, we wanted to minimise our carbon footprint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe do this, first, by keeping journalists’ travel to a minimum and prioritising local voices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that doesn’t eliminate our carbon emissions from transport entirely. Sometimes local or regional travel is essential when there is no lower-carbon way to tell the story. And, in what may come as a surprise to some, digital publishing releases carbon emissions too: as a whole, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sustainablewebmanifesto.com\u002F\"\u003Ethe internet would be the sixth greatest emitter of greenhouse gases if it were a country\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\"\u003EWhat is Future Planet?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190117-how-bbc-future-is-tackling-gender-imbalance\"\u003EHow we’re tackling our gender imbalance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181115-why-climate-change-photography-needs-a-new-look\"\u003EWhy climate change photography needs a new look\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt Future Planet, we want to be accountable for the impact we have – and be transparent with our readers. That’s why each Future Planet story carries a figure estimating the carbon emissions associated with creating it. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow do we get these figures?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe start by breaking each story’s carbon footprint down into two parts: carbon emissions from reporters’ transport for the story, and the emissions from the digital infrastructure needed to publish it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETransport emissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen deciding whether to even assign a story, how much travel is required is a key factor for us. If a reporter needs to take a flight to reach their story, we are highly unlikely to commission it. We would encourage them to look for stories closer to home or discuss whether it’s possible to do the story justice with reporting by phone and video calls. Cutting out flights is a major way we’ve reduced the carbon footprint of Future Planet. A single flight from London to, say, Cape Town, for example, emits 1.6 tonnes of carbon – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fenergy\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator\"\u003Eequivalent of running an average home’s electricity for nearly 100 days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce a story has been commissioned, our reporters keep note of what travel they do to report the story, including how far they go and the method of transport they use. To calculate the carbon emissions of this, we use \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Faboutthebbc\u002Freports\u002Fpolicies\u002Fsustainability#albertthecarboncalculator\"\u003Ethe carbon calculator Albert\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a tool developed at the BBC and used by other media organisations. The tool is designed to monitor emissions from television productions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, Future Planet is a digital feature site and not a TV programme, so we specifically use Albert’s carbon calculator for its travel calculations. This takes into account not only the miles travelled, but the fuel type used and the size of vehicle. You can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fresponsibility\u002Fenvironment\u002Fsustainable-production\"\u003Eread more about Albert and the BBC’s sustainable production practices here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDigital footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis part of the calculation involves estimating the energy used to transfer data over the internet and the carbon intensity of electricity (the amount of CO2 emitted per unit of electricity consumed). We worked with the agency Wholegrain Digital to get a bespoke carbon estimate for Future Planet stories. (The BBC does not endorse particular products or services; rather, it was the only agency we could find offering a service to calculate carbon for a website’s emissions.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a digital story, one of the big things we need to think about is the number of people who read it. As we can’t predict exactly how many readers will click on the story before we publish it, we use a per-pageview emissions estimate, which is the same for all stories. We got this figure using a test story, calculating emissions as above and then dividing that by the pageviews that the test story actually had over six months. That gives us a better estimate than just plugging in the URL from a story to the agency’s standard carbon calculator, because for a story where the number of pageviews is a weighty factor in the equation, using data on actual pageviews makes it more accurate. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe story we used as a test to get this figure was a BBC Future story, and we used the actual number of pageviews it had over a six-month period. Factors such as how many images a page has and the length of the story can make a big difference in the energy required to load the page, and how long the reader spends on the page. Our stories vary in length and number of images, so it’s important to stress that this figure is an estimate, not a precise measurement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHere are some other inherent unknowns we had to contend with:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe device that a reader accesses the story on can make a big difference to the energy used. A phone uses much less energy than a laptop, for example. We don’t have this data in real-time, so our calculation has to make an assumption based on typical reader behaviour. The calculation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2078-1547\u002F6\u002F1\u002F117#abstract\"\u003Eassumes an average spread of devices based on how web users access pages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and also takes an average for other equipment used such as broadband routers.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOur readers are based all around the world. The carbon intensity of the energy grid varies between countries. The calculation assumed the average intensity as reported by the International Energy Agency (475g CO2-equivalent per kWh). But in reality, this will vary based on where readers are in the world.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EFuture Planet does not reside on any single server, and the BBC has servers in multiple datacentres. The BBC also uses Content Delivery Networks, third-party networks of servers that reduce the load on our own. The calculation doesn’t take account of this, which slightly inflates the estimate as CDNs are more efficient.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe cumulative uncertainty from these factors is the reason we show the digital component of emissions as a range, rather than a single figure. It is a first-order approximation that, in time, we hope to make more precise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELimitations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause of the complexity of both travel and the internet, we can’t directly measure the exact carbon emissions from any specific story. Everyday trains and buses aren’t fitted with emissions measuring devices, for example, so we can’t be sure \u003Cem\u003Eexactly \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ehow much our journalist-passenger emitted on his or her journey. Similarly, we can’t yet measure for a given click exactly how much carbon is released from the transfer of that exact data over the internet, the energy to run those specific servers at any instant, or which type of device a reader is using when they make that click.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are other factors that some might argue should be counted in a story’s carbon emissions, too. What about the BBC staff who work on Future Planet, some full-time but many sporadically among other obligations – do we count, for example, the energy used to heat and power the office? If we do, should we count the carbon emissions from the large number of energy-hungry servers housed in the building, or is that irrelevant as they don’t host Future Planet? Or you could take it even further: if a journalist ate a sandwich while on location reporting for us, do we count the carbon footprint of the food – or not, since they’d likely have to eat regardless of whether they were on assignment? What about the energy used to power their laptop as they did their research and wrote?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELooking ahead\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy to get lost in the weeds remarkably quickly. But we don’t see these complexities as an excuse not to make most accurate estimate we can, based on the most recent and relevant research – and to be open with you about not only these figures, but their limitations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe currently use the best tools available to monitor our emissions from transport and digital publishing. As new ways to estimate carbon emissions in the complex connected digital and analogue worlds improve, we will refine our carbon-counting strategy to match. You’ll be able to read updates on that here.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe calculations involved are complex, the assumptions made are many and varied, but at the heart of Future Planet is a simple ethos: we want to be open about our carbon footprint and we want to make it smaller, using whatever tools currently available. These tools may not yet be perfect. Our efforts may not be, either. But we believe that heading in the right direction is better than taking no steps at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per pageview.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-4"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why and how does Future Planet count carbon?","headlineShort":"Why does Future Planet count carbon?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?","summaryShort":"Future Planet brings you global environment stories with a low carbon footprint","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-02-03T01:01:10.368421Z","entity":"article","guid":"61546195-4ce9-4fad-b9dc-067354747490","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","modifiedDateTime":"2020-02-05T16:05:17.07463Z","project":"future","slug":"20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348025},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","_id":"5ef9f8d39a34eaf8e21f4aee","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe know that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181102-what-can-i-do-about-climate-change\"\u003Ewe are living through a climate crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20171022-the-hidden-crisis-shaping-life-on-earth\"\u003Ea mass extinction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and an era of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191113-the-toxic-killers-in-our-air-too-small-to-see\"\u003Enormalised pollution that harms our health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The urgent question is now: what do we do about it? What are the solutions to these problems?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFuture Planet is a home for in-depth, evidence-based stories on potential solutions. You will be hearing from the writers who are best placed to tell these stories: local reporters on the ground in the communities who have witnessed the challenge first hand. Meanwhile, in our global stories that span borders, our writers unravel how institutions, industries, laws and societal norms are changing – and how they need to change further.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECarbon footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe way we find and tell these stories is as important as the stories themselves. That is why we are bringing the carbon footprint of our journalism to the fore, so we can be accountable for and transparent about what we do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou’ll see a figure on all our stories estimating the carbon it took to produce them, and you can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eread more about how we calculate that figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step. We will use this as a starting point for wider plans to monitor and reduce the carbon it takes to bring global stories to a global audience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe hope you enjoy Future Planet, which in its first week will take you to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-the-divers-trying-to-save-indias-vaan-island-from-sinking\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethe people saving tiny islands from erosion off the southern coast of India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200203-the-south-african-plant-fighting-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethickets of a hardy succulent in South Africa that can sequester as much carbon as a rainforest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to the chilly streets of Belgium where sustainable heat is coming from an unlikely source.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe also want to know what you think are the solutions we need to create a sustainable world. From the people who are changing social norms, to the cities and industries that are being reimagined, and the sustainable technologies that can help us get there. Let us know via the social buttons below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter here: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\"\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet-0"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What is Future Planet?","headlineShort":"What is Future Planet?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","summaryShort":"Carbon-conscious reporting on environment solutions from around the world.","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-02-03T01:00:53.156342Z","entity":"article","guid":"9466c6e9-b688-4823-ac9c-c94347a0b884","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","modifiedDateTime":"2020-02-05T16:04:40.951613Z","project":"future","slug":"20200131-what-is-future-planet","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348025},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal","_id":"5f03b4769a34eaf8e2086028","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjocelyn-timperley"],"bodyIntro":"One of the most robust laws on climate change yet has been created in Denmark. Can legislation really make failing to act on climate change illegal?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EImagine this: it’s 2030 and a country has just missed its target for cutting carbon emissions, that was set back in 2020. People are frustrated, but several governments have come and gone since the goal was set. “Don’t blame us,” the current government says. “We didn’t take the decisions that led us here.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe short-term cycles of government can be a real problem for climate change. Even if climate goals are laid down in law, there can often be few concrete measures to stop a succession of governments from taking decisions that collectively end up with them being missed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut a new and ambitious climate law \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnyheder.tv2.dk\u002Fpolitik\u002F2020-06-18-bredt-flertal-vedtager-at-mindske-udledning-med-70-procent\"\u003Erecently passed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Denmark tries to find a way around this problem, and some of the other common pitfalls of climate laws. It makes Denmark one of a small number of countries beginning to provide new blueprints of how government can genuinely tackle climate change. Its law could turn out to be one of the closest things yet to a law that would make climate change – or at least the lack of effort to stop it – genuinely illegal.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-skopje-north-macedonia-the-most-polluted-city-in-europe\"\u003EThe young people fighting the worst smog in Europe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-climate-change-overcoming-extreme-hail-in-kenya\"\u003EThe destructive power of extreme hail\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200610-how-china-can-cut-co2-emissions-with-sustainable-buildings\"\u003EThe country building a ‘new London’ every year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn January 2019, a petition was launched for a climate law that would bring Denmark in line with the Paris Agreement. After one week, it had been signed by more than 50,000 people – around 1% of Denmark’s population.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe demands of the petition\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelocal.dk\u002F20190227\u002Fcitizens-petition-for-new-climate-law-fails-to-gain-backing-of-danish-parliament\"\u003E failed to gain overall parliamentary support\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the time, but became part of a growing climate movement that swept Denmark last year, along with much of the world. By the time Denmark’s election arrived in June, climate change had become\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F04\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fdenmark-election-climate-immigration.html\"\u003E a top election issue\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The parties kind of overbid each other in their climate ambitions in order to win the election,” says Birgitte Qvist-Sørensen, general secretary of DanChurchAid, one of a group of NGOs behind the petition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08k0gg6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOnce in office, Denmark’s new government, a coalition of left-wing parties led by the Social Democrats, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.climatechangenews.com\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F26\u002Fdenmarks-new-government-raises-climate-change-highest-priority\u002F\"\u003Ebegan work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on an ambitious climate law, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.climatechangenews.com\u002F2019\u002F12\u002F06\u002Fdenmark-adopts-climate-law-cut-emissions-70-2030\u002F\"\u003Ewhich came into force in June\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It is one of the strongest laws of its kind in the world, because it avoids five big pitfalls of climate laws elsewhere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E1. An enduring solution\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow can a climate law avoid the scenario of a country setting a goal 10 or 20 years into the future but failing to actually meet it?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPolicies to cut emissions are needed years ahead of time to meet climate goals. “It’s about more than just setting a target,” says Tessa Khan, a climate lawyer with Dutch environmental law charity Urgenda. “It's also about making sure that governments are taking the measures in the interim that are necessary to reach that target, and to make that a legally binding process.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If you’re not on track, the parliament can say, ‘Well, sorry, you’re not on track so you don’t get a majority.’ In theory, that will lead to a government having to step down – Dan Jørgensen","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe UK government, for example, has for years neglected the strong policies needed to set it on course to meet its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theccc.org.uk\u002Ftackling-climate-change\u002Freducing-carbon-emissions\u002Fcarbon-budgets-and-targets\u002F\"\u003Eclimate targets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.carbonbrief.org\u002Fccc-uk-has-just-18-months-to-avoid-embarrassment-over-climate-inaction\"\u003Ethe next 12 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “What we have [in the UK] is a case where the government can set a budget, come up with a plan which isn’t good enough, and then ignore that plan and not need to update it,” says Jonathan Church, a lawyer with the activist legal charity ClientEarth. “Actually, you need the legal weight of whatever law it is to be focused on when those actions are taken.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Danish law has several safeguards to this end. Every year, the government will need to find a majority parliamentary approval of its global and national climate strategies. “The government will be held to account every year by the parliament,” says Dan Jørgensen, Denmark’s climate and energy minister. “If you’re not on track, the parliament can say, ‘Well, sorry, you’re not on track so you don’t get a majority.’ In theory, that will lead to a government having to step down.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08k0g4d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOf course, if there were a drastic change to the parliamentary make up, this cross-party consensus system could fail. “Technically it's a risk, but in reality [for Denmark], no,” says Qvist-Sørensen, noting that there are so many parties in the parliament that even a big change to one would leave a majority in favour of action.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut what happens when a new government comes in – will it be held to the same standard?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs governments come and go, laws often can too. Climate ambitions by one government can be at risk if a future government does not support them – as seen in the US when President Donald Trump entered the White House and reversed many of\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003Ehis predecessor’s environmental initiatives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDenmark has tried to minimise this risk by negotiating cross-party support of its climate law. Eight of the 10 parties in the Danish parliament – who together make up around 95% of seats – ultimately voted for the law (members from two small parties voted against it).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Even if we run into a financial crisis again, even if political parties change and climate won’t be as high on the agenda as it is right now, the law we’ve made now makes sure that the progress on fighting climate change will not stop,” said Jørgensen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis cross-party support also helps to provide the market certainty needed for companies to invest in low-carbon technologies. “If the markets are to react they need to be sure it’s not just a good idea that’s in fashion right now,” said Jørgensen. “They need to be sure it will last.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E2. F\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eair share\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother key difference in Denmark’s new law is its evidence-based approach to what share of the global emissions cuts it is responsible for.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGlobal emissions will \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wri.org\u002Fblog\u002F2018\u002F10\u002F8-things-you-need-know-about-ipcc-15-c-report\"\u003Eneed to halve\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the next 10 years to keep the world on track to limit temperature rise to 1.5C – a key aspirational goal of the Paris Agreement, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.climatechangenews.com\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F01\u002Fcountries-yet-ratify-paris-agreement\u002F\"\u003Enearly all\u003C\u002Fa\u003E countries have signed up to. The goals behind climate laws claiming to be in line with the Paris Agreement must therefore be based on the science of what needs to be done, not what is deemed “possible” to do given current technologies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08k0gmc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECalculating the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10584-019-02368-y\"\u003E“fair share” of emissions reductions needed from each country is complex\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and varies depending on the method used for divvying out responsibility. Countries have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fclimatenexus.org\u002Fclimate-change-news\u002Fcommon-but-differentiated-responsibilities-and-respective-capabilities-cbdr-rc\u002F\"\u003Eacknowledged\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, though, that rich nations with more historic emissions should be required to cut their emissions faster than poorer countries who have emitted less. \u003Cem\u003E(Read more about \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200618-climate-change-who-is-to-blame-and-why-does-it-matter\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ewho is really to blame for climate change\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECountries with credible climate plans therefore need to make a genuine attempt to calculate their fair share. This is what Denmark has done, finding that it should reduce emissions 70% by 2030, based on 1990 levels. This legally binding science-based target is the backbone of its new law.