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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the battle between the Portuguese and pirates. For the battles in the Opium Wars, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bogue" title="Battle of the Bogue">Battle of the Bogue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bogue_(1856)" title="Battle of the Bogue (1856)">Battle of the Bogue (1856)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Piracy#East_Asia" title="Piracy">Piracy in Asia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Navy_Fighting_Pirates_in_the_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Portuguese_Navy_Fighting_Pirates_in_the_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg/300px-Portuguese_Navy_Fighting_Pirates_in_the_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Portuguese_Navy_Fighting_Pirates_in_the_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg/450px-Portuguese_Navy_Fighting_Pirates_in_the_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Portuguese_Navy_Fighting_Pirates_in_the_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg/600px-Portuguese_Navy_Fighting_Pirates_in_the_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br />An illustration of the battle by a Portuguese cartographer</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>September 1809 - January 1810</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Humen" title="Humen">Humen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Portuguese victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Flag_Fleet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Flag Fleet (page does not exist)">Red Flag Fleet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> José Pinto e Sousa</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1 frigate <br /> 5 brigs <br /> 1 lorcha</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 300–700 junks</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Light</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Heavy</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_colonial_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire"><span class="wrap">Portuguese colonial campaigns</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>15th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Ceuta" title="Portuguese conquest of Ceuta">Morocco (1415)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ceuta_(1419)" title="Siege of Ceuta (1419)">Morocco (1419)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1437)" title="Battle of Tangier (1437)">Morocco (1437)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Portuguese conquest of Ksar es-Seghir">Morocco (1458)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tangier_(1463%E2%80%931464)" title="Siege of Tangier (1463–1464)">Morocco (1463–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfa_expedition_(1468)" title="Anfa expedition (1468)">Morocco (1468)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Asilah" title="Conquest of Asilah">Morocco (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Tangier" title="Portuguese conquest of Tangier">Morocco (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinea" title="Battle of Guinea">Guinea (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaouia_expedition" title="Chaouia expedition">Morocco (1487)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Graciosa_(1489)" title="Siege of Graciosa (1489)">Morocco (1489)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_expedition_(1490)" title="Targa expedition (1490)">Morocco (1490)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>16th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Luso-Malabarese_War" title="First Luso-Malabarese War">India (1500–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1501)" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1501)">Algeria (1501)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pandarane" title="Battle of Pandarane">India (1504)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mombasa_(1505)" title="Battle of Mombasa (1505)">East Africa (1505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts">Indian Ocean (1505–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Anjadiva_(1506)" title="Siege of Anjadiva (1506)">India (1506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannanore" title="Battle of Cannanore">India (1506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barawa" title="Battle of Barawa">East Africa (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cannanore_(1507)" title="Siege of Cannanore (1507)">India (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Socotra" title="Battle of Socotra">Socotra (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1507)" title="Capture of Muscat (1507)">Arabia (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Hormuz" title="Portuguese conquest of Hormuz">Persian Gulf (1507–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dabul" title="Battle of Dabul">India (1508)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu" title="Battle of Diu">India (1509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">India (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">Malaysia (1511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azemmour" title="Battle of Azemmour">Morocco (1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tednest" title="Battle of Tednest">Morocco (1514)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alcaides" title="Battle of the Alcaides">Morocco (1514)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Marrakesh_(1515)" title="Raid of Marrakesh (1515)">Morocco (1515)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamora_(1515)" title="Battle of Mamora (1515)">Morocco (1515)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_expedition_to_Doukkala_(1516)" title="Portuguese expedition to Doukkala (1516)">Morocco (1516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeila" title="Battle of Zeila">East Africa (1517)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Goa_(1517)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Goa (1517)">Goa (1517)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pago" title="Battle of Pago">Malaysia (1520)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts">Sri Lanka (1520–1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aceh_(1521)" title="Battle of Aceh (1521)">Sumatra (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_Bahrain" title="Portuguese