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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Wampanoag groups and locations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wampanoag_groups_and_locations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wampanoag groups and locations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wampanoag_groups_and_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>List</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language and revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conversion to Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metacomet_(King_Philip)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metacomet_(King_Philip)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Metacomet (King Philip)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metacomet_(King_Philip)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_Philip's_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Philip's_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>King Philip's War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Philip's_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Consequences of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_to_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_to_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>18th to 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_to_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mashpee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mashpee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Mashpee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mashpee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wampanoag_on_Martha's_Vineyard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wampanoag_on_Martha's_Vineyard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Wampanoag on Martha's Vineyard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wampanoag_on_Martha's_Vineyard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federally_recognized_Wampanoag_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federally_recognized_Wampanoag_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Federally recognized Wampanoag tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federally_recognized_Wampanoag_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Gay_Head_(Aquinnah)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Gay_Head_(Aquinnah)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Gay_Head_(Aquinnah)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State-recognized_tribe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State-recognized_tribe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>State-recognized tribe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-recognized_tribe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_heritage_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_heritage_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural heritage groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_heritage_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_historical_Wampanoag_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_historical_Wampanoag_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable historical Wampanoag people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_historical_Wampanoag_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Representation in other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wampanoag</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="وامبانواغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وامبانواغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampanoaqlar" title="Vampanoaqlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vampanoaqlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Вампаноаг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вампаноаг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Уампаноаги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уампаноаги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wampanoag" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wampanoag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wampanoag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wampanoag" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag_herria" title="Wampanoag herria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wampanoag herria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoags" title="Wampanoags – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wampanoags" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Wampanoag" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_wampanoag" title="Pobo wampanoag – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo wampanoag" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%90%ED%8C%8C%EB%85%B8%EC%95%85%EC%9D%B8" title="왐파노악인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왐파노악인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wampanoag" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wampanoag" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampanoagi" title="Vampanoagi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vampanoagi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wampanoag" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampanoagai" title="Vampanoagai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vampanoagai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="വാമ്പനൂഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാമ്പനൂഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B0" title="ワンパノアグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワンパノアグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoagowie" title="Wampanoagowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wampanoagowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wampanoag" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Вампаноаги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вампаноаги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wampanoag" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Вампаноаг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вампаноаг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wampanoag" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoagit" title="Wampanoagit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wampanoagit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Native American tribes in Massachusetts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wampanoag (disambiguation)">Wampanoag (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Wampanoag</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Wôpanâak</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Tramontozzi,_MassDOT,_%26_Cheryl_Andrews-Maltais,_Chair,_Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Aquinnah,_Martha%27s_Vineyard_(5139305025).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Frank_Tramontozzi%2C_MassDOT%2C_%26_Cheryl_Andrews-Maltais%2C_Chair%2C_Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Aquinnah%2C_Martha%27s_Vineyard_%285139305025%29.jpg/220px-Frank_Tramontozzi%2C_MassDOT%2C_%26_Cheryl_Andrews-Maltais%2C_Chair%2C_Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Aquinnah%2C_Martha%27s_Vineyard_%285139305025%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Frank_Tramontozzi%2C_MassDOT%2C_%26_Cheryl_Andrews-Maltais%2C_Chair%2C_Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Aquinnah%2C_Martha%27s_Vineyard_%285139305025%29.jpg/330px-Frank_Tramontozzi%2C_MassDOT%2C_%26_Cheryl_Andrews-Maltais%2C_Chair%2C_Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Aquinnah%2C_Martha%27s_Vineyard_%285139305025%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Frank_Tramontozzi%2C_MassDOT%2C_%26_Cheryl_Andrews-Maltais%2C_Chair%2C_Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Aquinnah%2C_Martha%27s_Vineyard_%285139305025%29.jpg/440px-Frank_Tramontozzi%2C_MassDOT%2C_%26_Cheryl_Andrews-Maltais%2C_Chair%2C_Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Aquinnah%2C_Martha%27s_Vineyard_%285139305025%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cheryl Andrews-Maltais (right), Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Aquinnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag Tribe of Aquinnah">Wampanoag Tribe of Aquinnah</a> with a <a href="/wiki/MassDOT" class="mw-redirect" title="MassDOT">MassDOT</a> engineer</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">2,756 (2010 census),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3,841 (2023)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a><sup id="cite_ref-salwen171_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salwen171-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">English, historically <a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Wôpanâak</a><sup id="cite_ref-omniglot_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Indigenous religion, Christianity</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusett" title="Massachusett">Massachusett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agawam_people" title="Agawam people">Agawam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauset" title="Nauset">Nauset</a> <a href="/wiki/Naumkeag_people" title="Naumkeag people">Naumkeag</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Algonquian people">Algonquian peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wpdms_aq_block_1614.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Wpdms_aq_block_1614.jpg/300px-Wpdms_aq_block_1614.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Wpdms_aq_block_1614.jpg/450px-Wpdms_aq_block_1614.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Wpdms_aq_block_1614.jpg/600px-Wpdms_aq_block_1614.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5744" data-file-height="8021" /></a><figcaption>Block's map of his 1614 voyage, with the first appearance of the term "<a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Wampanoag</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span>)  <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/17\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Wampanoag.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Wampanoag.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Wampanoag.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Wampanoag.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Wampanoag.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Wampanoag.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Wampanoag.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, also rendered <b>Wôpanâak</b>, are a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Northeastern Woodlands</a> currently based in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and formerly parts of eastern <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-salwen171_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salwen171-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their historical territory includes the islands of <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a>. </p><p>Today, two Wampanoag tribes are <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized">federally recognized</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe" title="Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe">Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Gay_Head_(Aquinnah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)">Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fr22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fr22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag language">Wampanoag language</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Southern_New_England_Algonquian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern New England Algonquian">Southern New England Algonquian</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-omniglot_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to English contact in the 17th century, the Wampanoag numbered as many as 40,000 people living across 67 villages composing the Wampanoag Nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_are_the_Wampanoag_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_are_the_Wampanoag-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These villages covered the territory along the east coast as far as Wessagusset (today called <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Weymouth, Massachusetts">Weymouth</a>), all of what is now <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> and the islands of Natocket and Noepe (now called <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a>), and southeast as far as Pokanocket (now <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Rhode_Island" title="Bristol, Rhode Island">Bristol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Rhode_Island" title="Warren, Rhode Island">Warren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Who_are_the_Wampanoag_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_are_the_Wampanoag-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wampanoag lived on this land for over 12,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1615 to 1619, a <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a> epidemic carried by rodents arriving in European ships dramatically reduced the population of the Wampanoag and neighboring tribes. Indigenous deaths from the epidemic facilitated the European invasion and colonization of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 50 years later, Wampanoag Chief Sachem <a href="/wiki/Metacom" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacom">Metacom</a> and his allies waged <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–1676) against the colonists. The war resulted in the death of 40 percent of the surviving Wampanoag. The English sold many Wampanoag men into slavery in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, or on <a href="/wiki/Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)" title="Plantation (settlement or colony)">plantations and farms</a> run by <a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">colonists in New England</a>. </p><p>Today, Wampanoag people continue to live in historical homelands and maintain central aspects of their culture while adapting to changing <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> needs. Oral traditions, ceremonies, song and dance, social gatherings, and hunting and fishing remain important traditional ways of life to the Wampanoag.