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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lawsuits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lawsuits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lawsuits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patent_lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patent_lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Patent lawsuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patent_lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Trade_Commission_antitrust_suits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Trade_Commission_antitrust_suits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Federal Trade Commission antitrust suits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Trade_Commission_antitrust_suits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Commission_antitrust_suit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Commission_antitrust_suit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>European Commission antitrust suit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Commission_antitrust_suit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Recent settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rambus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambus" title="Rambus – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rambus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="رامبوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رامبوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambus" title="Rambus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rambus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%A8%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4_(%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85)" title="램버스 (기업) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="램버스 (기업)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambus" title="Rambus – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rambus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambus" title="Rambus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rambus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9" title="ラムバス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラムバス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambus" title="Rambus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rambus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambus" title="Rambus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rambus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambus" title="Rambus – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Rambus" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambus" title="Rambus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rambus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambus" title="Rambus – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Rambus" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American technology company</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Rambus Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rambus_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rambus_logo.svg/220px-Rambus_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rambus_logo.svg/330px-Rambus_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rambus_logo.svg/440px-Rambus_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/rmbs">RMBS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/S%26P_400" title="S&P 400">S&P 400</a> component</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductors</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1990<span class="noprint">; 34 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1990-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Horowitz" title="Mark Horowitz">Mark Horowitz</a></li><li>Mike Farmwald</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Luc Seraphin (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>461 million</span> (2023)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$154 million</span> (2023)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$334 million</span> (2023)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1.26 billion</span> (2023)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1.04 billion</span> (2023)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">623 (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cryptography_Research" title="Cryptography Research">Cryptography Research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rambus.com/">rambus<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Footnotes / references</b><br /><sup id="cite_ref-10K_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10K-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rambus Inc.</b> is an American technology company that <a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">designs</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">develops</a> and <a href="/wiki/License#Patent_licensing" title="License">licenses</a> chip <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interface technologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">architectures</a> that are used in <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital electronics products</a>. The company, founded in 1990, is well known for inventing <a href="/wiki/RDRAM" title="RDRAM">RDRAM</a> and for its <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>-based litigation following the introduction of <a href="/wiki/DDR-SDRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DDR-SDRAM">DDR-SDRAM</a> memory.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rambus_Inc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rambus_Inc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rambus was founded in March 1990 by <a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electrical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">computer engineers</a>, Mike Farmwald and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Horowitz" title="Mark Horowitz">Mark Horowitz</a>. The company's early <a href="/wiki/Institutional_investor" title="Institutional investor">investors</a> included premier <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking firms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kleiner_Perkins_Caufield_and_Byers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers">Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill Lynch">Merrill Lynch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohr_Davidow_Ventures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohr Davidow Ventures (page does not exist)">Mohr Davidow Ventures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rambus_Inc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rambus_Inc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rambus was <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporated</a> and founded as <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> company in 1990 and then <a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">re-incorporated</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> before the company <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">went public</a> in 1997 on the <a href="/wiki/NASDAQ" class="mw-redirect" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a> <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">symbol</a> RMBS.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, Rambus was a high-speed interface technology development and marketing company that invented 600 MHz interface technology, which solved memory bottleneck issues faced by system designers. Rambus's technology was based on a very high speed, chip-to-chip interface that was incorporated on dynamic random-access-memory (<a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a>) <a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">components</a>, <a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">controllers</a>, which achieved performance rates over ten times faster than conventional <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAMs</a>. Rambus's <a href="/wiki/RDRAM" title="RDRAM">RDRAM</a> transferred data at 600 MHz over a narrow byte-wide Rambus <a href="/wiki/Channel_I/O" title="Channel I/O">Channel</a> to Rambus-compatible <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Circuits">Integrated Circuits</a> (ICs).<sup id="cite_ref-Rambus_Inc_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rambus_Inc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rambus's interface was an <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standard</a>, accessible to all semiconductor companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>. Rambus provided companies who licensed its technology a full range of <a href="/wiki/Reference_design" title="Reference design">reference designs</a> and engineering services.<sup id="cite_ref-Rambus_Inc_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rambus_Inc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rambus's interface technology was broadly licensed to leading <a href="/wiki/DRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">DRAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIC">ASIC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a> suppliers in the 1990s. Licensees of Rambus's <a href="/wiki/RDRAM" title="RDRAM">RDRAM</a> technology included companies such as <a href="/wiki/Creative_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Labs">Creative Labs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Group" title="Hyundai Group">Hyundai</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molex" title="Molex">Molex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macronix" title="Macronix">Macronix</a> and <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rambus_Inc_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rambus_Inc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rambus <a href="/wiki/RDRAM" title="RDRAM">RDRAM</a> technology was integrated into products such as <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Talisman" title="Microsoft Talisman">Talisman</a> 3D graphics chip set, <a href="/wiki/Creative_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Labs">Creative Labs</a> Graphics Blaster 3D <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics cards</a> for <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PCs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workstations" class="mw-redirect" title="Workstations">workstations</a> manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a> and Intel's system memory <a href="/wiki/Chipsets" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipsets">chipsets</a> for PCs.