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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (<a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Amharic">romanized</a>: Yä-ityopp'ya ortodoks täwahədo betä krəstiyan)<a href="#cite_note-eotc-1">[1]</a> is the largest of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>. One of the few Christian churches in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> originating before European colonization of the continent,<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> in <a href="/wiki/330" title="330">330</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and has between 36 million and 51 million adherents in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Polling_&_Analysis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Ethiopia-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-cia2023-4">[4]</a> It is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is in <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a> with the other Oriental Orthodox churches (the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>). <table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Krest_Lalibeli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Krest_Lalibeli.png/25px-Krest_Lalibeli.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Krest_Lalibeli.png/38px-Krest_Lalibeli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Krest_Lalibeli.png/50px-Krest_Lalibeli.png 2x" data-file-width="2546" data-file-height="4781"></a> Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን<a href="#cite_note-eotc-1">[1]</a> Yä-ityopp'ya ortodoks täwahədo betäkrəstyan</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Addis_abeba,_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0,_esterno_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Holy Trinity Cathedral in Addis Ababa, the seat of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_01.jpg/200px-Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_01.jpg/300px-Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_01.jpg/400px-Addis_abeba%2C_chiesa_della_trinit%C3%A0%2C_esterno_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4976" data-file-height="2984"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Addis_Ababa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)">Holy Trinity Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, the seat of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">EOTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Orthodox Tewahedo Bible</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Patriarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abune_Mathias" title="Abune Mathias">Mathias</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_diaspora" title="Ethiopian diaspora">Ethiopian diaspora</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language" title="Sebat Bet Gurage language">Gurage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Liturgy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Addis_Ababa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)">Holy Trinity Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frumentius" title="Frumentius">Frumentius</a> according to Ethiopian Orthodox tradition</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th century</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Branched from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church_in_Exile" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church in Exile">American synod-in-exile (1991–2018)</a> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> (1991) <a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Tigrayan Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Tigrayan Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">36 million<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Polling_&_Analysis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Ethiopia-3">[3]</a>–51 million<a href="#cite_note-cia2023-4">[4]</a> in Ethiopia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church had been administratively part of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> from the first half of the 4th century until 1959, when it was granted <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> with its own <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Tewahedo (<a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>: ተዋሕዶ täwaḥədo) is a <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a> word meaning "united as one". This word refers to the Oriental Orthodox belief in the <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">one perfectly unified nature of Christ</a>; i.e., a complete union of the divine and human natures into one nature is self-evident to accomplish the divine salvation of mankind, as opposed to the "<a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">two natures of Christ</a>" belief commonly held by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>, and most other <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_Protestant_denominations" title="List of the largest Protestant denominations">Protestant churches</a>. The Oriental Orthodox Churches adhere to a miaphysite Christological view followed by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a>, the leading protagonist in the Christological debates of the 4th and 5th centuries, who advocated "mia physis tou Theo logou sesarkōmenē", or "one (mia) nature of the Word of God incarnate" (μία φύσις τοῦ θεοῦ λόγου σεσαρκωμένη) and a <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">hypostatic union</a> (ἕνωσις καθ' ὑπόστασιν, henōsis kath hypostasis).<a href="#cite_note-Shenouda1999-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-CyrilTransPusey-10">[10]</a> The distinction of this stance was that the incarnate Christ has one nature, but that one nature is of the two natures, divine and human, and retains all the characteristics of both after the union. <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a> holds that in the one person of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, divinity and humanity are united in one (μία, mia) nature (φύσις - "<a href="/wiki/Physis" title="Physis">physis</a>") without separation, without confusion, without alteration and without mixing where Christ is <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">consubstantial</a> with <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Around 500 bishops within the patriarchates of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> refused to accept the <a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">dyophysitism</a> (two natures) doctrine decreed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451, an incident that resulted in the second major split in the main body of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Catholic-Orthodox Church in the Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Origins">2.1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Middle_Ages">2.2 Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Jesuit_interim">2.3 Jesuit interim</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Influence_on_the_Reformation">2.4 Influence on the Reformation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Recent_history">2.5 Recent history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Traditions">3 Traditions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Fast_days">3.1 Fast days</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Monasticism">3.2 Monasticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Exorcism">3.3 Exorcism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Biblical_canon">3.4 Biblical canon</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Language">3.5 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Architecture">3.6 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ark_of_the_Covenant">3.7 Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Similarities_to_Judaism_and_Islam">3.8 Similarities to Judaism and Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Debtera">3.9 Debtera</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Music">3.10 Music</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Patriarch-Catholicoi,_archbishops_and_bishops">4 Patriarch-Catholicoi, archbishops and bishops</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Eparchies">5 Eparchies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Bibliography">9 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Tewahedo (<a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>: ተዋሕዶ täwaḥədo) is a Ge'ez word meaning "being made one" or "unified". This word refers to the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> belief in the one composite unified <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">nature of Christ</a>; i.e., a belief that a complete, natural union of the divine and human natures into one is self-evident to accomplish the divine salvation of humankind. This is in contrast to the "two natures of Christ" belief (unmixed, but unseparated divine and human natures, called the <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">hypostatic union</a>) which is held by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. The Oriental Orthodox Churches are known as "<a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Chalcedonianism">non-Chalcedonian</a>", and, sometimes by outsiders as "<a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">monophysite</a>" (meaning "One Single Nature", in allusion to Jesus Christ). However, these churches themselves describe their Christology as <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">miaphysite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler199733-40-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock201645%E2%80%9352-14">[14]</a> meaning "one united nature" about Jesus (the Greek equivalent of "Tewahedo"). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Timeline of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Timeline of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_-_FrontLeft_-_Small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Icon_-_FrontLeft_-_Small.jpg/220px-Icon_-_FrontLeft_-_Small.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="945"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 322px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Icon_-_FrontLeft_-_Small.jpg/220px-Icon_-_FrontLeft_-_Small.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="322" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Icon_-_FrontLeft_-_Small.jpg/330px-Icon_-_FrontLeft_-_Small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Icon_-_FrontLeft_-_Small.jpg/440px-Icon_-_FrontLeft_-_Small.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ethiopian Orthodox icon depicting <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> speaks of the "Ethiopians present in Jerusalem" as being able to understand the preaching of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a>, 2:38.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15">[15]</a> Possible missions of some of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> in the lands now called <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> is also reported as early as the 4th century. <a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates of Constantinople</a> includes Ethiopia in his list as one of the regions preached by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew the Apostle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> where a specific mention of "Ethiopia south of the Caspian Sea" can be confirmed in some traditions such as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Ethiopian Church tradition tells that <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> accompanied <a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a> in a mission which lasted for at least three months.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15">[15]</a> Paintings depicting these missions can be seen in the Church of St. Matthew found in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pisa" title="Province of Pisa">Province of Pisa</a>, in northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> portrayed by Francesco Trevisan (1650–1740) and <a href="/wiki/Marco_Benefial" title="Marco Benefial">Marco Benefial</a> (1688–1764).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The earliest account of an Ethiopian converted to the faith in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> books is <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">a royal official</a> baptized by <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip the Evangelist</a> (distinct from <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip the Apostle</a>), one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_deacons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven deacons">seven deacons</a> (Acts, 8:26–27): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Then the angel of the Lord said to Philip, Start out and go south to the road that leads down from Jerusalem to Gaza. So he set out and was on his way when he caught sight of an <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian</a>. This man was a eunuch, a high official of the <a href="/wiki/Kandake" title="Kandake">Kandake</a> (Candace) Queen of Ethiopia in charge of all her treasure. (Acts, 8:26–27)</blockquote> The passage continues by describing how Philip helped the Ethiopian treasurer understand a passage from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> that the Ethiopian was reading. After Philip interpreted the passage as prophecy referring to <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, the Ethiopian requested that Philip baptize him, and Philip did so. The <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ethiopic</a> version of this verse reads "Hendeke" (ህንደኬ); Queen Gersamot Hendeke VII was the Queen of Ethiopia from c. 42 to 52. Where the possibility of gospel missions by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a> cannot be directly inferred from the Books of the New Testament, <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a> around 180 AD writes that "Simon Backos" preached the good news in his homeland outlining also the theme of his preaching as being the coming in flesh of God that "was preached to you all before."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The same kind of witness is shared by 3rd and 4th century writers such as <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesarea</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen of Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ezana.jpg/220px-Ezana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="205"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ezana.jpg/220px-Ezana.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ezana.jpg/330px-Ezana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Ezana.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coin of King <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana</a>, under whom Early Christianity became the established church of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></figcaption></figure> Early Christianity became the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a> of the Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Axumite Kingdom</a> under king <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana</a> in the 4th century when priesthood and the sacraments were brought for the first time through a Syrian Greek named <a href="/wiki/Frumentius" title="Frumentius">Frumentius</a>, known by the local population in Ethiopia as "Selama, Kesaté Birhan" ("Father of Peace, Revealer of Light"). As a youth, Frumentius had been shipwrecked with his brother Aedesius on the <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</a> coast. The brothers managed to be brought to the royal court, where they rose to positions of influence and baptized <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Emperor Ezana</a>. Frumentius is also believed to have established the first monastery in Ethiopia, named <a href="/wiki/Degol_Woyane" title="Degol Woyane">Dabba Selama</a> after him. In 2016, archaeologists excavated a 4th-century AD basilica (radio-carbon dated) in northeastern Ethiopia at a site called <a href="/wiki/Beta_Samati" title="Beta Samati">Beta Samati</a>. This is the earliest known physical evidence of a church in sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg/220px-Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3001"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg/220px-Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg/330px-Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg/440px-Giyorgis_MET_DP367372.