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_are_the_Wampanoag_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_are_the_Wampanoag-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the federal government declared 150 acres of land in <a href="/wiki/Mashpee,_Massachusetts" title="Mashpee, Massachusetts">Mashpee</a> and 170 acres of land in <a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe" title="Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe">Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe</a>’s initial reservation, on which the Tribe can exercise its full tribal sovereignty rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe" title="Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe">Mashpee</a> tribe currently has approximately 3,200 enrolled citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Gay_Head" title="Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head">Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head</a> currently has 901 enrolled citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early 21st-century population estimates indicated a total of 4,500 Wampanoag descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wampanoag activists have been reviving the Wampanoag language; <a href="/wiki/Mashpee_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashpee High School">Mashpee High School</a> began a course in 2018 teaching the language.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mifflin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mifflin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Wampanoag</i> probably derives from <i>Wapanoos</i>, first documented on <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_Block" title="Adriaen Block">Adriaen Block</a>'s 1614 map, which was the earliest European representation of the Wampanoag territory. The Wampanoag translate this word to "People of the First Light."<sup id="cite_ref-Who_are_the_Wampanoag_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_are_the_Wampanoag-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a> first recorded it in 1676 to describe the alliance of tribes who fought against the English in King Philip's War.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1616, <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">John Smith</a> referred to one of the Wampanoag tribes as the <a href="/wiki/Pokanoket" title="Pokanoket">Pokanoket</a>. The earliest colonial records and reports used <i>Pokanoket</i> as the name of the tribe whose leaders (the Massasoit Ousemequin until 1661, his son Wamsutta from 1661 to 1662, and Metacomet from 1662 to 1676) led the Wampanoag confederation at the time the English began settling southeastern New England. The Pokanoket were based at Sowams, near where <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Rhode_Island" title="Warren, Rhode Island">Warren, Rhode Island</a>, developed and on the peninsula where Bristol, Rhode Island, arose after King Philip's War. The Seat of Metacomet, or King Philip's seat, at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Bay" title="Mount Hope Bay">Mount Hope Bay</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Bristol, Rhode Island became the political center from which Metacomet began King Philip's War, the first intertribal war of Native American resistance to English settlement in North America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wampanoag_groups_and_locations">Wampanoag groups and locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wampanoag groups and locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C3%B4pan%C3%A2ak_Nation_c_1620-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/W%C3%B4pan%C3%A2ak_Nation_c_1620-01.svg/220px-W%C3%B4pan%C3%A2ak_Nation_c_1620-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/W%C3%B4pan%C3%A2ak_Nation_c_1620-01.svg/330px-W%C3%B4pan%C3%A2ak_Nation_c_1620-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/W%C3%B4pan%C3%A2ak_Nation_c_1620-01.svg/440px-W%C3%B4pan%C3%A2ak_Nation_c_1620-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Map of Wampanoag territory c. 1620</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List">List</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wampanoag" title="Special:EditPage/Wampanoag">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Group </th> <th>Area inhabited </th></tr> <tr> <td>Assawompsett Nemasket </td> <td>Lakeville, Middleborough and Taunton, Massachusetts </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assonet </td> <td>Assonet Neck,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assonet-Freetown, Greater New Bedford<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gay Head or Aquinnah </td> <td>Western point of <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chappaquiddick </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_Island" title="Chappaquiddick Island">Chappaquiddick Island</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nantucket </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nantucket_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantucket Island">Nantucket Island</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nauset </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mashpee </td> <td>Cape Cod </td></tr> <tr> <td>Patuxet </td> <td>Eastern Massachusetts, on <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Bay" title="Plymouth Bay">Plymouth Bay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pokanoket (after Metacomet's rebellion known as "Annawon's People" or the Seaconke Wampanoags) </td> <td>East Bay of Rhode Island including <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Rhode_Island" title="Warren, Rhode Island">Warren, Rhode Island</a>, and parts of Seekonk, Massachusetts </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pocasset_village" title="Pocasset village">Pocasset</a> </td> <td>North <a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River, Massachusetts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Herring Pond </td> <td>Plymouth & Cape Cod </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wampanoag" title="Special:EditPage/Wampanoag">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wampanoag%22">"Wampanoag"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wampanoag%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wampanoag%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wampanoag%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wampanoag%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wampanoag%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Wampanoag people were semi-sedentary (that is, partially nomadic), with seasonal movements between sites in southern <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hosm_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hosm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men often traveled far north and south along the Eastern seaboard for seasonal fishing expeditions, and sometimes stayed in those distant locations for weeks and months at a time. The women cultivated varieties of the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">three sisters</a>" (maize, climbing beans, and squash) as the staples of their diet, supplemented by fish and game caught by the men.<sup id="cite_ref-hosm_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hosm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each community had authority over a well-defined territory from which the people derived their livelihood through a seasonal round of fishing, planting, harvesting, and hunting. Southern New England was populated by various tribes, so hunting grounds had strictly defined boundaries. </p><p>The Wampanoag had a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> system, like other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands</a>, in which women owned property, and hereditary status was passed through the maternal line. They were also <a href="/wiki/Matrifocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrifocal">matrifocal</a>; when a young couple married, they lived with the woman's family. Women elders could approve selection of chiefs or <a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">sachems</a>. Men acted in most of the political roles for relations with other bands and tribes, as well as warfare. Women passed plots of land to their female descendants, regardless of their marital status.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production of food among the Wampanoag was similar to that of many American Indian societies, and food habits were divided along gender lines. Men and women had specific tasks. Women played an active role in many of the stages of food production and processing, so they had important socio-political, economic, and spiritual roles in their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-HNAI_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNAI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wampanoag men were mainly responsible for hunting and fishing, while women took care of farming and gathering wild fruits, nuts, berries, and shellfish.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were responsible for up to 75 percent of all food production in Wampanoag societies.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hosm_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hosm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wampanoag were organized into a confederation in which a head <a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">sachem</a> presided over a number of other sachems. The colonists often referred to him as "king", but the position of a sachem differed in many ways from a king. They were selected by women elders and were bound to consult their own councilors within their tribe, as well as any of the "petty sachems" in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also responsible for arranging trade privileges, as well as protecting their allies in exchange for material tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both women and men could hold the position of sachem, and women were sometimes chosen over close male relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Pre-marital sexual experimentation</a> was accepted, although the Wampanoag expected fidelity within unions after marriage. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a> (1603–1683) said that "single fornication they count no sin, but after Marriage... they count it heinous for either of them to be false."