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<li id="toc-Way_of_the_Five_Pecks_of_Rice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Way_of_the_Five_Pecks_of_Rice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Way of the Five Pecks of Rice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Way_of_the_Five_Pecks_of_Rice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Southern_Celestial_Masters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Southern_Celestial_Masters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Southern Celestial Masters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Southern_Celestial_Masters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Northern_Celestial_Masters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Northern_Celestial_Masters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Northern Celestial Masters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Northern_Celestial_Masters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Celestial_Masters_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Celestial_Masters_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The Celestial Masters today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Celestial_Masters_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Beliefs and practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religious school of Taoism</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Way of the Celestial Masters</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">天師道</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">天师道</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tiān Shī Dào</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Way of the Celestial Masters</b> or the <b>Heavenly Masters Sect</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> movement that was founded by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Daoling" title="Zhang Daoling">Zhang Daoling</a> in 142 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Woolf2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woolf2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its followers rebelled against the Han dynasty, and won their independence in 194. At its height, the movement controlled a <a href="/wiki/Theocratic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocratic state">theocratic state</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Way_of_the_Five_Pecks_of_Rice">Way of the Five Pecks of Rice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Way of the Five Pecks of Rice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Taoism" title="Category:Taoism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao"><img alt="Tao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tao.svg/75px-Tao.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tao.svg/113px-Tao.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tao.svg/150px-Tao.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="497" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Taoism" title="Outline of Taoism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taoism" title="History of Taoism">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Taoist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuji_(philosophy)" title="Wuji (philosophy)">Wuji</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiji_(philosophy)" title="Taiji (philosophy)">Taiji</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagua" title="Bagua">Bagua</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Wuxing</a></i> (five phases)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bianhua" title="Bianhua">Bianhua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fan_(Daoism)" title="Fan (Daoism)">Fan</a></i> (reversal)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a></i> (non-action)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ziran" title="Ziran">Ziran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">Xian</a></i> (immortal)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhenren" title="Zhenren">Zhenren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_form_(Taoism)" title="True form (Taoism)">True form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)" title="Three Treasures (traditional Chinese medicine)">Three Treasures</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Jing (Chinese medicine)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun_and_po" title="Hun and po"><i>Hun</i> and <i>po</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures (virtues)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts_(Taoism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts (Taoism)">Five Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Precepts_(Taoism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Precepts (Taoism)">Ten Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_meditation" title="Taoist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li>Alchemy <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">Neidan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waidan" title="Waidan">Waidan</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bugang" title="Bugang">Bugang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chu_(Taoism)" title="Chu (Taoism)">Chu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Diet</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bigu_(grain_avoidance)" title="Bigu (grain avoidance)">Bigu</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Sexual practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_art" title="Taoist art">Art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulu" title="Fulu">Fulu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daoshi" title="Daoshi">Priesthood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taipingjing" title="Taipingjing">Taipingjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiang%27er" title="Xiang'er">Xiang'er</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liezi" title="Liezi">Liezi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanhuangjing" title="Sanhuangjing">Sanhuangjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huahujing" title="Huahujing">Huahujing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qingjing_Jing" title="Qingjing Jing">Qingjing Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baopuzi" title="Baopuzi">Baopuzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daozang" title="Daozang">Daozang</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Taoist_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pure_Ones" title="Three Pure Ones">Three Pure Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuanshi_Tianzun" title="Yuanshi Tianzun">Yuanshi Tianzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingbao_Tianzun" title="Lingbao Tianzun">Lingbao Tianzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daode_Tianzun" title="Daode Tianzun">Daode Tianzun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_heavenly_ministers" title="Four heavenly ministers">Four heavenly ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwei_Emperor" title="Ziwei Emperor">Ziwei Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianhuang_Emperor" title="Tianhuang Emperor">Tianhuang Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houtu" title="Houtu">Houtu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_of_the_West" title="Queen Mother of the West">Queen Mother of the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Father_of_the_East" title="King Father of the East">King Father of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Great_Emperor-Officials" title="Three Great Emperor-Officials">Three Great Emperor-Officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Chang'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hong_(Taoist_eschatology)" title="Li Hong (Taoist eschatology)">Li Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_god" title="Body god">Body god</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taoists" title="List of Taoists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuang Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_Yukou" title="Lie Yukou">Lie