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fens.dk\u002Fsites\u002Fens.dk\u002Ffiles\u002FStatistik\u002Fstatistikdkeng_int.xlsx\"\u003ESo far Denmark has reached just a 35% drop in emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, so it has its work cut out over the next 10 years, including immediate action to reduce emissions now and support to development the tools needed to achieve deeper emissions reductions towards the end of the 2020s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis means the new law is different in committing Denmark to stretching beyond its current capabilities. “With all the knowledge and technology we have today, no matter what we do, we cannot reduce [emissions by] 70% in 10 years,” says Qvist-Sørensen. “Here they’ve set a target that means that we don’t have all the answers yet.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDenmark’s new law also aims for “net-zero” emissions by 2050, although its “fair share” to reach this target would actually be closer to a 2040 deadline, says John Nordbo, senior advocacy adviser on climate at humanitarian aid non-profit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcare.dk\u002Fcaredanmark-eng\u002F\"\u003ECare Denmark\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis view is shared by other Danish NGOs, but it is more important to focus on a target of 2030 says Qvist-Sørensen, as that goal will have more influence on the decisions being made now. “Hopefully politicians will scale up the ambition before this decade is over, and revise the year for climate neutrality,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E3. Net zero\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGlobal emissions will need to reach “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.lse.ac.uk\u002FGranthamInstitute\u002Fnews\u002Fwhat-is-net-zero\u002F\"\u003Enet zero\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” around mid-century to stay on track for 1.5C, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Fsr15\u002F\"\u003Eaccording \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eto the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Any greenhouse gas emissions still occurring in 2050 will need to be balanced out with the same amount of emissions removal from the atmosphere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis concept of net zero emissions may have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.carbonbrief.org\u002Fguest-post-the-problem-with-net-zero-emissions-targets\"\u003Eits challenges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but a vision for long term emissions cuts will always be an essential part of any credible climate target. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.climatechangenews.com\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F14\u002Fcountries-net-zero-climate-goal\u002F\"\u003Eflood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of new \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feciu.net\u002Fnetzerotracker\"\u003E“net-zero” climate goals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have been set in recent years, including by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-becomes-first-major-economy-to-pass-net-zero-emissions-law\"\u003EUK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-france-energy\u002Ffrance-sets-2050-carbon-neutral-target-with-new-law-idUSKCN1TS30B\"\u003EFrance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.swedishepa.se\u002FEnvironmental-objectives-and-cooperation\u002FSwedish-environmental-work\u002FWork-areas\u002FClimate\u002FClimate-Act-and-Climate-policy-framework-\u002F\"\u003ESweden\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mfe.govt.nz\u002Fclimate-change\u002Fclimate-change-and-government\u002Femissions-reduction-targets\u002Fabout-our-emissions\"\u003ENew Zealand\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.climatechangenews.com\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F14\u002Fcountries-net-zero-climate-goal\u002F\"\u003EEU at large\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and states within the US including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vox.com\u002Fenergy-and-environment\u002F2018\u002F9\u002F11\u002F17844896\u002Fcalifornia-jerry-brown-carbon-neutral-2045-climate-change\"\u003ECalifornia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vox.com\u002Fenergy-and-environment\u002F2019\u002F6\u002F20\u002F18691058\u002Fnew-york-green-new-deal-climate-change-cuomo\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Suriname and Bhutan have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feciu.net\u002Fnetzerotracker\"\u003Ealready achieved\u003C\u002Fa\u003E net-zero emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther countries have even earlier targets than Denmark’s goal for net zero by 2050. Norway, for instance, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fenvironment\u002F2016\u002Fjun\u002F15\u002Fnorway-pledges-to-become-climate-neutral-by-2030\"\u003Eplans to\u003C\u002Fa\u003E become “climate neutral” by 2030. The catch? This target is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcicero.oslo.no\u002Fno\u002Fposts\u002Fnyheter\u002Fclimate-neutrality-the-norwegian-way-carbon-trading\"\u003Enot enshrined in law\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and Norway plans to meet it by buying emissions “offsets” from other countries. Norway’s domestic emissions are actually \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcicero.oslo.no\u002Fno\u002Fposts\u002Fnyheter\u002Fclimate-neutrality-the-norwegian-way-carbon-trading\"\u003Ehigher\u003C\u002Fa\u003E today than they were 30 years ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08k0gs8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is an important caveat to any “net zero” climate target. Those who support using offsets say they allow emissions to be cut in the cheapest possible way, but others argue they unfairly allow rich countries to buy their way out of the climate problem, and that it is hard to guarantee offsets are permanent – newly grown trees can be cut down again at some point, after all – or would not have happened anyway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo while the date of Denmark’s net zero target isn’t as ambitious as it could be, its promise to achieve all emissions cuts within its own borders helps to give it credibility. “We say that if all countries just bought credits, then we wouldn’t have the development that we need,” says Jørgensen. “We need technological advances. We need a system where rich countries can’t just buy their way out.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther countries have adopted a mixed approach to offsetting in other countries: Sweden, with a net-zero target for 2045, has \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.swedishepa.se\u002FEnvironmental-objectives-and-cooperation\u002FSwedish-environmental-work\u002FWork-areas\u002FClimate\u002FClimate-Act-and-Climate-policy-framework-\u002F\"\u003Esaid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at least 85% of cuts will be within its own borders, but other measures can be used for the remaining 15%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E4. In it together\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EClimate change is a global problem – if it is not tackled everywhere, it will affect everyone. The modern world is also incredibly intertwined: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fconsumption-based-co2\"\u003Eproducts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and resultant emissions – made in one place are actually consumed in another, while sharing green technologies across borders can also help other countries reduce their emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany arguegovernments need to do more than cutting emissions strictly within their borders. “It’s of course quite arbitrary to only hold states and governments accountable for the emissions that their territory produces,” says Khan. “I think it’s really important to make sure that those aspects of greenhouse gas emissions aren’t omitted from any climate change law, and that countries are really politically honest about their full responsibility for the problem.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany countries skirt around this issue in their climate laws, but Denmark’s new law has a commitment to support other countries in cutting their emissions. It requires climate change to be integrated into foreign development aid and trade policy, and for the climate impacts of Danish imports and consumption to be considered.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“This means: what kind of climate funding do we give? How much money do we give to whom? Which bilateral co-operations have we got?” says Jørgensen. “We also acknowledge that okay, well, even if we reduce 70%, we are also a country that, on the negative side, imports a lot of goods from other countries that creates pollution, CO2 emissions. It’s a way of trying to institutionalise a part of a climate policy that’s difficult to set targets for.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":["p08k0gx8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe details of exactly how this international dimension will work are now being negotiated in parliament. However, so far the law does not fully address the global pledge by rich countries to provide \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-climatechange-accord\u002Fdeveloped-nations-not-committed-to-100-billion-climate-finance-experts-idUSKCN1LL1CX\"\u003E$100bn (£80bn) per year in climate finance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to poorer countries, says Nordbo. The fair share of this for Denmark would be around five billion Danish Krone per year, he adds – around $700m (£560m). “The law doesn’t say anything about climate assistance at this level,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E5. Green lens\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDenmark’s law also has a safeguard to make sure positive climate efforts in one part of its government aren’t undermined by those in another.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGovernments are notoriously bad at “green-checking” their decisions. Often some departments support investment in fossil fuels or road building even while others are pushing clean energy and transport. The UK government, for example, has had a climate change law in place since 2008, but has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.parliament.uk\u002Fbusiness\u002Fcommittees\u002Fcommittees-a-z\u002Fcommons-select\u002Fenvironmental-audit-committee\u002Fnews-parliament-2015\u002Fsustainability-treasury-report-published-16-17\u002F\"\u003Ecriticised\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for not considering environmental impacts of its spending decisions and for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.parliament.uk\u002Fbusiness\u002Fcommittees\u002Fcommittees-a-z\u002Fcommons-select\u002Fenvironmental-audit-committee\u002Finquiries\u002Fparliament-2017\u002Fuk-export-finance-17-19\u002F\"\u003Efunding fossil fuels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E abroad.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs climate change moves up the political agenda, an all-hands-on-deck approach is increasingly being prioritised. New Zealand’s government, for instance, \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2019\u002Fdec\u002F04\u002Fclimate-change-to-steer-all-new-zealand-government-decisions-from-now-on\"\u003Esaid last year that all its major decisions will now be made through a climate change lens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDenmark’s law likewise aims to ensure all policies support green sustainable development. It establishes a standing committee on “green transformation” to screen the sustainability of all policies, says Jørgensen. “We see this as a transformation of the Danish society that’s so big that it’s not just my ministry, it’s all ministries, including the foreign affairs ministry,” he adds. “They are also responsible for the global strategy that needs to be put forward every year.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDenmark is also making efforts to include businesses and the public in its plans. A “public climate council” of 99 people will be invited to discuss potential climate plans. Thirteen \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstateofgreen.com\u002Fen\u002Fpartners\u002Fstate-of-green\u002Fnews\u002F13-climate-partnerships-will-support-the-danish-government-in-reaching-the-green-targets\u002F\"\u003E“climate partnerships”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, each led by a different sector, were tasked with coming up with solutions to reduce emissions in their industry. “So actually, [the government] have put the private sector to the test, but are also saying on the other hand that the private sector really wants to be put to the test,” says Qvist-Sørensen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe partnerships ask each sector how they can contribute, “while also reminding them, a Social Democratic government is not afraid of using the taxation-toolbox”, tweeted \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMHGottlieb\u002Fstatus\u002F1275101777839509511\"\u003EMagnus Hornø Gottlieb\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an advisor at Danish multinational power company Ørsted. The sectors, ranging from agriculture to aviation, recently gave their recommendations to the government. “Some of them are quite interesting, I must say,” says Qvist-Sørensen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhen laws fall short\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EClimate laws are becoming an increasingly common tool for countries to tackle climate change. But what if governments fail to create them in the first place? In this case, courts are proving to be a powerful mechanism to force governments to take action.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn one especially noteworthy ruling in 2015, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-32300214\"\u003Ea court in the Hague ordered the Dutch government to cut its emissions by at least 25% within five years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The case, brought by Urgenda, was based on the legal obligations of the government to exercise a duty of care to Dutch citizens.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08k0h24"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis was the first time a court had ordered a government to reduce its economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions by an absolute minimum amount, says Khan, who joined Urgenda in 2016.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince 2015, the number of climate litigation cases has skyrocketed. In March, a UK court of appeal said \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fchinadialogue.net\u002Farticle\u002Fshow\u002Fsingle\u002Fen\u002F11906-Could-Heathrow-airport-expansion-ruling-set-a-climate-precedent-\"\u003Eplans to expand Heathrow Airport were unlawful\u003C\u002Fa\u003E because they failed to take the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Funfccc.int\u002Fprocess-and-meetings\u002Fthe-paris-agreement\u002Fthe-paris-agreement\"\u003EParis Agreement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E into account. Climate youth lawsuits have been launched in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ourchildrenstrust.org\u002Fjuliana-v-us\"\u003EUS\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdavidsuzuki.org\u002Fproject\u002Fyouth-climate-lawsuit\u002F\"\u003ECanada\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fqz.com\u002F1334102\u002Fkids-around-the-world-are-suing-governments-over-climate-change-and-its-working\u002F\"\u003EColumbia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftime.com\u002F5802264\u002Fsouth-korea-teens-sue-government-climate-change\u002F\"\u003ESouth Korea\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for violations of their constitutional rights – and several have won.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgrongrundlov.dk\u002F\"\u003EDenmark itself also has a movement trying to get climate change into its constitution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, says Qvist-Sørensen, which has only been changed twice in the past 100 years. This could open up the door for a parallel process to hold it to account alongside its climate law.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat the Urgenda case proved, says Khan, is that the impacts of climate change, whether already here or forecast to arrive, are illegal because governments have an obligation to protect their residents from harm to their livelihoods, health and housing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo could climate change ever be made illegal? Protections could certainly always be strengthened, but in many ways we already have the commitments and tools needed to hold governments accountable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Khan puts it: “There are already a lot of laws that we could be using to address the climate crisis, that we just aren’t.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2: the writer interviewed sources remotely. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-08T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The law that could make climate change illegal","headlineShort":"The strongest law on climate yet","image":["p08k0g4d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fclimatechange"],"summaryLong":"One of the most robust laws on climate change yet has been created in Denmark. Can legislation really make failing to act on climate change illegal?","summaryShort":"One small country has a new law that could make climate change illegal","tag":["tag\u002Fsustainability","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-06T23:31:48.146774Z","entity":"article","guid":"83509675-4ef8-464a-9a5f-5f709764b78f","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-06T23:31:48.146774Z","project":"future","slug":"20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348020},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans","_id":"5f02fb7b9a34eaf8e26b853c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Falexandra-witze"],"bodyIntro":"","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt was the muddy water that caught Stefan Talke’s eye. In the mid-2000s Talke was a postdoctoral scholar at Utrecht University, studying the river Ems that empties into the North Sea between Germany and the Netherlands. Decades earlier, engineers had begun dredging parts of the Ems so that newly built ships could navigate it from a shipyard upriver.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut those changes also changed the rhythm with which tides ebbed and flowed into the river from the sea. Those shifting tides stirred up sediment from the river bottom and muddied its waters. Over the last 120 years the tidal range – the distance between high and low tide – has quintupled in the Ems estuary.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I had always assumed tides were constant,” says Talke, now an oceanographer at California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo. “That’s why we have tide tables.” He was amazed to discover, he says, that not only could tides undergo long-term changes, but that they could change by so much.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170706-the-mystery-of-the-massive-deep-sea-rivers\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe giant rivers we know almost nothing about\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190829-bangladesh-the-country-disappearing-under-rising-tides\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe country disappearing under rising tides\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190819-could-we-live-in-a-world-without-oceans\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECould we live in a world without oceans?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost people think of tides as regular and predictable – the rise and fall of coastal waters, caused by the gravitational tug of the Moon and the Sun, forecast down to the minute with a mariner’s tide table. But oceanographers have recently started to realise that tides in many places around the world are undergoing notable changes, in ways that can’t be explained by interactions among celestial bodies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08js5nd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERather, it is people that are changing the tides. Dredging river channels like the Ems or filling in coastal wetlands can trigger shifts. The nature of those shifts is complicated. In some locations the tidal range grows more dramatic, whereas in others it shrinks. Either way, the shifting tides have big implications for hundreds of millions of coastal residents.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the biggest challenge is how changing tides might add to the risks of sea level rise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs people burn more fossil fuels and put more heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, global warming is melting ice caps and causing the volume of the oceans to expand. In many coastal cities, seawater is now lapping higher than it ever has. Changing tides could add to that problem and leave some coasts at even greater risk of flooding. “What people don’t realise is that if tidal range is increasing, it will exacerbate that even more,” says Ivan Haigh, an oceanographer at the University of Southampton, UK.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The way the water moves across the basin is changing, which is having quite a profound effect on the tides – Ivan Haigh","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEngineers have known for at least a century that tides can change locally. In 1899, builders predicted that tides would increase in the river Ems upstream from a weir they planned to construct. (After the weir was built, the tides did increase about as much as they were expecting.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut only recently have scientists collected modern, precise tide-gauge data from around the world, showing just how widespread tidal changes have become. “It wasn’t really until about 10 years ago that we started to appreciate that it’s occurring on a much wider level,” says Haigh.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETides come in several flavours, which can all ultimately be traced back to interactions between the Moon, the Sun and Earth. Each tidal cycle causes coastal waters to rise and fall in a predictable pattern, dictated by the orbits of these bodies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe gravitational tugs of the Moon and the Sun don’t change over the short term. But what does change is the way the Earth’s waters respond to that tugging. Think of tides as repeating waves that bounce off landmasses and slosh upriver – sometimes traveling hundreds of kilometres inland, as they do in South America’s Amazon River, where surfers ride the tidal waves. If you change the geometry of the land they slosh around in, you change the tides, says Talke.