<sup id="cite_ref-Rambus_Inc_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rambus_Inc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, Rambus Incorporated announced that <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba Corp.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elpida_Memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Elpida Memory">Elpida Memory</a> Inc. will produce its new memory technology, known as XDR DRAM.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memory technology is capable of running at 3.2 GHz and is said to be faster than any memory technology available in consumer entertainment devices and PCs at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rambus purchased <a href="/wiki/Cryptography_Research" title="Cryptography Research">Cryptography Research</a> on June 6, 2011, for $342.5M.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This will enable Rambus Inc. to develop its semiconductor licensing portfolio to include CRI's content protection and security. According to Rambus CEO Harold Hughes, the CRI security technologies would be applied to a variety of products in the company's IP portfolio. </p><p>Today, Rambus derives the majority of its annual revenue by licensing its technologies and <a href="/wiki/Patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Patents">patents</a> for chip interfaces to its customers. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, history of Rambus has been "marked by litigation, including patent battles with numerous chip makers".<sup id="cite_ref-10K_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10K-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Rambus acquired Integrion Microelectronics, a small Toronto based IP provider of high-speed analog <a href="/wiki/SerDes" title="SerDes">SerDes</a> PHY for an undisclosed amount. Through this acquisition, Rambus opened its 1st Canadian office and boosted its high-speed serdes IP portfolio offering. </p><p>On August 17, 2015, Rambus announced the new R+ DDR4 server memory chips RB26 DDR4 RDIMM and RB26 DDR4 LRDIMM. The chipset includes a DDR4 Register Clock Driver and <a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data Buffer</a>, and it's fully-compliant with the JEDEC DDR4.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Rambus acquired <a href="/wiki/Semtech_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="Semtech Corp">Semtech's</a> Snowbush IP for US$32.5 million. Snowbush IP provides analog and mixed-signal IP technologies, and will expand Rambus' product offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Rambus acquired <a href="/wiki/Inphi_Corporation" title="Inphi Corporation">Inphi</a> Memory Interconnect Business, for US$90 million.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acquisition includes all assets of the Inphi Memory Interconnect Business, such as customer contracts, product inventory, supply chain agreements, and intellectual property.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 2, 2017, Rambus announced partnership with <a href="/wiki/Interac_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Interac Association">Interac Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Canada">Samsung Canada</a> to assist in enabling Samsung Pay in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, Rambus agreed to renew a patent license with <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>. Rambus would be sharing its patent portfolio, including those covering <a href="/wiki/Serial_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial link">serial links</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">memory controllers</a>, with Nvidia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 11, 2019, Rambus <a href="/wiki/HBM2" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM2">HBM2</a> PHY and Memory Controller IP were announced to be used in Inflame Technology's AI training chip.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Rambus announced that it will move headquarters from <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale, California</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_San_Jose" title="North San Jose">North San Jose</a>, California.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Rambus announced that it started an expedited share buyback program with <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> to buy up roughly $100 million in common stock.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rambus also acquired two companies, AnalogX and PLDA, which specialize in physical links for <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCIe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compute_Express_Link" title="Compute Express Link">CXL</a> protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-EETimesEurope_AnalogX_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EETimesEurope_AnalogX-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8K_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8K-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2022, it was announced Rambus had acquired the <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>-headquartered electronic design company, Hardent.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2023, Rambus sold its SerDes and memory interface PHY IP business to <a href="/wiki/Cadence_Design_Systems" title="Cadence Design Systems">Cadence Design Systems</a> for $110 million.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2023, it was announced the acquisition had been completed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rambus_HQ_patent_wall_section.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rambus_HQ_patent_wall_section.JPG/220px-Rambus_HQ_patent_wall_section.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rambus_HQ_patent_wall_section.JPG/330px-Rambus_HQ_patent_wall_section.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rambus_HQ_patent_wall_section.JPG/440px-Rambus_HQ_patent_wall_section.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Plaques on a wall at the Rambus headquarters then in Los Altos in 2009 with the caption "License to Speed", each representing a U.S. patent issued to the company. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RDRAM18-NUS_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/RDRAM18-NUS_01.jpg/220px-RDRAM18-NUS_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/RDRAM18-NUS_01.jpg/330px-RDRAM18-NUS_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/RDRAM18-NUS_01.jpg/440px-RDRAM18-NUS_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>RDRAM18-NUS on Nintendo 64</figcaption></figure> <p>An early version of <a href="/wiki/RDRAM" title="RDRAM">RDRAM</a>, base RDRAM, was used in the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a> that was released in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disadvantages of RDRAM technology include significantly increased latency, power dissipation as heat, manufacturing complexity, and cost. PC800 RDRAM operated with a minimum latency of 45 ns, compared to 15 ns for PC133 SDRAM. RDRAMs can also be told to increase their latencies in order to prevent the possibility of two or more chips transmitting at the same time and causing a collision. However, SDRAM latency depends on the current state of memory so its latency can vary widely depending on what happened earlier and the strategy used by the SDRAM controller, while RDRAM latency is constant once it has been established by the memory controller. RDRAM memory chips also put out significantly more heat than SDRAM chips, necessitating <a href="/wiki/Heatsink" class="mw-redirect" title="Heatsink">heatsinks</a> on all RIMM devices.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rambus also developed and licensed its <a href="/wiki/XDR_DRAM" title="XDR DRAM">XDR DRAM</a> technology, notably used in the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>, and more recently <a href="/wiki/XDR2_DRAM" title="XDR2 DRAM">XDR2 DRAM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lawsuits">Lawsuits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lawsuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1990s, Rambus was invited to join the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Electron_Device_Engineering_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Electron Device Engineering Council">JEDEC</a>. Rambus had been trying to interest memory manufacturers in licensing their proprietary memory interface, and numerous companies had signed <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreements</a> to view Rambus' technical data. During the later <i>Infineon v. Rambus</i> trial, <a href="/wiki/Infineon_Technologies" title="Infineon Technologies">Infineon</a> memos from a meeting with representatives of other manufacturers surfaced, including the line "[O]ne day all computers will be built this way, but hopefully without the royalties going to Rambus", and continuing with a strategy discussion for reducing or eliminating royalties to be paid to Rambus. As Rambus continued its participation in JEDEC, it became apparent that they were not prepared to agree to JEDEC's patent policy requiring owners of patents included in a standard to agree to license that technology under terms that are "reasonable and non-discriminatory",<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Rambus withdrew from the organization in 1995. Memos from Rambus at that time showed they were tailoring new patent applications to cover features of SDRAM being discussed, which were public knowledge (JEDEC meetings are not secret) and perfectly legal for patent owners who have patented underlying innovations, but were seen as evidence of bad faith by the jury in the first <i>Infineon v. Rambus</i> trial. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit</a> (CAFC) rejected this theory of bad faith in its decision overturning the fraud conviction Infineon achieved in the first trial (see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patent_lawsuits">Patent lawsuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Patent lawsuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, Rambus began filing lawsuits against the largest memory manufacturers, claiming that they owned SDRAM and DDR technology. Seven manufacturers, including <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, quickly settled with Rambus and agreed to pay royalties on SDRAM and DDR memory. In May 2001, Rambus was found guilty of fraud for having claimed that it owned SDRAM and DDR technology, and all infringement claims against memory manufacturers were dismissed. In January 2003, the CAFC overturned the fraud verdict of the jury trial in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> under Judge Payne, issued a new claims construction, and remanded the case back to Virginia for re-trial on infringement. In October 2003, the <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> refused to hear the case. Thus, the case returned to Virginia per the CAFC ruling. </p><p>In January 2005, Rambus filed four more lawsuits against memory chip makers <a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">Hynix Semiconductor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanya_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanya Technology">Nanya Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inotera_Memories" class="mw-redirect" title="Inotera Memories">Inotera Memories</a> and Infineon Technology claiming that DDR2, GDDR2 and GDDR3 chips contain Rambus technology. In March 2005, Rambus had its claim for patent infringements against Infineon dismissed. When Rambus was accused of <a href="/wiki/Spoliation_of_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoliation of evidence">shredding key documents prior to court hearings</a>, the judge agreed and dismissed Rambus's case against Infineon. This led Rambus to negotiate a settlement with Infineon, which agreed to pay Rambus quarterly license fees of $5.9 million and in return, both companies ceased all litigation against each other. The agreement ran from November 2005 to November 2007. After this date, if Rambus had enough remaining agreements in place, Infineon may make extra payments up to $100 million. In June 2005, Rambus also sued one of its strongest proponents, Samsung, the world's largest memory manufacturer, and terminated Samsung's license. Samsung had promoted Rambus's RDRAM and currently remains a licensee of Rambus's <a href="/wiki/XDR_DRAM" title="XDR DRAM">XDR</a> memory. </p><p>In February 2006, <a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron Technology</a> sued Rambus, alleging that Rambus had violated <a href="/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act" title="Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act">RICO</a> and deliberately harmed Micron.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 29, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit</a> issued a ruling vacating the order of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia">U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia</a>, saying the case with Samsung should be dismissed, saying Judge Robert E. Payne's findings critical of Rambus, were on a case that had already been settled, and thus had no <a href="/wiki/Legal_standing" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal standing">legal standing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 9, 2009, a Delaware federal judge ruled that Rambus could not enforce patents against Micron Technology Inc., stating that Rambus had a "clear and convincing" show of bad faith, and ruled that Rambus' destruction of key related documents (<a href="/wiki/Spoliation_of_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoliation of evidence">spoliation of evidence</a>) nullified its right to enforce its patents against Micron.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2009, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> (USPTO) rejected 8 claims by Rambus against Nvidia.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 24, 2009, the USPTO rejected all 17 claims in three Rambus patents that the company asserted against Nvidia in a complaint filed with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._International_Trade_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. International Trade Commission">U.S. International Trade Commission</a> (ITC). However the ITC has announced that out of five patents, Nvidia did violate three of them. Due to this ruling Nvidia faced a potential U.S. import ban on some of its chips used in the <a href="/wiki/NForce" title="NForce">nForce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadro" title="Quadro">Quadro</a>, <a href="/wiki/GeForce" title="GeForce">GeForce</a>, Tesla, and <a href="/wiki/Tegra" title="Tegra">Tegra</a> series graphics products—nearly every video card type manufactured by Nvidia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 20, 2011, Rambus went to trial against Micron and Hynix in California, seeking as much as $12.9 billion in damages for "a secret and unlawful conspiracy to kill a revolutionary technology, make billions of dollars and hang onto power", Rambus lawyer Bart Williams told jurors.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rambus lost on November 16, 2011, in the jury trial and its shares dropped drastically, from $14.04 to $4.00 per share. </p><p>On November 16, 2011, Rambus lost the antitrust case against Micron Technology and Hynix Semiconductor. The <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_County_Superior_Court" title="San Francisco County Superior Court">San Francisco County Superior Court</a> jury ruled against Rambus in a 9–3 vote. In a statement posted on the company's website, Rambus CEO Harold Hughes said: "We are reviewing our options for appeal".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 24, 2012, a USPTO appeals board declared the third of three patents known as the "Barth patents" invalid. The first two had been declared invalid in September 2011. Rambus had used these patents to win infringement lawsuits against Nvidia Corp and <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 28, 2013, The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit reversed the USPTO and the '109 Barth patent's validity was reinstated: </p><p>"In conclusion, the Board's determination that all 25 claims of the '109 Patent are invalid as anticipated by Farmwald is not supported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, this court reverses."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Trade_Commission_antitrust_suits">Federal Trade Commission antitrust suits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Federal Trade Commission antitrust suits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2002, the United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC) filed charges against Rambus for antitrust violations. Specifically, the FTC complaint asserted that through the use of patent continuations and divisionals, Rambus pursued a strategy of expanding the scope of its patent claims to encompass the emerging SDRAM standard. The FTC's antitrust allegations against Rambus went to trial in the summer of 2003 after the organization formally accused Rambus of anti-competitive behavior the previous June, itself the result of an investigation launched in May 2002 at the behest of the memory manufacturers. The FTC's chief administrative-law judge, Stephen J. McGuire, dismissed the antitrust claims against Rambus in 2006, saying that the memory industry had no reasonable alternatives to Rambus technology and was aware of the potential scope of Rambus patent rights, according to the company. Soon after, FTC investigators filed a brief to appeal against that ruling. </p><p>On August 2, 2006, the FTC overturned McGuire's ruling, stating that Rambus illegally monopolized the memory industry under section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>, and also practiced deception that violated section 5 of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Trade Commission Act">Federal Trade Commission Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>February 5, 2007, the FTC issued a ruling that limits maximum royalties that Rambus may demand from manufacturers of <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">dynamic random-access memory</a> (DRAM), which was set to 0.5% for DDR SDRAM for 3 years from the date the commission's Order is issued and then going to 0; while SDRAM's maximum royalty was set to 0.25%. The Commission claimed that halving the DDR SDRAM rate for SDRAM would reflect the fact that while DDR SDRAM utilizes four of the relevant Rambus technologies, SDRAM uses only two. In addition to collecting fees for DRAM chips, Rambus will also be able to receive 0.5% and 1.0% royalties for SDRAM and DDR SDRAM memory controllers or other non-memory chip components respectively. However, the ruling did not prohibit Rambus from collecting royalties on products based on DDR2 SDRAM, GDDR2, and other JEDEC post-DDR memory standards. Rambus has appealed the FTC Opinion/Remedy and awaits a court date for the appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 26, 2008, the jury of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California">U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California</a> determined that had Rambus acted properly while a member of the standard-setting organization JEDEC during its participating in the early 1990s, finding that the memory manufacturers did not meet their burden of proving antitrust and fraud claims.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 22, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit</a> overturned the FTC reversal of McGuire's 2006 ruling, saying that the FTC had not established that Rambus had harmed the competition.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 23, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> rejected the bids by the FTC to impose royalty sanctions on Rambus via antitrust penalties.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Commission_antitrust_suit">European Commission antitrust suit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: European Commission antitrust suit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>July 30, 2007, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> launched antitrust investigations against Rambus, taking the view that Rambus engaged in intentional deceptive conduct in the context of the standard-setting process for example by not disclosing the existence of the patents which it later claimed were relevant to the adopted standard. This type of behavior is known as a "<a href="/wiki/Patent_ambush" title="Patent ambush">patent ambush</a>". Against this background, the Commission provisionally considered that Rambus breached the EC Treaty's rules on abuse of a dominant market position (Article 82 EC Treaty) by subsequently claiming unreasonable royalties for the use of those relevant patents. The commission's preliminary view is that without its "patent ambush", Rambus would not have been able to charge the royalty rates it currently does.