Yukou</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heshang_Gong" title="Heshang Gong">Heshang Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Daoling" title="Zhang Daoling">Zhang Daoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ji" title="Gan Ji">Gan Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jue" title="Zhang Jue">Zhang Jue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lu_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhang Lu (Han dynasty)">Zhang Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Xuan" title="Ge Xuan">Ge Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yan" title="He Yan">He Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bi" title="Wang Bi">Wang Bi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_the_Bamboo_Grove" title="Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove">Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xiang" title="Guo Xiang">Guo Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Hanhua" title="Sun Hanhua">Sun Hanhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Huacun" title="Wei Huacun">Wei Huacun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Jingyan" title="Bao Jingyan">Bao Jingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kou_Qianzhi" title="Kou Qianzhi">Kou Qianzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiujing" title="Lu Xiujing">Lu Xiujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Hongjing" title="Tao Hongjing">Tao Hongjing</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Xuanying" title="Cheng Xuanying">Cheng Xuanying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Tuan" title="Chen Tuan">Chen Tuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boduan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Boduan">Zhang Boduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Bu%27er" title="Sun Bu'er">Sun Bu'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chongyang" title="Wang Chongyang">Wang Chongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Chuji" title="Qiu Chuji">Qiu Chuji</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoxiang" title="Zhang Guoxiang">Zhang Guoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Sanfeng" title="Zhang Sanfeng">Zhang Sanfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Quan" title="Zhu Quan">Zhu Quan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fangshi" title="Fangshi">Fangshi</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Taoist_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist schools">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huang%E2%80%93Lao" title="Huang–Lao">Huang–Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Taiping" title="Way of the Taiping">Way of the Taiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangqing_School" title="Shangqing School">Shangqing School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Li_Family" title="Way of the Li Family">Way of the Li Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingbao_School" title="Lingbao School">Lingbao School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongxuan_School" title="Chongxuan School">Chongxuan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhen_School" title="Quanzhen School">Quanzhen School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Gate_Taoism" title="Dragon Gate Taoism">Dragon Gate</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuliupai" title="Wuliupai">Wuliupai</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Way of the Celestial Masters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Five_Pecks_of_Rice" title="Way of the Five Pecks of Rice">Way of the Five Pecks of Rice</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_Southern_Celestial_Masters">Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Celestial_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Northern Celestial Masters">The Northern Celestial Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengyi_Dao" title="Zhengyi Dao">Zhengyi Dao</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Chinese ritual mastery traditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yao Taoism">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Sacred places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotto-heavens" title="Grotto-heavens">Grotto-heavens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mountains_of_China" title="Sacred Mountains of China">Sacred Mountains of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Mount Penglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_(mythology)" title="Kunlun (mythology)">Mount Kunlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_temple" title="Taoist temple">Taoist temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Cloud_Temple" title="White Cloud Temple">White Cloud Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louguantai" title="Louguantai">Louguantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_Taoist_Temple" title="Cebu Taoist Temple">Cebu Taoist Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_Temple_(Hanford,_California)" title="Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)">Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institutions and organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taoist_Association" title="Chinese Taoist Association">Chinese Taoist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celestial_Masters" title="List of Celestial Masters">Celestial Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist priest">Taoist priests</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taoism" title="Template:Taoism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taoism" title="Template talk:Taoism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taoism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taoism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 142 CE, Zhang Daoling announced that <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> had appeared to him, and commanded him to rid the world of decadence and establish a new state consisting only of the "chosen people". Zhang became the first Celestial Master, and began to spread his newly founded movement throughout the province of Sichuan. The movement was initially called the "Way of the Five Pecks of Rice", because each person wishing to join was required to donate five <a href="/wiki/Peck" title="Peck">pecks</a> of rice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrischke2000139_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrischke2000139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement spread rapidly, particularly under his son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Heng_(Taoist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Heng (Taoist) (page does not exist)">Zhang Heng</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E8%A1%A1_(%E9%81%93%E6%95%99)" class="extiw" title="zh:张衡 (道教)">zh</a>]</span> and grandson <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lu_(Three_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Lu (Three Kingdoms)">Zhang Lu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrischke2000140_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrischke2000140-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their rebellion against the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> is known as the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. After the success of the rebellion in 194, they founded the theocratic state of Zhang Han in the Hanzhong Valley of Sichuan, enjoying full independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrischke2000140_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrischke2000140-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>正一 Zhengyi included in their religious liturgy, the Daoist writings of the Han, Laozi, the 3 caves and 7 parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA23_23]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA23_23]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 方士 <a href="/wiki/Fangshi" title="Fangshi">Fangshi</a> originated in southern China. Sin was punished by ailments in the view of the Heavenly