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08js4hj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“It’s like having a different size or shape of a tub or a swimming pool – you’d expect water to flow differently in it,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn that sense, it’s not terribly surprising that tides have changed dramatically in places where people have changed the shape of the underwater landscape. Along the Cape Fear river in North Carolina, dredging to deepen a ship channel has caused the tidal range in the city of Wilmington to double, to 1.55m (5.1ft), since the 1880s. The same is true for Jacksonville, Florida, which sits alongside the dredged St Johns River.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Sacramento, California, tides disappeared in the late 1800s after mining from the Gold Rush sent silt rushing downstream. Later, dredging of the Sacramento River brought the tides back. And in the Thames estuary that runs through London, engineers have narrowed and deepened the river over centuries – its tidal range has increased from around 2m (6.6ft) in the time of the Romans to around 8m (26.2ft) in the Victorian age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Adding dikes or piers causes water to flow more turbulently and dissipate its energy faster, likely dampening tides","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETidal changes also happen whenever \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-marine-010419-010727\"\u003Eflowing water generates more or less turbulent energy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as it moves through the landscape, write Talke and a colleague in the recent Annual Review of Marine Science. Stripping away underwater plants reduces drag and lets waters flow more freely, potentially allowing tides to increase. Adding dikes or piers causes water to flow more turbulently and dissipate its energy faster, likely dampening tides.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWater depth is another important factor in tidal changes, says Haigh. Because tides propagate as shallow-water waves, they change the most wherever the water is also shallow. That’s why the Bay of Fundy, between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Canada, has some of the most dramatic tidal ranges in the world, with waters rising and falling more than 11m (36ft) each day. Shallow spots like this are likely to see large changes in tidal range as sea levels rise, Haigh says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08js067"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The way the water moves across the basin is changing, which is having quite a profound effect on the tides,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChanging tides affect coastal residents in many ways. Someone who wants to sail a tall ship under a short bridge has to wait for just the right tidal conditions while anyone who wants to build a riverfront home in an estuary has to know exactly where the high-tide mark is. Engineers designing a tidal-energy system need to know how much energy they can extract from the water flows. And that’s where the study of changing tides can help people prepare for a changing world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps most importantly, engineers can analyse changing tides to better plan for future sea level rise. One recent study looked at the low-lying Pearl River Delta in southern China, which is home to more than 60 million people. Michela De Dominicis, an oceanographer at the National Oceanography Centre in Liverpool, UK, and her colleagues calculated how much tidal ranges would shift for a variety of future scenarios of sea level rise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf sea level were to rise between 0.5m and 2.1m (1.6-6.9ft) in the delta, then cities in its upstream reaches would see tidal increases between 0.1m and 0.5m (0.3ft and 1.6ft), the scientists found. Add those numbers together and it looks as if water levels could go up between 0.6m and 2.6m (2-8.5ft).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeveral cities in the delta, including Guangzhou and Shenzhen, are among the world’s most vulnerable to rising water levels, says De Dominicis. Knowing how high the water levels could rise can help planners build better barriers and other coastal defences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08js55h"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EResearchers are also using computer models to analyse how changing tides and rising sea levels might affect other types of coastal flooding. A hurricane’s storm surge, for instance, often responds to the changing landscape much as tides do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2016, Talke and his colleagues analysed how storm surge might change in the Cape Fear River estuary along with the changing tides. They calculated that dredging of the ship channel has effectively \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002F2016GL069494#d25662251\"\u003Eworsened the potential damage posed by a Category 5 hurricane\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and raised the highest possible water levels in Wilmington by 1.8m (5.9ft).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018, when Category 1 Hurricane Florence slammed into Wilmington, water levels did indeed reach a record 1.1m (3.6ft) above high tide. That’s why understanding changing tides is crucial to preparing for the future, Talke says. People are going to continue to dredge channels and fill in wetlands and otherwise alter our coastal surroundings. Bit by bit, each modification shifts the world in which we live.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The sum of all the little changes turns out to be a really big change,” says Talke.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.knowablemagazine.org\u002Farticle\u002Fphysical-world\u002F2020\u002Ftides-they-are-changin-and-its-not-just-climate-change\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eoriginally appeared\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E in Knowable Magazine, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-06T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How humans are altering the tides of the oceans","headlineShort":"Why tides are changing around the world","image":["p08js4rb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fknowable-magazine"],"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fenvironment"],"summaryLong":"The rise and fall of the sea along coastlines follow regular patterns due to the constant pull of the sun and moon. But human activity is now changing the behaviour of the tides.","summaryShort":"Humans are having dramatic effects on the ebb and flow of the seas","tag":["tag\u002Foceans","tag\u002Fenvironment"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-06T00:00:48.175741Z","entity":"article","guid":"878de80a-a12a-4554-bfd0-5559b7050840","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-06T10:22:34.481099Z","project":"future","slug":"20200703-how-humans-are-altering-the-tides-of-the-oceans","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348022},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning","_id":"5ef9f8d19a34eaf8e21f4466","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmartha-henriques"],"bodyIntro":"As global summer temperatures rise, more buildings are installing energy-hungry air conditioners – a major contributor to climate change. But are there ways to cool buildings down without turning the AC on?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt first sight, the view could be mistaken for the rolling hummocks of Hobbiton, right down to the perfectly circular doors opening out of the lush green hillside. But the doors are made of glass, and inside them are not cosy hobbit holes but an array of large mechanical steel arms and levers holding some of the doors ajar.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese hills are part of the roof of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, US. The undulating green roof is one of a series of engineering and design features that make the academy one of the largest passively ventilated spaces in the US. This means that even in the peak of summer, the bulk of this building relies on clever manipulation of the elements to stay cool, with next to no air conditioning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181102-what-can-i-do-about-climate-change\"\u003ETen simple ways to act on climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190730-the-animals-that-will-survive-climate-change\"\u003EThe animals that will survive climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190717-climate-change-wooden-architecture-concrete-global-warming\"\u003ECould wooden buildings help fight climate change?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERoofs like these are one way that architects, engineers and designers are rethinking buildings to find ways to keep them cool without air conditioning. The challenge is becoming increasingly urgent; it has been yet another scorching year, with heatwaves steamrolling Australia, southern Asia, North America and Europe. To deal with heatwaves, made more frequent by climate change, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Ffutureofcooling\u002F\"\u003Ethe number of AC units is expected to more than triple worldwide by 2050\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As well as guzzling huge amounts of electricity, AC units contain refrigerants that are potent greenhouse gases. These refrigerants are in fact the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencemag.org\u002Fnews\u002F2018\u002F03\u002Fcountries-crank-ac-emissions-potent-greenhouse-gases-are-likely-skyrocket\"\u003Efastest-growing source of greenhouse gas emissions in every country on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07lbvxt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut there are alternatives, and plenty of them. From \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.proeng.2017.08.020\"\u003Eancient building designs that have been tried and tested over 7,000 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to the cutting-edge technologies at the California Academy of Sciences, it is possible to create buildings that stay cool with virtually no energy requirements at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAt the academy, the roof’s grassy domes divert the natural flow of air inside the building. As the wind blows across, one side of the hills is at negative pressure, which helps to suck air through the automatically controlled roof windows and into the building. The fact that the roof is covered with vegetation also helps to bring the temperature down in the space below, as well as providing a habitat for wildlife above.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"What about the much more ordinary, everyday buildings that most of us spend the majority of our time in?","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We start off with the attitude of how far can we go in designing the building on the assumption that we’re not going to have AC,” says Alisdair McGregor, global leader for mechanical engineering at Arup, who was involved in the building’s design. But it’s rare to fully climate-control the whole building by that approach, he adds. There might be constraints imposed by a noisy motorway next to a building, making it unfeasible to open the windows. Or the building could have a lot of hot equipment or people with particular needs, such as in a hospital. But at least it means that AC, along with its costs and emissions, is reduced to the bare minimum.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07lbgns"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe California Academy of Sciences is a pinnacle in passive design. But \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.calacademy.org\u002Fpress\u002Freleases\u002Frebuilding-project-fact-sheet\"\u003Eit was also an almost half-billion-dollar project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with access to some of the best engineers and architects in sustainable development. What about the much more ordinary, everyday buildings that most of us spend the majority of our time in – can passive cooling also make them heatwave-proof?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWater\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne of the simplest forms of passive cooling makes use of the temperature change in the air when water evaporates. Water requires energy to go from the liquid state to vapour, and it takes that energy from the air in the form of heat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Evaporative cooling is a natural phenomenon,” says Ana Tejero González, an engineer at Valladolid University in northern Spain. “We can see a lot of examples in nature where this happens.” It can cool a surface as well as a body of air, such as your skin when you sweat, or a dog’s tongue when it pants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07lbgk2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn González’s region of Spain, a traditional vessel called a botijo uses the same principle. The botijo is a large pot made of porous clay and used to carry water or wine, which farm labourers would take out into the fields. Small amounts of the drink evaporates through pores in the clay walls, keeping the liquid inside cool even under the hot Spanish sun.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn architecture, the use of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS1359135501001312\"\u003Eevaporative cooling goes back to ancient Egypt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the Romans. But some of the more elaborate examples are from Arabic architecture and a structure called the mashrabiya. A mashrabiya is an ornate, traditionally wooden lattice carved with intricate designs, found on the outside or the inside of a building. As well as providing shade, in the summer the mashrabiya would be home to porous earthenware pots – like the botijo – filled with water. These would help to cool the room as a breeze flowed through the mashrabiya and over the pots.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Even in exposed, hot and arid climates, cooler temperatures are never too far away","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut there are even simpler ways to harness evaporative cooling in a building or outside space. A body of water in a courtyard – a pond, fountain or runnels of water flowing throughout the space – all do the same job. And inside, placing an earthenware pot of water near a window or draughty spot can help to cool the place down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEarth\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIf currently temperate regions of the global north are going to become equipped to deal with routine extreme heat, there is a lot to be learned from buildings, both ancient and modern, in the global south, says Manit Rastogi, a founding partner at the architectural firm Morphogenesis, based in India. “This part of the world has always been hot,” says Rastogi. Passive cooling systems have been a matter of necessity for thousands of years. “Most of the architecture we’ve done traditionally here are phenomenal examples of achieving cool conditions without mechanical means.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven in exposed, hot and arid climates, cooler temperatures are never too far away. In Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan state in northern India, daytime temperatures regularly reach upwards of 40C in the summer months. But just a few metres below ground, the temperature of the earth in the region remains a much gentler 25C, even through the fiercest summer heat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07lbfvc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe solution is to dig down, says Rastogi, who designed the Pearl Academy of Fashion in Jaipur using this principle. Rastogi and his colleagues used a traditional Indian stepwell, or baoli, within an internal shaded courtyard at the academy. Banks of grey stone steps lead down seamlessly to the edge of a large, still pool of collected rainwater and treated wastewater from the building. The pool, cooled by the subterranean temperatures, absorbs a substantial amount of heat from the courtyard, keeping the air fresh. “Digging into the earth is very, very effective,” says Rastogi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile it might be an attractive solution, digging an enormous well inside your property isn’t necessary to make use of the same phenomenon. Commercial ground source heating and cooling systems also make use of the earth’s more or less stable year-round temperature by pumping a liquid through buried pipes outside. The liquid’s temperature falls to that of the earth, and is then pumped back inside, where it can run through underfloor pipes to cool the house down. These systems can be used to both heat buildings in winter and to cool them in summer. Global uptake of them for heating has been slow, but they are becoming \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Ftcep\u002Fbuildings\u002Fheating\u002Fheatpumps\u002F\"\u003Eincreasingly popular for cooling, particularly in northern Chinese cities in the summer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A lot of these strategies are about being in touch with nature and understanding how it works – Manit Rastogi","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBesides its baoli, the Pearl Academy of Fashion in Jaipur uses a few other tricks to keep the temperature down. From the outside, the building is a simple rectangular shape, which may not look very elegant but has the benefit of maximising the amount of internal space for external surface area, as every square foot exposed to the Sun absorbs heat. The building is shrouded in a jaali, or perforated stone “skin” about four feet from the outer walls, which helps to shade the building and buffer the temperature. “A lot of these strategies are about being in touch with nature and understanding how it works,” says Rastogi. “Understand the site and that particular typology, and the job will be a lot easier.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe result is that interior of the academy is a fairly tepid 29C even in the hottest months, when temperatures outside are regularly more than 40C. This allows air conditioning to be used very modestly, when it is necessary at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWind\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe city of Yazd in Iran is known as “windcatcher city”. The windcatchers are towers with arched glassless windows sat atop flat-roofed buildings, facing the direction of the prevailing winds. For centuries, these towers have caught the breeze and channelled it down to the dwellings, split into channels by a series of blades within the tower. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org\u002F52c3\u002F1e66e99b5b710e87e590a491dfaf0fd0d857.pdf\"\u003Earched roof of the windcatcher helps to encourage circulation of air\u003C\u002Fa\u003E even when there is not a strong breeze blowing. Sometimes the air flows over a basin of water, or even a deep reservoir in a domed chamber, to encourage further cooling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07lbg5h"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe windcatchers of Yazd are among the most varied and creative in the Middle East, according to research by Mahnaz Mahmoudi Zarandi, an assistant professor of architecture at the Qazvin Islamic Azad University in Tehran. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FAnalysis-on-Iranian-Wind-Catcher-and-Its-Effect-on-Zarandi\u002F6702420c2677f75fd145bb3c1040e71cd22d422b\"\u003EAn analysis of Yazd’s windcatchers found that the most effective models decreased air temperature indoors from 40C to 29.3C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn ordinary buildings that aren’t fortunate enough to have a windcatcher built in, there are still options, says Arup’s McGregor. Having windows open on different sides of a building at different heights can help to pull air through. “You sometimes see that effect too much, and you almost get a howling gale through,” says McGregor. “For example, a tall atrium with an opening at the top and a door at the bottom. But by varying the openings, you can control the air flow through the building.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConcrete jungle\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThinking on the scale of individual buildings, however cleverly designed, can only bring the thermostat down so far. But understanding the way that buildings interact with the rest of the urban landscape can help bring it down a notch further.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Even without skyscraper-sized magnifying glasses scorching the pavements, there is the issue of the urban heat island effect","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe London skyscraper known as the “walkie-talkie” provides a lesson in how not to do this. The building has one giant concave face. While it might look fancy, there is a reason that inward-curving skyscrapers aren’t very common. Before the building was completed, it was discovered that the vast shiny concave surface \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fuk-23950011\u002Fpayout-for-owner-of-car-scorched-by-skyscraper\"\u003Eacted like a magnifying glass, focusing the Sun’s rays on one small area\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That focus happened to be a few metres of pavement outside a hairdresser’s and a Vietnamese restaurant. The result was temperatures so hot that paint melted, car parts blistered and buckled, tiles shattered and a doormat set on fire.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07lbgfg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe problem has now been fixed thanks to the addition of a last-minute brise soleil, or giant sunshade made of aluminium slats. But it shows how profoundly a design tweak can alter the temperature of the urban landscape. Even without skyscraper-sized magnifying glasses scorching the pavements, there is the issue of the urban heat island effect – where dull, grey concrete absorbs the Sun’s heat and radiates it back out onto sweltering pedestrians, like a highly unnecessary hot water bottle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe might think of the heat-island effect as a necessary evil of summer in the city. But urban spaces can be adapted to reduce it. One of the most effective ways is by bringing in some vegetation. We all know this intuitively – it is the difference between the shady tree-lined boulevards of a city like Palma, Majorca, and the blistering exposed sidewalks of New York.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn Medellín, Colombia, the city authorities have been experimenting with “green corridors” through the city. They developed 30 green corridors in otherwise grey parts of the city, making use of the verges of 18 roads and 12 waterways. These green strips lowered temperatures by 2C. A study by Monica Turner, an ecologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, showed that even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F116\u002F15\u002F7575\"\u003Ebroader tree cover can reduce urban temperatures by up to 5C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Even in a passively cooled building in a well-designed city, sometimes these design measures are not going to be enough","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany cities are taking similar steps. Milan’s municipal authorities \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fmilan-trees-air-quality-pollution-climate-change-stefano-boeri-vertical-forest-italy-a8674906.html\"\u003Eplan to plant three million trees in the city by 2030\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.yaleclimateconnections.org\u002F2015\u002F08\u002Fmelbourne-planting-an-urban-forest\u002F\"\u003EMelbourne, Australia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, has also begun a tree-planting programme to keep the city liveable through future heatwaves. And new cities, such as China’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stefanoboeriarchitetti.net\u002Fen\u002Fproject\u002Fliuzhou-forest-city\u002F\"\u003ELiuzhou Forest City are able to weave in vegetation cover from the start\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EExit strategy\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOf course, even in a passively cooled building in a well-designed city, sometimes these design measures are not going to be enough. In a hospital full of heat-generating equipment and vulnerable people, there will be cooling requirements that go beyond what passive systems can achieve. “Here, we don’t care about the energy so much – we just need to achieve the right thermal conditions indoors,” says Valladolid University’s Tejero González.