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Late 17th century portrait of <a href="/wiki/Abba_Giyorgis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abba Giyorgis">Giyorgis</a> by Baselyos</figcaption></figure> Union with the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria continued after the Arab conquest of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Abu Saleh records in the 12th century that the patriarch always sent letters twice a year to the kings of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, until Al Hakim stopped the practice. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril II of Alexandria">Cyril</a>, 67th patriarch, sent <a href="/wiki/Abuna_Sawiros" title="Abuna Sawiros">Severus</a> as bishop, with orders to put down <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> and to enforce the observance of canonical consecration for all churches. These examples show the close relations of the two churches throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler191195-21">[21]</a> In 1439, in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a>, a religious discussion between <a href="/wiki/Abba_Giyorgis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abba Giyorgis">Giyorgis</a> and a French visitor led to the dispatch of an embassy from Ethiopia to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler191195-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesuit_interim">Jesuit interim</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jesuit interim" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The period of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> influence, which broke the connection with Egypt, began a new chapter in church history. The initiative in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> missions to Ethiopia was taken not by <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, but by <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, in the course of a conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Adal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Adal">Sultanate of Adal</a> for the command of the trade route to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler191195%E2%80%9396-23">[23]</a> In 1507, <a href="/wiki/Mateus_(ambassador)" title="Mateus (ambassador)">Mateus</a>, or Matthew, an <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>, had been sent as an Ethiopian envoy to Portugal. In 1520, an embassy under Dom Rodrigo de Lima landed in Ethiopia. An interesting account of the Portuguese mission, which lasted for several years, was written by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_%C3%81lvares" title="Francisco Álvares">Francisco Álvares</a>, its chaplain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler191196-24">[24]</a> Later, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Loyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatius Loyola">Ignatius Loyola</a> wished to take up the task of conversion, but was forbidden to do so. Instead, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> sent out João Nunes Barreto as patriarch of the East Indies, with <a href="/wiki/Andre_de_Oviedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre de Oviedo">Andre de Oviedo</a> as bishop; and from <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> envoys went to Ethiopia, followed by Oviedo himself, to secure the king's adherence to Rome. After repeated failures some measure of success was achieved under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Susenyos_I" title="Susenyos I">Susenyos I</a>, but not until 1624 did the Emperor make formal submission to the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler191196-24">[24]</a> Susenyos made Roman Catholicism the official state religion but was met with heavy resistance by his subjects and by the authorities of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and eventually had to abdicate in 1632 in favour of his son, <a href="/wiki/Fasilides" title="Fasilides">Fasilides</a>, who promptly restored Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity as the state religion. He then in 1633 expelled the Jesuits, and in 1665 Fasilides ordered that all Jesuit books (the Books of the Franks) be burned.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_the_Reformation">Influence on the Reformation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence on the Reformation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_of_Abuna_Samuel_of_Waldebba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Icon_of_Abuna_Samuel_of_Waldebba.jpg/220px-Icon_of_Abuna_Samuel_of_Waldebba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="2325"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 337px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Icon_of_Abuna_Samuel_of_Waldebba.jpg/220px-Icon_of_Abuna_Samuel_of_Waldebba.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="337" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Icon_of_Abuna_Samuel_of_Waldebba.jpg/330px-Icon_of_Abuna_Samuel_of_Waldebba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Icon_of_Abuna_Samuel_of_Waldebba.jpg/440px-Icon_of_Abuna_Samuel_of_Waldebba.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Icon of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Waldebba" title="Samuel of Waldebba">Samuel of Waldebba</a>, a 15th-century Ethiopian monk and ascetic of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church</figcaption></figure> David Daniels has suggested that the Ethiopian Church has had a stronger impact on the Reformation than most scholars acknowledge. For <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, who spearheaded the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, Daniels says "the Ethiopian Church conferred legitimacy on Luther's emerging Protestant vision of a church outside the authority of the Roman Catholic papacy" as it was "an ancient church with direct ties to the apostles".<a href="#cite_note-Daniels2017-25">[25]</a> According to Daniels, Martin Luther saw that the Ethiopian Orthodox Church practiced elements of faith including "<a href="/wiki/Communion_under_both_kinds" title="Communion under both kinds">communion under both kinds</a>, vernacular Scriptures, and married clergy" and these practices became customary in the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran churches</a>. The Ethiopian church also rejected <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a>, which the Lutherans disagreed with, and thus for Luther, the Ethiopian church was the "true <a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">forerunner of Protestantism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Daniels2017-25">[25]</a> Luther believed that the Ethiopian church kept true apostolic practices which the Lutherans would adopt through reading the scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 1534, a cleric of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Deacon" title="Michael the Deacon">Michael the Deacon</a>, met with Martin Luther and affirmed the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>, saying "This is a good creed, that is, faith".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daniels2017-25">[25]</a> In addition, Martin Luther stated that the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Lutheran Mass</a> agreed with that used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels2017-25">[25]</a> As a result, Luther invited the Ethiopian church and Michael to full fellowship.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels2017-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recent history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salama_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Salama_III.jpg/220px-Salama_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="611"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 339px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Salama_III.jpg/220px-Salama_III.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="339" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Salama_III.jpg/330px-Salama_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Salama_III.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Engraving of <a href="/wiki/Abuna_Salama_III" title="Abuna Salama III">Abuna Salama III</a>, head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (1841–1867)</figcaption></figure> In more modern times, the Ethiopian Church has experienced a series of developments. The 19th century witnessed the publication of an Amharic translation of the Bible. Largely the work of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rumi" title="Abu Rumi">Abu Rumi</a> over ten years in Cairo, this version, with some changes, held sway until Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> ordered a new translation which appeared in 1960/1.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Haile Selassie also played a prominent role in further reforms of the church, which included encouraging the distribution of Abu Rumi's translation throughout Ethiopia,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> as well as his promotion of improved education of clergy, a significant step in the Emperor's effort being the founding of the Theological College of the Holy Trinity Church in December 1944.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> A third development came after Haile Selassie's restoration to Ethiopia, when he issued, on 30 November, Decree Number 2 of 1942, a new law reforming the church. The primary objectives of this decree were to put the finances of the church in order, to create a central fund for its activities, and to set forth requirements for the appointment of clergy—which had been fairly lax until then.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The Coptic and Ethiopian churches reached an agreement on 13 July 1948, that led to <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> for the Ethiopian Church. Five <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> were immediately consecrated by the Coptic Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa, empowered to elect a new patriarch for their church, and the successor to Qerellos IV would have the power to consecrate new bishops.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> This promotion was completed when Coptic Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Pope_Joseph_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Joseph II of Alexandria">Pope Joseph II</a> consecrated an Ethiopian-born Archbishop, <a href="/wiki/Abuna_Basilios" title="Abuna Basilios">Abuna Basilios</a>, 14 January 1951. Then in 1959, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria</a> crowned Basilios as the first Patriarch of Ethiopia. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Display_of_Procesional_Crosses,_Church_of_Bet_Maryam,_Lalibela,_Ethiopia_(3230772118).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Display_of_Procesional_Crosses%2C_Church_of_Bet_Maryam%2C_Lalibela%2C_Ethiopia_%283230772118%29.jpg/220px-Display_of_Procesional_Crosses%2C_Church_of_Bet_Maryam%2C_Lalibela%2C_Ethiopia_%283230772118%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="2683"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 296px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Display_of_Procesional_Crosses%2C_Church_of_Bet_Maryam%2C_Lalibela%2C_Ethiopia_%283230772118%29.jpg/220px-Display_of_Procesional_Crosses%2C_Church_of_Bet_Maryam%2C_Lalibela%2C_Ethiopia_%283230772118%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="296" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Display_of_Procesional_Crosses%2C_Church_of_Bet_Maryam%2C_Lalibela%2C_Ethiopia_%283230772118%29.jpg/330px-Display_of_Procesional_Crosses%2C_Church_of_Bet_Maryam%2C_Lalibela%2C_Ethiopia_%283230772118%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Display_of_Procesional_Crosses%2C_Church_of_Bet_Maryam%2C_Lalibela%2C_Ethiopia_%283230772118%29.jpg/440px-Display_of_Procesional_Crosses%2C_Church_of_Bet_Maryam%2C_Lalibela%2C_Ethiopia_%283230772118%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An Ethiopian Orthodox priest displays the <a href="/wiki/Processional_cross" title="Processional cross">processional crosses</a>.</figcaption></figure> Basilios died in 1970, and was succeeded that year by <a href="/wiki/Abune_Tewophilos" class="mw-redirect" title="Abune Tewophilos">Tewophilos</a>. With the fall of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was disestablished as the <a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">state church</a>. The new Marxist government began nationalizing property (including land) owned by the church. Tewophilos was arrested in 1976 by the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a>, and secretly executed in 1979. The government ordered the church to elect a new Patriarch, and <a href="/wiki/Abune_Takla_Haymanot" class="mw-redirect" title="Abune Takla Haymanot">Takla Haymanot</a> was enthroned. The Coptic Orthodox Church refused to recognize the election and enthronement of Tekle Haymanot on the grounds that the <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a> of the Ethiopian Church had not removed Tewophilos and that the government had not publicly acknowledged his death, and he was thus still the legitimate Patriarch of Ethiopia. Formal relations between the two churches were halted, although they remained in communion with each other. Formal relations between the two churches resumed on July 13, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Tekle Haymanot proved to be much less accommodating to the Derg regime than it had expected, and so when the patriarch died in 1988, a new patriarch with closer ties to the regime was sought. The Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a>, a member of the Derg-era Ethiopian Parliament, was elected and enthroned as <a href="/wiki/Abuna_Merkorios" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuna Merkorios">Abuna Merkorios</a>. Following the fall of the Derg regime in 1991, and the coming to power of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">EPRDF</a> government, Merkorios abdicated under public pressure. The church then elected a new Patriarch, <a href="/wiki/Abune_Paulos" title="Abune Paulos">Paulos</a>, who was recognized by the Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria. The former Merkorios then fled abroad, and announced from exile that his abdication had been made under duress and thus he was still the legitimate Patriarch of Ethiopia. Several bishops also went into exile and formed a break-away alternate synod.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1992-09-22-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> was granted <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephaly of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">autocephaly</a> from the Ethiopian Orthodox Church on 28 September 1993 following ratification by Coptic church Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria">Shenouda III</a>. The schism has met opposition from dissent that saw it as a disintegration of Ethiopia's spiritual heritage.