Masters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA39_39]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA39_39]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shangqing syncretized the Heavenly Masters with fangshi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA40_40]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA40_40]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism, Fangshi, and Heavenly Masters were synchronized in Lingbao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA41_41]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA41_41]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 180 precepts of the Celestial Masters were rules on morality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA379_379]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA379_379]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stocking up riches was banned by Daoism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA380_380]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA380_380]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 173 AD Sichuan stele provides physical proof for the Celestial Masters existence at its oldest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA395_395]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA395_395]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's southeastern area may have seen the spread of Celestial Masters in the Six Dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA399_399]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA399_399]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of their existence a large amount of religious text canon was already written by the Celestial Masters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA400_400]_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA400_400]-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celestial Masters used an 精室 "essential chamber" for ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA404_404]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA404_404]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific attire was worn by Daoists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA407_407]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA407_407]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celestial Master collectives had secretaries assigned to them on the basis of their population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA412_412]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA412_412]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clerics of the Celestial Masters were referred to as 黃赤祭酒 "libationers of the yellow and red" in the era of the Six dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA413_413]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA413_413]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were stationery clerics and roving clerics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA416_416]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA416_416]-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distinctions between different social groups in civilization were recognized and utilized accordingly by the Celestial Masters. The Celestial Masters did not find monastic lifestyle attractive and rather passed down their teachings to their biological heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA420_420]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA420_420]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children and widows were part of the Celestial Master groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA427_427]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA427_427]-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tablets were clutched and prostrations were conducted by clerics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA466_466]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA466_466]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dadaojia Lingjie denounced the Yellow Turbans who were enemies of the Celestial Masters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA422_422]_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA422_422]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ritual master of the Celestial Masters may have been a 齋官 fast officer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA502_502]_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA502_502]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daoist Lingbao and Celestial Masters may have overlapped in customs with the Daoist Louguan ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA518_518]_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA518_518]-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Building temples, effigies and fasting was practiced by Daoists to gain blessings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA519_519]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA519_519]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>寇謙之 <a href="/wiki/Kou_Qianzhi" title="Kou Qianzhi">Kou Qianzhi</a> was the leader of the Celestial Masters north branch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA524_524]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA524_524]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celestial Masters north branch under Kou Qianzhi worshipped divinities described in the 魏書 Book of Wei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA526_526]_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA526_526]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yin Xi and the Elder Lord are absent from the Celestial Masters of Kou Qianzhi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA527_527]_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA527_527]-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, and Shanxi were where the Celestial Masters northern branch operated, while Louguan and Guanzhong Daoism developed around Henan, Shanxi and Shaanxi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA531_531]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA531_531]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celestial Masters are not believed to be connected with stele founded in Shaanxi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA532_532]_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA532_532]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An anti-Buddhist plan was concocted by the Celestial Masters under Kou Qianzhi along with <a href="/wiki/Cui_Hao" title="Cui Hao">Cui Hao</a> under the Taiwu Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA533_533]_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA533_533]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Celestial Masters of the north urged the persecution of Buddhists under the Taiwu Emperor in the Northern Wei, attacking Buddhism and the Buddha as wicked, and as anti-stability and anti-family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA534_534]_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA534_534]-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-Buddhism was the position of Kou Qianzhi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA535_535]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA535_535]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no ban on the Celestial Masters despite the non-fulfillment of Cui Hao and Kou Qianzhi's agenda in their anti-Buddhist campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA539_539]_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA539_539]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>太上老君 Taishang Laojun was the Celestial Masters' main deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA793_793]_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA793_793]-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Southern dynasties 正一經 Zhengyi Jing was part of the religious canon of the Celestial Masters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA805_805]_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA805_805]-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Tang and Sui Daoists reconciled the Zhengyi jing with the religious texts of the