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut the bottom line is that conventional air conditioning should be a last resort, not a crutch. Perhaps the most promising thing about passive cooling, McGregor adds, is that it offers a way out of the vicious cycle we are currently stuck in with air conditioning: using a technology to keep cool that actually contributes to heating the world up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning-22"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-08-23T16:14:14Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Can you cool a house without air conditioning?","headlineShort":"How to stay cool without air-con","image":["p07lbwnj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fclimatechange"],"summaryLong":"As summer temperatures rise, more buildings are installing energy-hungry air conditioners – a major contributor to climate change. But are there other ways to cool buildings down?","summaryShort":"Age-old tricks to help beat the heat","tag":["tag\u002Fdesign","tag\u002Fclimatechange"],"creationDateTime":"2019-08-23T00:00:28.459558Z","entity":"article","guid":"4e502de6-4767-4f8f-b5fb-f27aab2d0529","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:11:31.366112Z","project":"future","slug":"20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348022},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission","_id":"5effcdd99a34eaf8e2f61a1a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Frichard-hollingham"],"bodyIntro":"In 1977, two spacecraft started a mission that has redefined our knowledge of the Solar System – and will soon become our ambassadors on a journey into the unknown. BBC Future looks at their legacy, 40 years after launch.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Flockdown-longreads\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp08fbgv3.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"“The\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future has brought you in-depth and rigorous stories to help you navigate the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ftags\u002Fcovid-19\"\u003Ecurrent pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but we know that’s not all you want to read. So now we’re dedicating a series to help you escape. We’ll be revisiting our most popular features from the last three years in our \u003Cstrong\u003ELockdown Longreads\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E.   \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou’ll find everything from the story about the \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eworld’s greatest space mission\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E to the truth about whether \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eour cats really love us\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, the epic hunt to bring \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190213-the-dramatic-hunt-for-the-fish-pirates-exploiting-our-seas\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eillegal fishermen to justice\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and the small team which brings \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180312-the-salvagers-who-raise-world-war-two-tanks-from-the-dead\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Elong-buried World War Two tanks back to life\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. What you won’t find is any reference to, well, you-know-what. Enjoy.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a beige-coloured cubicle, on the ground floor of a nondescript suburban office block in Pasadena, California, history is being made.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, history is made here every day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s (JPL) mission control for Nasa’s Voyager spacecraft. You can tell that from the homemade cardboard sign beneath the computer monitors that reads: “Voyager Mission Critical Hardware PLEASE DO NOT TOUCH!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is the unlikely control centre for one of the most ambitious and audacious missions in human history.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver the past 40 years, the two Voyager spacecraft have explored Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. They have sent back detailed views of these strange worlds, revealing moons encased in ice, covered in volcanoes and bathed in gasoline smog. The missions have changed our perspective on the Earth and, with golden gramophone records attached to their sides, are now taking human culture to the stars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERead more:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Fstory\u002F20150430-rosetta-the-whole-story\u002F\"\u003ERosetta: The whole story\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20151214-see-how-the-space-station-was-built\"\u003EHow we built the International Space Station\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20130710-voyager-into-the-unknown\"\u003EVoyager: A long, long trip into the unknown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERemarkably, both Voyager spacecraft are still working. Whenever Voyager 1 sends back a signal, it is from the furthest distance any human-made object has travelled from Earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVoyager 1 left the solar system in 2013 and is (at the time of writing) 20 billion kilometres (12 billion miles) away. Voyager 2, on a different trajectory, is 17 billion kilometres (10.5 billion miles) away. Maybe it’s easier to imagine it like this: it takes a radio signal, travelling at the speed of light, 38 hours to travel from the Earth to Voyager 1 and back. And it’s some 30 hours for Voyager 2. (For their latest position, visit the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fvoyager\u002F\"\u003EVoyager home page.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe signals are received by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdeepspace.jpl.nasa.gov\u002F\"\u003ENasa’s deep space network\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – giant satellite dishes scattered around the world, designed to pick up data from distant spacecraft. As I watch, duty mission controller Enrique Medina calls-up a ground station near Canberra, Australia to establish contact with Voyager 2. The spacecraft is so far away, engineers need to line-up two receivers to capture the signal from the edge of the Solar System.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05cpjc9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The power of the transmitter on the spacecraft is around 12 watts,” says Medina. “When it’s on high power, it’s 20 watts – around the same as a lightbulb on a fridge.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThink about that. I live in the countryside 40km (25 miles) from London and struggle to receive a mobile phone signal. Nasa can pick up messages from 20 billion kilometres away, sent using a 40-year-old, 12-watt transmitter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It never ceases to amaze me,” says Medina. “This is 1970s technology we’re talking about.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Voyager 1 is now touching the material that fills most of the Universe – Ed Stone, Voyager Project","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs he talks, the screen fills with numbers – new data from our deep space avatars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Humans have been explorers forever,” says Voyager project scientist, Ed Stone. “This is just the newest human exploration by robotic means. Voyager 1 is now touching the material that fills most of the Universe.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStone is a legend among space scientists. Now in his 80s, he has been leading the Voyager mission at JPL since design and construction in 1972. “Voyager is the basis for almost everything I’ve done,” he says. “The mission has given us a much broader view of what’s out there – everywhere we look we find nature is much more diverse.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe other legend behind the Voyager missions is the late Carl Sagan, who led the project to attach golden records to the side of each spacecraft. By the mid 1970s, the Cornell University astrophysicist and astronomer had become one of the world’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCarl_Sagan\"\u003Ebest-known scientists\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As well as working on Nasa missions – including Viking 1, the first probe to land \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmars.nasa.gov\u002Fprogrammissions\u002Fmissions\u002Fpast\u002Fviking\u002F\"\u003Esuccessfully on Mars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – he wrote popular science books and was a regular contributor to TV and radio programmes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05cpdr3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith the golden records, Sagan was instrumental in transforming what was essentially a science mission, into an artistic and cultural mission. The copper disks, designed to last one billion years, resemble vinyl LPs and play in the same way with a needle, which is included in the engraved record casing. Intended as a message from planet Earth to alien civilisations, the records include speech, music, sounds and even pictures \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fvoyager\u002Fgolden-record\u002F\"\u003Eencoded in the grooves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We were trying to tell a little bit about what planet Earth was like, the beings that lived on it and, in particular, the species that made this record,” says artist Jon Lomberg, the design director for the golden record project. “The ground rules were that this wasn’t a message from Nasa or the United States but a message from planet Earth, reflecting the entire Earth and not the nation or agency that sent it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut Sagan and Lomberg had a problem: Nasa only gave them six weeks, from start to finish, to complete the project. “At the end of the six weeks, we had to have a physical record to give them,” says Lomberg. “That’s absurd.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAround a third of the music on the golden disk is by western composers, including Bach, Beethoven and Mozart. However, there was also a genuine attempt to represent the music of the world. The selection features everything from Azerbaijani bagpipes to a girls' initiation song from Zaire. It was possibly the first world music compilation album.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Voyager’s predecessors, Pioneer 10 and 11, famously had engraved plaques attached to their sides showing a naked man and woman","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough Duke Ellington, Chuck Berry and Native American music are represented, Elvis Presley – who died shortly before the Voyager 2 launch – is not on the disk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I think it’s amazing when you look at what they put on in terms of American music,” says Stephanie Nelson, a professor at California State University in Los Angeles and a world music specialist. “It’s [mostly] black American music, which is pretty interesting.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut the music was the least controversial aspect of the whole project. Voyager’s predecessors, Pioneer 10 and 11, famously had engraved plaques attached to their sides showing a naked man and woman. The Voyager team hoped to include an image of a nude couple on the golden disk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05cpf1y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I felt it was an essential part of the nature of humanity,” says Lomberg, who spent days searching for a suitable image that was neither pornographic or overly clinical. He came up with one of a pregnant woman. “It seemed to us to be just right,” he says. “But Nasa was having none of it, they said, ‘No way!’\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Whenever I speak about it to an audience, it draws a derisive laugh,” says Lomberg. “It just seems so petty, so revealing of something about ourselves that’s slightly ridiculous.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EVoyager 2 was launched from Cape Canaveral on 20 August 1977; Voyager 1 on 5 September. Although neither had any naked images on board, the timing of 1977 was no coincidence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“That’s the year it could fly by all four giant planets,” says Stone. “We could launch the first spacecraft to Jupiter and Saturn and, if that succeeded, the second would go onto Uranus and Neptune.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some of the biggest scientific surprises came from the moons, which Voyager revealed to be much more than inert lumps of rock","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs well as assisting the spacecraft, the position of the planets also affected the birth rate at JPL. “I tell my daughters their births are aligned with the planets,” says Linda Spilker, who began her career on Voyager and now heads the Cassini mission to Saturn. “This was very calculated – you’ll find a lot of Voyager babies born in the five years between Saturn and Uranus.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 1979, 18 months after launch, Voyager 1 and 2 began their exploration of Jupiter, revealing its churning clouds in unprecedented detail. The quality of the images from the on-board television camera was remarkable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Every time an observation came through, it was always new,” says the head of the imaging team, Garry Hunt. Based at Imperial College London, Hunt was the only senior British scientist on the mission. “History was changed.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome of the biggest scientific surprises came from the moons, which Voyager revealed to be much more than inert lumps of rock. “Before Voyager the only known active volcanoes were on Earth,” says Stone. “Then we flew past Io, a moon of Jupiter around the size of our Moon, and it had 10 times the amount of volcanic activity of Earth.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05cph6c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EVoyager turned our Earth-centric view of the Solar System on its head. “Before Voyager, the only known liquid ocean was here on Earth,” says Stone. “Then we saw [Jupiter’s moon] Europa with its cracked surface and it subsequently turned out that there was a liquid water ocean beneath the surface.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe original image archive for the mission is now confined to a dusty filing cabinet in a side room at \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fph.qmul.ac.uk\u002F\"\u003EQueen Mary College\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in east London. With all the images digitised, the cardboard photos inside are rarely looked at. But when the BBC reunites Hunt with the original pictures, he is taken aback by their quality. Particularly an image captured in 1980, as Voyager 1 reached Saturn.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“That was such a shock to us,” Hunt says, as he flicks through images of Saturn’s rocky moon Mimas. “We called it ‘Death Star’.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETaken in the same year as the release of the second Star Wars movie, The Empire Strikes Back, it is astonishing how much like a fully-operational battle station the moon appeared to be. A substantial conical chunk was knocked out of it by a massive collision. “It’s an enormous impact,” says Hunt. “It was almost the absolute limit before it would fragment, [and] with Star Wars in the cinemas it [Mimas] became Death Star.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The very last object Voyager 2 would see was among the highlights of the entire mission","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut that wasn’t the only surprise at Saturn. As well as finding new rings and identifying an additional moon, the Voyager spacecraft investigated the moon of Titan with its thick petrochemical atmosphere and methane rain. It also sent back close-up images of the moon Enceladus. This tiny, ice-encased world, around the size of the UK, is the most reflective body in the Solar System. Both moons have subsequently been investigated by the Cassini-Huygens mission, with Enceladus now ranked as a prime candidate for life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Every single one of the moons is unique,” says Emily Luckdawalla, senior editor for the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fplanetary.org\u002F\"\u003EPlanetary Society\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Voyager taught us what we needed to send to Saturn to understand the nature of its moons.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn November 1980, Voyager 1 left Saturn behind to begin its long journey out of the Solar System. Nine months later, Voyager 2 set course for the outermost planets. It reached Uranus in 1986, snapping the first pictures of the gas giant, its rings and also discovered 10 new moons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen the spacecraft reached its final planetary destination, Neptune, in 1989, it was the moons which again caught the scientists’ attention. The very last object Voyager 2 would see was among the highlights of the entire mission.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05cpfpw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“When we flew by Neptune’s moon Triton, we saw geysers of nitrogen erupting,” says Stone. “Time after time we found things on Earth happening all over the Solar System.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESeveral missions have built on the legacy of Voyager – as well as the Cassini-Huygens \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsaturn.jpl.nasa.gov\u002F\"\u003Emission to Saturn\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fmissions\u002Fgalileo\u002F\"\u003Ethe Galileo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.missionjuno.swri.edu\u002F\"\u003EJuno\u003C\u002Fa\u003E probes have visited Jupiter and more missions are in the pipeline. No new missions are planned to Uranus or Neptune – the Voyager 2 images remain the state of the art.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFew expeditions in the entire history of mankind have notched up so many scientific achievements as the twin Voyager probes. But we also owe a great deal to its technological legacy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“This was the first computer-controlled spacecraft ever launched,” says Stone. “It still flies itself, it runs itself, it checks itself and it can switch to backup systems by itself.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe use spin-off technologies from Voyager every day. “Because the signals coming from deep space are so weak, we had to develop coding systems,” explains Stone. “Cell phones and CD players rely on the same technology – but the coding was developed for sending things into space.” Similarly, the image processing capabilities built into smart phones have evolved from technology originally developed by Voyager engineers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s such a tiny thing floating in space and Earth is where all life we know of exists – Emily Luckdawalla, Planetary Society","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut perhaps the greatest moment for Voyager came on 14 February 1990. This was the day Voyager 2 turned its cameras back towards the Earth to capture a view of the entire Solar System. A view in which the Earth is merely a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fvoyager\u002Fgalleries\u002Fimages-voyager-took\u002Fsolar-system-portrait\u002F\"\u003Esingle-pixel pale blue dot\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, giving us a sense of our place in the cosmos.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s such a tiny thing floating in space and Earth is where all life we know of exists,” says Luckdalwalla. “It’s almost frightening when you perceive it in that Voyager image, in that sunbeam. Sometimes it looks like a laser beam with Earth fixed in it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“One event could wipe out all the life we know of in the Universe,” she adds. “It’s a precious image that helps us understand how fragile and small our place is in the Universe.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 2013, Voyager 1 crossed the boundary between the space dominated by the Sun’s magnetic field and the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-24026153\"\u003Espace between the stars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “The Sun creates this huge bubble around the planets,” says Stone. “This is a partial shield from the cosmic rays outside – we’re now learning how our bubble interacts with the material from other stars.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EVoyager 1 continues to collect information about the void and, in the coming years, Voyager 2 will also pass beyond the Solar System. Because it’s leaving at a different angle to its twin, the data Voyager 2 gathers will give scientists an insight into the shape of the solar bubble.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05cpk8k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut time is running out. The spacecraft are powered by nuclear batteries with electricity generated from heat produced by the decay of plutonium. Every year, four watts less heat is produced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“The objective is to keep them flying as long as possible,” says Voyager programme manager, Suzy Dodd. “You can imagine them being twins and over the course of nearly 40 years, one has lost hearing, the other doesn’t see so well, so we have to be very careful.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We’ve been turning off redundant systems,” she says. “We only operate the instruments that can take data where the spacecraft are – we don’t operate the cameras anymore because there’s nothing to see – it’s just very, very dark space.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome of the power is used to keep heaters operating, to ensure the spacecraft instruments don’t freeze.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne day – probably in the next 10 years – Dodd knows that Voyager 1 and 2 will have to be shut down. “I think it’s going to be a very sad day for Nasa and for humanity – it’ll be like losing a grandparent or close relative who’s lived a full and very rewarding life,” she says. “One day we’ll be looking for a signal from Voyager and we won’t get it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The Voyager spacecraft will become our silent ambassadors to the Milky Way – Ed Stone","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a way, however, the Voyager mission will last forever. Probably longer than human civilisation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I would like to think that sometime in the future, something or somebody will find them, play the golden record and look at what, by that time, will be an ancient civilisation,” says Dodd. “Our Earth may be long gone by the time that golden record is found.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The Voyager spacecraft will become our silent ambassadors to the Milky Way,” adds Stone. “They will be in orbit around the centre of the galaxy for billions of years.” But he’s not as optimistic as Dodd that the Voyagers will ever be discovered. “It’d be remarkable – space is really empty.