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> As of 2005, there are many Ethiopian Orthodox churches located throughout the United States and other countries to which Ethiopians have migrated (Archbishop Yesehaq 1997). Paulos died on 16 August 2012. On 28 February 2013, a college of electors assembled in Addis Ababa and elected <a href="/wiki/Abune_Mathias" title="Abune Mathias">Mathias</a> to be the 6th Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2013-03-01-37">[37]</a> On 25 July 2018, delegates from the Patriarchate in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and those in the United States, declared reunification in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> Declaring the end of a 26-year-old schism, the church announced that it acknowledges two Patriarchs, Merkorios, Fourth Patriarch of Ethiopia and Mathias I, Sixth Patriarch and Catholicos of Ethiopia, Archbishop of Axum and Ichege of the See of Saint Taklehaimanot.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> On 22 January 2023, an attempt to overthrow Abune Mathias was failed following a secret formation of new 26-made bishop Synod led by Abune Sawiros in Oromia Region diocese, such as in Haro Beale Wold Church in <a href="/wiki/Woliso" class="mw-redirect" title="Woliso">Woliso</a>, and nine bishops of diocese outside the region. The Patriarchate called it an "illegal appointment", where Abune Mathias decried it as "great event that has targeted the church".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> After not apologising for the illegal ordination, three Archbishops were excommunicated by the Holy Synod on 26 January.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> On 31 January 2023, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed convened a discussion surrounding the incident where he responded he is ready to resolve the conflict. The speech led backlash from the Holy Synod and accused his government of meddling in the Church in reference to <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> in the Article 11 of the <a href="/wiki/1995_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1995 Constitution of Ethiopia">FDRE Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> On 4 February, three people were reportedly killed in <a href="/wiki/Shashamane" title="Shashamane">Shashemene</a> by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromia_Special_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oromia Special Forces (page does not exist)">Oromia Special Forces</a>. According Tewahedo Media Center (TMC), two Orthodox youth were killed and four others were injured by the Oromo Special Forces. Abune Henok, Archbishop of Addis Ababa Diocese described it as "shameful and heart-wrenching".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In response to grievance, numerous celebrities expressed their solidarity to the Church via social media and other platforms and donned black clothing during three-days <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Nineveh" title="Fast of Nineveh">Fast of Nineveh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> On 9 February, the government imposed restrictions on social sites targeted to <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Messenger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> and <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On the next day, the delegation of Synod held an urgent meeting with Abiy at his office, which resulted in condemnation of the proclaimed Oromia Synod from Abiy.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> On 12 February, a nationwide protest was postponed. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abune_Petros_(21st-century_bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abune Petros (21st-century bishop) (page does not exist)">Abune Petros</a>, the Secretary of the Holy Synod announced that the demonstration would be postponed following peaceful talks with the Prime Minister and a government agreement to solve the problem.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On 15 February, the Church reached an agreement with the illegally ordinated synod.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The government lifted the internet ban after five months on 17 July.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Traditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_Debre_Sema%27it_rock_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Inside_Debre_Sema%27it_rock_church.jpg/220px-Inside_Debre_Sema%27it_rock_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Inside_Debre_Sema%27it_rock_church.jpg/220px-Inside_Debre_Sema%27it_rock_church.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Inside_Debre_Sema%27it_rock_church.jpg/330px-Inside_Debre_Sema%27it_rock_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Inside_Debre_Sema%27it_rock_church.jpg/440px-Inside_Debre_Sema%27it_rock_church.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Inside <a href="/wiki/Debre_Sema%27it" class="mw-redirect" title="Debre Sema'it">Debre Sema'it</a> village rock church</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethio-orthodox-priests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ethio-orthodox-priests.jpg/220px-Ethio-orthodox-priests.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1872"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ethio-orthodox-priests.jpg/220px-Ethio-orthodox-priests.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ethio-orthodox-priests.jpg/330px-Ethio-orthodox-priests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ethio-orthodox-priests.jpg/440px-Ethio-orthodox-priests.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Priests and deacons conducting a church liturgy service at Debre Meheret Kedus Michael Ethiopian Orthodox Cathedral, Washington, DC, US</figcaption></figure> The faith and practice of Orthodox Ethiopian Christians include elements from <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysite</a> Christianity as it has developed in Ethiopia over the centuries. Christian beliefs include belief in God (in Ge'ez / Amharic, ′Egziabeher, lit. "Lord of the Universe"), <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of the Virgin Mary, the angels, and the saints, besides others. According to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church itself, there are no non-Christian elements in the religion other than those from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, or Həggä 'Orät (ሕገ ኦሪት),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] to which are added those from the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, or Həggä Wongel (ሕገ ወንጌል).<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> A hierarchy of K'ədusan ቅዱሳን[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] (angelic messengers and saints) conveys the prayers of the faithful to God and carries out the divine will, so when an Ethiopian Christian is in difficulty, he or she appeals to them as well as to God. In more formal and regular rituals, priests communicate on behalf of the community, and only priests may enter the inner sanctum of the usually circular or octagonal church where the <a href="/wiki/Tabot" title="Tabot">tabot</a> ("ark") dedicated to the church's patron saint is housed.<a href="#cite_note-worship-54">[54]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Source is not officially affiliated to the Church; see Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 179#Ethiopianorthodox.org (March 2017)">unreliable source?</a>] On important religious holidays, the tabot is carried on the head of a priest and escorted in procession outside the church. It is the tabot, not the church, which is consecrated. At many services, most parish members remain in the outer ring, where <a href="/wiki/Debtera" title="Debtera">debteras</a> sing hymns and dance.<a href="#cite_note-cs-55">[55]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_2000.123.1_Processional_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Brooklyn_Museum_2000.123.1_Processional_Cross.jpg/179px-Brooklyn_Museum_2000.123.1_Processional_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 179px;height: 271px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Brooklyn_Museum_2000.123.1_Processional_Cross.jpg/179px-Brooklyn_Museum_2000.123.1_Processional_Cross.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="179" data-height="271" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Brooklyn_Museum_2000.123.1_Processional_Cross.jpg/269px-Brooklyn_Museum_2000.123.1_Processional_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Brooklyn_Museum_2000.123.1_Processional_Cross.jpg/358px-Brooklyn_Museum_2000.123.1_Processional_Cross.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mid-20th century <a href="/wiki/Processional_cross" title="Processional cross">processional cross</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara Region</a>, typically carried on long poles in Ethiopian Orthodox religious processions</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> is given only to those who feel pure, have fasted regularly, and have, in general, properly conducted themselves.<a href="#cite_note-worship-54">[54]</a> In practice, communion is mainly limited to young children and the elderly; those who are at a sexually active age or who have sexual desires generally do not receive the Eucharist.<a href="#cite_note-worship-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Molvaer-56">[56]</a> Worshipers receiving communion may enter the middle ring of the church to do so.<a href="#cite_note-worship-54">[54]</a> Ethiopian Orthodox believers are strict <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> maintaining the Orthodox teaching that God is united in three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This concept is known as səllase (ሥላሴ),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Ge'ez for "Trinity". Daily services constitute only a small part of an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian's religious observance. Several holy days require prolonged services, singing and dancing, and feasting. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fast_days">Fast days</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fast days" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Fasting and abstinence in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a></div> An important religious requirement, however, is the keeping of <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Oriental_Orthodox" title="Fasting">fast</a> days, during which adherents abstain from consuming meat and animal products, and refrain from sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-worship-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Molvaer-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-dw2017-03-22-58">[58]</a> The Ethiopian Orthodox Church has 250 fasting days, 180 of which are obligatory for laypeople, not just monks and priests, when <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegan</a> food is eaten by the faithful. During the 40-day Advent fast, only one vegan meal is allowed per day.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gondar_Fasiladas_Bath_Timket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gondar_Fasiladas_Bath_Timket.jpg/220px-Gondar_Fasiladas_Bath_Timket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="731"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gondar_Fasiladas_Bath_Timket.jpg/220px-Gondar_Fasiladas_Bath_Timket.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gondar_Fasiladas_Bath_Timket.jpg/330px-Gondar_Fasiladas_Bath_Timket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gondar_Fasiladas_Bath_Timket.jpg/440px-Gondar_Fasiladas_Bath_Timket.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An Ethiopian Orthodox ceremony at Fasilides' Bath in <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a>, Ethiopia, celebrating <a href="/wiki/Timkat" title="Timkat">Timkat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphany (Christian)">Epiphany</a>)</figcaption></figure> <ol><li>Fast for Hudadi or Abiye Tsome [ሁዳዴ/ዓብይ ጾም] (Great Lent), 55 days prior to <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fasika" title="Fasika">Fasika</a>).<a href="#cite_note-nenewe-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-arega-61">[61]</a> This fast is divided into three separate periods: Tsome Hirkal (ጾመ ህርቃል), eight days commemorating <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>; Tsome Arba (ጾመ አርባ), forty days of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>; and Tsome Himamat (ጾመ ሕማማት), seven days commemorating <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nenewe-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-arega-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-keraneyo-medhanealem-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Fast of the Apostles, 10–40 days, which the Apostles kept after they had received the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. It begins after <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>.</li> <li>The fast Tsome Dihnet (ጾመ ድህነት), which is on Wednesdays in commemoration of the plot organized to kill <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> by <a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a> and the members of the house of the high priest and Fridays in commemoration of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> (starts on Wednesday after <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> and spans up to Easter, in other words all Wednesdays and Fridays except during 50 days after Easter).<a href="#cite_note-worship-54">[54]</a></li> <li>The fast of <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a>, 16 days.</li> <li>The fast preceding Christmas, 40 days (<a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a>). It begins with Sibket on 15th Hedar and ends on Christmas Eve with the feast of Gena and the 29th of Tahsas and 28th if the year is preceded by leap year.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Nineveh" title="Fast of Nineveh">Fast of Nineveh</a>, commemorating the preaching of <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>. It comes on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday of the third week before Lent.</li> <li>The gahad of <a href="/wiki/Timkat" title="Timkat">Timkat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>), fast on the eve of Epiphany.</li></ol> In addition to standard holy days, most Christians observe many saints' days. A man might give a small feast on his personal saint's day. The local voluntary association (called the maheber) connected with each church honours its patron saint with a special service and a feast two or three times a year.<a href="#cite_note-cs-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monasticism">Monasticism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Monasticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism_in_Ethiopia" title="Christian monasticism in Ethiopia">Christian monasticism in Ethiopia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exorcism">Exorcism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exorcism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg/220px-Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg/220px-Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg/330px-Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg/440px-Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Inda Abba Hadera holy water in <a href="/wiki/Inda_Sillasie" title="Inda Sillasie">Inda Sillasie</a></figcaption></figure>Priests intervene and perform <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcisms</a> on behalf of those believed to be afflicted by demons or <a href="/wiki/Buda_(folklore)" title="Buda (folklore)">buda</a>. According to a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> study, 74% of Christians in Ethiopia report having experienced or witnessed an exorcism.