Lingbao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA806_806]_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA806_806]-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celestial Masters and the nobility of northern China subdued the nobility of southern China during the Eastern Jin and Western Jin in Jiangnan in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA831_831]_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA831_831]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Celestial Master canon was not found among the religious texts in the Lingbao caves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA833_833]_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA833_833]-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ceremonies of the Celestial Masters, Sanhuang, Lingbao, and Shangqing were categorized and grouped by Lu Xiujing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA837_837]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA837_837]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Eastern Han the Celestial Masters spread to the northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1072_1072]_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1072_1072]-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celestial Masters believed in communication with spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1073_1073]_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1073_1073]-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious canon was divided into 七部 7 sections during the Southern dynasties by the Celestial Masters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA838_838]_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA838_838]-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non specific designations were used for the divinities of the most sublime station by the Celestial Masters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1190_1190]_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1190_1190]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 道門定制 Daomen dingzhi was a religious texts composed in the Song dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1254_1254]_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1254_1254]-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism, Celestial Masters and fangshi all contributed to the religious canon of Lingbao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1280_1280]_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1280_1280]-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celestial Master petitions to divinities were copied by the canon of the Lingbao and fangshi rites were also copied by them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1283_1283]_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1283_1283]-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sichuan was the origin of the Celestial Masters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1401_1401]_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1401_1401]-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different beliefs were held by the different groups of Daoists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1441_1441]_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1441_1441]-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 天師治儀 Tianshi zhiyi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1316_1316],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1428_1428]_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1316_1316],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1428_1428]-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 215, Zhang Lu submitted to <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a>, the ruler of the Wei Kingdom, surrendering his state in exchange for gaining state religion status for Tianshi Daoism. Zhang was given a title and land, as were several other family members and generals. His daughter was married to Cao Cao's son, <a href="/wiki/Cao_Yu_(playwright)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Yu (playwright)">Cao Yu</a>. His followers were forced to resettle in other parts of China, with one group being sent to the <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> area, and another being sent to <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>. Zhang relocated to the Han court until the Han dynasty changed to the <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a>. He then used his own popularity as a religious leader to lend legitimacy to the Wei, proclaiming that the Wei court had inherited divine authority from the Tao church, as well as from Confucian laws.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The collapse of the Wei Kingdom in 260 CE, along with the fall of Northern China to the Huns in 317, further scattered adherents to the Celestial Masterhood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkamp1997150_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkamp1997150-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Celestial Masters later reemerged in the 4th and 5th centuries as two distinct offshoots, the Northern and Southern Celestial Masters. </p><p>Celestial Masters had prophecy rituals banned since what happens in the future it was supposed to be just known already by the member without rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA370_370]_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA370_370]-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the water, earth, and heaven officials, Celestial Masters wrote the 三官手書 sanguan shoushu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA986_986]_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA986_986]-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Southern_Celestial_Masters">The Southern Celestial Masters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Southern Celestial Masters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Yongjia" title="Disaster of Yongjia">fall of Luoyang</a> to non-Chinese invaders in 311, the remnants of the court fled to Jiankang (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>) and established a new state known as the <a href="/wiki/Jin_Dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin Dynasty (265–420)">Eastern Jin</a> dynasty. Among the court members who fled were members of the Celestial Masters. There is also evidence that after Zhang Lu's submission to Cao Cao, numerous adherents fled south from Sichuan. These various followers of The Way of the Celestial Master coalesced to form a distinct form of Celestial Master Daoism known as the Southern Celestial Masters. The Southern Celestial Masters lasted as a distinct movement into the fifth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Northern_Celestial_Masters">The Northern Celestial Masters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Northern Celestial Masters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Celestial_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Northern Celestial Masters">The Northern Celestial Masters</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kou_Qianzhi" title="Kou Qianzhi">Kou Qianzhi</a>, who was raised in a Celestial Master family, received two visions of Laozi in 415 and in 423. In 424, he brought the work that resulted from these visions to the court of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> dynasty. The rulers put his works into practice, and Kou became the Celestial Master of the Daoist theocracy of the Northern Wei. After Kou died in 448, the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Cui_Hao" title="Cui Hao">Cui Hao</a>, became power hungry and began to insult the Wei rulers. Unhappy with his insubordination, the rulers had Cui executed in 450, and ended the Daoist theocracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Celestial_Masters_today">The Celestial Masters today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Celestial Masters today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zhengyi_Dao" title="Zhengyi Dao">Zhengyi Dao</a></div> <p>During the Yuan dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Zhengyi_Dao" title="Zhengyi Dao">Zhengyi Dao</a> School of Daoism claimed lineage to the Celestial Masters. They became one of the two leading schools of Daoism in China, along with <a href="/wiki/Quanzhen_School" title="Quanzhen School">Quanzhen Dao</a>. Zhengyi Daoists became common in the <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> provinces of China, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. </p><p>Zhang Yucai, the Celestial Master (38th) drew a handscroll of a dragon. Zhang Sicheng was the 39th and succeeded him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA1035_1035]_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA1035_1035]-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celestial Master teachings and Daoxue were mixed together by Yu Ji, whose teacher was 吳澄 Wu Cheng.