invasion of Bahrain">Bahrain (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Bintan_(1521)" title="Attack on Bintan (1521)">Insulindia (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tunmen" title="Battle of Tunmen">China (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedir_expedition_(1522)" title="Pedir expedition (1522)">Sumatra (1522)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ash-Shihr_(1523)" title="Battle of Ash-Shihr (1523)">Arabia (1523)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar_River" title="Battle of Muar River">Malaysia (1523)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_conquest_of_Pasai" title="Acehnese conquest of Pasai">Sumatra (1523–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lingga" title="Battle of Lingga">Insulindia (1525)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bintan" title="Siege of Bintan">Insulindia (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calicut_(1526)" title="Siege of Calicut (1526)">India (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Sunda_Kelapa" title="Conquest of Sunda Kelapa">Java (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aceh_(1528)" title="Battle of Aceh (1528)">Sumatra (1528)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mombasa_(1528)" title="Battle of Mombasa (1528)">East Africa (1528)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahrain_(1529)" title="Siege of Bahrain (1529)">Persian Gulf (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternatean%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Ternatean–Portuguese conflicts">Moluccas (1530–1607)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1531)" title="Siege of Diu (1531)">India (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Agadir_(1533)" title="Siege of Agadir (1533)">Morocco (1533)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reishahr" title="Battle of Reishahr">Persian Gulf (1534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1534)" title="Battle of Malacca (1534)">Malaysia (1534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ugentana" title="Battle of Ugentana">Malaysia (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ugentana_(1536)" title="Battle of Ugentana (1536)">Malaysia (1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tidore" title="Battle of Tidore">Moluccas (1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Brazil (1534–1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beadala_(1538)" title="Battle of Beadala (1538)">India (1538)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">India (1538)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)">Indian Ocean (1538–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suakin_(1541)" title="Battle of Suakin (1541)">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jeddah_(1541)" title="Attack on Jeddah (1541)">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Tor" title="Battle of El Tor">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suez_(1541)" title="Battle of Suez (1541)">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Massawa_(1541)" title="Battle of Massawa (1541)">Ethiopia (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benadir" title="Battle of Benadir">East Africa (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba%C3%A7ente" title="Battle of Baçente">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarte" title="Battle of Jarte">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hill_of_the_Jews" title="Battle of the Hill of the Jews">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wofla" title="Battle of Wofla">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">Ethiopia (1543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Campar_(1543)" title="Siege of Campar (1543)">Malaysia (1543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jailolo" title="Attack on Jailolo">Insulindia (1545)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1546)" title="Siege of Diu (1546)">India (1546)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bharuch" title="Battle of Bharuch">India (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perlis_River" title="Battle of Perlis River">Malaysia (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aden_(1548)" title="Capture of Aden (1548)">Arabia (1548)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Shihr_(1548)" title="Battle of al-Shihr (1548)">Arabia (1548)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jailolo_(1550)" title="Siege of Jailolo (1550)">Jailolo (1550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qatif_(1551)" title="Siege of Qatif (1551)">Persian Gulf (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1551)" title="Siege of Malacca (1551)">Malaysia (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_campaign_against_Hormuz" title="Ottoman campaign against Hormuz">Arabia (1552–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman" title="Battle of the Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman (1554)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Thatta">Pakistan (1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kotte_(1557%E2%80%931558)" title="Siege of Kotte (1557–1558)">Sri Lanka (1557–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1558)" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro (1558)">Brazil (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Daman" title="Portuguese conquest of Daman">India (1559)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom_(1560)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1560)">Jaffna (1560)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Moji" title="Siege of Moji">Japan (1561)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Coast_(1562)" title="Battle of Cape Coast (1562)">Gold Coast (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1562)" title="Siege of Mazagan (1562)">Morocco (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Morocco (1564)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fukuda_Bay" title="Battle of Fukuda Bay">Japan (1565)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1567)" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro (1567)">Brazil (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1568)" title="Siege of Malacca (1568)">Malacca (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa%27s_expedition_to_Brazil" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa's expedition to Brazil">Brazil (1569-73)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aceh_(1569)" title="Battle