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> was practiced among the Wampanoag, although monogamy was the norm. Some elite men could take several wives for political or social reasons, and multiple wives were a symbol of wealth. Women were the producers and distributors of corn and other food products. <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a> and conjugal unions were not as important as ties of <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> and kinship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_revival">Language and revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language and revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eliot_Bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Eliot_Bible.jpg/200px-Eliot_Bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Eliot_Bible.jpg/300px-Eliot_Bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Eliot_Bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the first Bible printed in the United States, translated in the Massachusett language by <a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_(missionary)" title="John Eliot (missionary)">John Eliot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Wampanoag originally spoke Wôpanâak, a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett language</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-omniglot_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mamusse_Wunneetupantamwe_Um_Biblum_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamusse Wunneetupantamwe Um Biblum God">first Bible published in America</a> was a 1663 translation into Wampanoag by missionary <a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_(missionary)" title="John Eliot (missionary)">John Eliot</a>. He created an <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, which he taught to the Wampanoag. Many became literate, using Wampanoag for letters, deeds, and historic documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Mifflin_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mifflin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rapid decline of Wampanoag speakers began after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Neal Salisbury and Colin G. Calloway suggest that New England Indian communities suffered from gender imbalances at this time due to premature male deaths, especially due to warfare and their work in the hazardous trades of whaling and shipping. They posit that many Wampanoag women married outside their linguistic groups, making it difficult for them to maintain the various Wampanoag dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman2003_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Little_Doe_Baird" title="Jessie Little Doe Baird">Jessie Little Doe Baird</a>, a member of the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C3%B4pan%C3%A2ak_Language_Reclam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wôpanâak Language Reclam (page does not exist)">Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have taught some children, who have become the first speakers of Wôpanâak in more than a century.<sup id="cite_ref-Mifflin_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mifflin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project is training teachers to reach more children and to develop a curriculum for a <i>Wôpanâak</i>-based school. Baird has developed a 10,000-word Wôpanâak-English dictionary by consulting archival Wôpanâak documents and using linguistic methods to <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstruct</a> unattested words. For this project she was awarded a $500,000.00 grant from the Macarthur Fellows in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has also produced a grammar, collections of stories, and other books. <a href="/wiki/Mashpee_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashpee High School">Mashpee High School</a> began a course in 2018 teaching the language.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mifflin_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mifflin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_treaty" title="Wampanoag treaty">Wampanoag treaty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squantohowwellthecornprospered.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Squantohowwellthecornprospered.png/220px-Squantohowwellthecornprospered.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Squantohowwellthecornprospered.png/330px-Squantohowwellthecornprospered.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Squantohowwellthecornprospered.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Squanto" title="Squanto">Tisquantum</a> helped the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth colonists</a> learn to cultivate <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Contacts between the Wampanoag and colonists began in the 16th century when European merchant vessels and fishing boats traveled along the coast of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. Captain Thomas Hunt captured several Wampanoag in 1614 and sold them in Spain as slaves. A <a href="/wiki/Patuxet" title="Patuxet">Patuxet</a> named <a href="/wiki/Tisquantum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tisquantum">Tisquantum</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Squanto" title="Squanto">Squanto</a>) was kidnapped by Spanish monks who attempted to convert him before setting him free. He accompanied an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> as an interpreter, then made his way back to his homeland in 1619, only to discover that the entire Patuxet tribe had died in an epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-DWI_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWI-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1620, the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_(Plymouth_Colony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a>, and Tisquantum and other Wampanoag taught them how to cultivate the varieties of corn, squash, and beans (the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a>) that flourished in New England, as well as how to catch and process fish and collect seafood. They enabled the Pilgrims to survive their first winters, and Squanto lived with them and acted as a middleman between them and <i><a href="/wiki/Massasoit" title="Massasoit">Massasoit</a></i>, the Wampanoag <a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">sachem</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a>,</i> initial contact between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag was recorded as beginning in the Spring of 1621.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wampanoag suffered from an epidemic between 1616 and 1619, long thought to be <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> introduced by contact with Europeans. However, a 2010 study suggests that the epidemic was <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>, introduced by rat reservoirs on European ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Marr_JS,_Cathey_JT_281–6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marr_JS,_Cathey_JT_281–6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The groups most devastated by the illness were those who had traded heavily with the French and the disease was likely a <a href="/wiki/Virgin_soil_epidemic" title="Virgin soil epidemic">virgin soil epidemic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Crosby" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a> has estimated population losses to be as high as 90 percent among the <a href="/wiki/Massachusett" title="Massachusett">Massachusett</a> and mainland <a href="/wiki/Pokanoket" title="Pokanoket">Pokanoket</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 20th century, the event celebrated as the first <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> has been debated in the United States. Many American Indians and historians argue against the romanticized story of the Wampanoag celebrating together with the colonists. Some say that there is no documentation of such an event. One primary account of the 1621 event was written by a firsthand observer.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massasoit became gravely ill in the winter of 1623, but he was nursed back to health by the colonists. In 1632, the <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_people" title="Narragansett people">Narragansetts</a> attacked Massasoit's village in <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Rhode_Island" title="Warren, Rhode Island">Sowam</a>, but the colonists helped the Wampanoag to drive them back.<sup id="cite_ref-DWI_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWI-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouthkolonie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Plymouthkolonie.jpg/220px-Plymouthkolonie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Plymouthkolonie.jpg/330px-Plymouthkolonie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Plymouthkolonie.jpg/440px-Plymouthkolonie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Seal of Plymouth Colony</figcaption></figure> <p>After 1632, the Plymouth Colony was outnumbered by the growing Puritans settlements around Boston. The colonists expanded westward into the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut River Valley">Connecticut River Valley</a>. In 1638, they destroyed the powerful <a href="/wiki/Pequot" class="mw-redirect" title="Pequot">Pequot</a> Confederation. In 1643, the <a href="/wiki/Mohegan" title="Mohegan">Mohegans</a> defeated the Narragansetts in a war with support from the colonists, and they became the dominant tribe in southern New England.<sup id="cite_ref-DWI_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWI-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_to_Christianity">Conversion to Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conversion to Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1650, <a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_(missionary)" title="John Eliot (missionary)">John Eliot</a> and other Puritan missionaries sought to convert local tribes to Christianity, and those that converted settled in 14 <a href="/wiki/Praying_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying towns">Praying towns</a>. Eliot and his colleagues hoped that the Indians would adopt practices such as monogamous marriage, agriculture, and jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high levels of epidemics among the Indians may have motivated some conversions. Salisbury suggests that the survivors suffered a type of spiritual crisis because their medical and religious leaders had been unable to prevent the epidemic losses.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Indian_Meetinghouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Old_Indian_Meetinghouse.jpg/220px-Old_Indian_Meetinghouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Old_Indian_Meetinghouse.jpg/330px-Old_Indian_Meetinghouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Old_Indian_Meetinghouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Indian_Meeting_House" title="Old Indian Meeting House">Old Indian Meeting House</a>" built in 1684 in <a href="/wiki/Mashpee,_Massachusetts" title="Mashpee, Massachusetts">Mashpee, Massachusetts</a>, the oldest Indian church building in the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Individual towns and regions had differing expectations for Indian conversions. In most of Eliot's mainland praying towns, religious converts were also expected to follow colonial laws and manners and to adopt the material trappings of colonial life. Eliot and other ministers relied on praise and rewards for those who conformed, rather than punishing those who did not.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christian Indian settlements of <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> were noted for a great deal of sharing and mixing between Wampanoag and colonial ways of life. Wampanoag converts often continued their traditional practices in dress, hairstyle, and governance. The Martha's Vineyard converts were not required to attend church and they often maintained traditional cultural practices, such as mourning rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wampanoag women were more likely to convert to Christianity than the men. <a href="/wiki/Experience_Mayhew" title="Experience Mayhew">Experience Mayhew</a> said that "it seems to be a Truth with respect to our Indians, so far as my knowledge of them extend, that there have been, and are a greater number of their Women appearing pious than of the men among them" in his text "Indian Converts".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frequency of female conversion created a problem for missionaries, who wanted to establish patriarchal family and societal structures among them. Women had control of property, and inheritance and descent passed through their line, including hereditary leadership for men. Wampanoag women on Martha's Vineyard were the spiritual leaders of their households. In general, English ministers agreed that it was preferable for women to subvert the patriarchal model and assume a dominant spiritual role than it was for their husbands to remain unconverted. Experience Mayhew asked, "How can those Wives answer it unto God who do not Use their utmost Endeavors to Perswade and oblige their husbands to maintain Prayer in their families?"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, Wampanoag women converts accepted changed gender roles under colonial custom, while others practiced their traditional roles of shared power as Christians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metacomet_(King_Philip)"><span id="Metacomet_.28King_Philip.29"></span>Metacomet (King Philip)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Metacomet (King Philip)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg/220px-Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg/330px-Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg/440px-Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><i>Philip, King of Mount Hope</i>, 1772, by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Massasoit was among those Indians who adopted colonial customs. He asked the legislators in Plymouth near the end of his life to give both of his sons English names. The older son <a href="/wiki/Wamsutta" title="Wamsutta">Wamsutta</a> was given the name Alexander, and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Metacom" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacom">Metacom</a> was named Philip. After his father's death, Alexander became the sachem of the Wampanoag. The colonists invited him to Plymouth to talk, but Wamsutta became seriously ill on the way home and died shortly after. The Wampanoag were told that he died of fever, but many Indians thought that he had been poisoned. The following year, his brother Philip (Metacom) became sachem of the Wampanoag.