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_settlements">Recent settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recent settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013 and 2014, Rambus settled and agreed on licensing terms with several of the companies involved in long-running disputes. On December 13, 2013, Rambus entered an agreement with Micron to let the latter use some of its patents, in exchange for $280 million worth of royalties over seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2013, the company settled with SK Hynix, with Hynix paying $240 million to settle the disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj.com_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2014, Rambus and Nanya signed a 5-year patent licensing agreement, settling earlier claims.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rambus said these deals were part of a change in strategy to a less litigious, more collaborative approach, distancing themselves from accusations of <a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">patent trolling</a>. Ronald Black, Rambus's CEO, said, "Somehow we got thrown into the patent troll bunch...This is just not the case."<sup id="cite_ref-wsj.com_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rambus_Inc._v._Nvidia" title="Rambus Inc. v. Nvidia">Rambus Inc. v. Nvidia</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10K-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10K_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10K_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/917273/000091727324000028/rmbs-20231231.htm">"Rambus, Inc. 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a>. February 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rambus%2C+Inc.+2023+Annual+Report+%28Form+10-K%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Securities+and+Exchange+Commission&rft.date=2024-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2Fix%3Fdoc%3D%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F917273%2F000091727324000028%2Frmbs-20231231.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARambus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.docketalarm.com/cases/Patent/Rambus/">"List of Patent Cases Involving Rambus"</a>. Docket Alarm<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 15, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Rambus+Shares+Double+in+First-Day+Trading&rft.date=1997-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1997-05-15-fi-58807-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARambus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/rmbs">"Rambus Inc. Common Stock"</a>. <i>Nasdaq</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 12, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/227797/rambus_buying_cryptography_research_for_3425_million.html">the original</a> on August 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rambus+Buying+Cryptography+Research+for+%24342.5+Million&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F227797%2Frambus_buying_cryptography_research_for_3425_million.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARambus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204369404577210872768096652">Rambus, Nvidia Settle Patent Dispute</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150817005214/en/Rambus-Makes-Server-Memory-Interface-Chipset-For-Advanced-Enterprise-and-Data-Center-Systems">"Rambus Makes Server Memory Interface Chipset for Advanced Enterprise and Data Center Systems"</a>. <i>BusinessWire.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DiscoBolusDesigns.com&rft.atitle=Double+Data+Rate+SDRAM+Takes+on+Rambus&rft.aulast=Gervasi&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discobolusdesigns.com%2Fpersonal%2Fddr_takes_on_rambus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARambus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.design-reuse.com/news/20872/rambus-xdr-dram.html">Rambus XDR DRAM Surpasses 100 Million Units Shipped</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More precisely, "that a license will be made available to applicants desiring to implement the standard either without compensation or under reasonable terms and conditions that are demonstrably free of any unfair discrimination"; §8.2 of the JEDEC Manual of Organization and Procedure (JM21-L), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jedec.org/Home/manuals/JM21L.pdf">http://www.jedec.org/Home/manuals/JM21L.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/micron-files-new-lawsuit-vs-rambus-alleging-rico-violations">"Micron Files New Lawsuit vs Rambus Alleging RICO Violations"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edn.com/article/CA6556272.html">the original</a> on July 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EDN.com&rft.atitle=Appeals+Court+Sides+with+Rambus+in+Samsung+Matter&rft.date=2008-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edn.com%2Farticle%2FCA6556272.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARambus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/01/05/daily83.html?ana=yfcpc">"Rambus Shares Fall on Patent Ruling"</a>. <i>Silicon Valley Business Journal</i>. 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March 26, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xbitlabs.com/news/memory/display/20080326230426_Rambus_Obtained_Patents_Completely_Legally_Court_Finds.html">the original</a> on July 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xbitlabs.com&rft.atitle=Rambus+Obtained+Patents+Completely+Legally%2C+Court+Finds&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxbitlabs.com%2Fnews%2Fmemory%2Fdisplay%2F20080326230426_Rambus_Obtained_Patents_Completely_Legally_Court_Finds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARambus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.com/jsp/ca/PubArticleCA.jsp?id=900005509487&slreturn=1&hbxlogin=1S">"D.C. Circuit Tosses Out FTC's Antitrust Ruling against Rambus"</a>. <i>Law.com</i>. April 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law.com&rft.atitle=D.C.+Circuit+Tosses+Out+FTC%27s+Antitrust+Ruling+against+Rambus&rft.date=2008-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.com%2Fjsp%2Fca%2FPubArticleCA.jsp%3Fid%3D900005509487%26slreturn%3D1%26hbxlogin%3D1S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARambus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20670001&refer=home&sid=at5P6AmiOMsQ#/">"FTC Rejected by U.S. Supreme Court in Rambus Case"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. February 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=FTC+Rejected+by+U.S.+Supreme+Court+in+Rambus+Case&rft.date=2009-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20670001%26refer%3Dhome%26sid%3Dat5P6AmiOMsQ%23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARambus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919231054/http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/memory/display/20070205213754.html">"FTC Trims Rambus' Royalties for DRAM Technologies"</a>. <i>Xbitlabs.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xbitlabs.com/news/memory/display/20070205213754.html">the original</a> on September 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xbitlabs.com&rft.atitle=FTC+Trims+Rambus%27+Royalties+for+DRAM+Technologies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxbitlabs.com%2Fnews%2Fmemory%2Fdisplay%2F20070205213754.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARambus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimhandy/2013/12/13/rambus-vs-micron-who-really-won/">"Rambus vs. Micron: Who Really Won?"</a>. <i>Forbes.com</i>. December 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes.com&rft.atitle=Rambus+vs.+Micron%3A+Who+Really+Won%3F&rft.date=2012-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjimhandy%2F2013%2F12%2F13%2Frambus-vs-micron-who-really-won%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARambus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj.com-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsj.com_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj.com_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323949904578539720368087016">"Rambus Settles Chip Dispute with SK Hynix"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. June 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Rambus+Settles+Chip+Dispute+with+SK+Hynix&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887323949904578539720368087016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARambus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/rambus-nanya-ink-license-deal-170006332.html">"Rambus, Nanya Ink License Deal"</a>. <i>Yahoo Finance</i>. March 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Finance&rft.atitle=Rambus%2C+Nanya+Ink+License+Deal&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Frambus-nanya-ink-license-deal-170006332.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARambus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rambus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rambus">Rambus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rambus.com/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196745#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li>Business data for Rambus, Inc.: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/RMBS:NASDAQ">Google</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=917273">SEC filings</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/RMBS">Yahoo!