of Aceh (1569)">Sumatra (1569)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gambia_River_(1570)" title="Battle of the Gambia River (1570)">Gambia (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Goa_(1570%E2%80%931571)" title="Siege of Goa (1570–1571)">Goa (1570–1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chaul_(1570%E2%80%931571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Chaul (1570–1571)">Chaul (1570–1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Honavar_(1571)" title="Siege of Honavar (1571)"> Honavar (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mangalore_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Mangalore (1571)"> Mangalore (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chaliyam" title="Siege of Chaliyam">Chale (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_the_Indies" title="War of the League of the Indies">India (1570–75)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1573)" title="Siege of Malacca (1573)">Malaysia (1573)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1574)" title="Siege of Malacca (1574)">Malaysia (1574)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1575)" title="Siege of Malacca (1575)">Malaysia (1575)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Morocco (1578)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Anzele" title="Siege of Anzele">Angola (1580)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1581)" title="Siege of Daman (1581)">India (1581)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1581)" title="Capture of Muscat (1581)">Arabia (1581)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talandongo" title="Battle of Talandongo">Angola (1583)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1586%E2%80%931589)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)">Indian Ocean (1586–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leitao_Coast" title="Battle of Leitao Coast">Persian Gulf (1586)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Johor_(1586)" title="Battle of Johor (1586)">Malaysia (1586)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Johor_(1587)" title="Siege of Johor (1587)">Malaysia (1587)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colombo_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="Siege of Colombo (1587–1588)">Sri Lanka (1587–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mombasa_(1589)" title="Battle of Mombasa (1589)">Mombasa (1589)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portudal%E2%80%93Joal_Massacre" title="Portudal–Joal Massacre">Senegal (1589)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom_(1591)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1591)">Jaffna (1591)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kottakkal" title="Siege of Kottakkal">India (1599–1600)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>17th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bantam" title="Battle of Bantam">Java (1601)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_expedition_(1606)" title="Aceh expedition (1606)">Sumatra (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1606)" title="Siege of Malacca (1606)">Malaysia (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Rachado" title="Battle of Cape Rachado">Malaysia (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Seal_Ship_incident_(1609)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Seal Ship incident (1609)">China (1609)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">India (1612)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Portuguese conquest of Maranhão">Brazil (1612–1615)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cambar%C3%A3o" title="Capture of Cambarão">Persian Gulf (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formoso_River" title="Battle of Formoso River">Malaysia (1615)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_attack_on_the_Catherine_(1618)" title="Portuguese attack on the Catherine (1618)">Gambia (1618)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna (1619)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Crapp%C3%A9%27s_raids_on_Portuguese_colonies" title="Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies">Coromandel Coast (1619)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Qeshm" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Qeshm">Persian Gulf (1621–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Koneswaram_Temple" title="Conquest of Koneswaram Temple">Trincomalee (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Hormuz" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Hormuz">Persian Gulf (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Macau" title="Battle of Macau">China (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbumbi" title="Battle of Mbumbi">Angola (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbanda_Kasi" title="Battle of Mbanda Kasi">Angola (1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bahia" title="Capture of Bahia">Brazil (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filips_van_Zuylen%27s_campaign_agaisnt_Luanda" title="Filips van Zuylen's campaign agaisnt Luanda">Angola (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_February_1625" title="Action of 1 February 1625">Persian Gulf (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Brazil (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1625)" title="Battle of Elmina (1625)">Gold Coast (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langat_River" title="Battle of Langat River">Malaysia (1628)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duyon_River" title="Battle of Duyon River">Malacca (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Flensborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinking of the Flensborg">Cape of Good Hope (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Recife_(1630)" title="Siege of Recife (1630)">Brazil (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jambi" title="Battle of Jambi">Jambi (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Brazil (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_al-Hasan#Portuguese_expedition_to_Mombasa_1632" title="Yusuf ibn al-Hasan">East Africa (1632)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Bengal (1632)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Julfar" title="Capture of Julfar">Arabia (1633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sohar" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Sohar">Arabia (1633–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mata_Redonda" title="Battle of Mata Redonda">Brazil (1636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1637)" title="Battle of Elmina (1637)">Gold Coast (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goa_(1638)" title="Battle of Goa (1638)">India (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Brazil (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">India (1638–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">India (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Brazil (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagan_Ambush_(1640)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazagan Ambush (1640)">Morocco (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1641)" title="Siege of Malacca (1641)">Malaysia (1640–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Angola" title="Recapture of Angola">Angola (1641–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mboror%C3%A9" title="Battle of Mbororé">Brazil (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Carical_Conflict" title="Dano-Carical Conflict">India (1644–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabocas" title="Battle of Tabocas">Brazil (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casa_Forte" title="Battle of Casa Forte">Brazil (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kombi" title="Battle of Kombi">Angola (1647)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="First Battle of Guararapes">Brazil (1648)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Brazil (1649)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1650)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Muscat (1650)">Arabia (1650)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Recife_(1652%E2%80%931654)" title="Recapture of Recife (1652–1654)">Brazil (1652–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_1654" title="Action of 23 March 1654">1st Sri Lanka (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_May_1654" title="Action of 2 May 1654">2nd Sri Lanka (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mannar_(1658)" title="Battle of Mannar (1658)">Mannar (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Malabar" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Malabar">Malabar (1658–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marg%C3%A3o_(1659)" title="Battle of Margão (1659)">Margão (1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbwila" title="Battle of Mbwila">Angola (1665)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjuration_of_Our_Father" title="Conjuration of Our Father">Brazil (1666)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbidizi_River" title="Battle of Mbidizi River">Angola (1670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kitombo" title="Battle of Kitombo">Angola (1670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pungo_Andongo" title="Battle of Pungo Andongo">Angola (1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Katole" title="Battle of Katole">Angola (1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Bassein_(1693)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of Bassein (1693)">India (1693)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mombasa_(1696%E2%80%931698)" title="Siege of Mombasa (1696–1698)">East Africa (1696–98)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>18th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surat_(1704)" title="Battle of Surat (1704)">India (1704)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1710)" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro (1710)">Brazil (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro">Brazil (1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Expedition" title="Cabinda Expedition">Angola (1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1729%E2%80%931732)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha–Portuguese War (1729–1732)">India (1729–32)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1735%E2%80%931737)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)">Banda Oriental (1735–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alorna" title="Siege of Alorna">India (1746)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tiracol" title="Siege of Tiracol">India (1746)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calicut_(1752)" title="Battle of Calicut (1752)">India (1752)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_War" title="Guaraní War">Brazil (1756)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Brazil (1762–63)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition" title="First Cevallos expedition">Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1769)" title="Siege of Mazagan (1769)">Morocco (1769)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Ovimbundu_War" title="Portuguese–Ovimbundu War">Angola (1774–1778)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)">Banda Oriental (1776–77)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>19th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_French_Guiana" title="Portuguese conquest of French Guiana">French Guiana (1809)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China (1809–10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Banda_Oriental" title="Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental (1816–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_War_of_Independence" title="Brazilian War of Independence">Brazil (1821–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Faiti%C3%B5es" title="Revolt of the Faitiões">China (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal-Angoche_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal-Angoche conflict">Mozambique (1847–1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passale%C3%A3o_incident" title="Passaleão incident">China (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marracuene" title="Battle of Marracuene">Mozambique (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coolela" title="Battle of Coolela">Mozambique (1895)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailundo_revolt" title="Bailundo revolt">Angola (1902–04)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mufilo" title="Battle of Mufilo">Angola (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_rebellion_of_1911%E2%80%931912" title="East Timorese rebellion of 1911–1912">East Timor (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_campaign_in_Angola" title="German