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under Philip's leadership, the relationship changed dramatically between the Wampanoag and the colonists. Philip believed that the ever-increasing colonists would eventually take over everything — not only land, but also their culture, their way of life, and their religion — so he decided to limit the further expansion of colonial settlements. The Wampanoag numbered only 1,000, and Philip began to visit other tribes to build alliances among those who also wanted to push out the colonists. At that time, the population colonists in southern New England was already more than double that of the Indians, at 35,000 to 15,000. In 1671, Philip was called to <a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton, Massachusetts</a>, where he listened to the accusations of the colonists and signed an agreement that required the Wampanoag to give up their firearms. To be on the safe side, he did not take part in the subsequent dinner. His men never delivered their weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Philip gradually gained the <a href="/wiki/Nipmuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipmuck">Nipmuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pocomtuc" title="Pocomtuc">Pocomtuc</a>, and Narragansett as allies, and the beginning of the uprising was first planned for the spring of 1676. In March 1675, however, <a href="/wiki/John_Sassamon" title="John Sassamon">John Sassamon</a> was murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sassamon was a Christian Indian raised in Natick, one of the praying towns. He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> and had served as a scribe, interpreter, and counselor to Philip and the Wampanoag. But, a week before his death, Sassamon reported to Plymouth governor <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Winslow" title="Josiah Winslow">Josiah Winslow</a> that Philip was planning a war against the colonists. </p><p>Sassamon was found dead under the ice of Assawompsett Pond a week later. A Christian Indian accused three Wampanoag warriors of his murder. The colonists took the three captive and hanged them in June 1675 after a trial by a jury of 12 colonists and six Christian Indians. This execution, combined with rumors that the colonists wanted to capture Philip, was a catalyst for war. Philip called a council of war on Mount Hope. Most Wampanoag wanted to follow him, except the <a href="/wiki/Nauset" title="Nauset">Nauset</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> and the small groups on the offshore islands. Allies included the Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, some <a href="/wiki/Pennacook" title="Pennacook">Pennacook</a>, and eastern <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a> from farther north. The Narragansett remained neutral at the beginning of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_Philip's_War"><span id="King_Philip.27s_War"></span>King Philip's War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: King Philip's War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a></div> <p>On June 20, 1675, some Wampanoag attacked colonists in <a href="/wiki/Swansea,_Massachusetts" title="Swansea, Massachusetts">Swansea, Massachusetts</a>, and laid siege to the town. Five days later, they destroyed it completely, leading to <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a>. The united tribes in southern New England attacked 52 of 90 colonial settlements and partially burned them down.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the outbreak of the war, many Indians offered to fight with the colonists against King Philip and his allies, serving as warriors, scouts, advisers, and spies. Mistrust and hostility eventually caused the colonists to discontinue Indian assistance, even though they were invaluable in the war. The Massachusetts government moved many Christian Indians to <a href="/wiki/Deer_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Deer Island (Massachusetts)">Deer Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor">Boston Harbor</a>, in part to protect the " praying Indians" from vigilantes, but also as a precautionary measure to prevent rebellion and sedition from them.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rowlandson" title="Mary Rowlandson">Mary Rowlandson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Narrative_of_the_Captivity_and_Restoration_of_Mrs._Mary_Rowlandson" title="A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson"><i>The Sovereignty and Goodness of God</i></a> is an account of her months of captivity by the Wampanoag during King Philip's War in which she expressed shock at the cruelties from Christian Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Massachusetts, the war spread to other parts of New England. The Kennebec, Pigwacket (<a href="/wiki/Pequawket" title="Pequawket">Pequawkets</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Androscoggin_people" title="Androscoggin people">Arosaguntacook</a> from Maine joined in the war against the colonists. The Narragansetts of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> gave up their neutrality after the colonists attacked one of their fortified villages. The Narragansetts lost more than 600 people and 20 sachems in the battle which became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Swamp_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Swamp Massacre">Great Swamp Massacre</a>". Their leader Canonchet was able to flee and led a large group of Narragansett warriors west to join King Philip's warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war turned against Philip in the spring of 1676, following a winter of hunger and deprivation. The colonial troops set out after Canonchet and took him captive. After a firing squad executed him, colonists quartered his corpse and sent his head to <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, where it was set on public display.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer months, Philip escaped from his pursuers and went to a hideout on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_(Rhode_Island)" title="Mount Hope (Rhode Island)">Mount Hope</a> in Rhode Island. Colonial forces attacked in August, killing and capturing 173 Wampanoags. Philip barely escaped capture, but his wife and their nine-year-old son were captured and put on a ship at Plymouth. They were then sold as slaves in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. On August 12, 1676, colonial troops surrounded Philip's camp, and soon shot and killed him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences_of_the_war">Consequences of the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consequences of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the death of Metacomet and most of their leaders, the Wampanoags were nearly exterminated; only about 400 survived the war. The Narragansetts and <a href="/wiki/Nipmuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipmuck">Nipmucks</a> suffered similar rates of losses, and many small tribes in southern New England were finished. In addition, many Wampanoag were sold into slavery. Male captives were generally sold to slave traders and transported to the West Indies, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. The colonists used the women and children as slaves or indentured servants in New England, depending on the colony. Massachusetts resettled the remaining Wampanoags in <a href="/wiki/Natick" class="mw-redirect" title="Natick">Natick</a>, Wamesit, Punkapoag, and Hassanamesit, four of the original 14 praying towns. These were the only ones to be resettled after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, approximately 5,000 Indians (40 percent of their population) and 2,500 colonists (5 percent) were killed in King Philip's War.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_to_20th_century">18th to 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 18th to 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mashpee">Mashpee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mashpee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exception to relocation was the coastal islands' Wampanoag groups, who had stayed neutral through the war. The colonists forced the Wampanoag of the mainland to resettle with the Saconnet (Sekonnet), or with the <a href="/wiki/Nauset" title="Nauset">Nauset</a> into the praying towns in <a href="/wiki/Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable County, Massachusetts">Barnstable County</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mashpee,_Massachusetts" title="Mashpee, Massachusetts">Mashpee</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> set aside in Massachusetts, and is located on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>. In 1660, the colonists allotted the natives about 50 square miles (130 km<sup>2</sup>) there, and beginning in 1665 they had self-government, adopting an English-style court of law and trials. Mashpee sachems Wepquish and Tookenchosin declared in 1665 that this land would not be able to be sold to non-Mashpee without the unanimous consent of the tribe, writing "We freely give these lands forementioned unto the South Sea Indians and their children forever: and not to be sold or given away from them by anyone without all their consents thereunto." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findit.library.yale.edu/yipp/catalog/digcoll:1018371">An Indian Deed relating to the Petition of Reuben Cognehew</a> presented a provision established by a representative of the community named Quatchatisset establishing that the allotment would " for ever not to be sold or given or alienated from them [his descendants] or any part of these lands." Property deeds in 1671 recorded this area known as the Mashpee Plantation as consisting of around 55 square miles of land.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was integrated into the district of Mashpee in 1763. </p><p>In 1788 after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the state revoked the Wampanoag ability to self-govern, considering it a failure. It appointed a supervisory committee consisting of five European-American members, with no Wampanoag. In 1834, the state returned a certain degree of self-government to the First Nations People, and although the First Nations People were far from autonomous, they continued in this manner. To support assimilation, in 1842 the state violated the <a href="/wiki/Nonintercourse_Act" title="Nonintercourse Act">Nonintercourse Act</a> when it illegally allocated plots from 2,000 acres (8.1 km<sup>2</sup>) of their communal 13,000 acres (53 km<sup>2</sup>), to be distributed in 60-acre (240,000 m<sup>2</sup>) parcels to each household for subsistence farming, although New England communities were adopting other types of economies. The state passed laws to try to control white encroachment on the reservation; some stole wood from its forests. A large region, once rich in wood, fish, and game, it was considered highly desirable by the whites. With competition between whites and the Wampanoag, conflicts were more frequent than for more isolated native settlements elsewhere in the state. In 1870, each member of the Mashpee tribe over the age of 18 was granted 60 acres of land for private ownership, effectively dismantling the thousands of acres of common tribal lands, and by 1871, non-Mashpee land ownership of the choicest portions of land purchased from impoverished Mashpee, leading to significant loss of Mashpee land ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wampanoag_on_Martha's_Vineyard"><span id="Wampanoag_on_Martha.27s_Vineyard"></span>Wampanoag on Martha's Vineyard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wampanoag on Martha's Vineyard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On Martha's Vineyard in the 18th and 19th centuries, there were three reservations—<a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_Island" title="Chappaquiddick Island">Chappaquiddick</a>, Christiantown and <a href="/wiki/Gay_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Head">Gay Head</a>. The Chappaquiddick Reservation was part of a small island of the same name and was located on the eastern point of that island. As the result of the sale of land in 1789, the natives lost valuable areas, and the remaining land was distributed among the Indian residents in 1810. In 1823 the laws were changed, in order to hinder those trying to get rid of the natives and to implement a visible beginning of a civic organization. Around 1849, they owned 692 acres (2.80 km<sup>2</sup>) of infertile land, and many of the residents moved to nearby <a href="/wiki/Edgartown,_Massachusetts" title="Edgartown, Massachusetts">Edgartown</a>, so that they could practice a trade and obtain some civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-HNAIff_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNAIff-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christiantown was originally a praying town on the northwest side of Martha's Vineyard, northwest of <a href="/wiki/Tisbury,_Massachusetts" title="Tisbury, Massachusetts">Tisbury</a>. In 1849 the reservation still consisted of 390 acres (1.6 km<sup>2</sup>), of which all but 10 were distributed among the residents. The land, kept under community ownership, yielded very few crops and the tribe members left it to get paying jobs in the cities. Wampanoag <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral history</a> tells that Christiantown was wiped out in 1888 by a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-HNAIff_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNAIff-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third reservation on Martha's Vineyard was constructed in 1711 by the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Company" title="New England Company">New England Company</a> (founded in 1649) to Christianize the natives. They bought land for the Gay Head natives who had lived there since before 1642. There was considerable dispute about how the land should be cultivated, as the colony had leased the better sections to the whites at low interest. The original goal of creating an undisturbed center for missionary work was quickly forgotten. The state finally created a reservation on a peninsula on the western point of Martha's Vineyard and named it Gay Head. This region was connected to the main island by an isthmus; it enabled the isolation desired by the Wampanoag. In 1849 they had 2,400 acres (9.7 km<sup>2</sup>) there, of which 500 acres were distributed among the tribe members. The rest was communal property. In contrast to the other reservation groups, the tribe had no guardian or headman. When they needed advice on legal questions, they asked the guardian of the Chappaquiddick Reservation, but other matters they handled themselves. The band used <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a> title, meaning that members had no legal claim to their land and allowed the tribal members free rein over their choice of land, as well as over cultivation and building, in order to make their ownership clear. They did not allow whites to settle on their land. They made strict laws regulating membership in the tribe. As a result, they were able to strengthen the groups' ties to each other, and they did not lose their tribal identity until long after other groups had lost theirs.<sup id="cite_ref-HNAIff_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNAIff-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wampanoag on <a href="/wiki/Nantucket_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantucket Island">Nantucket Island</a> were almost completely destroyed by an unknown <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> in 1763; the last Nantucket Wampanoag died in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-HNAIff_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNAIff-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plimoth_Plantation_Native_American_Wigwam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Plimoth_Plantation_Native_American_Wigwam.jpg/220px-Plimoth_Plantation_Native_American_Wigwam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Plimoth_Plantation_Native_American_Wigwam.jpg/330px-Plimoth_Plantation_Native_American_Wigwam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Plimoth_Plantation_Native_American_Wigwam.jpg/440px-Plimoth_Plantation_Native_American_Wigwam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Wampanoag educator at <a href="/wiki/Plimoth_Patuxet" title="Plimoth Patuxet">Plimoth Patuxet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Today, there are two <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized">federally recognized</a> Wampanoag tribes and no <a href="/wiki/State-recognized" class="mw-redirect" title="State-recognized">state-recognized</a> Wampanoag tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe" title="Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe">Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe</a> has about 3,200 enrolled citizens in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Gay_Head_(Aquinnah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)">Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)</a> had 1,364 enrolled tribal citizens in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some genealogy experts testified that some of the tribes did not demonstrate the required continuity since historic times. For instance, in his testimony to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the historian Francis Hutchins said that the Mashpee "were not an Indian tribe in the years 1666, 1680, 1763, 1790, 1834, 1870, and 1970, or at any time between 1666 and 1970."<sup id="cite_ref-Day_36,_130–140_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day_36,_130–140-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In his opinion, an Indian tribe was "an entity composed of persons of American Indian descent, which entity possesses distinct political, legal, cultural attributes, which attributes have descended directly from aboriginal precursors."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without accounting for cultural change, adaptation, and the effects of non-Indian society, Hutchins argued the Mashpee were not an Indian tribe historically because they adopted Christianity and non-Indian forms of dress and appearance, and chose to remain in Massachusetts as "second-class" citizens rather than emigrating westward (note: to Indian Territory) to "resume tribal existence." Hutchins also noted that they intermarried with non-Indians to create a "non-white" or "colored" community.<sup id="cite_ref-Day_36,_130–140_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day_36,_130–140-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hutchins appeared to require unchanged culture, including maintenance of a traditional religion and essentially total social autonomy from non-Indian society."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A project titled "Massachusetts Native Peoples and the Social Contract: A Reassessment for Our Times" began in 2015 to serve as an updated report on the cultural, linguistic, and economic state of Wampanoag peoples, including those from federally and non-federally recognized tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federally_recognized_Wampanoag_tribes">Federally recognized Wampanoag tribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Federally recognized Wampanoag tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe">Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe" title="Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe">Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe" title="Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe">Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe</a><sup id="cite_ref-fr22_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fr22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consists of more than 1,400 enrolled members<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who must meet defined membership requirements including lineage, community involvement and reside within 20 miles of Mashpee.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1924 they have held an annual <a href="/wiki/Powwow" title="Powwow">powwow</a> at the beginning of July in <a href="/wiki/Mashpee,_Massachusetts" title="Mashpee, Massachusetts">Mashpee</a>. This first powwow was held at the New Light Baptist Church, at the time called Pondville Church, in Pondville, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council was established in 1972 under the leadership of its first president, Russell "Fast Turtle" Peters. In 1974 the Council petitioned the Bureau of Indian Affairs for recognition. In 1976 the tribe sued the Town of Mashpee for the return of ancestral homelands. The case was lost but the tribe continued to pursue federal recognition for three decades. </p><p>In 2000 the Mashpee Wampanoag council was headed by chairman Glenn Marshall. Marshall led the group until 2007 when it was disclosed that he had a prior conviction for rape, had lied about having a military record and was under investigation associated for improprieties associated with the tribe's casino lobbying efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall was succeeded by tribal council vice- chair Shawn Hendricks. He held the position until Marshall pleaded guilty in 2009 to federal charges of embezzling, wire fraud, mail fraud, tax evasion and election finance law violations. He steered tens of thousands of dollars in illegal campaign contributions to politicians through the tribe's hired lobbyist <a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Jack Abramoff</a>, who was convicted of numerous charges in a much larger scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the arrests of Abramoff and Marshall, the newly recognized Mashpee Tribe led by new chair Shawn Hendricks, continued to work with Abramoff lobbyist colleague <a href="/wiki/Kevin_A._Ring" title="Kevin A. Ring">Kevin A. Ring</a> pursuing their Indian gaming-related interests.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ring was subsequently convicted on corruption charges linked to his work for the Mashpee band. Tribal elders who had sought access to the tribal council records detailing the council's involvement in this scandal via a complaint filed in Barnstable Municipal Court were shunned by the council and banned them from the tribe for seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009 the tribe elected council member <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Cromwell" title="Cedric Cromwell">Cedric Cromwell</a> to the position of council chair and president. Cromwell ran a campaign based on reforms and distancing himself from the previous chairmen, even though he had served as a councilor for the prior six years during which the Marshall and Abramoff scandals took place – including voting for the shunning of tribe members who tried to investigate.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A challenge to Cromwell's election by defeated candidates following allegations of tampering with voting and enrollment records was filed with the Tribal Court, and Cromwell's administration has been hampered by a series of protest by Elders over casino-related finances.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mashpee Wampanoag tribal offices are located in Mashpee on Cape Cod. After decades of legal disputes, the Mashpee Wampanoag obtained provisional recognition as an Indian tribe from the Bureau of Indian Affairs in April 2006, and official Federal recognition in February 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-boston.com_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boston.com-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribal members own some land, as well as land held in common by Wampanoag descendants at both Chapaquddick and Christiantown. Descendants have also purchased land in <a href="/wiki/Middleborough,_Massachusetts" title="Middleborough, Massachusetts">Middleborough, Massachusetts</a>, upon which the tribe under Glenn A. Marshall's leadership had lobbied to build a <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casino</a>. The tribe has moved its plans to <a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton, Massachusetts</a>, but their territorial rights have been challenged by the <a href="/wiki/Pocasset_Wampanoag_Tribe_of_the_Pokanoket_Nation" title="Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe of the Pokanoket Nation">Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe of the Pokanoket Nation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_that_self-identify_as_Native_American_tribes" title="List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes">organization not recognized as a tribe</a>. </p><p>But Indian gaming operations are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Indian_Gaming_Commission" title="National Indian Gaming Commission">National Indian Gaming Commission</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Gaming_Regulatory_Act" title="Indian Gaming Regulatory Act">Indian Gaming Regulatory Act</a>. It contains a general prohibition against gaming on lands acquired into trust after October 17, 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe's attempts to gain approvals have been met with legal and government approval challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wampanoag Tribe's plan as of 2011 had agreement for financing by the Malaysian <a href="/wiki/Genting_Group" title="Genting Group">Genting Group</a> and has the political support of Massachusetts Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Deval Patrick</a>, and former Massachusetts Congressman <a href="/wiki/Bill_Delahunt" title="Bill Delahunt">Bill Delahunt</a>, who is working as a lobbyist to represent the casino project.