</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opencorporates.com/corporate_groupings/Rambus">Rambus companies</a> grouped at <a href="/wiki/OpenCorporates" title="OpenCorporates">OpenCorporates</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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Midstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antero_Resources" title="Antero Resources">Antero Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChampionX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChampionX (page does not exist)">ChampionX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_Energy" title="Chord Energy">Chord Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civitas_Resources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civitas Resources (page does not exist)">Civitas Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNX_Resources" title="CNX Resources">CNX Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DT_Midstream&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DT Midstream (page does not exist)">DT Midstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expand_Energy" title="Expand Energy">Expand Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HF_Sinclair" title="HF Sinclair">HF Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matador_Resources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matador Resources (page does not exist)">Matador Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_Oil" title="Murphy Oil">Murphy Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOV_Inc." title="NOV Inc.">Nov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovintiv" title="Ovintiv">Ovintiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBF_Energy" title="PBF Energy">PBF Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Resources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permian Resources (page does not exist)">Permian Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_Resources" title="Range Resources">Range Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Pacific_Land_Corporation" title="Texas Pacific Land Corporation">Texas Pacific Land Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaris_Limited" title="Valaris Limited">Valaris Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherford_International" title="Weatherford International">Weatherford International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptarGroup" title="AptarGroup">AptarGroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadium_Lithium" title="Arcadium Lithium">Arcadium Lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland_Global" title="Ashland Global">Ashland Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avient" class="mw-redirect" title="Avient">Avient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axalta" title="Axalta">Axalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Global" title="Berry Global">Berry Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabot_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabot Corp">Cabot Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemours" title="Chemours">Chemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland-Cliffs" title="Cleveland-Cliffs">Cleveland-Cliffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Metals">Commercial Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Holdings" title="Crown Holdings">Crown Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Materials" title="Eagle Materials">Eagle Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_Packaging" title="Graphic Packaging">Graphic Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greif,_Inc." title="Greif, Inc.">Greif, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife_River_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knife River Corporation">Knife River Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana-Pacific" title="Louisiana-Pacific">Louisiana-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP_Materials" title="MP Materials">MP Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewMarket_Corporation" title="NewMarket Corporation">NewMarket Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_Corporation" title="Olin Corporation">Olin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Steel_%26_Aluminum_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co.">Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gold" title="Royal Gold">Royal Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_International" title="RPM International">RPM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotts_Miracle-Gro_Company" title="Scotts Miracle-Gro Company">Scotts Miracle-Gro Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silgan_Holdings" title="Silgan Holdings">Silgan Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoco" title="Sonoco">Sonoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westlake_Corporation" title="Westlake Corporation">Westlake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acuity_Brands" title="Acuity Brands">Acuity Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Drainage_Systems" title="Advanced Drainage Systems">Advanced Drainage Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AECOM" title="AECOM">AECOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGCO" title="AGCO">AGCO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ASGN_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ASGN Inc. (page does not exist)">ASGN Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avis_Budget_Group" title="Avis Budget Group">Avis Budget Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brink%27s" title="Brink's">Brink's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BWX_Technologies" title="BWX Technologies">BWX Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACI_International" class="mw-redirect" title="CACI International">CACI International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Companies" title="Carlisle Companies">Carlisle Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chart_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chart Industries (page does not exist)">Chart Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Harbors" title="Clean Harbors">Clean Harbors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_Systems_USA" title="Comfort Systems USA">Comfort Systems USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrix" title="Concentrix">Concentrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_%26_Main" title="Core & Main">Core & Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Crane Holdings">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright" title="Curtiss-Wright">Curtiss-Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donaldson_Company" title="Donaldson Company">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emcor" title="Emcor">Emcor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnerSys" title="EnerSys">EnerSys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESAB" title="ESAB">ESAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXL_Service" title="EXL Service">EXL Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponent,_Inc." title="Exponent, Inc.">Exponent, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowserve" title="Flowserve">Flowserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluor_Corporation" title="Fluor Corporation">Fluor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_Brands_Innovations" title="Fortune Brands Innovations">Fortune Brands Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTI_Consulting" title="FTI Consulting">FTI Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATX" title="GATX">GATX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genpact" title="Genpact">Genpact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graco_(fluid_handling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graco (fluid handling)">Graco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GXO_Logistics" title="GXO Logistics">GXO Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexcel" title="Hexcel">Hexcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insperity" title="Insperity">Insperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITT_Inc." title="ITT Inc.">ITT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KBR_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="KBR (company)">KBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirby_Corporation" title="Kirby Corporation">Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-Swift" title="Knight-Swift">Knight-Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landstar_System" title="Landstar System">Landstar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_International" title="Lennox International">Lennox International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Electric" title="Lincoln Electric">Lincoln Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ManpowerGroup" title="ManpowerGroup">ManpowerGroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MasTec" title="MasTec">MasTec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_Inc." title="Maximus Inc.">Maximus Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleby" title="Middleby">Middleby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSA_Safety" title="MSA Safety">MSA Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSC_Industrial_Direct" title="MSC Industrial Direct">MSC Industrial Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nextracker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nextracker (page does not exist)">Nextracker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVent_Electric_plc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVent Electric plc (page does not exist)">nVent Electric plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshkosh_Corporation" title="Oshkosh Corporation">Oshkosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_Corning" title="Owens Corning">Owens Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paylocity" title="Paylocity">Paylocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB_Global" title="RB Global">RB Global</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RBC_Bearings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RBC Bearings (page does not exist)">RBC Bearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regal_Rexnord" title="Regal Rexnord">Regal Rexnord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryder" title="Ryder">Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saia" title="Saia">Saia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Applications_International_Corporation" title="Science Applications International Corporation">Science Applications Intl Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensata_Technologies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensata Technologies (page does not exist)">Sensata Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_Manufacturing_Company" title="Simpson Manufacturing Company">Simpson Manufacturing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrun" title="Sunrun">Sunrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terex" title="Terex">Terex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Tech" title="Tetra Tech">Tetra Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timken_Company" title="Timken Company">Timken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Toro_Company" title="The Toro Company">The Toro Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trex_Company,_Inc." title="Trex Company, Inc.">Trex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFP_Industries" title="UFP Industries">UFP Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmont_Industries" title="Valmont