campaign in Angola">Angola (1914–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolongongo_War" title="Kolongongo War"> Angola (1914–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">Mozambique (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barue_uprising" title="Barue uprising">Mozambique (1917-18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">India (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">India (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Africa (1961–74)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angola (1961–74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambique (1964–74)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">虎門之戰</span>; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Batalha da Boca do Tigre</i>) was a series of engagements between a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> flotilla stationed in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a>, and the Red Flag Fleet of the Chinese pirate <a href="/wiki/Ching_Shih" class="mw-redirect" title="Ching Shih">Ching Shih</a>, led by her second-in-command, <a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a> - known to the Portuguese as <i>Cam Pau Sai</i> or <i>Quan Apon Chay</i>. Between September 1809 and January 1810, the Red Flag Fleet suffered several defeats at the hands of the Portuguese fleet led by José Pinto Alcoforado e Sousa, within the <a href="/wiki/Humen" title="Humen">Humen Strait</a> - known to the Portuguese as the <i>Boca do Tigre</i> - until finally surrendering formally in February 1810. After her fleet surrendered, Ching Shih surrendered herself to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing government</a> in exchange for a general pardon, putting an end to her career of piracy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The decline of authority of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> had caused the rise of numerous pirate groups, active around the commercially important <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a>, that captured trade vessels, assaulted seaside populations or forced them to pay tribute, but did not interfere with European shipping initially. The most important of these pirate groups became the Red Flag Fleet which, under the leadership of Cheung Po Tsai, had clashed with Portuguese vessels in 1805, but in May 1807 suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of Portuguese lieutenant Pereira Barreto, commanding a two-ship squadron. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a>, taking the local <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">monks</a> under his protection, had asserted himself as the leader of a <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sect</a> to which the pirates adhered.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, among the Macanese, it was rumoured that the Cheung Po Tsai even aspired to becoming <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> established a garrison in Macau in September 1808 in order to prevent the colony from falling into <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French</a> hands, though they did not make any moves against Chinese pirates. When Pereira Barreto left Macau, Chinese piracy threatened to cut off local Macanese shipping. In early September 1809, the pirates captured a Portuguese trade ship coming from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Timor</a>, killing all its crewmembers. Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Council_of_Macau" title="Municipal Council of Macau">Loyal Senate of Macau</a> (the <i>Leal Senado</i>) armed three ships, commanded by artillery captain José Pinto Alcoforado de Azevedo e Sousa with categorical orders to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> against the pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> frigate anchored by Macau agreed to assist against the pirates, upon the governors' solicitation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_encounter,_September_15,_1809"><span id="First_encounter.2C_September_15.2C_1809"></span>First encounter, September 15, 1809</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First encounter, September 15, 1809"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Chinese_zeilschepen_Yonken_Sin_Tong_Heng_(links)_en_Tek_Hwa_Seng_bij_Poeloe_Samboe_TMnr_10010680.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Chinese_zeilschepen_Yonken_Sin_Tong_Heng_%28links%29_en_Tek_Hwa_Seng_bij_Poeloe_Samboe_TMnr_10010680.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Chinese_zeilschepen_Yonken_Sin_Tong_Heng_%28links%29_en_Tek_Hwa_Seng_bij_Poeloe_Samboe_TMnr_10010680.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Chinese_zeilschepen_Yonken_Sin_Tong_Heng_%28links%29_en_Tek_Hwa_Seng_bij_Poeloe_Samboe_TMnr_10010680.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Chinese_zeilschepen_Yonken_Sin_Tong_Heng_%28links%29_en_Tek_Hwa_Seng_bij_Poeloe_Samboe_TMnr_10010680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Chinese_zeilschepen_Yonken_Sin_Tong_Heng_%28links%29_en_Tek_Hwa_Seng_bij_Poeloe_Samboe_TMnr_10010680.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Chinese_zeilschepen_Yonken_Sin_Tong_Heng_%28links%29_en_Tek_Hwa_Seng_bij_Poeloe_Samboe_TMnr_10010680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>The lorcha was a hybrid ship combining Portuguese hull design with Chinese rigging</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption><b><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1750).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></b> </caption> <caption><b>Portuguese flotilla</b><br /> <b>September 1809</b><br /><b>39 artillery pieces</b> <br /><b>250 men</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="150">Name</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Princesa Carlota</i></td> <td align="left">Brig, 16 artillery pieces, 100 men crew, commanded by artillery captain José Pinto Alcoforado de Azevedo e Sousa </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Belisário</i></td> <td align="left">Brig, 18 artillery pieces, 120 men crew, commanded by alferes José Félix dos Remédios </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Leão</i></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lorcha_(boat)" title="Lorcha (boat)">Lorcha</a>, 5 artillery pieces, 30 men crew commanded by pilot José Gonçalves Carocha </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>A few days later by nightfall, the <i>Princesa Carlota</i> and the <i>Belisário</i> left Macau to seek out the Chinese pirate fleet. Despite the British frigate agreeing to aid in the combat, it remained in harbour and took no further action against the Chinese. The two ships were supplied by the lorcha <i>Leão</i>, commanded by pilot Gonçalves Carocha, which was attacked during its supply run by a squadron of pirate junks, but were repelled due to the firepower of the Portuguese, which included rifles and modern rifled cannon that fired explosive shells.