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2010-04-15-63">[63]</a> Demon-possessed persons are brought to a church or prayer meeting.<a href="#cite_note-geleta-64">[64]</a> Often, when an ill person has not responded to modern medical treatment, the affliction is attributed to demons.<a href="#cite_note-geleta-64">[64]</a> Unusual or especially perverse deeds, particularly when performed in public, are symptomatic of a demoniac.<a href="#cite_note-geleta-64">[64]</a> Superhuman strength—such as breaking one's bindings, as described in the New Testament accounts—along with <a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">glossolalia</a> are observed in the afflicted.<a href="#cite_note-geleta-64">[64]</a> Amsalu Geleta, in a modern case study, relates elements that are common to Ethiopian Christian exorcisms: <blockquote> It includes singing praise and victory songs, reading from the Scripture, prayer and confronting the spirit in the name of Jesus. Dialogue with the spirit is another important part of the exorcism ceremony. It helps the counsellor (exorcist) to know how the spirit was operating in the life of the demoniac. The signs and events mentioned by the spirit are affirmed by the victim after deliverance.<a href="#cite_note-geleta-64">[64]</a></blockquote> The exorcism is not always successful, and Geleta notes another instance in which the usual methods were unsuccessful, and the demons apparently left the subject at a later time. In any event, "in all cases the spirit is commanded in no other name than the name of Jesus."<a href="#cite_note-geleta-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_canon">Biblical canon</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biblical canon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon</a></div>The Old Testament Books: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ol><li>Genesis</li> <li>Exodus</li> <li>Leviticus</li> <li>Numbers</li> <li>Deuteronomy</li> <li>Joshua</li> <li>Judges</li> <li>Ruth</li> <li>1st & 2nd Samuel</li> <li>1st & 2nd Kings</li> <li>1st Chronicles</li> <li>2nd Chronicles (incl. Prayer of Manasseh)</li> <li>Jubilees</li> <li>Enoch</li> <li>1st & 2nd Esdras</li> <li>3rd Esdras & Ezra Sutuel</li> <li>Tobit</li> <li>Judith</li> <li>Esther (with additions)</li> <li>1st Meqabyan*</li> <li>2nd & 3rd Meqabyan</li> <li>Josippon</li> <li>Job</li> <li>Psalms (incl. Psalm 151)</li> <li>Proverbs</li> <li>Reproof</li> <li>Ecclesiastes</li> <li>Song of Solomon</li> <li>Wisdom of Solomon</li> <li>Ecclesiasticus</li> <li>Isaiah</li> <li>Jeremiah (incl. Lamentations, 1st Baruch, Letter of Jeremiah, & 4th Baruch)</li> <li>Ezekiel</li> <li>Daniel (with additions, incl. Susanna & Bel and the Dragon)</li> <li>Hosea</li> <li>Joel</li> <li>Amos</li> <li>Obadiah</li> <li>Jonah</li> <li>Micah</li> <li>Nahum</li> <li>Habakkuk</li> <li>Zephaniah</li> <li>Haggai</li> <li>Zechariah</li> <li>Malachi</li></ol> </div> The New Testament Books: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ol><li>Matthew</li> <li>Mark</li> <li>Luke</li> <li>John</li> <li>Acts</li> <li>Romans</li> <li>1st Corinthians</li> <li>2nd Corinthians</li> <li>Galatians</li> <li>Ephesians</li> <li>Philippians</li> <li>Colossians</li> <li>1st Thessalonians</li> <li>2nd Thessalonians</li> <li>1st Timothy</li> <li>2nd Timothy</li> <li>Titus</li> <li>Philemon</li> <li>Hebrews</li> <li>James</li> <li>1st Peter</li> <li>2nd Peter</li> <li>1st John</li> <li>2nd John</li> <li>3rd John</li> <li>Jude</li> <li>Revelation</li> <li>1st Sinodos</li> <li>2nd Sinodos</li> <li>3rd Sinodos</li> <li>4th Sinodos</li> <li>1st Covenant</li> <li>2nd Covenant</li> <li>Ethiopic Clement</li> <li>Didascalia</li></ol> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Madonna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ethiopian_Madonna.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_Madonna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2431" data-file-height="3424"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 310px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ethiopian_Madonna.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_Madonna.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="310" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ethiopian_Madonna.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_Madonna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ethiopian_Madonna.jpg/440px-Ethiopian_Madonna.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> 'with her beloved son' in pencil and ink, from a manuscript copy of Weddasé Māryām, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1875</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meskel_Celebration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Meskel_Celebration.jpg/220px-Meskel_Celebration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Meskel_Celebration.jpg/220px-Meskel_Celebration.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Meskel_Celebration.jpg/330px-Meskel_Celebration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Meskel_Celebration.jpg/440px-Meskel_Celebration.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ethiopian Orthodox celebration of <a href="/wiki/Meskel" title="Meskel">Meskel</a> (Geʽez for "cross")</figcaption></figure> The divine services of the Ethiopian Church are celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>, which has been the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> of the church at least since the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Saints" title="Nine Saints">Nine Saints</a> (Pantelewon, Gerima (Isaac, or Yeshaq), Aftse, Guba, Alef, Yem’ata, Liqanos, and Sehma), who are believed to have fled persecution by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> (451).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> was the version of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> originally translated into Ge'ez, but later revisions show clear evidence of the use of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> sources. The first translation into a modern vernacular was done in the 19th century by a man usually known as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rumi" title="Abu Rumi">Abu Rumi</a> (died 1819). Later, Haile Selassie sponsored <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> translations of the Ge'ez Scriptures during his reign (1930–1974): one in 1935 before World War II and one afterwards (1960–1961).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sermons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermons">Sermons</a> today are usually delivered in the local language. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bet_Giyorgis_church_Lalibela_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bet_Giyorgis_church_Lalibela_01.jpg/220px-Bet_Giyorgis_church_Lalibela_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bet_Giyorgis_church_Lalibela_01.jpg/220px-Bet_Giyorgis_church_Lalibela_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bet_Giyorgis_church_Lalibela_01.jpg/330px-Bet_Giyorgis_church_Lalibela_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bet_Giyorgis_church_Lalibela_01.jpg/440px-Bet_Giyorgis_church_Lalibela_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George,_Lalibela" title="Church of Saint George, Lalibela">Church of Saint George</a>, a monolithic church in Lalibela</figcaption></figure> There are many <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_church" title="Monolithic church">monolithic (rock-hewn) churches</a> in Ethiopia, most famously eleven churches at <a href="/wiki/Lalibela" title="Lalibela">Lalibela</a>. Besides these, two main types of architecture are found—one <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilican</a>, the other native. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_Mary_of_Zion" title="Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion">Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion</a> at Axum is an example of the basilican design, though the early basilicas are nearly all in ruin. These examples show the influence of the architects who, in the 6th century, built the basilicas at <a href="/wiki/Sana%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanaá">Sanʻāʼ</a> and elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. There are two forms of native churches: one oblong, traditionally found in <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a>; the other circular, traditionally found in <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a> (though either style may be found elsewhere). In both forms, the sanctuary is square and stands clear in the centre, and the arrangements are based on <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> tradition. Walls and ceilings are adorned with <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyard</a>, circular or rectangular, surrounds the body of the church. Modern Ethiopian churches may incorporate the basilican or native styles and use contemporary construction techniques and materials. In rural areas, the church and outer court are often <a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">thatched</a>, with mud-built walls. The church buildings are typically surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Church_forests_of_Ethiopia" title="Church forests of Ethiopia">forested area</a>, acting as a reservoir of biodiversity in otherwise de-forested parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-emergence-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler191196-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ark_of_the_Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ark of the Covenant" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg/220px-Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="412"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg/220px-Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg/330px-Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg/440px-Ark_of_the_Covenant_church_in_Axum_Ethiopia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Chapel of the Tablet at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_Mary_of_Zion" title="Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion">Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion</a> is said to house the original <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Ethiopian Church claims that one of its churches, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_Mary_of_Zion" title="Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion">Our Lady Mary of Zion</a>, is host to the original <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> that <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> carried with the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> during the <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">Exodus</a>. Only one priest is allowed into the building where the Ark is located, ostensibly due to biblical warnings of danger. As a result, international scholars doubt that the original Ark is truly there.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Throughout Ethiopia, Orthodox churches are not considered churches until the local bishop gives them a <a href="/wiki/Tabot" title="Tabot">tabot</a>, a replica of the original Ark of the Covenant.<a href="#cite_note-E_Af1868-1001-21-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-lisantewahdo-70">[70]</a> The tabot is at least six inches (15 cm) square, and it is made of either <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, or wood (see <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a>). It is always kept in ornate coverings on the altar.<a href="#cite_note-E_Af1868-1001-21-69">[69]</a> Only priests are allowed to see or touch the tabot.<a href="#cite_note-lisantewahdo-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-mk-2023-71">[71]</a> In an elaborate procession, the tabot is carried around the outside of the church amid joyful song on the feast day of that particular church's namesake.<a href="#cite_note-E_Af1868-1001-21-69">[69]</a> On the great Feast of <a href="/wiki/Timkat" title="Timkat">T'imk'et</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> or Theophany in Europe, a group of churches send their tabot to celebrate the occasion at a common location where a pool of water or a river is to be found.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities_to_Judaism_and_Islam">Similarities to Judaism and Islam</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Similarities to Judaism and Islam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ethiopian_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Ethiopian_Church.jpg/220px-The_Ethiopian_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Ethiopian_Church.jpg/220px-The_Ethiopian_Church.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Ethiopian_Church.jpg/330px-The_Ethiopian_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Ethiopian_Church.jpg/440px-The_Ethiopian_Church.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Kidane_Mehret_Church,_Jerusalem" title="Kidane Mehret Church, Jerusalem">The Ethiopian Church, Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> The Ethiopian Church, like other <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox churches</a> places a heavier emphasis on Old Testament teachings than one might find in many <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, Roman Catholic or <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches. Women are prohibited from entering the church temple during <a href="/wiki/Menses" class="mw-redirect" title="Menses">menses</a>;<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> they are also expected to <a href="/wiki/Christian_headcovering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian headcovering">cover their hair</a> with a large scarf (or shash) while in church, as described in 1 Corinthians, chapter 11. As with Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>, men and women sit separately in the Ethiopian church, with men on the left and women on the right (when facing the altar).<a href="#cite_note-Hable1997-74">[74]</a> (Women covering their heads and separation of the sexes in churches officially is common to few other Christian traditions; it is also the rule in some non-Christian religions, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> among them).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Before praying, the Ethiopian Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Tradition_of_removing_shoes_in_the_home_and_houses_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradition of removing shoes in the home and houses of worship">remove their shoes</a> in order to acknowledge that one is offering prayer before a holy God.