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA61_61]_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA61_61]-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daoism's biggest known conceptions are folk religion, the Celestial Masters, and Quanzhen Daoism in the modern era since Wang Changyue launched a renaissance of the Quanzhen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA1158_1158]_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA1158_1158]-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Celestial Masters have survived into the 20th century. In 1949, after the communists dominated mainland China, the 63rd Celestial Master, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Enpu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Enpu (page does not exist)">Zhang Enpu</a> (張恩溥), migrated to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> with the Kuomintang government.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death, a succession dispute arose between different branches of the family in Taiwan and mainland China. </p><p>The Celestial Masters Order in mainland China suffered badly during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> but managed to survive. They were finally allowed to ordain priests into <a href="/wiki/Zhengyi_Dao" title="Zhengyi Dao">Zhengyi Order</a> at the Celestial Master's Mansion in 1982. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs_and_practices">Beliefs and practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Beliefs and practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhang_Daoling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Zhang_Daoling.jpg/200px-Zhang_Daoling.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Zhang_Daoling.jpg/300px-Zhang_Daoling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Zhang_Daoling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Zhang Daoling, the first Celestial Master</figcaption></figure> <p>Each of the three different eras of the Celestial Masters had distinct beliefs. However, because the Southern and Northern Celestial Masters both descended directly from the initial movement founded by Zhang Daoling, there are many beliefs that are shared. A number of texts exist that give insight into early Celestial Master practice, in particular the <i><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiping Jing">Taiping Jing</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Xiang%27er" title="Xiang'er">Xiang'er</a></i> commentary to the Laozi. </p><p>The foundation of Daoist belief is that there is an energy source known as <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a> that pervades all things. The human body also contains qi, but it only has a limited amount of qi. Qi could be lost from the body through things such as sweating and ejaculation. The Celestial Masters shared these foundational Daoist beliefs, but modified them slightly. </p><p>One such change was that illness was caused by <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>. This was because sin caused qi to leave the body. In order to cure any illness, repentance was a crucial factor in ensuring that the loss of qi could be staunched. Repentance could be accomplished by spending time in a 'Chamber of Silence,' and reflecting on one's sins, or by beating one's breasts and <a href="/wiki/Kowtow" title="Kowtow">kowtowing</a> to heaven. Illness could also be cured in other ways as well, among them using medicinal herbs and by listening to ritual music. Eating very little was also of extreme importance, and an ideal diet would consist of no food at all, but only noncorporeal things such as air, which the person could absorb through meditation. </p><p>Sexual practices (known as <a href="/wiki/Heqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Heqi">heqi</a>, or 'The Union of the Breaths') were not part of Celestial Master Daoism. While the School of the Naturalists (and offshoot schools) advocated <i><a href="/wiki/Huanjing_bunao" title="Huanjing bunao">Huanjing bunao</a></i> ("returning the semen/essence to replenish the brain"), which the Celestial Masters frowned upon, and simply advocated celibacy as a way to avoid losing qi. In addition, the Celestial Masters thought that the macrobiotic method of stealing a woman's qi to replenish the man's own qi was completely wrong, and should not be practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkamp199783_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkamp199783-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Celestial Masters were the first group of organized Daoists.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before their foundation, Daoism did not exist as an organized religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being the first organized religious Daoists, the Celestial Masters are the ancestors of subsequent Daoist movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Shangqing_School" title="Shangqing School">Shangqing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lingbao_School" title="Lingbao School">Lingbao</a> movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Daoling" title="Zhang Daoling">Zhang Daoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lu_(Three_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Lu (Three Kingdoms)">Zhang Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celestial_Masters" title="List of Celestial Masters">List of Celestial Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengyi_Dao" title="Zhengyi Dao">Zhengyi Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang%27er" title="Xiang'er">Xiang'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Longhu" title="Mount Longhu">Mount Longhu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_FuquaRobert_C._Koons2023" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Fuqua; Robert C. Koons, eds. (2023). "Searching for the Ineffable: Classical Theism and Eastern Thought about God". <i>Classical Theism: New Essays on the Metaphysics of God</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83688-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83688-2"><bdi>978-1-000-83688-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1353836889">1353836889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Searching+for+the+Ineffable%3A+Classical+Theism+and+Eastern+Thought+about+God&rft.btitle=Classical+Theism%3A+New+Essays+on+the+Metaphysics+of+God&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353836889&rft.isbn=978-1-000-83688-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWay+of+the+Celestial+Masters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woolf2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woolf2007_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Woolf2007" class="citation book cs1">Greg Woolf (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Zhang+Daoling"><i>Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art</i></a>. Barnes & Noble. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0121-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0121-0"><bdi>978-1-4351-0121-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+civilizations%3A+the+illustrated+guide+to+belief%2C+mythology%2C+and+art&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0&rft.au=Greg+Woolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D94NuSg3tlsgC%26q%3DZhang%2BDaoling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWay+of+the+Celestial+Masters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrischke2000139-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrischke2000139_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendrischke2000">Hendrischke (2000)</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrischke2000140-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrischke2000140_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrischke2000140_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendrischke2000">Hendrischke (2000)</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA23_23]-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA23_23]_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">23</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA39_39]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA39_39]_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">39</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA40_40]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA40_40]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">40</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA41_41]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA41_41]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">41</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA379_379]-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA379_379]_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA379">379</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA380_380]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA380_380]_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA380">380</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA395_395]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA395_395]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA395">395</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA399_399]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA399_399]_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA399">399</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA400_400]-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA400_400]_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA400">400</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA404_404]-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA404_404]_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA404">404</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA407_407]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA407_407]_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA407">407</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA412_412]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA412_412]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA412">412</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA413_413]-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA413_413]_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA413">413</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA416_416]-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA416_416]_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA416">416</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA420_420]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA420_420]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA420">420</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA427_427]-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA427_427]_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA427">427</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA466_466]-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA466_466]_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA466">466</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA422_422]-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA422_422]_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA422">422</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA502_502]-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA502_502]_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA502">502</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA518_518]-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA518_518]_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA518">518</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA519_519]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA519_519]_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA519">519</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA524_524]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA524_524]_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA524">524</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA526_526]-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA526_526]_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA526">526</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA527_527]-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA527_527]_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA527">527</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA531_531]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA531_531]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA531">531</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA532_532]-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA532_532]_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA532">532</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA533_533]-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA533_533]_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA533">533</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA534_534]-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA534_534]_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA534">534</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA535_535]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA535_535]_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA535">535</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA539_539]-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA539_539]_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA539">539</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA793_793]-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA793_793]_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA793">793</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA805_805]-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA805_805]_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA805">805</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA806_806]-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA806_806]_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA806">806</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA831_831]-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA831_831]_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA831">831</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA833_833]-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA833_833]_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA833">833</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA837_837]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA837_837]_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA837">837</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1072_1072]-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1072_1072]_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1072">1072</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1073_1073]-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1073_1073]_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1073">1073</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA838_838]-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA838_838]_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA838">838</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1190_1190]-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1190_1190]_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1190">1190</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1254_1254]-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1254_1254]_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1254">1254</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1280_1280]-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