<sup id="cite_ref-Monteiro30_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monteiro30-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, the lone <i>Leão</i> was ambushed by 16 junks and suffered great losses, and risked being boarded until its last 8 crewmembers mutinied against Carocha and took the ship back to Macau. The crewmembers were banished and Carocha regained his post ahead of the <i>Leão</i> with a new crew, and the following day joined the <i>Princesa Carlota</i> and the <i>Belisário</i>. On September 15, the Portuguese set out to meet the pirate fleet, and came into contact with about 200 ships of Cheung Po Tsai, in a heavy artillery combat that severely damaged the fleet. By sunset, the pirates broke off pursuit and scattered, and the Portuguese returned to Macau.<sup id="cite_ref-Monteiro31_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monteiro31-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of this victory, in November 23 official Chinese emissaries arrived in Macau, proposing to the Portuguese a joint operation, in which the Portuguese agreed to provide 6 ships and the Chinese government 60 against the pirates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_encounter,_November_29,_1809"><span id="Second_encounter.2C_November_29.2C_1809"></span>Second encounter, November 29, 1809</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second encounter, November 29, 1809"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canton_estuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Canton_estuary.jpg/220px-Canton_estuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Canton_estuary.jpg/330px-Canton_estuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Canton_estuary.jpg/440px-Canton_estuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3595" data-file-height="3181" /></a><figcaption>The Pearl River Delta, with Humen marked as <i>Bocca Tigris</i> ("Tiger's Mouth") where the heaviest fighting took place</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption><b><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1750).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></b> </caption> <caption><b>Portuguese flotilla</b><br /> <b>November 1809</b><br /> <b>120 artillery pieces</b> <br /> <b>760 men</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="150">Name</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Inconquistável</i></td> <td align="left">Frigate, 26 artillery pieces, 160-man crew, commanded by artillery captain José Pinto Alcoforado de Azevedo e Sousa </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Indiana</i></td> <td align="left">Brig, 24 artillery pieces, 120-man crew, commanded by alferes Anacieto José da Silva </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Belisário</i></td> <td align="left">Brig, 18 artillery pieces, 120-man crew, commanded by alferes José Félix dos Remédios </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Conceição</i></td> <td align="left">Brig, 18 artillery pieces, 130-man crew commanded by pilot Luís Carlos de Miranda </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>São Miguel</i></td> <td align="left">Brig, 18 artillery pieces, 130-man crew, commanded by pilot Constantino José Lopes </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Princesa Carlota</i></td> <td align="left">Brig, 16 artillery pieces, 100-man crew, commanded by pilot José Gonçalves Carocha </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The governor of Macau, Lucas José de Alvarenga, ordered the <i>ouvidor</i> (head-judge) of Macau, energetic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Jos%C3%A9_de_Arriaga_Brum_da_Silveira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira (page does not exist)">Miguel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Jos%C3%A9_de_Arriaga_Brum_da_Silveira" class="extiw" title="pt:Miguel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira">pt</a>]</span>, to organize a squadron with which to fight the pirates and Arriaga promptly had four more ships outfitted and ready for combat.<sup id="cite_ref-Monteiro37_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monteiro37-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 29, the Portuguese flotilla set out for the Humen Strait to link up with the Qing fleet, however as the pirates were likely aware of the arrangement, they attempted to intercept the Portuguese, and clashed just a few hours after the Portuguese had left Macau. The Portuguese and the Chinese pirates fought for about nine hours, until the pirates suffered some fifteen sunken ships, several more damaged, and retreated. The pirates regrouped, and later attempted another engagement with the Portuguese, only to suffer further losses. As the Qing fleet was not forthcoming, the Portuguese returned to Macau. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_encounters_in_December_1809_and_January_1810">Final encounters in December 1809 and January 1810</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Final encounters in December 1809 and January 1810"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BC%B5%E4%BF%9D%E4%BB%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E5%BC%B5%E4%BF%9D%E4%BB%94.jpg/170px-%E5%BC%B5%E4%BF%9D%E4%BB%94.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E5%BC%B5%E4%BF%9D%E4%BB%94.jpg/255px-%E5%BC%B5%E4%BF%9D%E4%BB%94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E5%BC%B5%E4%BF%9D%E4%BB%94.jpg/340px-%E5%BC%B5%E4%BF%9D%E4%BB%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Chinese engraving of Cheung Po Tsai, or <i>Quan Apon Chay</i></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption><b><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1750).