<a href="#cite_note-Kosloski2017-76">[76]</a> Ethiopian Orthodox worshippers remove their shoes when entering a church temple,<a href="#cite_note-Hable1997-74">[74]</a> in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 3:5 (in which <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, while viewing the <a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">burning bush</a>, was commanded to remove his shoes while standing on holy ground). Furthermore, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is known to observe the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">seventh-day Sabbath</a> (Saturday, or the lesser Sabbath), in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a> (Sunday, or the Christian Sabbath),<a href="#cite_note-Binns2016-77">[77]</a> although more emphasis, because of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a> of Christ, is laid upon Sunday. While the Ethiopian Church is known for this practice, it is neither an innovation nor unique to it,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">Apostolic Canons</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> the former of which without the Apostolic Canons included is in the church's 81-book canon as the Didascalia. The nature of the Sabbath only became a doctrinal dispute in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria in the centuries leading up to the issue being rectified by <a href="/wiki/Ewostatewos" title="Ewostatewos">Ewostatewos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tamrat_1972-81">[81]</a> The emperor <a href="/wiki/Gelawdewos" title="Gelawdewos">Gelawdewos</a> in his Confession, an <a href="/wiki/Apologia" title="Apologia">apologia</a> of traditional beliefs and practices explicitly says "we do not honour it as the Jews do... but we so honour it that we celebrate thereon the Eucharist and have love-feasts, even as our Fathers the Apostles have taught us in the Didascalia".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The Ethiopian Church does not call for circumcision, yet it is a cultural practice,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> as is abstention from pork and other meats deemed unclean. It is not regarded as being necessary to salvation. The liturgy explicitly mentions, "let us not be circumcised like the Jews."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The Ethiopian Orthodox Church observes days of <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> People who are ritually unclean may approach the church but are not permitted to enter it; they instead stand near the church door and <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">pray</a> during the liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Rugare Rukuni and Erna Oliver identify the Nine Saints as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a>, and attribute the Judaic character of Ethiopian Christianity, in part, to their influence.<a href="#cite_note-RukuniOliver-88">[88]</a>: 6, 8 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debtera">Debtera</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Debtera" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Debtera" title="Debtera">Debtera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Painting_2005_SeanMcClean.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ethiopian_Painting_2005_SeanMcClean.JPG/220px-Ethiopian_Painting_2005_SeanMcClean.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="638"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ethiopian_Painting_2005_SeanMcClean.JPG/220px-Ethiopian_Painting_2005_SeanMcClean.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ethiopian_Painting_2005_SeanMcClean.JPG/330px-Ethiopian_Painting_2005_SeanMcClean.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ethiopian_Painting_2005_SeanMcClean.JPG/440px-Ethiopian_Painting_2005_SeanMcClean.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A painting of performing <a href="/wiki/Debtera" title="Debtera">debteras</a></figcaption></figure> A debtera is an itinerant lay priest figure (not a member of the priesthood) trained by the Ethiopian Church to function principally as a <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cantor_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantor (church)">cantor</a>. But often he is also a folk healer, who may also function in roles comparable to a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Exorcist" title="Exorcist">exorcist</a>. Folklore and legends ascribe the role of magician to the debtera as well.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_music" title="Orthodox Tewahedo music">Orthodox Tewahedo music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timkat_priests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Timkat_priests.jpg/220px-Timkat_priests.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Timkat_priests.jpg/220px-Timkat_priests.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Timkat_priests.jpg/330px-Timkat_priests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Timkat_priests.jpg/440px-Timkat_priests.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ethiopian Orthodox priests dancing during 2015 <a href="/wiki/Timkat" title="Timkat">Timkat</a> celebration</figcaption></figure> The music of Ethiopian Orthodox Church traced back to Saint <a href="/wiki/Yared" title="Yared">Yared</a>, who composed <a href="/wiki/Zema" class="mw-redirect" title="Zema">Zema</a> or "chant", which divided into three modes: Ge'ez (ordinary days), Ezel (fast days and Lent) and Araray (principal feasts).<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> It is important to Ethiopian liturgy and divided into fourteen Anaphoras, the normal use being of the Twelve Apostles. In ancient times, there were six Anaphoras used by many monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Patriarch-Catholicoi,_archbishops_and_bishops">Patriarch-Catholicoi, archbishops and bishops</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Patriarch-Catholicoi, archbishops and bishops" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Patriarch-Catholicos</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_abunas_of_Ethiopia" title="List of abunas of Ethiopia">List of abunas of Ethiopia</a></div> Since 1959, when the church was granted <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Cyril VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>, an Ethiopian Patriarch-Catholicos of Eritrea also carrying the title of Abuna is the head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The Abuna is officially known as Patriarch and Catholicos of Ethiopia, Archbishop of Axum and Ichege of the See of Saint Taklahaimanot. The incumbent head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is <a href="/wiki/Abune_Mathias" title="Abune Mathias">Mathias</a> who acceded to this position on 28 February 2013. <dl><dt>Archbishops and bishops</dt></dl> Ethiopia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abune_Mathias" title="Abune Mathias">Mathias</a>, Patriarch and Head of all Archbishops of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</li></ul> Canada: <ul><li>Demetrios, archbishop of Eastern Canada</li> <li>Abraham, archbishop of Western Canada<a href="#cite_note-eotc-edmonton-92">[92]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abune_Abraham_Archbishop_of_Western_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Abune_Abraham_Archbishop_of_Western_Canada.jpg/220px-Abune_Abraham_Archbishop_of_Western_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="442" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1929"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 442px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Abune_Abraham_Archbishop_of_Western_Canada.jpg/220px-Abune_Abraham_Archbishop_of_Western_Canada.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="442" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Abune_Abraham_Archbishop_of_Western_Canada.jpg/330px-Abune_Abraham_Archbishop_of_Western_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Abune_Abraham_Archbishop_of_Western_Canada.jpg/440px-Abune_Abraham_Archbishop_of_Western_Canada.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Abune Abraham, Archbishop of Western Canada</figcaption></figure> Middle East: <ul><li>Dimetros, Archbishop of the United Arab Emirates and its surrounding areas</li> <li>Kewestos, Archbishop of Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li></ul> South America: <ul><li>Thaddaeus, archbishop of the Caribbean and Latin America</li></ul> United States: <ul><li>Fanuel, archbishop of Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>Markos, archbishop of New York and its surrounding areas.</li> <li>Philipos, archbishop of Pennsylvania and Head of Eyesus Church in Baltimore</li> <li>Yaekob, archbishop of Georgia and its surrounding areas (Southeastern States)</li> <li>Ewesatewos, archbishop of Minnesota and its surrounding areas.</li> <li>Natnael, archbishop of Colorado and surrounding areas</li> <li>Selama, archbishop of Ohio</li> <li>Sawiros, archbishop of Texas</li> <li>Michael, archbishop of Northern California</li> <li>Barnabas, archbishop of Southern California</li></ul> Western Europe: <ul><li>Yosef, Archbishop of Europe, in Rome.</li></ul> Australia & New Zealand: <ul><li>Lukas, Archbishop of Australia & New Zealand</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Eparchies">Eparchies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eparchies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The current <a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchies</a> of the church include:<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Awassa">Awassa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sidama_Region" title="Sidama Region">Sidama</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambo,_Ethiopia" title="Ambo, Ethiopia">Ambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsi_Zone" title="Arsi Zone">Arsi</a></li> <li>Assosa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar</a></li> <li>Bale Gobe</li> <li>Wollega</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Wollo_Zone" title="North Wollo Zone">North Wollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wollo_Zone" title="South Wollo Zone">South Wollo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dessie" title="Dessie">Dessie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambela_Region" title="Gambela Region">Gambela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Gojjam_Zone" title="West Gojjam Zone">West Gojjam</a> (Bahr Dar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misraq_Gojjam_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Misraq Gojjam Zone">East Gojjam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Debre_Marqos" class="mw-redirect" title="Debre Marqos">Debre Markos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semien_Gondar_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Semien Gondar Zone">North Gondar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gondar_Zone" title="South Gondar Zone">South Gondar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Debre_Tabor" title="Debre Tabor">Debre Tabor</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illubabor_Zone" title="Illubabor Zone">Illubabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigjiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigjiga">Jigjiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimma" title="Jimma">Jimma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembata_Tembaro_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kembata Tembaro Zone">Kembata</a></li> <li>Methara</li> <li>Mizan Teferi (Kaffa)</li> <li>Negele-<a href="/wiki/Borena_Zone" title="Borena Zone">Borena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somali_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali region">Somali Region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Omo_Zone" title="South Omo Zone">Omo</a></li> <li>Selalya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misraqawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Misraqawi Zone">East Tigray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27irabawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'irabawi Zone">West Tigray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehakelegnaw_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehakelegnaw Zone">Central Tigray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Me'kele</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debubawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Debubawi Zone">South Tigray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li>Shewa (<a href="/wiki/Adama,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adama, Ethiopia">Adama</a>)</li> <li>North Shoa (Debre Berhan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and surrounding areas</li> <li>Eastern Canada</li> <li>Western Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a> and Latin America</li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBudge1928" class="citation book cs1">Budge, Ernest Alfred Wallis (1928). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Saints_of_the_Ethiopian_church">The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian church </a>. Cambridge, The University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Saints+of+the+Ethiopian+church&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+The+University+Press&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Alfred+Wallis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations. (December 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eotc-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eotc_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eotc_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEthiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church,_Addis_Ababa" class="citation web cs1">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Addis Ababa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeorthodox.org/">"የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን"</a>. ZEOrthodox.org. Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Retrieved 2021-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZEOrthodox.org&rft.atitle=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB+%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B6%E1%8B%B6%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5+%E1%89%B0%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%95%E1%8B%B6+%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0+%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95&rft.au=Ethiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church%2C+Addis+Ababa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeorthodox.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Polling_&_Analysis-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Polling_&_Analysis_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Polling_&_Analysis_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. <q>Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has an estimated 36 million adherents, nearly 14% of the world's total Orthodox population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christianity+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Forthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Ethiopia-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Ethiopia_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Ethiopia_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/28/ethiopia-is-an-outlier-in-the-orthodox-christian-world/">"Ethiopia: An outlier in the Orthodox Christian world"</a>. Pew Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+An+outlier+in+the+Orthodox+Christian+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2017%2F11%2F28%2Fethiopia-is-an-outlier-in-the-orthodox-christian-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia2023-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia2023_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia2023_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#people-and-society">"Ethiopia"</a>. The World Factbook. 6 November 2023. Retrieved 2022-09-16. <q>Population 116,462,712 (2023 est.)… Ethiopian Orthodox 43.8%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Ethiopia&rft.date=2023-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fethiopia%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrower2019" class="citation journal cs1">Harrower, Michael J (Winter 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/643FA872A5B2F9B5E0E765D850C4A526/S0003598X1900084Xa.pdf/beta_samati_discovery_and_excavation_of_an_aksumite_town.pdf">"Beta Samati: discovery and excavation of an Aksumite town"</a> (PDF). Antiquity. 