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Kerry<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Delahunt<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> received campaign contributions from the Wampanoag Tribe in transactions authorized by Glenn Marshall as part of the Abramoff lobbying scandal. </p><p>In November 2011, the Massachusetts legislature passed a law to license up to three sites for gaming resort casinos and one for a slot machine parlor.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wampanoag are given a "headstart" to develop plans for a casino in southeastern part of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A December 2021 ruling from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a> gives the Mashpee Wampanoag "substantial control" over 320 acres on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> had put the land in federal trust, but the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> reversed that decision. A federal judge blocked that action and the federal government appealed, but the <a href="/wiki/Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden administration">Biden administration</a> dropped the appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Gay_Head_(Aquinnah)"><span id="Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Gay_Head_.28Aquinnah.29"></span>Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Gay_Head" title="Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head">Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WampanoagWhaler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WampanoagWhaler.jpg/220px-WampanoagWhaler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/WampanoagWhaler.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Amos Hoskins, an Aquinnah Wampanoag Whaling Captain</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Gay_Head_(Aquinnah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)">Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)</a> are headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Aquinnah,_Massachusetts" title="Aquinnah, Massachusetts">Aquinnah, Massachusetts</a>. <i>Aquinnah</i> translates as "land under the hill".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the only Wampanoag tribe to have a <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">formal land-in-trust reservation</a>, which is located on Martha's Vineyard. Their reservation consists of 485 acres (1.96 km<sup>2</sup>) and is located on the outermost southwest part of the island. In 1972, Aquinnah Wampanoag descendants formed the Wampanoag Tribal Council of Gay Head, Inc., to achieve <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and federal recognition. The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> recognized the tribe in 1987. The tribe has 1,121 enrolled citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Widdiss" title="Gladys Widdiss">Gladys Widdiss</a>, an Aquinnah Wampanoag tribal historian and potter, served as the President of the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head from 1978 to 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-vg_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vg-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aquinnah Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head won federal recognition from the United States government during her tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-vg_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vg-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Widdis, the Aquinnah Wampanoag also acquired the Herring Creek, the <a href="/wiki/Gay_Head_Cliffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Head Cliffs">Gay Head Cliffs</a>, and the cranberry bogs surrounding Gay Head (now called Aquinnah) during her presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-vg_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vg-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Aquinnah Wampanoag are led by tribal council chair Cheryl Andrews-Maltais, who was elected to the post in November 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Andrews-Maltais put forward plans for the development of an Aquinnah reservation casino, which was met with opposition by state and local officials.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State-recognized_tribe">State-recognized tribe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: State-recognized tribe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Herring_Pond_Wampanoag_Tribe" title="Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe">Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe</a> is a state-recognized tribe based in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/Maura_Healey" title="Maura Healey">Maura Healey</a> granted them state-recognition on November 19, 2024 through Executive Order 637.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_heritage_groups">Cultural heritage groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cultural heritage groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_that_self-identify_as_Native_American_tribes#Massachusetts" title="List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes">List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes § Massachusetts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_that_self-identify_as_Native_American_tribes#Rhode_Island" title="List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes">List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes § Rhode Island</a></div> <p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_that_self-identify_as_Native_American_tribes" title="List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes">organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes</a> identify as Wampanoag. The Massachusetts' Commission on Indian Affairs works with some of these organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-mcia_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcia-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some groups have submitted letters of intent to petition for federal acknowledgment, but none have actively petitioned for federal acknowledgment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unrecognized groups who identify as being of Wampanoag descent include: </p> <ol><li>Assawompsett-Nemasket Band of Wampanoags</li> <li>Assonet Band of Wampanoags</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_Wampanoag_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chappaquiddick Wampanoag Tribe">Chappaquiddick Wampanoag Tribe</a>, South Yarmouth, MA (Letter of Intent to Petition 05/21/2007)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Massachuset-Ponkapoag Tribal Council, Holliston, MA<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nova Scotia Wampanoag Council, Clark's Harbour, NS<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocasset_Wampanoag_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocasset Wampanoag Indian Tribe">Pocasset Wampanoag Indian Tribe</a>, Great Falls, MA. (Letter of Intent to Petition 1/23/1995)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaconke_Wampanoag_Tribe" title="Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe">Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe</a>, Warwick, RI (Letter of Intent to Petition 10/29/1998)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Year </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Note </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1610 </td> <td>6,600 </td> <td>mainland 3,600; islands 3,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Mooney" title="James Mooney">James Mooney</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1620 </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>mainland 2,000 (after the epidemics); islands 3,000 </td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1677 </td> <td>400 </td> <td>mainland (after King Philip's War) </td> <td>general estimate </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">2000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,336 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Wampanoag </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">US Census</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2010 </td> <td>2,756 </td> <td>Wampanoag </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">US Census</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_historical_Wampanoag_people">Notable historical Wampanoag people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable historical Wampanoag people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Note: Contemporary people are listed under their specific tribes.</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askamaboo" title="Askamaboo">Askamaboo</a>, 17th-century female Nantucket sachem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a>, first person killed in <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cheeshahteaumuck" title="Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck">Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck</a>, the first American Indian to graduate from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbitant" title="Corbitant">Corbitant</a>, 17th-century sachem of the Pocasset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massasoit" title="Massasoit">Massasoit</a>, the sachem who befriended the Mayflower pilgrims</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacom" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacom">Metacom</a> or Metacomet, Massasoit's second son, also called Philip, who initiated <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sassamon" title="John Sassamon">John Sassamon</a>, early translator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamsutta" title="Wamsutta">Wamsutta</a>, Massasoit's oldest son, also known as Alexander</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weetamoo" title="Weetamoo">Weetamoo</a> of the Pocasset, a woman who supported Metacom and drowned crossing the <a href="/wiki/Taunton_River" title="Taunton River">Taunton River</a> during King Philip's War; one of her husbands was <a href="/wiki/Wamsutta" title="Wamsutta">Wamsutta</a>, a brother to King Phillip (Metacom)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_other_media">Representation in other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Representation in other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashtego" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashtego">Tashtego</a> was a fictional Wampanoag harpooneer from Gay Head in <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Moby_Dick" class="mw-redirect" title="Moby Dick">Moby Dick</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wampanoag history from 1621 to King Philip's War is depicted in the first part of <i><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Remain#After_the_Mayflower" title="We Shall Remain">We Shall Remain</a></i>, a 2009 documentary.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Columbus" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Columbus">City of Columbus</a></i> was an 1884 shipwreck where a group of Wampanoag risked their lives to save passengers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttyhunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttyhunk">Cuttyhunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_settlers_of_Rhode_Island" title="List of early settlers of Rhode Island">List of early settlers of Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Massachusetts" title="Native American tribes in Massachusetts">Native American tribes in Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Indian_Meeting_House" title="Old Indian Meeting House">Old Indian Meeting House</a>, 1684 church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="State recognized tribes in the United States">State recognized tribes in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/cen2010/cph-2-23.pdf">"Massachusetts: 2010; Population and Housing Unit Counts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>US Census 2010</i>. US Department of Commerce. August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Census+2010&rft.atitle=Massachusetts%3A+2010%3B+Population+and+Housing+Unit+Counts&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fcen2010%2Fcph-2-23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coquilletribe.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/BOC-11-07-19-9-ED-Att.-1C-Census-2020-AIAN-Count-Table-2010.pdf">"2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Census+CPH-T-6.+American+Indian+and+Alaska+Native+Tribes+in+the+United+States+and+Puerto+Rico%3A+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coquilletribe.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F11%2FBOC-11-07-19-9-ED-Att.-1C-Census-2020-AIAN-Count-Table-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-salwen171-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salwen171_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salwen171_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island," p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omniglot-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omniglot_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omniglot_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omniglot_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/writing/massachusett.htm">"Massachusett (Wôpanâôtuwâôk)"</a>. <i>Omniglot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Massachusett+%28W%C3%B4pan%C3%A2%C3%B4tuw%C3%A2%C3%B4k%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fmassachusett.