Industries">Valmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watsco" title="Watsco">Watsco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watts_Water_Technologies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watts Water Technologies (page does not exist)">Watts Water Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WESCO_International" title="WESCO International">WESCO International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodward,_Inc." title="Woodward, Inc.">Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPO,_Inc." title="XPO, Inc.">XPO, Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumer <br />Discretionary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch" title="Abercrombie & Fitch">Abercrombie & Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adient" title="Adient">Adient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramark" title="Aramark">Aramark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoliv" title="Autoliv">Autoliv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoNation" title="AutoNation">AutoNation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_Gaming" title="Boyd Gaming">Boyd Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation" title="Brunswick Corporation">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_(department_store)" title="Burlington (department store)">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capri_Holdings" title="Capri Holdings">Capri Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter%27s" title="Carter's">Carter's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewy_(company)" title="Chewy (company)">Chewy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_Hotels" title="Choice Hotels">Choice Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Downs_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill Downs Inc.">Churchill Downs Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Sportswear" title="Columbia Sportswear">Columbia Sportswear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocs" title="Crocs">Crocs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deckers_Brands" title="Deckers Brands">Deckers Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods" title="Dick's Sporting Goods">Dick's Sporting Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Below" title="Five Below">Five Below</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_%26_Decor" title="Floor & Decor">Floor & Decor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Factory" title="Fox Factory">Fox Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameStop" title="GameStop">GameStop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_Inc." title="Gap Inc.">Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentex_(automotive_manufacturer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentex (automotive manufacturer)">Gentex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_%26_Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodyear Tire & Rubber">Goodyear Tire & Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Holdings" title="Graham Holdings">Graham Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Education" title="Grand Canyon Education">Grand Canyon Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%26R_Block" title="H&R Block">H&R Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley-Davidson" title="Harley-Davidson">Harley-Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_Limited" title="Helen of Troy Limited">Helen of Troy Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Grand_Vacations" title="Hilton Grand Vacations">Hilton Grand Vacations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyatt" title="Hyatt">Hyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KB_Home" title="KB Home">KB Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lear_Corporation" title="Lear Corporation">Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_%26_Wonder" title="Light & Wonder">Light & Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithia_Motors" title="Lithia Motors">Lithia Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macy%27s" title="Macy's">Macy's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriott_Vacations_Worldwide" title="Marriott Vacations Worldwide">Marriott Vacations Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattel" title="Mattel">Mattel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_USA" title="Murphy USA">Murphy USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordstrom" title="Nordstrom">Nordstrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollie%27s_Bargain_Outlet" title="Ollie's Bargain Outlet">Ollie's Bargain Outlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penske_Automotive_Group" title="Penske Automotive Group">Penske Automotive Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Fitness" title="Planet Fitness">Planet Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_Inc." title="Polaris Inc.">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVH_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="PVH (company)">PVH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RH_(company)" title="RH (company)">RH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Corporation_International" title="Service Corporation International">Service Corp Intl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skechers" title="Skechers">Skechers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Morrison" title="Taylor Morrison">Taylor Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempur_Sealy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempur Sealy">Tempur Sealy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Roadhouse" title="Texas Roadhouse">Texas Roadhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Industries" title="Thor Industries">Thor Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_Brothers" title="Toll Brothers">Toll Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TopBuild_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TopBuild Corp. (page does not exist)">TopBuild Corp.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure_Co." title="Travel + Leisure Co.">Travel + Leisure Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Armour" title="Under Armour">Under Armour</a> (Class A)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Armour" title="Under Armour">Under Armour</a> (Class C)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vail_Resorts" title="Vail Resorts">Vail Resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvoline" title="Valvoline">Valvoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visteon" title="Visteon">Visteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy%27s" title="Wendy's">Wendy's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams-Sonoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams-Sonoma">Williams-Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingstop" title="Wingstop">Wingstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="Wyndham Hotels & Resorts">Wyndham Hotels & Resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeti_Holdings" title="Yeti Holdings">Yeti Holdings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumer <br />Staples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BellRing_Brands" class="mw-redirect" title="BellRing Brands">BellRing Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BJ%27s_Wholesale_Club" title="BJ's Wholesale Club">BJ's Wholesale Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Beer_Company" title="Boston Beer Company">Boston Beer Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey%27s_General_Stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Casey's General Stores">Casey's General Stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celsius_Holdings" title="Celsius Holdings">Celsius Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_Consolidated" title="Coca-Cola Consolidated">Coca-Cola Consolidated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coty" title="Coty">Coty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darling_Ingredients&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darling Ingredients (page does not exist)">Darling Ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.l.f._(cosmetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="E.l.f. (cosmetics)">e.l.f. Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_Foods" title="Flowers Foods">Flowers Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingredion" title="Ingredion">Ingredion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster_Colony_Corp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lancaster Colony Corp (page does not exist)">Lancaster Colony Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Food_Group" title="Performance Food Group">Performance Food Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Pride" title="Pilgrim's Pride">Pilgrim's Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Holdings" title="Post Holdings">Post Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouts_Farmers_Market" title="Sprouts Farmers Market">Sprouts Farmers Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Foods" title="US Foods">US Foods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health Care</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_Healthcare" title="Acadia Healthcare">Acadia Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedisys" title="Amedisys">Amedisys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Pharmaceuticals" title="Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals">Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avantor" title="Avantor">Avantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioMarin_Pharmaceutical" title="BioMarin Pharmaceutical">BioMarin Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruker" title="Bruker">Bruker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemed_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemed Corp. (page does not exist)">Chemed Corp.