93 (372): 1534–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2019.84">10.15184/aqy.2019.84</a> – via Cambridge.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Beta+Samati%3A+discovery+and+excavation+of+an+Aksumite+town&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=372&rft.pages=1534-52&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2019.84&rft.aulast=Harrower&rft.aufirst=Michael+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F643FA872A5B2F9B5E0E765D850C4A526%2FS0003598X1900084Xa.pdf%2Fbeta_samati_discovery_and_excavation_of_an_aksumite_town.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1936" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, Dale H. (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3160789">"Christianity in Ethiopia"</a>. Church History. 5 (3): 271–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3160789">10.2307/3160789</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3160789">3160789</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162029676">162029676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Christianity+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=271-284&rft.date=1936&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162029676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3160789%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3160789&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Dale+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3160789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/ethiopian-orthodox-tewahedo-church">"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church"</a>, World Council of Churches website (accessed 2 June 2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ethiopian-Orthodox-Tewahedo-Church">"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church"</a>. 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(21 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/opinion/contributors/2017/10/21/honor-reformations-african-roots/783252001/">"Honor the Reformation's African roots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Commercial_Appeal" title="The Commercial Appeal">The Commercial Appeal</a>. Retrieved 9 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commercial+Appeal&rft.atitle=Honor+the+Reformation%27s+African+roots&rft.date=2017-10-21&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commercialappeal.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2Fcontributors%2F2017%2F10%2F21%2Fhonor-reformations-african-roots%2F783252001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/articles/martin-luther-and-ethiopian-christianity-historical-traces">"Martin Luther and Ethiopian Christianity: Historical Traces"</a>. The University of Chicago Divinity School. Retrieved 2022-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+and+Ethiopian+Christianity%3A+Historical+Traces&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Divinity+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdivinity.uchicago.edu%2Fsightings%2Farticles%2Fmartin-luther-and-ethiopian-christianity-historical-traces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2017" class="citation web cs1">Daniels, David D. (2 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/martin-luther-and-ethiopian-christianity-historical-traces">"Martin Luther and Ethiopian Christianity: Historical Traces"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. Retrieved 9 April 2018. <q>Luther expressed his approval of the Church of Ethiopia along with his embrace of Deacon Michael in a letter dated July 4, 1534: "For this reason we ask that good people would demonstrate Christian love also to this [Ethiopian] visitor." According to Luther, Michael responded positively to his articles of the Christian faith, proclaiming: "This is a good creed, that is, faith" (see Martin Luther, Table-Talk, November 17, 1538 [WA, TR 4:152–53, no. 4126]).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+and+Ethiopian+Christianity%3A+Historical+Traces&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdivinity.uchicago.edu%2Fsightings%2Fmartin-luther-and-ethiopian-christianity-historical-traces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2017" class="citation web cs1">Daniels, David D. (31 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiancentury.org/blog-post/guest-post/martin-luthers-fascination-ethiopian-christianity">"Martin Luther's fascination with Ethiopian Christianity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Century" title="The Christian Century">The Christian Century</a>. Retrieved 9 April 2018. <q>Luther extended full fellowship to Deacon Michael and the Ethiopian Church, an invitation Luther withheld from the Bohemian Brethren (the Hussites) and Reformed Churches connected to Ulrich Zwingli.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%27s+fascination+with+Ethiopian+Christianity&rft.pub=The+Christian+Century&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiancentury.org%2Fblog-post%2Fguest-post%2Fmartin-luthers-fascination-ethiopian-christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ullendorff" title="Edward Ullendorff">Edward Ullendorff</a>, Ethiopia and the Bible (Oxford: British Academy, 1988), p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Margary Perham, The Government of Ethiopia, second edition (London: Faber and Faber, 1969), pp. 121f </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Perham, Government of Ethiopia, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Perham, Government of Ethiopia, pp. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Discussed in fuller detail by Perham, Government of Ethiopia, pp. 126–130 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828004034/http://www.armenianorthodoxchurch.org/v04/doc/English/visitseng.htm#11">""Common Declaration" of Pope Shenoudah III, Catholicos Aram I, and Patriarch Paulos"</a>. News and Media. Armenian Orthodox Church. 22 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianorthodoxchurch.org/v04/doc/English/visitseng.htm#11">the original</a> on 2008-08-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+and+Media&rft.atitle=%22Common+Declaration%22+of+Pope+Shenoudah+III%2C+Catholicos+Aram+I%2C+and+Patriarch+Paulos&rft.date=2007-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianorthodoxchurch.org%2Fv04%2Fdoc%2FEnglish%2Fvisitseng.htm%2311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1992-09-22-35"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt1992-09-22_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1992" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Ari L. 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Addis Standard. 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2023-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Addis+Standard&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Shock%2C+controversy+rocks+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Church+after+Popes+suspended+for+involving+in+%22illegal+appointment%22+threaten+to+split&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddisstandard.com%2Fanalysis-shock-controversy-rocks-ethiopian-orthodox-church-after-popes-suspended-for-involving-in-illegal-appointment-threaten-to-split%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/africa/2023-01-24-breakaway-bishops-threaten-split-in-ethiopia-church/">"Breakaway bishops threaten split in Ethiopia church"</a>. The Star. 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Why Fifty-Five Days?. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eotcmk.org/site-en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=56&Itemid=1">the original</a> on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fasting+in+the+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Church&rft.pages=Why+Fifty-Five+Days%3F&rft.pub=Ethiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church+Sunday+School+Department+%E2%80%93+Mahibere+Kidusan&rft.au=Robel+Arega&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feotcmk.org%2Fsite-en%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D56%26Itemid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-keraneyo-medhanealem-62"><a href="#cite_ref-keraneyo-medhanealem_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keraneyo-medhanealem.com/post/great-lent-abiy-tsom-%E1%8B%90%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%AD-%E1%8C%BE%E1%88%9D-first-sunday-zewerede-%E1%8B%98%E1%8B%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%B0">"Great Lent - Abiy Tsom - ዐብይ ጾም First Sunday - Zewerede - ዘወረደ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Keraneyo Medhane Alem. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Lent+-+Abiy+Tsom+-+%E1%8B%90%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%AD+%E1%8C%BE%E1%88%9D+First+Sunday+-+Zewerede+-+%E1%8B%98%E1%8B%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%B0&rft.place=Toronto%2C+ON&rft.pub=Ethiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church+Keraneyo+Medhane+Alem&rft.date=2021-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keraneyo-medhanealem.com%2Fpost%2Fgreat-lent-abiy-tsom-%25E1%258B%2590%25E1%2589%25A5%25E1%258B%25AD-%25E1%258C%25BE%25E1%2588%259D-first-sunday-zewerede-%25E1%258B%2598%25E1%258B%2588%25E1%2588%25A8%25E1%258B%25B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2010-04-15-63"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc2010-04-15_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8620249.stm">"Ten things we have learnt about Africa"</a>. BBC News. April 15, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010. <q>In Ethiopia, 74% of Christians say they have experienced or witnessed the devil or evil spirits being driven out of a person</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ten+things+we+have+learnt+about+Africa&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8620249.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-geleta-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geleta_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geleta_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geleta_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geleta_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geleta_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geleta_64-5">f</a> Geleta, Amsalu Tadesse. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lausanne.org/all-documents/ethiopian-case-study.html">Case Study: Demonization and the Practice of Exorcism in Ethiopian Churches</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100101104543/http://www.lausanne.org/all-documents/ethiopian-case-study.html">Archived</a> 2010-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, Nairobi, August 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Taddesse_Tamrat" title="Taddesse Tamrat">Taddesse Tamrat</a>, Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible, pp. 31-72 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott" class="citation news cs1">Abbott, Alison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/immersive/d41586-019-00275-x/index.html">"Biodiversity thrives in Ethiopia's church forests"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Biodiversity+thrives+in+Ethiopia%27s+church+forests&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fimmersive%2Fd41586-019-00275-x%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emergence-68"><a href="#cite_ref-emergence_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahnson2020" class="citation news cs1">Bahnson, Fred (January 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emergencemagazine.org/feature/the-church-forests-of-ethiopia/">"The Church Forests of Ethiopia: A Mystical Geography"</a>. Emergence Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emergence+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Church+Forests+of+Ethiopia%3A+A+Mystical+Geography&rft.date=2020-01-11&rft.aulast=Bahnson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femergencemagazine.org%2Ffeature%2Fthe-church-forests-of-ethiopia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-E_Af1868-1001-21-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E_Af1868-1001-21_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E_Af1868-1001-21_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E_Af1868-1001-21_69-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1868-1001-21">"tabot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Retrieved 2024-01-31. <q>Curator's comments… The Tabots remain in the Qeddest Qeddusan and are only brought out of the churches at festival times or in times of calamity, in order to pray for divine help. When they leave the Queddest Qeddusan they are carried on the heads of priests, veiled from public view by richly decorated cloths. Ornate silk umbrellas are held over the Tabots as a sign of respect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=tabot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FE_Af1868-1001-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lisantewahdo-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lisantewahdo_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lisantewahdo_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lisantewahdo.org/index.php/english/teachings/item/1191-the-ark-of-the-covenant">"The Ark of Covenant"</a>. The Official Website of Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church. 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2024-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Website+of+Eritrean+Orthodox+Tewahdo+Church&rft.atitle=The+Ark+of+Covenant&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lisantewahdo.org%2Findex.php%2Fenglish%2Fteachings%2Fitem%2F1191-the-ark-of-the-covenant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mk-2023-71"><a href="#cite_ref-mk-2023_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabtamu_Teshome2023" class="citation web cs1">Habtamu Teshome (2023-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eotcmk.org/e/unique-features-of-ethiopian-orthodox-tewahedo-church/">"Liturgical Worship, Part Three: Unique Features of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church"</a>. Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Sunday School Department. <a href="/wiki/Mahibere_Kidusan" title="Mahibere Kidusan">Mahibere Kidusan</a>. Retrieved 2024-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church+Sunday+School+Department&rft.atitle=Liturgical+Worship%2C+Part+Three%3A+Unique+Features+of+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft.au=Habtamu+Teshome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feotcmk.org%2Fe%2Funique-features-of-ethiopian-orthodox-tewahedo-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ethiopian-epiphany-01491">"Ethiopian epiphany"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. 2019. Retrieved 2024-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopian+epiphany&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fethiopian-epiphany-01491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaoudHazen1991" class="citation web cs1">Daoud, Marcos; Hazen, Blatta Marsie (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eotc.faithweb.com/liturgy.htm">"The Liturgy of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Liturgy+of+the+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church&rft.pub=Ethiopian+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Daoud&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rft.au=Hazen%2C+Blatta+Marsie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eotc.faithweb.com%2Fliturgy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hable1997-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hable1997_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hable1997_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHable_Selassie1997" class="citation book cs1">Hable Selassie, Sergew (1997). The Church of Ethiopia – A panorama of History and Spiritual Life. Addis Abeba, Ethiopia: Berhanena Selam. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+Ethiopia+%E2%80%93+A+panorama+of+History+and+Spiritual+Life&rft.place=Addis+Abeba%2C+Ethiopia&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Berhanena+Selam&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hable+Selassie&rft.aufirst=Sergew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffner2014" class="citation web cs1">Duffner, Jordan Denari (13 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/wait-i-thought-was-muslim-thing">"Wait, I thought that was a Muslim thing?!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commonweal_(magazine)" title="Commonweal (magazine)">Commonweal</a>. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wait%2C+I+thought+that+was+a+Muslim+thing%3F%21&rft.pub=Commonweal&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft.aulast=Duffner&rft.aufirst=Jordan+Denari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealmagazine.org%2Fwait-i-thought-was-muslim-thing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosloski2017-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Kosloski2017_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosloski2017" class="citation web cs1">Kosloski, Philip (16 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleteia.org/2017/10/16/did-you-know-muslims-pray-in-a-similar-way-to-some-christians/">"Did you know Muslims pray in a similar way to some Christians?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aleteia" title="Aleteia">Aleteia</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+you+know+Muslims+pray+in+a+similar+way+to+some+Christians%3F&rft.pub=Aleteia&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft.aulast=Kosloski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faleteia.org%2F2017%2F10%2F16%2Fdid-you-know-muslims-pray-in-a-similar-way-to-some-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Binns2016-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Binns2016_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinns2016" class="citation book cs1">Binns, John (28 November 2016). The Orthodox Church of Ethiopia: A History. I.B.Tauris. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786720375" title="Special:BookSources/9781786720375"><bdi>9781786720375</bdi></a>. <q>The king presided, overruled the bishops who were committed to the more usual position that Sunday only was a holy day, and decreed that the Sabbatarian teaching of the northern monks became the position of the church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church+of+Ethiopia%3A+A+History&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft.isbn=9781786720375&rft.aulast=Binns&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suscopts.org/resources/literature/1137/the-sabbath-a-hallowed-and-holy-day/">"The Sabbath: A Hallowed and Holy Day"</a>. Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. <q>Since the first century, Christians made Sunday the Christian Sabbath and kept Saturday as the Jewish Sabbath.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coptic+Orthodox+Diocese+of+the+Southern+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Sabbath%3A+A+Hallowed+and+Holy+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuscopts.org%2Fresources%2Fliterature%2F1137%2Fthe-sabbath-a-hallowed-and-holy-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=X6rmAAAAMAAJ&q=sabbath#v=onepage&q&f=false">"The Ethiopic Didascalia: Or, the Ethiopic Version of the Apostolical Constitutions, Received in the Church of Abyssinia"</a>. <q>Assemble yourselves together in the church, evening and morning; offer up praises, and sing; and read the Psalms of David, the sixty-second, and moreover the hundred and fortieth. And especially on the Jewish Sabbath, and on the first day of the week, the Christian Sabbath, which is the day of His holy resurrection, offer up praises and thanksgivings and glory to the Lord, who hath created all things by his Son Jesus Christ, whom he sent unto us, who was pleased to suffer according to his will, and was buried in the tomb, and rose again from the dead.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopic+Didascalia%3A+Or%2C+the+Ethiopic+Version+of+the+Apostolical+Constitutions%2C+Received+in+the+Church+of+Abyssinia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fredir_esc%3Dy%26id%3DX6rmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsabbath%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/07158.htm">"Apostolic Constitutions (Book VIII)"</a>. New Advent. <q>XXXIII. I Peter and Paul do make the following constitutions. Let the slaves work five days; but on the Sabbath day and the Lord's day let them have leisure to go to church for instruction in piety. We have said that the Sabbath is on account of the creation, and the Lord's day of the resurrection. Let slaves rest from their work all the great week, and that which follows it — for the one in memory of the passion, and the other of the resurrection; and there is need they should be instructed who it is that suffered and rose again, and who it is permitted Him to suffer, and raised Him again. Let them have rest from their work on the Ascension, because it was the conclusion of the dispensation by Christ. Let them rest at Pentecost, because of the coming of the Holy Spirit, which was given to those that believed in Christ. Let them rest on the festival of His birth, because on it the unexpected favour was granted to men, that Jesus Christ, the Logos of God, should be born of the Virgin Mary, for the salvation of the world. Let them rest on the festival of Epiphany, because on it a manifestation took place of the divinity of Christ, for the Father bore testimony to Him at the baptism; and the Paraclete, in the form of a dove, pointed out to the bystanders Him to whom testimony was borne. Let them rest on the days of the apostles: for they were appointed your teachers to bring you to Christ, and made you worthy of the Spirit. Let them rest on the day of the first martyr Stephen, and of the other holy martyrs who preferred Christ to their own life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Apostolic+Constitutions+%28Book+VIII%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F07158.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamrat_1972-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Tamrat_1972_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamrat1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taddesse_Tamrat" title="Taddesse Tamrat">Tamrat, Taddesse</a> (1972). Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821671-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821671-1"><bdi>978-0-19-821671-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/653228">653228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+in+Ethiopia%2C+1270-1527&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F653228&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821671-1&rft.aulast=Tamrat&rft.aufirst=Taddesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbir2013" class="citation book cs1">Abir, Mordechai (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28090-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28090-0"><bdi>978-1-136-28090-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+and+the+Red+Sea%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Solomonic+Dynasty+and+Muslim+European+Rivalry+in+the+Region&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-136-28090-0&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fArBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishorthodox.org/glastonburyreview/issue-122-circumcision-and-the-copts/">"Issue 122 – Circumcision and the Copts | the British Orthodox Church"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Issue+122+%E2%80%93+Circumcision+and+the+Copts+%26%23124%3B+the+British+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritishorthodox.org%2Fglastonburyreview%2Fissue-122-circumcision-and-the-copts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keraneyo-medhanealem.com/post/gizret-%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5-circumcision">"Gizret - ግዝረት [Circumcision]"</a>. 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gizret+-+%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5+%26%2391%3BCircumcision%26%2393%3B&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keraneyo-medhanealem.com%2Fpost%2Fgizret-%25E1%258C%258D%25E1%258B%259D%25E1%2588%25A8%25E1%2589%25B5-circumcision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Bradley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Bradley" title="Ian Bradley">Ian Bradley</a> (2 November 2012). Water: A Spiritual History. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-6767-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%3A+A+Spiritual+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-11-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-6767-5&rft.au=Ian+Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Bulzacchelli2006" class="citation book cs1">H. Bulzacchelli, Richard (2006). Judged by the Law of Freedom: A History of the Faith-works Controversy, and a Resolution in the Thought of St. Thomas Aquinas. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761835011" title="Special:BookSources/9780761835011"><bdi>9780761835011</bdi></a>. <q>The Ethiopian and Coptic Churches distinguishes between clean and unclean meats, observes days of ritual purification, and keeps a kind of dual Sabbath on both Saturday and Sunday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judged+by+the+Law+of+Freedom%3A+A+History+of+the+Faith-works+Controversy%2C+and+a+Resolution+in+the+Thought+of+St.+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780761835011&rft.aulast=H.+Bulzacchelli&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Pedersen, Kristen Stoffregen (1999). "Is the Church of Ethiopia a Judaic Church?". Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne. XII (2): 205–206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warszawskie+Studia+Teologiczne&rft.atitle=Is+the+Church+of+Ethiopia+a+Judaic+Church%3F&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-206&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Kristen+Stoffregen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RukuniOliver-88"><a href="#cite_ref-RukuniOliver_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRukuniOliver2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rukuni, Rugare; Oliver, Erna (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v75i1.5335">"Ethiopian Christianity: A continuum of African Early Christian polities"</a>. Hervormde Teologiese Studies. 75 (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fhts.v75i1.5335">10.4102/hts.v75i1.5335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hervormde+Teologiese+Studies&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Christianity%3A+A+continuum+of+African+Early+Christian+polities&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Fhts.v75i1.5335&rft.aulast=Rukuni&rft.aufirst=Rugare&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Erna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4102%2Fhts.v75i1.5335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Aethiopica2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica" title="Encyclopaedia Aethiopica">Encyclopaedia Aethiopica</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4WUdKWGcYsC&pg=PA4">Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05607-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05607-6"><bdi>978-3-447-05607-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Aethiopica%3A+He-N&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05607-6&rft.au=Encyclopaedia+Aethiopica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl4WUdKWGcYsC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://piassabooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/e18b9ce18a93-e18aa0e189a0e18b8d.pdf">"YARED: THE COMPOSER OF HUMNS"</a> (PDF). 23 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YARED%3A+THE+COMPOSER+OF+HUMNS&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpiassabooks.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F04%2Fe18b9ce18a93-e18aa0e189a0e18b8d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvadoreLorenzi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Salvadore, Matteo; Lorenzi, James De (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0165115320000157">"An Ethiopian Scholar in Tridentine Rome: Täsfa Ṣeyon and the Birth of Orientalism"</a>. Itinerario. 45 (1): 17–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0165115320000157">10.1017/S0165115320000157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-1153">0165-1153</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232422416">232422416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Itinerario&rft.atitle=An+Ethiopian+Scholar+in+Tridentine+Rome%3A+T%C3%A4sfa+%E1%B9%A2eyon+and+the+Birth+of+Orientalism&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-46&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232422416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0165-1153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0165115320000157&rft.aulast=Salvadore&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft.au=Lorenzi%2C+James+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0165115320000157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eotc-edmonton-92"><a href="#cite_ref-eotc-edmonton_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethiopiansorthodoxchurch.org/committees/">"Committees"</a>. Edmonton, AB: Debre Selam Medhanealem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Retrieved 2023-12-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Committees&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+AB&rft.pub=Debre+Selam+Medhanealem+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethiopiansorthodoxchurch.org%2Fcommittees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828124201/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/programmes/public-witness-addressing-power-affirming-peace/churches-in-the-middle-east/pief/jerusalem-inter-church-centre-jic/heads-of-churches-in-jerusalem.html">"Jerusalem – Heads of Churches"</a>. World Council of Churches. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/programmes/public-witness-addressing-power-affirming-peace/churches-in-the-middle-east/pief/jerusalem-inter-church-centre-jic/heads-of-churches-in-jerusalem.html">the original</a> on 2011-08-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+%E2%80%93+Heads+of+Churches&rft.pub=World+Council+of+Churches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fprogrammes%2Fpublic-witness-addressing-power-affirming-peace%2Fchurches-in-the-middle-east%2Fpief%2Fjerusalem-inter-church-centre-jic%2Fheads-of-churches-in-jerusalem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/abune-fanuel-archbishop-of-washington-dc-for-the-ethiopian-news-photo/1463273764">"Protest Held In Washington, DC Against Religious Attacks In Ethiopia"</a>. Getty Images. 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-12-07. <q>Abune Fanuel, archbishop of Washington DC for the Ethiopian Orthodox church is surrounded by young deacons and clergy as he speaks during a demonstration at the White House on February 05, 2023 in Washington, DC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protest+Held+In+Washington%2C+DC+Against+Religious+Attacks+In+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Getty+Images&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gettyimages.com%2Fdetail%2Fnews-photo%2Fabune-fanuel-archbishop-of-washington-dc-for-the-ethiopian-news-photo%2F1463273764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hierarchy.religare.ru/h-aincvost-ethioepar.html">Eparchies of the Ethiopian Church</a> (Russian) </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Butler, Alfred Joshua (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abyssinian_Church" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinian Church">Abyssinian Church</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abyssinian+Church&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=95-96&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwKJDAEACAAJ">"Miaphysite, not Monophysite!"