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut maybe that’s not the point. With their time capsules from Earth, the Voyager missions are carrying the world of 1977 into the distant future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVoyager has made humanity immortal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERichard Hollingham has also produced a BBC World Service documentary on the Voyager missions. Presented by astronaut Ron Garan, it will be available from 20 August here: \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fw3csvntg\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fw3csvntg\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission-24"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Flockdown-longreads","future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fspace-station","future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-04T10:58:11Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Voyager: Inside the world's greatest space mission","headlineShort":"The world's greatest space mission","image":["p05cpd0y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fspace"],"summaryLong":"In 1977, two spacecraft started a mission that has redefined our knowledge of the Solar System – and will soon become our ambassadors on a journey into the unknown.","summaryShort":"Voyager 1 and 2's 40-year journey into the unknown","tag":["tag\u002Fspace"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2017-08-18T10:24:15.236398Z","entity":"article","guid":"5666171f-cbdf-4226-9e41-b681dec944fa","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-04T00:30:43.115293Z","project":"future","slug":"20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348022},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe","_id":"5eff1a1c9a34eaf8e26836c0","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-hambling"],"bodyIntro":"Head injuries and concussion can have devastating, lifelong consequences, so can we afford to not keep searching for ways to keep our brains safe?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOur brains are delicate and precious assets. Encased within the thick, bony shell of our craniums, they are largely protected from the damage that our everyday lives might inflict. Inside this armour shielding, our brains are offered further cushioning by several layers of protective membranes and a soup of cerebrospinal fluid.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut sometimes this skeletal saferoom is not enough. Severe blows to the head can crack the bone and damage the brain inside. Heavy impacts can also send the squidgy organ ricocheting around inside the skull, damaging the brain’s soft tissues as it knocks against the hard bone. (\u003Cem\u003ELearn more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180516-what-happens-to-the-brain-during-a-concussion\"\u003Ewhat happens to the brain during concussion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECollisions on the sports field, bike accidents, building site falls and slips and battlefield injuries all present greater threats than we might normally face and call for additional protection for our brains. But helmets cannot simply be thick protective shells. They have to be matched to the activity they are being used for, while offering the best protection possible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-women-are-more-at-risk-from-concussion\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhy women are more at risk from concussion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe head injury that turned a man into a maths genius\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190709-has-humanity-reached-peak-intelligence\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EIs humanity about to get stupider?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdvanced new materials and creative thinking are leading to a new generation of protective head gear that promises to keep our delicate brains safer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECycling \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECycling helmets chiefly protect against impacts with the ground. They are rarely needed – but when they are, they can be life-savers. There is an ongoing debate in the cycling community, however, about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bikeradar.com\u002Ffeatures\u002Flifting-the-lid-on-the-helmet-debate\u002F\"\u003Ewhether wearing cycling helmets is necessary\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with some research suggesting that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0001457518309928\"\u003Emotorists drive closer to riders with helmets on\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while other studies have found that simply wearing a helmet can make cyclists \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1369847818305941\"\u003Emore safety-conscious\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  Having looked closely at what helmets actually do in the event of an accident, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nottingham.ac.uk\u002Fengineering\u002Fpeople\u002Fdonal.mcnally\"\u003EDonal McNally,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a bioengineer at the University of Nottingham, is in no doubt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jp5mw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I’ve done a fair amount of modelling real-world cycle impacts, and helmets are very protective, especially for children,” says McNally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELight as they are, most cycling helmets are \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.aap.2013.07.011\"\u003Eremarkably effective\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The outer shell is a hard material such as carbon fibre or polycarbonate which spreads the blow. This is usually designed to “eggshell”, collapsing on impact, absorbing energy like the crumple zone in a car. Inside this is a layer of expanded polystyrene, a higher-quality version of the ubiquitous packing material. This also permanently deforms and absorbs energy as it does so, further reducing the impact reaching the wearer’s skull.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMcNally also has real-world experience of what cycling helmets can do – in 2010 he was struck by a car while cycling and seriously injured. Based on his work, he believes that his injuries would have been much worse without a helmet and now shows pictures of the damaged helmet to students in his lectures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“That helmet saved my life,” says McNally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Knockout blows in boxing are more likely to come from the side or below, because these cause the head to rotate","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA particular challenge is the rotational motion from an angled impact, which can cause the brain to rotate and, effectively, get twisted briefly out of shape. This is highly damaging. It is why knockout blows in boxing are more likely to come from the side or below, because, unlike a straight punch, these cause the head to rotate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In many cases it is not a factor, but for some types of impact, such as being struck by a lorry’s wing mirror, rotational injury can be very significant,” says McNally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany newer helmets are now being fitted with a feature known as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmipsprotection.com\u002F\"\u003EMips\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (for Multi-directional Impact Protection System), which helps to protect against these rotational injuries. Originally developed and tested by Swedish neurosurgeon in 2000, it uses a layer between the shell and liner of the helmet that slips upon impact, deflecting some of the force away from the brain by rotating the outer part of the helmet by around a centimetre.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn alternative approach, known as Wavecel, uses a honeycomb structure. On impact, several layers of material in the helmet liner move and flex independently, absorbing both rotational and impact forces. One set of tests by the technology’s developer suggested that while a standard helmet gives a 59% chance of rotational injury, a Mips-type helmet reduces this to 34% and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0001457518303713\"\u003Ea Wavecel-type helmet to just 1.2%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These figures are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.outsideonline.com\u002F2392896\u002Ftrek-wavecel-helmet-controversy\"\u003Edisputed by the makers of Mips\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, however, and an independent assessment by Virginia Tech found the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.helmet.beam.vt.edu\u002Fbicycle-helmet-ratings.html\"\u003EMips design gave slightly better protection\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jp828"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, while current bike helmets may be highly effective at protecting the skull, facial injuries are another matter. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0901502719301006\"\u003E2019 statistical study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Hanover Medical School found that 14% of bike accidents involved damage to the face, and that wearing a helmet made no difference. The authors suggest that future bike helmets should incorporate some form of facial protection. At present some extreme off-road cyclists wear \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.evanscycles.com\u002Fcoffeestop\u002Fadvice\u002Fhelmets-for-different-cycling-disciplines-explained\"\u003Ehelmets with a chinguard or a visor\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – but, as always, the challenge will be getting the public to wear them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHard Hats \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe yellow hard hats seen on construction sites, and sported by visiting politicians at photo-opportunities everywhere, are designed to protect against impact of falling objects, as well as bumps or scrapes against low beams and similar building site hazards. Hard hats are typically made of thermoplastic or polycarbonate, with suspension bands on the inside giving a thirty-millimetre clearance to reduce the chance of a blow being transmitted to the skull.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut on a sweaty building site, these helmets can get uncomfortably warm, often leading workers to take them off. Adding openings for ventilation can also weaken the shell. A team from the Vellore Institute of technology in Chennai, India, however, hope the solve the problem with some built-in air conditioning. They have designed a helmet that includes a heat sink made of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2352152X19304189\"\u003Ephase-changing material based on paraffin wax\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This melts at body temperature, absorbing heat and potentially keeping the wearer cooler for a couple of hours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Cricket balls can easily cause skull fractures, smash a person’s jaw or cause blindness if it hits them in the wrong place","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother team at the University of Chennai is looking at alternative materials for shock absorption. Hard hats are typically made from a polymer resin reinforced with synthetic fibres such as Kevlar or carbon fibre, but the researchers are looking at replacing these with natural fibres which are more readily available and environmentally friendly to produce. They found that jute fibre, commonly used for sacking, rope, and rugs, shows potential as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS221478531733287X\"\u003Ean alternative way of improving the strength of helmets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECricket  \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECricket presents an unusual threat to the human head. Hurtling towards it at up to 100mph (161km\u002Fh) is a hard, 160-gram ball. Being hit by one of these can easily cause skull fractures, smash a person’s jaw or cause blindness if it hits them in the wrong place. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fsport\u002Fcricket\u002F30219440\"\u003EIt can even kill\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This means as well as the helmet, a facial cover is also essential. Modern cricket helmets now feature a cage-like faceguard or visor, and a hard cap to protect the skull.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2013 a new British Standard introduced projectile testing for faceguards. Now helmet makers like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.masuri.com\u002Fprotection\u002Fcricket-helmets\u002F\"\u003EMasuri\u003C\u002Fa\u003E fire cricket balls at helmets with air cannon to prove their performance. They have reinforced the facial protection, and have found that it is more effective to deflect a ball than try to stop it completely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Batters, naturally, move to avoid any impact with the ball,” says Sam Miller, chief executive of Masuri. “A faceguard that sits away from the face, and deflects the ball, protects the wearer from impact – without impairing visibility or mobility.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey have introduced a double bar grille to their faceguard that sits just below the eyeline, with one bar slightly behind the other. “The rear bar forces the ball upwards, towards the solid part of the peak, deflecting the ball away from the player's face,” says Miller.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis gives a high level of protection without impeding vision, making it popular with international cricketers. But while a reinforced plastic shell protects the skull, there is a need for additional protection from the ball – surprisingly from behind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jp3r8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2014 Australian batsman Phillip Hughes was struck in the neck by a bouncing ball while attempting a hook shot, leading to a brain haemorrhage that would claim his life two days later. His death led to helmets being fitted with neck guards to increase the protection they offer. Masuri’s Stemguard, for example, is an accessory which clips to the back of the helmet grille to protect the stem of the neck. Made from a thermoplastic polyurethane honeycomb material, it also uses crush foam to enhance impact absorption.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut at present such neck protection is an optional extra. Australian batsman Steve Smith did not have a neck guard when he was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fsport\u002Fcricket\u002F49395198\"\u003Estruck by a 92mph delivery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the recent Ashes, resulting in concussion. This highlights one of the biggest challenges with all types of head protection: they don’t work unless people can be persuaded to wear them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the biggest issue keeping cricketers from wearing a helmet is the heat and humidity. Helmets often have ventilation for cooling, but optimising these is another scientific challenge. Vents can be positioned to try and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1877705811009957\"\u003Eincrease airflow\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with some researchers conducting experiments on special “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0003687013000835\"\u003Esweating mannikins”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to compare different designs. Researchers are now able to embed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0263224119309704\"\u003Etemperature and moisture sensors\u003C\u002Fa\u003E into helmets to get real-time mappings of the “hot and wet spots” as the game progresses. Ultimately this should lead to helmets which are cooler, and hence more acceptable on even the hottest days.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETackling the tackle\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EParticipation in gridiron football has suffered a decline in recent years, partly attributed to studies showing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbjsm.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F49\u002F15\u002F1015\"\u003Elong-term brain damage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E among players. This is the driving force behind efforts to upgrade to a better type of head protection. Unlike cycling helmets, football helmets tend to be hard shells with foam padding, because they cannot be replaced after each impact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Energy dissipation is required to reduce the impulse transmitted to the brain – Ellen Arruda","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Most helmets do a good job of reducing the transmitted force. This is why skull fracture is rare in football,” says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fme.engin.umich.edu\u002Fpeople\u002Ffaculty\u002Fellen-arruda\"\u003EEllen Arruda\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a mechanical engineer at the University of Michigan. “What they don't do well is dissipate energy. Energy dissipation is required to reduce the impulse transmitted to the brain.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EArruda’s team is working on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.michiganradio.org\u002Fpost\u002Funiversity-michigan-engineers-developing-shock-absorbing-football-helmet\"\u003Ea novel helmet design\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to tackle exactly this problem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Our approach considers the entire helmet as a composite structure that includes one or more \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farruda.engin.umich.edu\u002Fresearch-projects\u002F\"\u003Evisco-elastic layers,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” says Arruda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVisco-elastic materials are special because although they are solid, they behave in some ways like a liquid, flowing and dissipating energy. The new helmet will incorporate a synthetic visco-elastic polymer that has been developed specifically to cope with the type of impacts experienced during football.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Our design mitigates the effect of an impact by reducing both the force and the impulse transmitted to the skull and hence, the brain,” says Arruda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are other ways of improving over the traditional design. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvicis.com\u002Fproducts\u002Fzero1\"\u003EZero1 helmet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E made by Vicis has a thermoplastic outer shell which is deformable and responds much like hard rubber to take some of the energy of the impact. Inside this is a layer of “columnar elements” resembling springs, designed to absorb shock from different directions. Like the Mips design used in cycling helmets, this helps reduce rotational forces.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jp5jz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERotational injuries are a particular risk in American football, but could be reduced by making helmets slippery so that less of the force of an impact is transmitted to the head. One team at Simon Fraser University in Canada are testing stickers that can be applied to the outside of helmets. Composed of several layers of film, a glancing impact causes the outer layer to slide free, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0021929019307560\"\u003Ereducing the rotational effect by up to 74%.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E The sticker, however, would need to be replaced after any serious impact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBattlefield protection\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen two rogue policemen opened fire on a group of US Army soldiers at Camp Maiwand in eastern Afghanistan in 2018, the attack claimed the life of an Army Command Sergeant Major. But another of the soldiers caught up in the ambush could also have lost his life that day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStaff Sgt Steven McQueen was struck in the back of the head by a round from a machine gun firing at close range from the back of a pick-up truck, knocking him off his feet. Amazingly he was back up again and fighting just seconds later. The round had hit his helmet, which had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.army.mil\u002Farticle\u002F218172\u002F\"\u003Eabsorbed the impact and stopped the bullet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The soldier survived largely thanks to the remarkable toughness of his helmet, a type known as the Integrated Head Protection System.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMilitary helmets, like those that wear them, face a unique and ever-changing challenge: small, dense, high-velocity objects, specifically shrapnel and bullets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"UHMWPE is so good at catching bullets because it is stretchy enough to give, but absorbs a lot of energy without breaking","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe steel helmets worn by soldiers  in the early part of the 20th Century were later replaced by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smithsonianmag.com\u002Fsmithsonian-institution\u002Fhow-military-helmet-evolved-hazard-bullet-shield-180963319\u002F\"\u003EKevlar in the 1970s and 1980s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but these have now been superseded by polyethylene.  This is not the low-density polyethylene of drinks bottles and sandwich wrap, but ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene or UHMWP which can stop even large calibre rifle bullets from close range.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“UHMWP is the bees’ knees right now for material going into helmets, because of level of protection it can provide,” says Lt Col Ginger Whitehead, the US Army’s product manager for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.peosoldier.army.mil\u002Fprograms\u002Fpmspie\u002F\"\u003Esoldier protective equipment.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUHMWP is made of molecules about a hundred times larger than normal polythene and can be spun into fibre which looks and feels like nylon, but is bulletproof.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“What makes it special is its strength and tenacity,” says Vasilios Brachos, senior manager of defence product development at 3M, who manufacture military helmets for the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETenacity is a technical term combining the force needed to stretch a material with how far it can stretch before it breaks. UHMWPE is so good at catching bullets because it is stretchy enough to give, but absorbs a lot of energy without breaking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn improved version will be used in the US Army’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.army.mil\u002Farticle\u002F206384\u002Farmy_researchers_headed_for_development_of_high_performance_lightweight_helmet\"\u003Enext-generation combat helmet being fielded next year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and even better materials are in the pipeline.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jp8zf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“UHMWP is still relatively young and not wholly taken advantage of,” says Brachos. “We’re only at about 60% of its capability.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, even when a helmet stops a bullet, the wearer can still suffer from blunt trauma.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It is quite similar to other blunt trauma, like being struck with a hammer,” says Marta Polomar, an engineer at Spain’s Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, who adds that in this case the trauma is produced by an object moving at several hundred metres per second.