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doximity" title="Doximity">Doximity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encompass_Health" title="Encompass Health">Encompass Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enovis" title="Enovis">Enovis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensign_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ensign Group (page does not exist)">Ensign Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Envista_Holdings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Envista Holdings (page does not exist)">Envista Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exelixis" title="Exelixis">Exelixis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_Medical" title="Globus Medical">Globus Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemonetics" title="Haemonetics">Haemonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halozyme" title="Halozyme">Halozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HealthEquity" title="HealthEquity">HealthEquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumina,_Inc." title="Illumina, Inc.">Illumina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inari_Medical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inari Medical (page does not exist)">Inari Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Pharmaceuticals" title="Jazz Pharmaceuticals">Jazz Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantheus_Holdings" title="Lantheus Holdings">Lantheus Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LivaNova" title="LivaNova">LivaNova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masimo" title="Masimo">Masimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medpace" title="Medpace">Medpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">Neogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocrine_Biosciences" title="Neurocrine Biosciences">Neurocrine Biosciences</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Option_Care_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Option Care Health (page does not exist)">Option Care Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penumbra_(medical_company)" title="Penumbra (medical company)">Penumbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrigo" title="Perrigo">Perrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progyny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progyny (page does not exist)">Progyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repligen" title="Repligen">Repligen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shockwave_Medical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shockwave Medical (page does not exist)">Shockwave Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sotera_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sotera Health (page does not exist)">Sotera Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenet_Healthcare" title="Tenet Healthcare">Tenet Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Therapeutics" title="United Therapeutics">United Therapeutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affiliated_Managers_Group" title="Affiliated Managers Group">Affiliated Managers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ally_Financial" title="Ally Financial">Ally Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Financial_Group" title="American Financial Group">American Financial Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaly_Capital_Management" title="Annaly Capital Management">Annaly Capital Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Bank">Associated Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_OZK" title="Bank OZK">Bank OZK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighthouse_Financial" title="Brighthouse Financial">Brighthouse Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadence_Bank" title="Cadence Bank">Cadence Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlyle_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlyle Group">Carlyle Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_Financial_Group" title="CNO Financial Group">CNO Financial Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Banking_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Columbia Banking System (page does not exist)">Columbia Banking System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Bancshares" title="Commerce Bancshares">Commerce Bancshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_West_Bancorp" title="East West Bancorp">East West Bancorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_Holdings" title="Equitable Holdings">Equitable Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Indemnity" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie Indemnity">Erie Indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essent_Group_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Essent Group Ltd. (page does not exist)">Essent Group Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronet_Worldwide" title="Euronet Worldwide">Euronet Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evercore" title="Evercore">Evercore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Hermes" title="Federated Hermes">Federated Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity_National_Financial" title="Fidelity National Financial">Fidelity National Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_American_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="First American Corporation">First American</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Financial_Bankshares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Financial Bankshares (page does not exist)">First Financial Bankshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="First Horizon">First Horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FirstCash" title="FirstCash">FirstCash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNB_Corporation" title="FNB Corporation">FNB Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_Bank" title="Frost Bank">Frost Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_Bancorp" title="Glacier Bancorp">Glacier Bancorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_Whitney" title="Hancock Whitney">Hancock Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Insurance" title="Hanover Insurance">Hanover Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_BancShares" title="Home BancShares">Home BancShares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houlihan_Lokey" title="Houlihan Lokey">Houlihan Lokey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_Brokers" title="Interactive Brokers">Interactive Brokers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_of_Commerce" title="International Bank of Commerce">Intl Bancshares Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_Henderson" title="Janus Henderson">Janus Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferies_Financial_Group" title="Jefferies Financial Group">Jefferies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemper_Corporation" title="Kemper Corporation">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinsale_Capital_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinsale Capital Group (page does not exist)">Kinsale Capital Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGIC_Investment_Corporation" title="MGIC Investment Corporation">MGIC Investment Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningstar,_Inc." title="Morningstar, Inc.">Morningstar, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Community_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Community Bank">New York Community Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Bank" title="Old National Bank">Old National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Republic_International" title="Old Republic International">Old Republic International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Financial_Partners" title="Pinnacle Financial Partners">Pinnacle Financial Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primerica" title="Primerica">Primerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_Bancshares" title="Prosperity Bancshares">Prosperity Bancshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Group_of_America" title="Reinsurance Group of America">Reinsurance Group of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenaissanceRe" title="RenaissanceRe">RenaissanceRe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RLI_Corp." title="RLI Corp.">RLI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryan_Specialty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryan Specialty (page does not exist)">Ryan Specialty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEI_Investments_Company" title="SEI Investments Company">SEI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_Insurance_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selective Insurance Group (page does not exist)">Selective Insurance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallie_Mae" title="Sallie Mae">SLM Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift4" title="Shift4">Shift4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_State_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="South State Bank">South State Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starwood_Property_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starwood Property Trust (page does not exist)">Starwood Property Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stifel" title="Stifel">Stifel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovus" title="Synovus">Synovus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Capital_Bancshares" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Capital Bancshares">Texas Capital Bancshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMB_Financial_Corporation" title="UMB Financial Corporation">UMB Financial Corp.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bankshares" class="mw-redirect" title="United Bankshares">United Bankshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unum" title="Unum">Unum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Bank" title="Valley Bank">Valley Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voya_Financial" title="Voya Financial">Voya Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_Bank" title="Webster Bank">Webster Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEX_Inc." title="WEX Inc.">WEX Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wintrust">Wintrust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information <br />Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allegro_MicroSystems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allegro MicroSystems (page does not exist)">Allegro MicroSystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altair_Engineering" title="Altair Engineering">Altair Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amkor_Technology" title="Amkor Technology">Amkor Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Electronics" title="Arrow Electronics">Arrow Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen_Technology" title="Aspen Technology">Aspen Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avnet" title="Avnet">Avnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belden_(electronics_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belden (electronics company)">Belden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbaud" title="Blackbaud">Blackbaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calix,_Inc." title="Calix, Inc.">Calix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciena" title="Ciena">Ciena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Logic" title="Cirrus Logic">Cirrus Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognex_Corporation" title="Cognex Corporation">Cognex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_Corp." title="Coherent Corp.">Coherent Corp.