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fr22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fr22_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr22_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Herring Pond Tribe is a historical Wampanoag Tribe located in Plymouth and Bourne, Massachusetts <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Indian_Affairs2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bureau of Indian Affairs (January 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/01/28/2022-01789/indian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of">"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"</a>. <i>Federal Register</i>. <b>86</b> (FR 7554): 4636<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Indian+Entities+Recognized+by+and+Eligible+To+Receive+Services+From+the+United+States+Bureau+of+Indian+Affairs&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=FR+7554&rft.pages=4636&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft.au=Bureau+of+Indian+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2022%2F01%2F28%2F2022-01789%2Findian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_are_the_Wampanoag-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who_are_the_Wampanoag_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_are_the_Wampanoag_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_are_the_Wampanoag_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_are_the_Wampanoag_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plimoth.org/for-students/homework-help/who-are-the-wampanoag">"Who are the Wampanoag?"</a>. <i>Plimoth Patuxet Museums</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plimoth+Patuxet+Museums&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Wampanoag%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplimoth.org%2Ffor-students%2Fhomework-help%2Fwho-are-the-wampanoag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashpeewampanoagtribe-nsn.gov/">"Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe"</a>. <i>Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe</i>. November 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mashpee+Wampanoag+Tribe&rft.atitle=Mashpee+Wampanoag+Tribe&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashpeewampanoagtribe-nsn.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/16/2/281.htm">Marr JS, Cathey JT. "New hypothesis for cause of an epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619"</a>, <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases,</i> Centers for Disease Control, 2010 Feb <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Fedi1602.090276">10.3201/edi1602.090276</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wampanoagtribe-nsn.gov/wampanoag-history">"Wampanoag History"</a>. <i>Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wampanoag+Tribe+of+Gay+Head+%28Aquinnah%29&rft.atitle=Wampanoag+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwampanoagtribe-nsn.gov%2Fwampanoag-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wampanoag">"Wampanoag | Definition, History, Government, Food, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Wampanoag+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+Government%2C+Food%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWampanoag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashpeewampanoagtribe-nsn.gov/february-2018-mittark/2018/1/31/mashpee-high-school-offers-first-ever-native-american-language-course">"Mashpee High School Offers First-Ever Native American Language Course"</a>. <i>mashpeewampanoagtribe-nsn.gov</i>. 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No. May/June 2008. Massachusetts Institute of Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+Review&rft.atitle=Saving+a+Language%3A+A+rare+book+in+MIT%27s+archives+helps+linguists+revive+a+long-unused+Native+American+language&rft.issue=May%2FJune+2008&rft.date=2008-04-22&rft.aulast=Mifflin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2008%2F04%2F22%2F220796%2Fsaving-a-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas-Lithgow1909" class="citation book cs1">Douglas-Lithgow, Robert Alexander (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyYtAAAAYAAJ"><i>Dictionary of American-Indian Place and Proper Names in New England</i></a>. Salem, MA: Salem Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0780803923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0780803923"><bdi>978-0780803923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American-Indian+Place+and+Proper+Names+in+New+England&rft.place=Salem%2C+MA&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=978-0780803923&rft.aulast=Douglas-Lithgow&rft.aufirst=Robert+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFyYtAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks" class="citation web cs1">Brooks, Lisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourbelovedkin.com/awikhigan/assonet">"Our Beloved Kin: Remapping A New History of King Philip's War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Beloved+Kin%3A+Remapping+A+New+History+of+King+Philip%27s+War&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourbelovedkin.com%2Fawikhigan%2Fassonet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiment1996" class="citation book cs1">Ciment, James (1996). <i>Encyclopedia of the North American Indian</i>. Scholastic. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-590-22790-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-590-22790-4"><bdi>0-590-22790-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+North+American+Indian&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Scholastic&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-590-22790-4&rft.aulast=Ciment&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hosm-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hosm_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hosm_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hosm_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1917" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Otis Olney, ed. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofswansea00wrig#page/18/mode/1up"><i>History of Swansea, Massachusetts, 1667–1917</i></a>. Town of Swansea. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1018149266">1018149266</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Swansea%2C+Massachusetts%2C+1667%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Town+of+Swansea&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1018149266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofswansea00wrig%23page%2F18%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plane, Anne Marie. <i>Colonial Intimacies: Indian Marriage in Early New England</i>. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press), 2000: 20, 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HNAI-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HNAI_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Handbook of North American Indians.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Bragdon, Kathleen, "Gender as a Social Category in Native Southern New England," <i>Ethnohistory</i> 43:4, 1996, p. 576, and Plane, <i>Colonial Intimacies,</i> p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plane, <i>Colonial Intimacies,</i> p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plane, <i>Colonial Intimacies,</i> p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury, Neal. Introduction, Mary Rowlandson, <i>The Sovereignty and Goodness of God</i>. Boston, MA: Bedford Books, 1997, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Indians of Southern New England and Long Island, early period," <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>, vol. 15., 1978. (Bruce G. Trigger, ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 171f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Roger. <i>Narrangansett Women</i>. (Originally published 1643, cited from Woloch, N., ed., <i>Early American Women: A Documentary History, 1600–1900</i> (New York: McGraw-Hill), 1997, p. 8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silverman2003-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silverman2003_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2003" class="citation book cs1">Silverman, David J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reinterpretingne0000unse/page/278/mode/2up">"The Church in New England Indian Community Life: A View from the Islands and Cape Cod"</a>. In Calloway, Colin G.; Salisbury, Neal (eds.). <i>Reinterpreting New England Indians and the Colonial Experience</i>. Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. pp. 278–279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9620737-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9620737-6-8"><bdi>0-9620737-6-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Church+in+New+England+Indian+Community+Life%3A+A+View+from+the+Islands+and+Cape+Cod&rft.btitle=Reinterpreting+New+England+Indians+and+the+Colonial+Experience&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=278-279&rft.pub=Colonial+Society+of+Massachusetts&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-9620737-6-8&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freinterpretingne0000unse%2Fpage%2F278%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wlrp.org/">Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project homepage.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins-Hughes2010" class="citation news cs1">Collins-Hughes, Laura (September 28, 2010). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Genius grant' a boost to linguist as she revives native language". <i>The Boston Globe</i>. pp. A1, A14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=%27Genius+grant%27+a+boost+to+linguist+as+she+revives+native+language&rft.pages=A1%2C+A14&rft.date=2010-09-28&rft.aulast=Collins-Hughes&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWI-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DWI_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DWI_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DWI_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Die Welt der Indianer.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1622" class="citation book cs1">Morton, George (1622). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/mourt1.html"><i>Mourt's Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, 1622, Part I</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mourt%27s+Relation%3A+A+Journal+of+the+Pilgrims+at+Plymouth%2C+1622%2C+Part+I&rft.date=1622&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histarch.illinois.edu%2Fplymouth%2Fmourt1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marr_JS,_Cathey_JT_281–6-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marr_JS,_Cathey_JT_281–6_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarrCathey2010" class="citation journal cs1">Marr JS, Cathey JT (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/16/2/281.htm">"New hypothesis for cause of an epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619"</a>. <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 281–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1602.090276">10.3201/eid1602.090276</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957993">2957993</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20113559">20113559</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130082204/http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/2/281.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=New+hypothesis+for+cause+of+an+epidemic+among+Native+Americans%2C+New+England%2C+1616%E2%80%931619&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=281-286&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2957993%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20113559&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1602.090276&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Cathey%2C+JT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2FEID%2Fcontent%2F16%2F2%2F281.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury, Neal. <i>Manitou and Providence</i>, (Oxford University Press), 1982, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224003144/http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/TG_What_Happened_in_1621.pdf">"PRIMARY SOURCES FOR "THE FIRST THANKSGIVING" AT PLYMOUTH"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/TG_What_Happened_in_1621.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PRIMARY+SOURCES+FOR+%22THE+FIRST+THANKSGIVING%22+AT+PLYMOUTH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilgrimhallmuseum.org%2Fpdf%2FTG_What_Happened_in_1621.