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></b> </caption> <caption><b>Portuguese flotilla</b><br /> <b>December 1809 and January 1810</b><br /> <b>120 artillery pieces</b> <br /> <b>760 men</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="150">Name</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Inconquistável</i></td> <td align="left">Frigate, 26 artillery pieces, 160 men crew, commanded by artillery captain José Pinto Alcoforado de Azevedo e Sousa </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Indiana</i></td> <td align="left">Brig, 24 artillery pieces, 120 men crew, commanded by alferes Anacieto José da Silva </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Belisário</i></td> <td align="left">Brig, 18 artillery pieces, 120 men cew, commanded by alferes José Félix dos Remédios </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Conceição</i></td> <td align="left">Brig, 18 artillery pieces, 130 men crew commanded by pilot Luís Carlos de Miranda </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>São Miguel</i></td> <td align="left">Brig, 18 artillery pieces, 130 men crew, commanded by pilot Constantino José Lopes </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Princesa Carlota</i></td> <td align="left">Brig, 16 artillery pieces, 100 men crew, commanded by pilot José Gonçalves Carocha </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>On the 11th of December, Cheung Po Tsai moved his entire fleet close to Macau, finally seeking a decisive battle with the Portuguese, in person. The Portuguese set out to sea and the pirates lost a further 15 ships before again retreating. Shortly after this defeat, Cheung Po Tsai offered the Portuguese a separate peace, but Alcoforado rejected it, not wishing to betray the Chinese Mandarins and advise the pirate instead to accept an amnesty which the Chinese Emperor had recently offered to any and all pirates who accepted his authority. Cheung Po Tsai however, refused the proposal. After this engagement, the Red Flag Fleet suffered another heavy blow, in the form of the defection of an ally or vassal pirate fleet, the Black Flag Fleet, to the Chinese authorities, under the offer of redemption.<sup id="cite_ref-Monteiro37_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monteiro37-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 3 and 4, Alcoforado inflicted further losses on the Chinese fleet in two more separate engagements. Finally, on January 21, Cheung Po Tsai mobilized his entire fleet, numbering over 300 ships, 1500 guns and 20,000 men, in a last-ditch attempt to defeat the small Portuguese flotilla, anchored by <a href="/wiki/Lantau_Island" title="Lantau Island">Lantau Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Chinese numbers, the pirate fleet had in fact great difficulties maneuvering around the small Portuguese fleet without blocking each other's path or line of fire; Portuguese gunners on the other hand could accurately fire explosive rounds on the concentrated mass of enemy junks. Then, the brig <i>Conceição</i> ran aground, risking being grappled and boarded by an overwhelming number of enemies; with the assistance of the brig <i>Carlota</i> of Gonçalves Carocha, the <i>Conceição</i> refloated, and rejoined the battle. Eventually, Alcoforado noticed that on the center of the fleet was a very large junk transformed into a floating pagoda and ordered the artillery to fire upon it, until it finally sank. Upon seeing the pagoda-ship disappear, the pirate fleet scattered, and most of it retreated into the shallow Hiang San River, where Portuguese ships couldn't enter due to their larger draught. </p><p>Alcoforado ordered the rivermouth to be blockaded, and the pirate fleet was finally cornered and trapped inside it.<sup id="cite_ref-Monteiro38_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monteiro38-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_do_Dr._Miguel_Jos%C3%A9_d%27Arriaga_Brum_da_Silveira_(PNM_7466).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Retrato_do_Dr._Miguel_Jos%C3%A9_d%27Arriaga_Brum_da_Silveira_%28PNM_7466%29.png/185px-Retrato_do_Dr._Miguel_Jos%C3%A9_d%27Arriaga_Brum_da_Silveira_%28PNM_7466%29.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Retrato_do_Dr._Miguel_Jos%C3%A9_d%27Arriaga_Brum_da_Silveira_%28PNM_7466%29.png/278px-Retrato_do_Dr._Miguel_Jos%C3%A9_d%27Arriaga_Brum_da_Silveira_%28PNM_7466%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Retrato_do_Dr._Miguel_Jos%C3%A9_d%27Arriaga_Brum_da_Silveira_%28PNM_7466%29.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><i>Ouvidor</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Jos%C3%A9_de_Arriaga_Brum_da_Silveira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira (page does not exist)">Miguel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Jos%C3%A9_de_Arriaga_Brum_da_Silveira" class="extiw" title="pt:Miguel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira">pt</a>]</span> distinguished himself as a mediator between the Chinese government and the pirates, allowing their integration into the Chinese navy.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of two weeks of blockade, Cheung Po Tsai finally messaged Alcoforado, requesting an emissary to surrender. Instead, Alcoforado decided to board a small dinghy and personally meet Cheung Po Tsai aboard his flagship, amidst the entire pirate fleet. Cheung Po Tsai was impressed and deeply flattered at the level of confidence that Alcoforado displayed towards him, and promptly agreed to submit to the Chinese Emperor's authority, even going as far as admitting that he was just attempting to buy time to break the blockade.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheung Po Tsai requested the moderation of the prestigious <i>ouvidor</i> Arriaga, who agreed to meet them at the Hiang San river along with several Imperial delegates. Thus, on February 21, the pirates signed a peace treaty whereby they agreed to submit to the Chinese Emperor. In exchange, and by direct suggestion of Arriaga, Cheung Po Tsai was rehabilitated and granted the position of admiral under the service of the Emperor to fight other pirates. Thus, no party was prejudiced at the end of the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-Monteiro39_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monteiro39-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 20, <i>Quan Apon Chay</i> formally delivered his fleet and weapons, which now numbered about 280 ships, 2,000 guns and over 25,000 men. The Portuguese claimed naught, which greatly impressed the Chinese. Cheung Po Tsai would in the future make formal visits to the <i>Leal Senado</i> of Macau to meet several of the Portuguese officers present at the fighting, among them Gonçalves Carocha.