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen a helmet is struck by a bullet it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0263822317342484\"\u003Edeforms and bends inwards\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If the deformation is greater than the distance between the inner helmet surface and the head, the bullet strikes the head through the helmet, and the trauma is correspondingly severe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe risk of trauma could be reduced if helmets were stiffer and deformed less, but doing so would increase the chance of a bullet getting through.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“From our perspective, resistance to penetration far outweighs any blunt trauma risk,” says Brachos.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome risk of blunt trauma is seen as the best trade-off. Polomar’s team are working to better understand the dangers and establish standards, including suggesting padding thickness is not reduced when fitting helmets to people with larger heads. Instead, they say the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0263822317342484\"\u003Ehelmet shell should be increased in size proportional to the wearer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Other researchers are developing better shock-absorbing materials to help reduce the damage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe-18"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How to keep your delicate brain safe","headlineShort":"The materials that protect your brain","image":["p08jp8pt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fmaterials-science"],"summaryLong":"Head injuries and concussion can have devastating, lifelong consequences, so can we afford to not keep searching for ways to keep our brains safe?","summaryShort":"Advances in helmet technology are reducing the risk of head injuries","tag":["tag\u002Fbrain","tag\u002Fmaterials-science"],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-03T00:00:47.075718Z","entity":"article","guid":"ea7accee-278d-4068-a295-d02230fc0b60","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-03T11:44:10.857917Z","project":"future","slug":"20200702-the-helmets-that-can-keep-your-brain-safe","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348023},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long","_id":"5ef9f8cc9a34eaf8e21f312f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Emerging evidence suggests a 10:1 ratio of carbohydrates to proteins may protect the body from the ravages of ageing","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180712-the-age-you-feel-means-more-than-your-actual-birthdate\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp06sb01f.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"The Economics of Change\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe search for the “elixir of youth” has spanned centuries and continents – but recently, the hunt has centred on the Okinawa Islands, which stretch across the East China Sea. Not only do the older inhabitants enjoy the longest life expectancy of anyone on Earth, but the vast majority of those years are lived in remarkably good health too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOf particular note is the number of people who reach 100 years of life. For every 100,000 inhabitants, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0047637416302202#bib0060\"\u003EOkinawa has 68 centenarians\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – more than three times the numbers found in US populations of the same size. Even by the standards of Japan, Okinawans are remarkable, with a 40% greater chance of living to 100 than other Japanese people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELittle wonder scientists have spent decades trying to uncover the secrets of the Okinawans’ longevity – in both their genes and their lifestyle. And one of the most exciting factors to have recently caught the scientists’ attention is the peculiarly high ratio of carbohydrates to protein in the Okinawan diet – with a particular abundance of sweet potato as the source of most of their calories.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It is quite the opposite of current popular diets that advocate a high protein, low carb diet,” says Samantha Solon-Biet, who researches nutrition and ageing at the University of Sydney. Despite the popularity of the Atkins and Paleo diets, however, there is minimal evidence that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180522-we-dont-need-nearly-as-much-protein-as-we-consume\"\u003Ehigh-protein diets really do bring about long-term benefits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150915-the-secrets-of-living-to-200-years-old\"\u003EThe secrets of living to 200 years old\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180522-we-dont-need-nearly-as-much-protein-as-we-consume\"\u003EWhy we don't need nearly as much protein as we consume\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180712-the-age-you-feel-means-more-than-your-actual-birthdate\"\u003EWhy the age you feel means more than your birthdate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo could the “Okinawan Ratio” – 10:1 carbohydrate to protein – instead be the secret to a long and healthy life? Although it would still be far too early to suggest any lifestyle changes based on these observations, the very latest evidence – from human longitudinal studies and animal trials – suggest the hypothesis is worth serious attention. According to these findings, a low protein, high carbohydrate diet sets off various physiological responses that protect us from various age-related illnesses – including cancer, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease. And the Okinawan Ratio may achieve the optimal dietary balance to achieve those effects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMuch of this research comes from the Okinawa Centenarian Study (OCS), which has been investigating the health of the ageing population since 1975. The OCS examines inhabitants from across the Okinawa prefecture, which includes more than 150 islands. By 2016, the OCS had examined 1,000 centenarians from the region.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERather than suffering a prolonged demise, the Okinawan centenarians appeared to have delayed many of the usual effects of ageing, with almost two thirds living independently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F17322136\"\u003Euntil the age of 97\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This remarkable “healthspan” was evident across many age-related diseases. The typical Okinawan centenarian appeared to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F15602075\"\u003Efree of the typical signs of cardiovascular disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, without the build-up of the hard “calcified” plaques around the arteries that can lead to heart failure. Okinawa’s oldest residents also have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F19038835\"\u003Efar lower rates of cancer, diabetes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F7635599\"\u003Edementia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than other ageing populations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGenetic jackpot\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGiven these results, there is little doubt that Okinawa has an exceptional population. But what can explain that extraordinary longevity?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGenetic good fortune could be one important factor. Thanks to the geography of the islands, Okinawa’s populations have spent large chunks of their history in relative isolation, which may has given them \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fbiomedgerontology\u002Farticle\u002F69\u002F12\u002F1474\u002F592652\"\u003Ea unique genetic profile\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Preliminary studies suggest this may include a reduced prevalence of a gene variant – APOE4 – that appears to increase the risk of heart disease and Alzheimer’s. They may also be more likely to carry a protective variant of the FOXO3 gene involved in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F24804734\"\u003Eregulating metabolism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and cell growth. This results in a shorter stature but also appears to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5403515\u002F\"\u003Ereduce the risk of various age-related diseases, including cancer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven so, it seems unlikely that good genes would fully explain the Okinawans’ longevity, and lifestyle factors will also be important. The OCS has found that Okinawans are less likely to smoke than most populations, and since they worked predominantly in agriculture and fishing, they were also physically active. Their tight-knit communities also help the residents to maintain an active social life into old age. Social connection has also been shown to improve health and longevity by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F1745691614568352\"\u003Ereducing the body’s stress responses to challenging events\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. (Loneliness, in contrast, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vice.com\u002Fen_asia\u002Farticle\u002Fywxypm\u002Fbeing-lonely-is-worse-than-smoking-15-cigarettes-a-day\"\u003Ehas been shown to be as harmful as smoking 15 cigarettes a day\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EWelcome to BBC Future Now's Japan season, in which we explore the country's most exciting medical, technological, environmental and social trends.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou can discover:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181113-a-samurai-swordsmith-is-designing-a-space-probe\"\u003EThe samurai swordsmith designing a spaceprobe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181119-why-flammable-ice-could-be-the-future-of-energy\"\u003EWhy 'flammable ice' may solve an energy crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting\"\u003EIkumen: The rise of Japan's 'hunky dads'\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181129-the-underground-cathedral-protecting-tokyo-from-floods\"\u003EThe 'cathedral' protecting Tokyo from floods\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190102-the-plan-to-make-artificial-meteor-showers\"\u003EArtificial meteors: the world's most ambitious fireworks?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181221-japans-grand-plans-to-mine-deap-sea-vents\"\u003EThe grand plans to mine ocean vents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Japan: Untold Stories","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt is the Okinawans’ diet, however, that may have the most potential to change our views on healthy ageing. Unlike the rest of Asia, the Okinawan staple is not rice, but the sweet potato, first introduced in the early 17th Century through trade with the Netherlands. Okinawans also eat an abundance of green and yellow vegetables – such as the bitter melon – and various soy products. Although they do eat pork, fish and other meats, these are typically a small component of their overall consumption, which is mostly plant-based foods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe traditional Okinawan diet is therefore dense in the essential vitamins and minerals - including anti-oxidants - but also low in calories. Particularly in the past, before fast food entered the islands, the average Okinawan ate around 11% fewer calories than the normal recommended consumption for a healthy adult.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor this reason, some scientists believe that Okinawans offer more evidence for the life-enhancing virtues of a “calorie restricted” diet. Since the 1930s, some doctors and scientists have argued that continuously limiting the amount of energy you consume could have many benefits above and beyond weight loss – including a deceleration of the ageing process.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn one of the most compelling experiments, a group of resus macaques eating 30% fewer calories than the average monkey showed a remarkable 63% reduction in deaths from age-related diseases over a 20-year period. They also looked younger – \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20170601-the-secret-to-a-long-and-healthy-life-eat-less\"\u003Ethey had fewer wrinkles and their fur retained its youthful lustre rather than turning grey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Due to practical difficulties, long-term clinical trials in humans have yet to be completed to test the effects on longevity, but a recent two-year experiment, funded by the US National Institute on Aging, was highly suggestive: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nia.nih.gov\u002Fhealth\u002Fcalorie-restriction-and-fasting-diets-what-do-we-know#human\"\u003Eparticipants on a calorie restricted diet showed better cardiovascular health – including lower blood pressure and cholesterol\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s still not clear why a calorie restricted diet would be so beneficial, but there are many potential mechanisms. One possibility is that calorie restriction alters the cell’s energy signalling, so that the body devotes more resources to preservation and maintenance – such as DNA repair – rather than growth and reproduction, while limiting ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1550413110004079\"\u003Eoxidative stress’ caused by the toxic by-products of metabolism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that can cause cellular damage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe benefits of the Okinawan Diet may not end with its calorie restriction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESolon-Biet has conducted a series of studies examining the influence of dietary composition (rather than sheer quantity) on ageing in animals, and her team has consistently found that a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F26718486\"\u003Ehigh-carb, low-protein diet extends the lifespan of various species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with her most recent study showing that it reduces some of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Faction\u002FshowPdf?pii=S2211-1247%2818%2931674-7\"\u003Esigns of ageing in the brain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Amazingly, they have found that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fageing\u002Farticle\u002F45\u002F4\u002F443\u002F1680839\"\u003Eoptimum ratio is 10 parts carb to one part protein\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – the same as the so-called Okinawan Ratio.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlthough there aren’t yet any controlled clinical trials in humans, Solon-Biet cites epidemiological work across the world that all point to similar conclusions. “Other long-lived populations have also been shown to have dietary patterns that include relatively low amounts of protein,” she says. “These include the Kitavans, [who live on] a small island in Papua New Guinea, the South American Tsimane people and populations that consume the Mediterranean diet.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOnce again, the exact mechanisms are murky. Like calorie restriction, the low protein diets seem to promote the cell repair and maintenance. Karen Ryan, a nutritional biologist at the University of California, Davis, points out that the scarcity of amino acids can encourage cells to recycle old material (rather than synthesising new proteins).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Together, these changes may prevent the ageing-associated accumulation of damaged proteins within cells,” she says. This build-up of damaged proteins may usually be responsible for many diseases, she says – but the regular clean up when we eat a low-protein diet could prevent it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo should we all start adopting the Okinawan Diet? Not quite. Ryan points to some evidence that low protein intake may limit bodily damage up to the age of 65, but you may then benefit from increasing your protein intake after that point. “Optimal nutrition is expected to vary across the life history,” she says. And it’s also worth noting one study, which found that the relative merits of protein and carbohydrates may depend on the protein's source: a diet higher in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002F2176933-eating-a-low-carb-diet-may-shorten-your-life-unless-you-go-vegan-too\u002F\"\u003Eplant-based protein appears to be better than a diet rich in meat or dairy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for instance. So the Okinawans may be living longer due to the fact that they are eating (mostly) fruit and vegetables, rather than its high carb, low protein content.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, the Okinawans’ health is probably due to a lucky confluence of many factors, Ryan says. “And specific interactions among these factors will also be important.” And we may need many more years of research to understand the importance of each of those ingredients before we finally come up with a true recipe for the “elixir of youth”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is a senior journalist at BBC Future. He is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 900,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eor \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-7"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-01-18T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"A high-carb diet may explain why Okinawans live so long","headlineShort":"Could carbs help us live longer?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Emerging evidence suggests a 10:1 ratio of carbohydrates to proteins may protect the body from the ravages of ageing","summaryShort":"The people of Okinawa might hold the answer","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-01-18T03:00:13.836819Z","entity":"article","guid":"568f7519-cf1d-40ed-8616-326bb1d7683c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-22T13:54:14.614916Z","project":"future","slug":"20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348023},"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191010-seven-words-that-can-help-us-to-be-a-little-calmer":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:external:future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191010-seven-words-that-can-help-us-to-be-a-little-calmer","_id":"5ef9f8e39a34eaf8e21fc032","name":"Seven words that can help us to be a little calmer","primaryVertical":"future","sourceName":"Culture","sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200708215923\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture","summaryLong":"What the West can learn from a unique worldview","summaryShort":"Seven Japanese words to live by","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-10T08:27:23.980282Z","entity":"external","guid":"9e621df5-5f7d-40c8-8225-16f3f6c92825","id":"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191010-seven-words-that-can-help-us-to-be-a-little-calmer","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-10T08:34:10.652325Z","project":"future","slug":"20191010-seven-words-that-can-help-us-to-be-a-little-calmer","image":[],"promoImage":[],"articleType":"external","headlineShort":"Seven Japanese words to live by","promoAlignment":"center","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200708215923\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20190124-seven-words-that-can-help-us-to-be-a-little-calmer","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348024},"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191007-the-arms-length-flats-of-tokyo":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:external:future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191007-the-arms-length-flats-of-tokyo","_id":"5ef9f8e29a34eaf8e21fbe9d","name":"The arm’s-length flats of Tokyo","primaryVertical":"future","sourceName":"Worklife","sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200708215923\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife","summaryLong":"How cash-strapped young people afford big city living","summaryShort":"The arm’s-length flats of Tokyo","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-07T06:15:44.980511Z","entity":"external","guid":"8add577b-b163-4581-986d-2aaf5891b727","id":"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191007-the-arms-length-flats-of-tokyo","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-07T06:15:44.980511Z","project":"future","slug":"20191007-the-arms-length-flats-of-tokyo","image":[],"promoImage":[],"articleType":"external","headlineShort":"The arm’s-length flats of Tokyo","promoAlignment":"center","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200708215923\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190718-the-arms-length-flats-of-tokyo","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348024},"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191008-the-worlds-oldest-novel":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:external:future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191008-the-worlds-oldest-novel","_id":"5ef9f8e29a34eaf8e21fbf55","name":"The world’s oldest novel?","primaryVertical":"future","sourceName":"Reel","sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200708215923\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel","summaryLong":"Written 1,000 years ago, the epic story of 11th-Century Japan, The Tale of Genji, was written by Murasaki Shikibu, a woman","summaryShort":"The world’s oldest novel?","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-08T01:09:36.453305Z","entity":"external","guid":"2e30516a-eaf3-41fc-b6d9-204a2b2be139","id":"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191008-the-worlds-oldest-novel","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-08T01:09:36.453305Z","project":"future","slug":"20191008-the-worlds-oldest-novel","image":[],"promoImage":[],"articleType":"external","headlineShort":"The world’s oldest novel?","promoAlignment":"center","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200708215923\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fvideo\u002Fp07gc85k\u002Fis-this-the-world-s-oldest-novel-","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348024},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting","_id":"5ef9f8d19a34eaf8e21f4258","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"A government programme has tried to make fatherhood cool and sexy. Has it succeeded?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fjapan-untold-stories\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp06sb01f.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"The Economics of Change\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECast your eyes over a Japanese newspaper, fashion magazine or manga story and you may find a new kind of ‘superhero’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThey are smiling and handsome as they play swordfight over breakfast or take a bike ride together in the park. The father and child may even be dressed in stylish matching outfits. They are sympathetic and understanding, and they will happily do the cooking and housework.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese are the \u003Cem\u003Eikumen\u003C\u002Fem\u003E: a combination of the word \u003Cem\u003Eikuji\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (childcare) and \u003Cem\u003Eikemen\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (hunk) – a stark contrast to the older stereotypes of the remote, workaholic father. The term was first devised by an ad salesman in the 2000s, and in 2010 the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare launched the national Ikumen Project to promulgate the idea as a way of encouraging greater paternal involvement in family life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe idea soon caught on, and today ikumen can be seen throughout Japanese popular culture. But does this trend really represent significant progress in gender equality? Or do the glossy photoshoots simply add a sparkle and sheen to a superficial change in attitudes, while women still shoulder most of the family responsibilities?