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommVault_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="CommVault Systems">CommVault Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_Merchandising_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Crane Merchandising Systems">Crane NXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby" title="Dolby">Dolby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docusign" title="Docusign">Docusign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatrace" title="Dynatrace">Dynatrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flex_Ltd." title="Flex Ltd.">Flex Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPG_Photonics" title="IPG Photonics">IPG Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyndryl" title="Kyndryl">Kyndryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_Semiconductor" title="Lattice Semiconductor">Lattice Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littelfuse" title="Littelfuse">Littelfuse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumentum_Holdings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lumentum Holdings (page does not exist)">Lumentum Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACOM_Technology_Solutions" title="MACOM Technology Solutions">MACOM Technology Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhattan_Associates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manhattan Associates (page does not exist)">Manhattan Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MKS_Instruments" title="MKS Instruments">MKS Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novanta (page does not exist)">Novanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onto_Innovation" title="Onto Innovation">Onto Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_Integrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power Integrations (page does not exist)">Power Integrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Storage" title="Pure Storage">Pure Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualys" title="Qualys">Qualys</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rambus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Labs" title="Silicon Labs">Silicon Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermicro" title="Supermicro">Supermicro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaptics" title="Synaptics">Synaptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD_Synnex" title="TD Synnex">TD Synnex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teradata" title="Teradata">Teradata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Display_Corporation" title="Universal Display Corporation">Universal Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishay" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishay">Vishay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vontier" title="Vontier">Vontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfspeed" title="Wolfspeed">Wolfspeed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication <br />Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Communications" title="Frontier Communications">Frontier Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_Communications" title="Iridium Communications">Iridium Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company" title="The New York Times Company">The New York Times Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Group" title="Nexstar Media Group">Nexstar Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegna_Inc." title="Tegna Inc.">Tegna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TKO_Group_Holdings" title="TKO Group Holdings">TKO Group Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziff_Davis" title="Ziff Davis">Ziff Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZoomInfo" title="ZoomInfo">ZoomInfo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Real Estate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agree_Realty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agree Realty (page does not exist)">Agree Realty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixmor_Property_Group" title="Brixmor Property Group">Brixmor Property Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COPT_Defense_Properties" title="COPT Defense Properties">COPT Defense Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousins_Properties" title="Cousins Properties">Cousins Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CubeSmart" title="CubeSmart">CubeSmart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EastGroup_Properties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EastGroup Properties (page does not exist)">EastGroup Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPR_Properties" title="EPR Properties">EPR Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equity_Lifestyle_Properties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equity Lifestyle Properties (page does not exist)">Equity Lifestyle Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Industrial_Realty_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Industrial Realty Trust (page does not exist)">First Industrial Realty Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_and_Leisure_Properties" title="Gaming and Leisure Properties">Gaming and Leisure Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_Realty_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare Realty Trust (page does not exist)">Healthcare Realty Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IRT_Living&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IRT Living (page does not exist)">IRT Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Lang_LaSalle" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones Lang LaSalle">Jones Lang LaSalle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilroy_Realty_Corp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kilroy Realty Corp (page does not exist)">Kilroy Realty Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kite_Realty_Group_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kite Realty Group Trust (page does not exist)">Kite Realty Group Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Advertising_Company" title="Lamar Advertising Company">Lamar Advertising Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Properties_Trust" title="Medical Properties Trust">Medical Properties Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Storage_Affiliates_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Storage Affiliates Trust (page does not exist)">National Storage Affiliates Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNN_Reit" title="NNN Reit">NNN Reit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omega_Healthcare_Investors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omega Healthcare Investors (page does not exist)">Omega Healthcare Investors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="Park Hotels & Resorts">Park Hotels & Resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physicians_Realty_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physicians Realty Trust (page does not exist)">Physicians Realty Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PotlatchDeltic" title="PotlatchDeltic">PotlatchDeltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonier" title="Rayonier">Rayonier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rexford_Industrial_Realty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rexford Industrial Realty (page does not exist)">Rexford Industrial Realty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabra_Health_Care_REIT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabra Health Care REIT (page does not exist)">Sabra Health Care REIT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STAG_Industrial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STAG Industrial (page does not exist)">STAG Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vornado_Realty_Trust" title="Vornado Realty Trust">Vornado Realty Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._P._Carey" title="W. P. Carey">W. P. Carey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALLETE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALLETE (page does not exist)">ALLETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Corporation" title="Black Hills Corporation">Black Hills Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Utilities" title="Essential Utilities">Essential Utilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idacorp" title="Idacorp">Idacorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fuel_Gas" title="National Fuel Gas">National Fuel Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Resources" title="New Jersey Resources">New Jersey Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NorthWestern_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NorthWestern Corporation">NorthWestern Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGE_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="OGE Energy">OGE Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONE_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="ONE Gas">ONE Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormat_Technologies" title="Ormat Technologies">Ormat Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_General_Electric" title="Portland General Electric">Portland General Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Gas" title="Southwest Gas">Southwest Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spire_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Spire Inc">Spire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TXNM_Energy" title="TXNM Energy">TXNM Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UGI_Corporation" title="UGI Corporation">UGI Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistra_Corp" title="Vistra Corp">Vistra Corp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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