<sup id="cite_ref-Monteiro39_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monteiro39-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ching_Shih" class="mw-redirect" title="Ching Shih">Ching Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndrade1835" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, José Ignacio de (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoriadosfeito00andrgoog"><i>Memoria dos feitos macaenses contra os piratas da China e da entrada violenta dos inglezes na cidade de Macáo</i></a>. Lisboa, Typografia lisbonense. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoriadosfeito00andrgoog/page/n93">80</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoria+dos+feitos+macaenses+contra+os+piratas+da+China+e+da+entrada+violenta+dos+inglezes+na+cidade+de+Mac%C3%A1o&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Lisboa%2C+Typografia+lisbonense&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoriadosfeito00andrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Tiger%27s+Mouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrade, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonteiro" class="citation book cs1">Monteiro, Saturnino. <i>Portuguese Sea Battles Volume VIII: Downfall of the Empire 1808-1975</i> (2013 ed.). Lisbon. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Sea+Battles+Volume+VIII%3A+Downfall+of+the+Empire+1808-1975&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=2013&rft.aulast=Monteiro&rft.aufirst=Saturnino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Tiger%27s+Mouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monteiro30-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monteiro30_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monteiro, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monteiro31-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monteiro31_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monteiro, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monteiro37-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monteiro37_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monteiro37_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monteiro, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monteiro, pg. 37-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monteiro38-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monteiro38_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monteiro, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monteiro, pg. 38-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monteiro39-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monteiro39_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monteiro39_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monteiro, p. 39</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade1835" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, José Ignácio de (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/36163/36163-h/36163-h.htm"><i>Memórias dos feitos macaenses contra os piratas da China e da entrada violenta dos inglezes na cidade de Macao</i></a>. Lisbon: Typografia Lisbonense.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mem%C3%B3rias+dos+feitos+macaenses+contra+os+piratas+da+China+e+da+entrada+violenta+dos+inglezes+na+cidade+de+Macao&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Typografia+Lisbonense&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ign%C3%A1cio+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F36163%2F36163-h%2F36163-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Tiger%27s+Mouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsparteiro1980" class="citation book cs1">Esparteiro, António Marques (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wH9QmQEACAAJ"><i>Três Séculos no Mar</i></a>. Lisbon: Ministério da Marinha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tr%C3%AAs+S%C3%A9culos+no+Mar&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A9rio+da+Marinha&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Esparteiro&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio+Marques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwH9QmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Tiger%27s+Mouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonteiro" class="citation book cs1">Monteiro, Saturnino. <i>Portuguese Sea Battles Volume VIII: Downfall of the Empire 1808-1975</i> (2013 ed.). Lisbon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Sea+Battles+Volume+VIII%3A+Downfall+of+the+Empire+1808-1975&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.edition=2013&rft.aulast=Monteiro&rft.aufirst=Saturnino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Tiger%27s+Mouth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth&oldid=1254767967">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth&oldid=1254767967</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Guangdong" title="Category:Military history of Guangdong">Military history of Guangdong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_Portugal" title="Category:Naval battles involving Portugal">Naval battles involving Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_Macau" title="Category:Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_in_China" title="Category:Piracy in China">Piracy in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1809_in_China" title="Category:1809 in China">1809 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Category:China–Portugal relations">China–Portugal relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1810_in_China" title="Category:1810 in China">1810 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Macau" title="Category:Military history of Macau">Military history of Macau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_pirates" title="Category:Naval battles involving pirates">Naval battles involving pirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1809" title="Category:Conflicts in 1809">Conflicts in 1809</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1810" title="Category:Conflicts in 1810">Conflicts in 1810</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-piracy_battles_involving_Portugal" title="Category:Anti-piracy battles involving Portugal">Anti-piracy battles involving Portugal</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 15:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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