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you enjoyed this, you may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20160506-the-japanese-art-of-not-sleeping\"\u003EInemuri: The Japanese art of (not) sleeping\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181030-the-10-personality-traits-that-english-cant-name\"\u003EThe ten personality traits that English cannot name    \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20160719-meet-japans-kumamon-the-bear-who-earns-billions\"\u003EMeet Japan’s Kumamon, the bear who earns billions    \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn years gone by, the Japanese father’s primary role was considered to be that of the bread winner. These ‘salarymen’ were devoted to their company, working long hours to climb the corporate ladder and provide financial security to the family. “Utter commitment to one’s work represented the apotheosis of manliness”, writes Hannah Vassallo, who recently published an anthropological study of Japanese fathers for a book, Cool Japanese Men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There is a Japanese saying, “jishin, kaminari, kaji, oyaji” – “earthquake, thunder, fire and father”","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJapan, of course, was not alone in these views. But even in the 1980s the average man spent fewer than 40 minutes interacting with their children on the average workday – and that was often during a family meal. According to one observational study, some men could not even make tea or locate their own clothes without their wife’s assistance. When the father did interact with his children, he was often remote and commanded respect, even fear – a fact reflected in the common saying “jishin, kaminari, kaji, oyaji” – “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%E3%81%98%E3%81%97%E3%82%93%E3%81%8B%E3%81%BF%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8A%E3%81%8B%E3%81%98%E3%81%8A%E3%82%84%E3%81%98#Japanese\"\u003Eearthquake, thunder, fire and father\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENeedless to say, these attitudes had some serious repercussions. They made it much harder for women to maintain a career after childbirth, for instance, leading many to become increasingly disenchanted with the concept of marriage. The result was that they started marrying later, or not at all – contributing to the now infamous dip in Japan’s birth rate. The 1980s also saw a rise in child suicides, which some linked to the lack of paternal support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven so, change was slow. In 2002, for instance, just 0.33% of eligible men took the paternity leave after the birth of a child. One survey, from 2008, reported that a third of men would have preferred to spend more time with their children – but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scmp.com\u002Fmagazines\u002Fpost-magazine\u002Flong-reads\u002Farticle\u002F2155973\u002Fjapan-rise-house-husband-redraws-established\"\u003Ethey worried that their bosses would disapprove of the time taken off work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe government’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fculture\u002F2011\u002F08\u002F30\u002Fgeneral\u002Fikumen-raising-new-father-figures-in-japan\u002F\"\u003EIkumen Project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was meant to remedy this situation, generating “a societal movement whereby men are able to become proactively involved in childcare”. It provided symposia and workshops, and fathers were also given the ‘Work-life Balance Handbook’ to help them juggle the competing demands of the office and the home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUnlike previous campaigns to increase paternal engagement, the Ikumen Project painted the father as a heroic figure, emphasising his masculinity and sexual allure; one of its posters depicted one man tearing off his suit and shirt, Superman-like, to reveal the project’s logo on a t-shirt underneath, with the slogan “Ikumen strength for society”. The implication was that these ‘heroes’ were not just protecting their family; by nurturing the next generation of workers, they were helping to save the country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThanks to its connotations with the ikemen hunks, the term was generally well received. “Everyone in Japan would be familiar with the word ikemen,” says Vassallo. “And I think that’s how ikumen was born and gained any traction – it sounds a lot better than the previous words for a caring father that existed in Japanese before that point.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EWelcome to BBC Future Now's Japan season, in which we explore the country's most exciting medical, technological, environmental and social trends.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou can discover:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181113-a-samurai-swordsmith-is-designing-a-space-probe\"\u003EThe samurai swordsmith designing a spaceprobe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181119-why-flammable-ice-could-be-the-future-of-energy\"\u003EWhy 'flammable ice' may solve an energy crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181120-the-surprising-source-of-the-tokyo-2020-olympic-medals\"\u003EThe surprising source of Tokyo 2020 Olympic medals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Japan's untold stories","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYou can now find magazines like FQ (Father’s Quarterly) Japan advertising father-child matching outfits and family photoshoots alongside its celebrity interviews; it even held a Mr Ikumen pageant. Emotionally sensitive ikumen are the romantic leads in TV comedies and there is even a manga series – Ikumen! – that explores the trials and tribulations of 21-year-old Midorikawa Hiroya, a househusband raising his daughter while his wife works.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn a stark contrast to the old-fashioned salaryman, Hiroya’s sense of fulfilment and self-worth stems from his relationship with his daughter – and his ikumen status helps protect him from the typical stigma attached to unemployed men. In some strips, the women near to Hiroya and his friends blush with desire as they see the ikumen fathers playing with their children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs a marketing campaign, the Ikumen Project has therefore been a great success, sparking some important discussions about the ways that fathers are portrayed. “The awareness is there,” says Vassallo. Yet it has also received its fair share of criticism. Many women, for example, feel resentful that men are being treated as heroes for taking a fair share of very routine jobs. So although they may repeat the phrase “ikumen over ikemen” – and express admiration for the caring fathers they encounter – they also wonder why their own efforts aren’t being recognised to the same degree.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I think everyone jumped on the bandwagon at first,” Vassallo says. “and then [some people], especially Japanese women, thought 'let’s slow down a bit and see how much we should be holding these fathers up on a pedestal here.'” After all, some men\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2016\u002F04\u002F28\u002Fnational\u002Fsocial-issues\u002Fhouse-husbands-gaining-acceptance-japan-gender-stereotypes-ease\u002F#.W_bkAVKnxTY\"\u003E may claim to be ikumen despite doing a tiny portion of the household chores\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Even the official Ikumen Project Handbook – for all its good intentions – still presented the mother as taking the primary responsibility for the children; for the men, childcare is still a bonus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome men, meanwhile, have complained about “ikumen illness” - the exhaustion of meeting high expectations at work and at home – and even if they personally hold a more progressive view, there is still the fear that a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjapansociology.com\u002F2013\u002F11\u002F28\u002Fwhat-are-ikumen\u002F\"\u003Edevoted father who takes time out of the office may be penalised by antiquated bosses who don’t understand the new policies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENor should the Ikumen Project mask the many broader structural issues that can hold back gender equality. Brigitte Steger from Cambridge University, for instance, points out that Japanese law still doesn’t recognise the equal standing of each parent in cases of divorce. She says that many fathers are not obliged to pay alimony, and, conversely, they are not guaranteed to get access to their children “even when they had a good relationship with them”. Overall, Japan still remains very low on the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fjapan\u002FGender2017-JPN-en.pdf\"\u003EOrganisation of Economic Co-operation and Development’s rankings of gender equality in the workplace\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven so, there are some signs that tangible positive changes are afoot. The take-up of paternal leave, while still low, has significantly increased since the Ikumen Project was first introduced, for instance – rising from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scmp.com\u002Fmagazines\u002Fpost-magazine\u002Flong-reads\u002Farticle\u002F2155973\u002Fjapan-rise-house-husband-redraws-established\"\u003E1.9% in 2012 to 7% in 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And fewer than 45% of people now support the idea that “men should work, women should stay at home” – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2016\u002F04\u002F28\u002Fnational\u002Fsocial-issues\u002Fhouse-husbands-gaining-acceptance-japan-gender-stereotypes-ease\u002F#.W_bkAVKnxTY\"\u003Ea drop of 15% since 1992\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, when 60% supported the traditional gender norms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd anecdotally, devoted fathers are now more visible in everyday life. “You see many fathers with their children, especially during weekends and in urban areas, and many fathers have quite warm relationships with their children,” says Steger, who edited the book Cool Japanese Men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EVassallo agrees that real behavioural change is slow, but she has found that the fathers she interviewed were beginning to carve out their own, individual path. They may not meet the heroic image of the prototypical ikumen – and some even felt embarrassed to use the term – but they were taking pleasure in the upbringing of their children, sharing tips with other parents on Facebook and regularly attending PTA meetings. “It filled me with more of a sense that they are navigating a healthy relationship with their attitudes towards work and family,” she says. “That fills me with more optimism”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDavid Robson is a senior journalist at BBC Future. He is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on Twitter. Cool Japanese Men, edited by Brigitte Steger and Angelika Koch, was published by Lit Verlag in 2017. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 900,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=EsWCxOxipeDTD2uG1KjXrVr2aohpEtGq4--4FAWEVFTb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.facebook.com%2fBBCFuture\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=m-PP8de121BqbUMFuNSaT_1otrPX5hz17nUvtbpdtUbb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2ftwitter.com%2fbbc_future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=aKgBDVAFPnR-GgSKDwyPQlFGWWC7k4B8S6moVv9HFeTb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.instagram.com%2fbbcfuture_official%2f\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-11-27T14:42:14.907Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Ikumen: How Japan’s ‘hunky dads’ are changing parenting","headlineShort":"Ikumen: the rise of Japan’s ‘hot dads’","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"A government programme has tried to make fatherhood cool and sexy. Has it succeeded?","summaryShort":"A government programme has tried to rebrand fatherhood. Has it succeeded?","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2018-11-28T23:44:29.643672Z","entity":"article","guid":"000d7a2b-35ac-4d4a-834e-0e64ab970f67","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:28:01.446304Z","project":"future","slug":"20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348024},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200626-should-we-eat-more-like-the-japanese":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200626-should-we-eat-more-like-the-japanese","_id":"5efdd7589a34eaf8e271a281","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fveronique-greenwood"],"bodyIntro":"The Japanese have one of the highest life expectancies in the world. Is part of it down to what they’re putting on their plates?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJapan has the most centenarians – those 100 years old or more – of any country in the world. Forty-eight in every 100,000 people in the country make it to their century. Nowhere else on Earth really comes close. Numbers like that can cause people in other parts of the world to sit up and pay attention. What is they have that we don’t? Is it something they’re eating?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s buzzes like this that gave us such things as the Mediterranean diet. Its popularity outside of the Mediterranean can be traced back to American nutritionist Ancel Keys and his interest in the centenarians of Italy, whose diet was low in animal fat, back in the 1970s. In the 1990s, another nutrition researcher, Walter Willett, mentioned Japan’s unusually long-lived population in a paper, along with its low number of deaths from heart disease.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince then, numerous research papers have asked whether this longevity be linked to food. And if so, what foods might the rest of us, in hopes of garnering similar lifespans, start adding to our shopping lists?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190503-the-mystery-taste-that-always-eluded-us\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe man who discovered umami\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20161125-the-worms-that-cost-20000-a-kilo\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe worms that cost $20,000 a kilo\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20160726-the-comfort-food-that-took-over-the-world\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow ramen noodles conquered the world\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Japanese diet is a fairly broad concept, points out epidemiology researcher Shu Zhang of Japan’s National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, and it is not and has never been an all-you-can-eat sushi buffet. Still, one recent review of 39 studies probing the connection between Japanese diet and health found a few commonalities emphasised by many papers: seafood, vegetables, soybeans and related productions, like soy sauce, rice, and miso soup.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndeed, on the whole, the consumption of this kind of diet is linked to fewer deaths from heart problems, Zhang says, although not specific diseases like cancer. Interestingly, it also appears connected to lower rates of mortality overall.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200626-should-we-eat-more-like-the-japanese-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08j3k6h"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200626-should-we-eat-more-like-the-japanese-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETsuyoshi Tsuduki, an associate professor of food and molecular bioscience at Tohoku University, has studied exactly which version of the Japanese diet might contribute to long life. Initially, he and his collaborators used national survey data to come up with meals representing the Japanese diet in the 1990s and a similar set of meals for the American diet of the same time period. The meals were freeze-dried and fed for three weeks to rats, whose health the researchers then watched carefully.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIntriguingly, the rats on the Japanese diet had less fat in their abdomens and lower levels of fat in their blood, despite the fact that both diets had the same amount of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. That suggests that sources for those nutrients – meat versus fish, rice versus wheat, for instance – matter to the outcome.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200626-should-we-eat-more-like-the-japanese-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It turned out that not all Japanese diets were equal","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200626-should-we-eat-more-like-the-japanese-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGoing deeper, the researchers delineated different versions of the Japanese diet from the last 50 years or so, as what Japanese people eat has changed considerably over time (especially in cosmopolitan cities, the diet has grown more Western-influenced). They concocted meal plans based on the national diets in 1960, 1975, 1990, and 2005, and fed them to mice. Much cooking and freeze-drying of food, paired with copious rodent-watching, followed. This time, the experiments ran for eight months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt turned out that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F26431631\u002F\"\u003Enot all Japanese diets were equal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Mice fed the diet from 1975 had lower risk of diabetes and fatty liver disease than the others, and when the scientists examined their livers, they found genes that kept fatty acids from being made, among others, were activated. That diet was particularly rich in seaweed and seafood, legumes, fruit, and traditional fermented seasonings, and in general had a great variety of foods to recommend it, while steering clear of excess sugar.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F26431631\u002F\"\u003EIn later experiments\u003C\u002Fa\u003E they found this 1975 diet led to longer-lived mice, with better memory and fewer physical impairments as they aged. (In fact, Shu Zhang, the epidemiologist, and colleagues \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fjn\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F149\u002F7\u002F1245\u002F5487581?redirectedFrom=fulltext\"\u003Erecently published findings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that a Japanese diet is linked to more healthy, active years as people age.)   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200626-should-we-eat-more-like-the-japanese-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08j3lqv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200626-should-we-eat-more-like-the-japanese-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe diet also had positive health effects in humans, the Tsuduki group and collaborators found. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F30985996\u002F\"\u003EA 28-day trial\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with overwieght people eating a modern Japanese diet or the 1975 version showed that the 1975 group lost more weight and had better cholesterol numbers. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29710042\u002F\"\u003EIn other work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, subjects with a healthy weight who ate the 1975 diet were in better shape at the end of the trial than others. Tsuduki and colleagues believe that people’s microbiomes may be one of the things mediating these effects, after observing changes in the gut microbiome \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F30502656\u002F\"\u003Eduring one\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of their studies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200626-should-we-eat-more-like-the-japanese-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It may be that the benefits of the Japanese diet are not due to some magical quality of seaweed or soy sauce, but rather a focus on eating a variety of foods","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200626-should-we-eat-more-like-the-japanese-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo what’s the secret? If this version of the Japanese diet has positive effects, it might be down to how meals are prepared as well as any particulars of nutrients, Tsuduki \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nippon.com\u002Fen\u002Fin-depth\u002Fd00482\u002Fthe-1975-diet-and-the-secret-of-japanese-longevity.html\"\u003Epoints out\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Meals are made up of several small dishes, providing a variety of flavours. Ingredients are more often steamed or simmered than fried. As well, they are seasoned with small amounts of intensely flavourful substances, rather than excess salt or sugar.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn short, it may be that the benefits of the Japanese diet are not due to some magical quality of seaweed or soy sauce, but rather a focus on eating a variety of foods cooked in healthy ways in moderation, along with an emphasis on vegetables and legumes. Advice, in other words, that anyone can use.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut modern Japan has its own problems following this advice. Rates of diabetes have risen in recent years, in part because of a greying population, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fasia.nikkei.com\u002FEditor-s-Picks\u002FJapan-Update\u002FJapan-s-diabetic-population-soars-to-record-10m\"\u003Ebut also because of rising obesity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It is possible that Japan’s days as the home of the most centenarians are numbered.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200626-should-we-eat-more-like-the-japanese-8"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fjapan-2020","future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftaste-of-tomorrow"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-02T14:48:44Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Should we eat more like the Japanese?","headlineShort":"Should we eat like the Japanese?","image":["p08j3fyx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9769a34eaf8e224e7f2"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The Japanese have one of the highest life expectancies in the world. Is part of it down to what they’re putting on their plates?","summaryShort":"Long lifespans may be linked to their diet","tag":["tag\u002Ffood"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-02T00:00:43.12857Z","entity":"article","guid":"5ce47c97-4a21-4c01-bf65-185e15e605e6","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200626-should-we-eat-more-like-the-japanese","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-02T12:47:03.605963Z","project":"future","slug":"20200626-should-we-eat-more-like-the-japanese","cacheLastUpdated":1594245348023},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters","_id":"5effcdd49a34eaf8e2f6179c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Ffrancesca-perry"],"bodyIntro":"Some cities are rolling out ambitious electric scooter sharing schemes, while others have banned them outright. Just how green, and how safe, are e-scooters?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EYou might have started seeing more of them on streets and in parks, gliding past you with a faint electric hum. As lockdowns lift and people avoid public transport, e-scooters – stand-up, electrically powered scooters – are becoming more popular.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe easing of lockdowns has highlighted the importance of individual, emission-free, socially distanced transport as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-are-we-witnessing-the-death-of-the-car\"\u003Egovernments try to prevent spikes in car use\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200427-how-air-pollution-exacerbates-covid-19\"\u003Epollution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the story of e-scooters is one of both a popular tech gadget and a contentious form of transport. While they offer a seemingly fun and environmentally friendly option for short journeys, a range of questions about their safety and sustainability have emerged in the past two years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ESo how did e-scooters go from risky tech novelty to a green travel solution for the coronavirus recovery? And are they really so good for the planet?