</a>. Cristianesimo Nella Storia. 37 (1): 45–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788815261687" title="Special:BookSources/9788815261687"><bdi>9788815261687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cristianesimo+Nella+Storia&rft.atitle=Miaphysite%2C+not+Monophysite%21&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-52&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788815261687&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwKJDAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrillmeierHainthaler1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Grillmeier" title="Aloys Grillmeier">Grillmeier, Aloys</a>; Hainthaler, Theresia (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Hw28f8aCnoC">Christ in Christian Tradition: The Church of Alexandria with Nubia and Ethiopia after 451</a>. Vol. 2/4. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664223007" title="Special:BookSources/9780664223007"><bdi>9780664223007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+in+Christian+Tradition%3A+The+Church+of+Alexandria+with+Nubia+and+Ethiopia+after+451&rft.place=Louisville&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780664223007&rft.aulast=Grillmeier&rft.aufirst=Aloys&rft.au=Hainthaler%2C+Theresia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Hw28f8aCnoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Archbishop Yesehaq. 1997. The Ethiopian Tewahedo Church: An Integrally African Church. Winston-Derek Publishers.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ">Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.</a> Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881410563" title="Special:BookSources/9780881410563"><bdi>9780881410563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450-680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780881410563&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mikre-Sellassie Gebre-Amanuel. 1993. "The Bible and its canon in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church." The Bible Translator 44/1:111-123.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler1997" class="citation journal cs1">Winkler, Dietmar W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15344445">"Miaphysitism: A New Term for Use in the History of Dogma and in Ecumenical Theology"</a>. The Harp. 10 (3): 33–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harp&rft.atitle=Miaphysitism%3A+A+New+Term+for+Use+in+the+History+of+Dogma+and+in+Ecumenical+Theology&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=33-40&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F15344445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethiopianorthodox.org/biography/englishethiopianliturgy.pdf">Divine Liturgy of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/religion.htm">Ethiopian Religions – Christianity, Islam, Judaism & Paganism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eotc.faithweb.com/">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -the oldest site)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/toc/oriental-orthodox-churches/the-ethiopian-orthodox-tewahedo-church/">CNEWA article by Ronald Roberson: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704115943/http://kidane-mehret.org/liturgy.html">Historical Evolution of Ethiopian Anaphoras</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascleiden.nl/pdf/workingpaper52.pdf">Abbink, J. A Bibliography on Christianity in Ethiopia. Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2003</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&oldid=1258680762">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&oldid=1258680762</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 November 2024, at 00:28 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopies-Ortodokse_Tewahedo-kerk" title="Ethiopies-Ortodokse Tewahedo-kerk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ethiopies-Ortodokse Tewahedo-kerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB_%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B6%E1%8B%B6%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%B0%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%95%E1%8B%B6_%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95" title="የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كنيسة التوحيد الأرثوذكسية الإثيوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنيسة التوحيد الأرثوذكسية الإثيوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9se_%C3%A8tiopi%C3%A8na_ortodoxa" title="Égllése ètiopièna ortodoxa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése ètiopièna ortodoxa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_ortodoxa_et%C3%ADope" title="Ilesia ortodoxa etíope – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilesia ortodoxa etíope" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Эфіопская Праваслаўная Царква – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эфіопская Праваслаўная Царква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Етиопска православна църква – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Етиопска православна църква" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_Ortodoxa_Et%C3%ADop" title="Església Ortodoxa Etíop – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església Ortodoxa Etíop" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopsk%C3%A1_pravoslavn%C3%A1_c%C3%ADrkev" title="Etiopská pravoslavná církev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Etiopská pravoslavná církev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglwys_Uniongred_Ethiopia" title="Eglwys Uniongred Ethiopia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eglwys Uniongred Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_etiopisk-ortodokse_kirke" title="Den etiopisk-ortodokse kirke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den etiopisk-ortodokse kirke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84thiopisch-Orthodoxe_Tewahedo-Kirche" title="Äthiopisch-Orthodoxe Tewahedo-Kirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Äthiopisch-Orthodoxe Tewahedo-Kirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αιθιοπική Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιθιοπική Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ortodoxa_de_Etiop%C3%ADa" title="Iglesia ortodoxa de Etiopía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia ortodoxa de Etiopía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia_Ortodoksa_Eklezio" title="Etiopia Ortodoksa Eklezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Etiopia Ortodoksa Eklezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopiako_Eliza_Ortodoxo_Tewahedoa" title="Etiopiako Eliza Ortodoxo Tewahedoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Etiopiako Eliza Ortodoxo Tewahedoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="کلیسای ارتدکس توحیدی اتیوپی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای ارتدکس توحیدی اتیوپی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe_%C3%A9thiopienne" title="Église orthodoxe éthiopienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église orthodoxe éthiopienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopysk-Otterdokse_Tsjerke" title="Etiopysk-Otterdokse Tsjerke – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Etiopysk-Otterdokse Tsjerke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eaglais_Ortadocsach_Aet%C3%B3pach" title="An Eaglais Ortadocsach Aetópach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Eaglais Ortadocsach Aetópach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrexa_et%C3%ADope_tewahedo" title="Igrexa etíope tewahedo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Igrexa etíope tewahedo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84_%ED%84%B0%EC%99%80%ED%9D%90%EB%8F%84_%EC%A0%95%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="에티오피아 터와흐도 정교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에티오피아 터와흐도 정교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%BC_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Եթովպական ուղղափառ եկեղեցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եթովպական ուղղափառ եկեղեցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopska_pravoslavna_tevahedo_Crkva" title="Etiopska pravoslavna tevahedo Crkva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Etiopska pravoslavna tevahedo Crkva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Tewahedo_Ortodoks_Etiopia" title="Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Etiopia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Tawahido" title="Ecclesia Tawahido – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ecclesia Tawahido" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%BE%C3%AD%C3%B3p%C3%ADska_r%C3%A9tttr%C3%BAna%C3%B0arkirkjan" title="Eþíópíska rétttrúnaðarkirkjan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eþíópíska rétttrúnaðarkirkjan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_ortodossa_etiope" title="Chiesa ortodossa etiope – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa ortodossa etiope" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הכנסייה האורתודוקסית האתיופית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכנסייה האורתודוקסית האתיופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greja_Tewahedo_Ortodoks_%C3%89thiopia" title="Greja Tewahedo Ortodoks Éthiopia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Greja Tewahedo Ortodoks Éthiopia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეთიოპიის მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეთიოპიის მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa_la_Kiorthodoksi_la_Ethiopia" title="Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Orthodoxa_Aethiopica" title="Ecclesia Orthodoxa Aethiopica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia Orthodoxa Aethiopica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopijas_Ortodoks%C4%81l%C4%81_bazn%C4%ABca" title="Etiopijas Ortodoksālā baznīca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Etiopijas Ortodoksālā baznīca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopijos_ortodoksin%C4%97_tevahedo_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia" title="Etiopijos ortodoksinė tevahedo bažnyčia – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Etiopijos ortodoksinė tevahedo bažnyčia" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B3p_ortodox_egyh%C3%A1z" title="Etióp ortodox egyház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Etióp ortodox egyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiangonana_%C3%94rt%C3%B4d%C3%B4ksa_Teoahedo_Eti%C3%B4piana" title="Fiangonana Ôrtôdôksa Teoahedo Etiôpiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiangonana Ôrtôdôksa Teoahedo Etiôpiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD" title="എത്യോപ്യൻ ഓർത്തഡോക്സ്‌ സഭ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എത്യോപ്യൻ ഓർത്തഡോക്സ്‌ സഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="كنيسة التوحيد الارثوذكسيه الاثيوبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنيسة التوحيد الارثوذكسيه الاثيوبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopisch-Orthodoxe_Tewahedo_Kerk" title="Ethiopisch-Orthodoxe Tewahedo Kerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ethiopisch-Orthodoxe Tewahedo Kerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="エチオピア正教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エチオピア正教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_etiopisk-ortodokse_kirke" title="Den etiopisk-ortodokse kirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den etiopisk-ortodokse kirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_etiopiske_ortodokse_kyrkja" title="Den etiopiske ortodokse kyrkja – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den etiopiske ortodokse kyrkja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="حبشی راسخ الاعتقاد توحیدی کلیسیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حبشی راسخ الاعتقاد توحیدی کلیسیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopski_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Ortodoksyjny" title="Etiopski Kościół Ortodoksyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Etiopski Kościół Ortodoksyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_Ortodoxa_Et%C3%ADope" title="Igreja Ortodoxa Etíope – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja Ortodoxa Etíope" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Ortodox%C4%83_Etiopian%C4%83" title="Biserica Ortodoxă Etiopiană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserica Ortodoxă Etiopiană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Эфиопская православная церковь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эфиопская православная церковь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisha_etiopiane" title="Kisha etiopiane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kisha etiopiane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B3pska_ortodoxn%C3%A1_cirkev" title="Etiópska ortodoxná cirkev – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Etiópska ortodoxná cirkev" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Етиопска оријентално-православна црква – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Етиопска оријентално-православна црква" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopska_pravoslavna_tevahedo_crkva" title="Etiopska pravoslavna tevahedo crkva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Etiopska pravoslavna tevahedo crkva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopian_ortodoksinen_kirkko" title="Etiopian ortodoksinen kirkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etiopian ortodoksinen kirkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopisk-ortodoxa_kyrkan" title="Etiopisk-ortodoxa kyrkan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Etiopisk-ortodoxa kyrkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahang_Etiopianong_Ortodoksong_Tewahedo" title="Simbahang Etiopianong Ortodoksong Tewahedo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Simbahang Etiopianong Ortodoksong Tewahedo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калисои ортодоксии Эфиопия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калисои ортодоксии Эфиопия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiyopya_Ortodoks_Tevh%C3%AEd%C3%AE_Kilisesi" title="Etiyopya Ortodoks Tevhîdî Kilisesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Etiyopya Ortodoks Tevhîdî Kilisesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Ефіопська православна церква Тевахедо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефіопська православна церква Тевахедо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="حبشی راسخ الاعتقاد توحیدی کلیسیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حبشی راسخ الاعتقاد توحیدی کلیسیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceza_Ortodosa_Tewahedo" title="Ceza Ortodosa Tewahedo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ceza Ortodosa Tewahedo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_h%E1%BB%99i_Ch%C3%ADnh_th%E1%BB%91ng_gi%C3%A1o_Tewahedo_Ethiopia" title="Giáo hội Chính thống giáo Tewahedo Ethiopia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hội Chính thống giáo Tewahedo Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%90%88%E6%80%A7%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="埃塞俄比亞正統合性教會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃塞俄比亞正統合性教會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 00:28 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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