1280_1280]_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1280">1280</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1283_1283]-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1283_1283]_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1283">1283</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1401_1401]-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1401_1401]_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1401">1401</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1441_1441]-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1441_1441]_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1441">1441</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1316_1316],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1428_1428]-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1316_1316],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA1428_1428]_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1316">1316</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1428">1428</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkamp1997150-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkamp1997150_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBokenkamp1997">Bokenkamp (1997)</a>, p. 150.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBokenkamp1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA370_370]-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSawCQAAQBAJpgPA370_370]_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010">Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA370">370</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA986_986]-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA986_986]_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyMarsone2014">Lagerwey & Marsone (2014)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2DiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA986">986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA1035_1035]-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA1035_1035]_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyMarsone2014">Lagerwey & Marsone (2014)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2DiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1035">1035</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA61_61]-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA61_61]_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyMarsone2014">Lagerwey & Marsone (2014)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2DiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">61</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA1158_1158]-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagerweyMarsone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy2DiBQAAQBAJpgPA1158_1158]_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagerweyMarsone2014">Lagerwey & Marsone (2014)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2DiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1158">1158</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Hung2008" class="citation web cs1">Joe Hung (15 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204101/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/arts---leisure/2008/12/15/187654/Who%E2%80%99s-going.htm">"Who's going to be the 65th Taoist pope?"</a>. <i>The China Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/arts---leisure/2008/12/15/187654/Who%E2%80%99s-going.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+China+Post&rft.atitle=Who%E2%80%99s+going+to+be+the+65th+Taoist+pope%3F&rft.date=2008-12-15&rft.au=Joe+Hung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinapost.com.tw%2Ftaiwan%2Farts---leisure%2F2008%2F12%2F15%2F187654%2FWho%25E2%2580%2599s-going.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWay+of+the+Celestial+Masters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkamp199783-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkamp199783_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBokenkamp1997">Bokenkamp (1997)</a>, p. 83.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBokenkamp1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokenkamp1999" class="citation book cs1">Bokenkamp, Stephen (1999). <i>Early Daoist Scriptures</i>. Berkeley: University of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Daoist+Scriptures&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bokenkamp&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWay+of+the+Celestial+Masters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrischke2000" class="citation book cs1">Hendrischke, Barbara (2000). "Early Daoist Movements". In Livia Kohn (ed.). <i>Daoism Handbook</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 134–164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Daoist+Movements&rft.btitle=Daoism+Handbook&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=134-164&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hendrischke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWay+of+the+Celestial+Masters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagerweyPengzhi_Lü2010" class="citation book cs1">Lagerwey, John; Pengzhi Lü (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ"><i>Early Chinese Religion, Part Two: The Period of Division (220-589 AD) (2 vols)</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2929-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2929-6"><bdi>978-90-474-2929-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Chinese+Religion%2C+Part+Two%3A+The+Period+of+Division+%28220-589+AD%29+%282+vols%29&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2929-6&rft.aulast=Lagerwey&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Pengzhi+L%C3%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRSawCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWay+of+the+Celestial+Masters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagerweyMarsone2014" class="citation book cs1">Lagerwey, John; Marsone, Pierre, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2DiBQAAQBAJ"><i>Modern Chinese Religion I (2 vol. set): Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960-1368 AD)</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27164-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27164-7"><bdi>978-90-04-27164-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Chinese+Religion+I+%282+vol.+set%29%3A+Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan+%28960-1368+AD%29&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27164-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2DiBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWay+of+the+Celestial+Masters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinet1997" class="citation book cs1">Robinet, Isabelle (1997). <i>Daoism: Growth of a Religion</i>. Stanford: Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daoism%3A+Growth+of+a+Religion&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Robinet&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWay+of+the+Celestial+Masters" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldenelixir.com/publications/eot_tianshi_dao.html">Tianshi dao</a> (Terry Kleeman), entry from <i>The Encyclopedia of Taoism</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cts65.com/index.php">Official Website</a> Website of the (disputed) 65th Celestial Master based in Taiwan</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters&oldid=1239699077">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters&oldid=1239699077</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters" title="Category:Way of the Celestial Masters">Way of the Celestial Masters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:142_establishments" title="Category:142 establishments">142 establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taoist_schools" title="Category:Taoist schools">Taoist schools</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2024">Use dmy dates from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2007" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 August 2024, at 23:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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