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EE-scooters have been available to privately buy for over a decade but many remain prohibitively expensive. It took the affordable, accessible option of shared, dockless models – which can be rented by the minute using a smartphone app – for their popularity to skyrocket. In 2018, shared e-scooter startups Bird and Lime rapidly introduced them to US cities (sometimes without permission). Soon after, the companies – along with a proliferation of other startups, including European-based Voi and Tier – began to rapidly expand across cities internationally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ENow, e-scooter sharing schemes are available in more than 100 cities, across at least 20 countries, from Chile to South Korea to New Zealand – although Europe and the US continue to dominate in terms of use. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.berginsight.com\u002FShowReport.aspx?m_m=3&id=333\"\u003EResearch suggests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that by 2024, 4.6 million shared e-scooters will be in operation worldwide, up from 774,000 in 2019.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-are-we-witnessing-the-death-of-the-car\"\u003EHow cities are clamping down on cars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200427-how-air-pollution-exacerbates-covid-19\"\u003EHow air pollution exacerbates Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200521-mexican-cacti-a-sustainable-biofuel-from-the-desert\"\u003EHow Mexico is making fuel from cacti\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut with the rise of e-scooters has been the rise of related accidents – some of them \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-england-london-48973968\"\u003Efatal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. On pavements, e-scooters pose dangers to pedestrians and wheelchair users – and particularly people who are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rnib.org.uk\u002Fcampaigning\u002Fcampaigning-news\u002Fhighlighting-risks-of-street-changes\"\u003Eblind and partially sighted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But using the scooters on roads without sufficient infrastructure such as cycle lanes is also risky, especially due to lack of regulations. Even when not in use, e-scooters can be hazardous: most sharing services are dockless, resulting in scooters being discarded on footpaths, causing obstructions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gd6cj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ERegulation and legislation measures vary internationally. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-51375903\"\u003EIn many countries, they are technically illegal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Until recently they have been in the UK too, but in May, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002F2-billion-package-to-create-new-era-for-cycling-and-walking\"\u003Egovernment announced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that shared e-scooter trials would be brought forward by a year and rolled out nationally. As of 4 July, rental e-scooters are legal on the UK's streets. Meanwhile in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thejakartapost.com\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F11\u002F14\u002Fjakarta-bans-e-scooters-from-sidewalks-footbridges-roads-following-fatal-accident.html\"\u003EJakarta\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wsj.com\u002Farticles\u002Fsingapore-hits-the-brakes-on-electric-scooters-but-that-doesnt-stop-renegade-riders-11575649591\"\u003ESingapore\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.shine.cn\u002Fnews\u002Fmetro\u002F1811265662\u002F\"\u003EShanghai\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, e-scooters are still banned on roads and pavements entirely, while \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-50189279\"\u003EParis has banned riding and parking them on pavements\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Other cities have speed limits, restrictions on scooter numbers or rules on where they can be used and parked.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGreen credentials\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ESafety is not the only issue, though: e-scooters have come under increasing scrutiny for their environmental impact. Although shared models are emission-free at the point of use, the process of manufacturing, moving and managing them results in greenhouse gas emissions – which increase if they have a short lifespan. Most shared e-scooters need to be collected, charged and redistributed regularly, often using fossil-fuelled vehicles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EA \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1748-9326\u002Fab2da8\"\u003E2019 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by researchers at North Carolina State University, taking into account emissions produced by making and moving e-scooters, suggested they typically produce more emissions per passenger mile than a standard bus with high ridership, an electric moped, an e-bike or a regular bicycle. Such findings are echoed by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftravelandmobility.tech\u002Finfographics\u002Fcarbon-emissions-by-transport-type\u002F\"\u003Eresearch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from the Lufthansa Innovation Hub ranking estimated carbon emissions of various transport types, which suggests average emissions of dockless e-scooters are higher than those of trains, buses, e-bikes, electric and hybrid cars and even petrol-powered scooters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ESuch emissions can be reduced through reducing the number of trips by operational vehicles to ferry scooters around cities, using emission-free vehicles when they do so and increasing scooter lifespan. Currently, shared e-scooters are meant to last between one and two years, but due to both accidental and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vice.com\u002Fen_uk\u002Farticle\u002Fvbj7xb\u002Ftheres-an-entire-instagram-account-devoted-to-destroying-rideshare-scooters\"\u003Edeliberate damage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, many last much less time than that. Looking at Louisville, Kentucky, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fqz.com\u002F1561654\u002Fhow-long-does-a-scooter-last-less-than-a-month-louisville-data-suggests\u002F\"\u003EQuartz estimated\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the average lifespan of a Bird e-scooter was roughly 29 days. Many believe the dockless set-up is to blame. Dockless bike-share schemes were heavily criticised when \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fworld-asia-china-43999482\u002Fthe-problem-of-china-s-huge-bike-graveyards\"\u003E\"mass graveyards\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of redundant bikes appeared – could e-scooters be heading the same way?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gd6t9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E“Those bike companies took the approach of growth at all costs, but that’s not what we do,” says Patrick Studener, vice president at Bird. “In every city we start with 100 or 200 scooters, then we scale up into the demand that we see. Day to day, we scale up and down with demand.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EE-scooters are promoted as a green alternative to short car trips, but the concern is that they replace trips by foot, bike or public transport instead. Data gathered \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002F6-t.co\u002Fen\u002Ffree-floating-escooters-france\u002F\"\u003Efrom French cities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shows that 44% of local e-scooter users would have walked had the scooters not been available and 30% would have used public transport. Only 8% would have used a personal car, car-share, taxi or ride-hailing service.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut travel habits vary across the world. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwellington.scoop.co.nz\u002F?p=128186\"\u003EIn Wellington, New Zealand\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 21% of e-scooter trips would have otherwise been made by car, with 39% of people using a car less as a result of the e-scooter scheme. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.chicago.gov\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002Fcity\u002Fdepts\u002Fcdot\u002FMisc\u002FEScooters\u002FE-Scooter_Pilot_Evaluation_2.17.20.pdf\"\u003EIn Chicago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 43% of users would have travelled by car if the scooters weren’t available (30% would have walked). In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.portlandoregon.gov\u002Ftransportation\u002Farticle\u002F700916\"\u003EPortland, Oregon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 36% of local users would have travelled by car instead, although an even bigger percentage (45%) would have walked or used a bicycle – both lower-emission transport modes. However, 39% said they drove less since beginning to use e-scooters, suggesting positive behaviour change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ESeemingly, shared e-scooter companies are paying attention to sustainability concerns, with some introducing the use of renewable energy in operations, swappable batteries that reduce the need to move scooters away to charge, as well as electric operation vehicles and extended scooter lifespans through better design and repairs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBird claims its latest e-scooter model lasts for up to two years, thus reducing environmental impact. By its own admission, Bird’s first scooters lasted roughly three or four months. Lime recently promised to switch its operation vehicles to 100% electric by 2030, and signed a commitment with 75 international companies to push for electric vehicle rollout. “But we expect to get there much faster,” says Lime’s head of sustainability Andrew Savage. In Paris, the company has already shifted its entire vehicle fleet to electric, as well as piloting swappable batteries to gauge carbon savings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gd726"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe start-up Voi claims its service is now fully carbon-neutral, achieved through measures including swappable batteries, longer-lasting scooter design and electrification of service fleets. Voi first implemented these measures in Paris, where they were found to reduce emissions by 71%, according to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fassets.ey.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002Fey-sites\u002Fey-com\u002Fen_gl\u002Ftopics\u002Fautomotive-and-transportation\u002Fautomotive-transportation-pdfs\u002Fey-micromobility-moving-cities-into-a-sustainable-future.pdf\"\u003Ereport from EY\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Tier is working to move all its warehouses to run on green electricity by the end of 2020, as well as replace all diesel vans and have all e-scooters using swappable batteries by 2021. Tier’s operations in Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, and France already run entirely on e-vehicles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E“New normal”\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ESuch apparent commitment to sustainability no doubt appeals to governments in the coronavirus recovery as they seek to support transport needs that adhere to social distancing while avoiding increases in polluting car use.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAlthough many shared e-scooters were taken out of service during lockdowns, they are slowly returning to cities, with ramped-up cleaning measures. Meanwhile, retailers have reported sales of private e-scooters increasing in places including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fyle.fi\u002Fuutiset\u002Fosasto\u002Fnews\u002Fepidemic_sparks_bike_sales_spike_in_helsinki\u002F11363744\"\u003EFinland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thetimes.co.uk\u002Farticle\u002Fe-scooter-demand-rises-in-ireland-as-alternative-to-public-transport-wnwwbxfvl\"\u003EIreland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Ftechnology-52532993\"\u003EUK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, despite their use on public streets still being illegal in the latter two countries. Things are set to change quite extensively in the UK, though. Shared e-scooter trials were planned for 2021 in four select areas, but in response to the newly restricted capacity of public transport, were brought forward to this summer and offered nationally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut the UK is not alone in embracing e-scooters as part of post-Covid transport strategies. In Australia, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au\u002Fnational\u002Fqueensland\u002Fbrisbane-s-e-scooter-trial-to-continue-for-another-year-20200526-p54wi1.html\"\u003EBrisbane recently decided\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to extend its e-scooter trial by a year, expanding provision into the suburbs as part of efforts to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au\u002Fnational\u002Fqueensland\u002Fpop-up-bike-lanes-proposed-for-brisbane-cbd-20200527-p54wty.html\"\u003Eincrease active transport\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the coronavirus recovery. In Colombia, Bogotá changed its’ e-scooter regulations to allow more providers to offer their services post-lockdown, with no payment to the city. In Argentina, Buenos Aires is actively encouraging short trips to be taken by bicycles and scooters, which it says “play a fundamental role in the mobility of residents in this new scenario”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businesswire.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhome\u002F20200528005660\u002Fen\u002FItaly-Opens-Doors-World-Helbiz-Launches-Electric\"\u003ERome welcomed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E its first shared e-scooters in May. “Rome is starting again under the banner of sustainable mobility,” said mayor Virginia Raggi of the new scheme. “During these unprecedented times, our habits have changed, and as an administration, we are promoting new mobility choices.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe Italian government’s Covid-19 Task Force \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businesswire.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhome\u002F20200505005813\u002Fen\u002FHelbiz-Launches-New-Subscription-Service-Offering-Unlimited\"\u003Ehas partnered\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with e-scooter company Helbiz to help support socially distanced mobility across the country. “It is necessary to change the paradigm and make a Copernican revolution in the mobility industry,” says Filomena Maggino, head of the task force’s mobility delegation. “We are prioritising the wellbeing of our citizens and choosing the options that allow everyone to move without compromising sustainability. Micro-mobility solutions embody the needs for fair and sustainable mobility.” The government is also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brusselstimes.com\u002Fall-news\u002Fworld-all-news\u002F111145\u002Flockdown-subsidies-announced-for-cyclists-in-italy\u002F\"\u003Eoffering city residents subsidies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for buying an e-scooter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAccess for all? \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EResearch suggests e-scooters have an issue with inclusivity – and if a transport mode is not inclusive, it cannot be truly sustainable. A total of 65% of e-scooter users \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.chicago.gov\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002Fcity\u002Fdepts\u002Fcdot\u002FMisc\u002FEScooters\u002FE-Scooter_Pilot_Evaluation_2.17.20.pdf\"\u003Ein Chicago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were male, 72% were white and 79% aged 25-44. The majority of riders earned over $75,000 (£59,000) – more than double the last reported US median income of $31,000 (£25,000). In the French cities of Paris, Lyon and Marseille, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002F6-t.co\u002Fen\u002Ffree-floating-escooters-france\u002F\"\u003E66% of local users\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were men and in general users were also “significantly more well-off” than the general population.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"E-scooters can be carbon neutral, but if they do not replace more carbon-intensive modes, they will have little positive impact – Sarah Badoux","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EMale user dominance could result from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Flifestyle\u002Fstyle\u002Fthe-invasion-of-the-scooter-bros-a-new-tribe-whizzes-past-the-haters-on-washington-sidewalks\u002F2018\u002F05\u002F17\u002F2baf3024-4d5d-11e8-84a0-458a1aa9ac0a_story.html\"\u003E\"tech bro\" image\u003C\u002Fa\u003E e-scooters were initially saddled with. Other shortcomings in diversity may be due to geographical spread of scooter availability, cost and smartphone requirement. “Cities should only issue permits to e-scooter operators who aim to also serve outer-city areas that are poorly served by public transport as well as lower-income communities,” says Lucy Mahoney, who manages the walking and cycling network at C40 Cities. In its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnacto.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F09\u002FNACTO_Shared_Micromobility_Guidelines_Web.pdf\"\u003Eguidelines for shared micro-mobility\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, US transport alliance Nacto states that disadvantage populations should be considered first priority to address longstanding structural inequities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ESome scooter companies are trying to address this. “We work to identify a particular community that could benefit from cheaper transport – typically areas that are underserved by transport currently,” says Lime’s UK policy director Alan Clarke. In the US, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.li.me\u002Fcommunity-impact\"\u003ELime Access\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.bird.co\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360030673152-Low-Income-Program\"\u003EBird Access\u003C\u002Fa\u003E programmes provide discounted fares to those reliant on government financial support, and enable individuals without smartphones to use e-scooters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIn terms of physical accessibility, however, e-scooters may be more inclusive than bicycles or e-bikes, as they don’t require any pedalling. Findings \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwellington.scoop.co.nz\u002F?p=128186\"\u003Efrom Wellington\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, New Zealand, suggest e-scooters increased mobility for people with disabilities: 13% of users with accessibility needs said they wouldn’t have made their most recent trip without e-scooters, and 91% of users with accessibility needs strongly supported the e-scooter scheme to continue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gd744"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ESo, are e-scooters the sustainable travel we need? “The key is for e-scooters to be one more part of a flexible, multi-modal transport system that gives people more affordable and sustainable mobility choices,” says Maruxa Cardama, secretary-general of the Slocat Partnership on Sustainable, Low-Carbon Transport.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E“E-scooters can be carbon neutral, but if they do not replace more carbon-intensive modes, they will have little positive impact on urban transport decarbonisation,” explains Voi’s sustainability lead Sarah Badoux. To target a modal shift from cars, widespread presence – convenient access – is key. Lime, for instance, also partners with Uber and Google Maps so that when people plan journeys, e-scooters appear as a viable alternative to car use.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ELinking in with public transport is also vital. “Research shows that the best way to get people to leave their cars at home is not improved public transport, but improved access to public transport,” says Voi’s Badoux, whose company has partnerships with public transit authorities across Europe. Marion Lagadic, a project manager at 6t, which conducted the French e-scooter surveys, agrees. “One could hypothesise that e-scooters not only make the first-mile or last-mile possible for those users who live far from stations, they also offer that little bit of fun that makes an intermodal trip attractive,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIn her \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.c40knowledgehub.org\u002Fs\u002Farticle\u002FE-Scooters-and-Climate-Action-Contributions-and-potential-risks?language=en_US\"\u003Ereport on e-scooters and climate action\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, C40’s Mahoney recommends “cities should prioritise the requirements of people who walk, cycle or use public mass transit, over the requirements of e-scooters.” Some, however, believe the embracing of e-scooters can help build pressure for cycling infrastructure. “When tens of thousands of e-scooters were dropped on our streets, and forbidden to ride on the sidewalk, this need for dedicated alternative mobility space suddenly became visible to everyone,” says 6t’s Lagadic. “E-scooters provide an extra critical mass that justifies further developing the cycling lane network.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAimee Gauthier, chief knowledge officer at the Institute for Transport Development and Policy, agrees. “If public acceptance is higher for e-scooters, this could also be an avenue for getting more dedicated bike lanes built on the street for these modes.” E-scooters might even help people get on to bikes, Gauthier suggests. “We hope for them to be a gateway to cycling. We’ve seen that a lot of people who don’t feel comfortable on bikes did try e-scooters, so there’s a sense that for some, the barrier to entry may be lower than cycling and an attractive alternative to cars.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EE-scooters are still relative newcomers to the streets, but their story has evolved rapidly. Through wider use, sustainability commitments and regulations, they have started to shake off that tech-gadget novelty and be treated as a more serious transport mode, and one with added benefits in an era of social distancing. But making sure e-scooter use is inclusive, safe and sustainable – and complements, if not actively supports, other green forms of travel – takes a lot of work, from private companies and governments alike. Much of that work is yet to come.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBeing tech-led, e-scooters are considered a disruptive form of transport – the kind of “innovation” that necessarily splits opinion. But it’s worth noting that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdaily.jstor.org\u002Fthe-moral-threat-of-bicycles-in-the-1890s\u002F\"\u003Eeven when the bicycle burst onto the scene in the late 19th Century, it was considered “immoral”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Over a hundred years on, we no longer grapple with cycling’s morality but are still struggling to secure environments and infrastructure that sagely and sustainably support it. Let’s hope it doesn’t take so long for other, newly emerging forms of micro-mobility – all of which play a role if we want to dismantle the dominance of fossil-fuelled cars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2: the writer interviewed sources remotely. \u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200608-how-sustainable-are-electric-scooters-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-09T16:02:24Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why we have a love-hate relationship with electric scooters","headlineShort":"The speedy rise of the electric scooter","image":["p08gd5gq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. 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