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plane, <i>Colonial Intimacies,</i> pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury, <i>Manitou and Providence,</i> p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plane, <i>Colonial Intimacies,</i> p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronda, James P. "Generations of Faith: The Christian Indians of Martha's Vineyard", <i>William and Mary Quarterly 38</i>, 1981, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from James Ronda, <i>Generations of Faith,</i> pp. 384–388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Experience Mayhew, sermon, "Family Religion Excited and Assisted", 1714–28, quoted from Plane, <i>Colonial Intimacies,</i> p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hist_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolatsga.org/wampa.html">Wampanoag History</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a much more detailed examination of John Sassamon, his murder, and its effects on King Philip's War, see Jill Lepore's <i>The Name of War</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury, Introduction to <i>Mary Rowlandson,</i> p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury, Introduction to Mary Rowlandson, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Mary Rowlandson, The Sovereignty and Goodness of God, pp. 75 and 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury, Introduction to Mary Rowlandson, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury, Introduction to Mary Rowlandson, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112shrg68389/pdf/CHRG-112shrg68389.pdf">"THE INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT—75 YEARS LATER: RENEWING OUR COMMITMENT TO RESTORE TRIBAL HOMELANDS AND PROMOTE SELF–DETERMINATION | HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON INDIAN AFFAIRS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS | FIRST SESSION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.govinfo.gov</i>. June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=THE+INDIAN+REORGANIZATION+ACT%E2%80%9475+YEARS+LATER%3A+RENEWING+OUR+COMMITMENT+TO+RESTORE+TRIBAL+HOMELANDS+AND+PROMOTE+SELF%E2%80%93DETERMINATION+%7C+HEARING+BEFORE+THE+COMMITTEE+ON+INDIAN+AFFAIRS+UNITED+STATES+SENATE+ONE+HUNDRED+TWELFTH+CONGRESS+%7C+FIRST+SESSION&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCHRG-112shrg68389%2Fpdf%2FCHRG-112shrg68389.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HNAIff-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HNAIff_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HNAIff_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HNAIff_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HNAIff_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Handbook of North American Indians.</i> Chapter: Indians of Southern New England and Long Island, late period, pp. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaenz" class="citation web cs1">Saenz, Martha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncsl.org/legislators-staff/legislators/quad-caucus/list-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx#State">"Federal and State Recognized Tribes"</a>. <i>National Conference of State Legislatures</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft.atitle=Federal+and+State+Recognized+Tribes&rft.aulast=Saenz&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Flegislators-staff%2Flegislators%2Fquad-caucus%2Flist-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx%23State&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashpeewampanoagtribe-nsn.gov/">"Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mashpee+Wampanoag+Tribe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashpeewampanoagtribe-nsn.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wampanoagtribe-nsn.gov/membership">"Membership"</a>. <i>Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wampanoag+Tribe+of+Gay+Head+%28Aquinnah%29&rft.atitle=Membership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwampanoagtribe-nsn.gov%2Fmembership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day_36,_130–140-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Day_36,_130–140_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_36,_130–140_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Day 36, 130–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrillo1998" class="citation book cs1">Carrillo, Jo (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMW6WiPbtLsC"><i>Readings in American Indian Law: Recalling the Rhythm of Survival</i></a>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566395823" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566395823"><bdi>978-1566395823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+American+Indian+Law%3A+Recalling+the+Rhythm+of+Survival&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1566395823&rft.aulast=Carrillo&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMW6WiPbtLsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashpeewampanoagtribe.com/mashpee_final_determination.pdf">"Testimony of Historian Francis Hutchins"</a>, <i>Mashpee Wampanoag Final Determination,</i> 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortalewska2015" class="citation news cs1">Portalewska, Agnes (December 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/envisioning-future-revisiting-past-massachusetts-tribes">"Envisioning the Future by Revisiting the Past: Massachusetts Tribes Make Their Voices Heard"</a>. <i>Cultural Survival</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Survival&rft.atitle=Envisioning+the+Future+by+Revisiting+the+Past%3A+Massachusetts+Tribes+Make+Their+Voices+Heard&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft.aulast=Portalewska&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalsurvival.org%2Fpublications%2Fcultural-survival-quarterly%2Fenvisioning-future-revisiting-past-massachusetts-tribes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/xofa/documents/text/idc-001338.pdf">Final Determination for Federal Acknowledgment Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921194905/http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/xofa/documents/text/idc-001338.pdf">Archived</a> September 21, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bureau for Indian Affairs, February 15, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BxtwlTx_3IuNNUF5YzZMOXUyNFE/edit?pli=1">Mashpee Wampanoag Enrollment Ordinance</a>, Bureau of Indian Affairs, filed 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMand2018" class="citation news cs1">Mand, Frank (September 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905181521/https://plymouth.wickedlocal.com/news/20180905/herring-pond-wampanoag-asking-for-six-acres-in-south-plymouth">"Herring Pond Wampanoag asking for six acres in South Plymouth"</a>. <i>Wicked Local</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plymouth.wickedlocal.com/news/20180905/herring-pond-wampanoag-asking-for-six-acres-in-south-plymouth">the original</a> on September 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wicked+Local&rft.atitle=Herring+Pond+Wampanoag+asking+for+six+acres+in+South+Plymouth&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft.aulast=Mand&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplymouth.wickedlocal.com%2Fnews%2F20180905%2Fherring-pond-wampanoag-asking-for-six-acres-in-south-plymouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929211351/http://www.capecodtoday.com/blogs/index.php/2007/08/26/glenn_marshall_there_is_still_much_to_te?blog=145">"WampaGate – Glenn Marshall: There is still much to tell"</a>, <i>Cape Cod Times,</i> August 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/05/08/former_wampanoag_leader_sentenced/">"Former Wampanoag leader sentenced"</a>, <i>Boston Globe,</i> May 8, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070825/NEWS/708250329&cid=sitesearch">"Marshall Timeline"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725214455/http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070825%2FNEWS%2F708250329&cid=sitesearch">Archived</a> July 25, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Cape Cod Times</i>, August 25, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080911/NEWS/809110311/-1/NEWS">Cape tribe feels heat from lobbyist scandal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727081603/http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080911%2FNEWS%2F809110311%2F-1%2FNEWS">Archived</a> July 27, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cape Cod Times, September 11, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capecodtoday.com/blogs/index.php/2007/10/09/feds_demand_tribe_s_letters_to_abramoff?blog=145">Fed letter demands 8 pages of tribe's letters to Abramoff, others</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081104185502/http://www.capecodtoday.com/blogs/index.php/2007/10/09/feds_demand_tribe_s_letters_to_abramoff?blog=145">Archived</a> November 4, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cape Cod Today, October 9, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capecodtoday.com/blogs/index.php/2009/02/08/bulletin-cedric-cromwell-elected-chairma?blog=53">"Cedric Cromwell elected chairman"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929211558/http://www.capecodtoday.com/blogs/index.php/2009/02/08/bulletin-cedric-cromwell-elected-chairma?blog=53">Archived</a> September 29, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Cape Cod Times,</i> February 2, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feathernews.blogspot.com/2009/09/mashpee-wampanoag-tribe-cuts-budget.html">Mashpee Wampanoag elders gather outside tribal headquarters yesterday, seeking information about the tribe's finances since Chairman Cedric Cromwell took over</a>, Cape Cod Times, September 24, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reelwamps.com/archives/639">Nellie Hicks Ramos v. Patricia Keliinui, 2009 Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe Election Committee Chair</a>, Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Court, January 17, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boston.com-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boston.com_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/breaking_news/2007/02/mashpee_wampano_1.html">"Mashpee Wampanoag win federal recognition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. February 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Mashpee+Wampanoag+win+federal+recognition&rft.date=2007-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fcity_region%2Fbreaking_news%2F2007%2F02%2Fmashpee_wampano_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enterprisenews.com/answerbook/bridgewater/x304763457/Pocasset-Mashpee-Wampanoags-at-odds-over-which-tribe-should-get-casino-license-for-Taunton">Pocasset Mashpee Wampanoags at odds over which tribe should get casino license for Taunton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130122071714/http://www.enterprisenews.com/answerbook/bridgewater/x304763457/Pocasset-Mashpee-Wampanoags-at-odds-over-which-tribe-should-get-casino-license-for-Taunton">Archived</a> January 22, 2013, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Enterprise Press, April 18, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Indian Gaming Commission, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nigc.gov/Reading_Room/Indian_Land_Opinions.aspx">"Indian Land Options"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928003450/http://www.nigc.gov/Reading_Room/Indian_Land_Opinions.aspx">Archived</a> September 28, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://64.38.12.138/IndianGaming/2011/023180.asp">"City ends deal to sell land for Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe casino"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007105754/http://64.38.12.138/IndianGaming/2011/023180.asp">Archived</a> October 7, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Indian Gaming</i>, January 19, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WPRI News, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpri.com/dpp/news/massachusetts/wpri-fall-river-senator-john-kerry-to-support-mashpee-wampanoag-casino-land-trust-request">"Sen. Kerry to support tribe land trust"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100913054415/http://www.wpri.com/dpp/news/massachusetts/wpri-fall-river-senator-john-kerry-to-support-mashpee-wampanoag-casino-land-trust-request">Archived</a> September 13, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, September 8, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2011/03/former-congressman-bill-delahunt-to-represent-the-mashpee-wampanoag-tribe/">"Former Congressman Bill Delahunt to Represent the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317084940/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2011/03/former-congressman-bill-delahunt-to-represent-the-mashpee-wampanoag-tribe/">Archived</a> March 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Indian Country News,</i> March 12, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CampaignMoney.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.campaignmoney.com/finance.asp?type=io&cycle=06&criteria=wampanoag">"Wampanoag federal campaign contributions"</a> 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinecasinosuite.com/casino-blog/former-ma-congressman-to-lobby-for-tribal-casino/4734/">"Former MA Congressman to Lobby for Tribal Casino"</a>, <i>Casino Suite News,</i> March 11, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/us/massachusetts-casino-bill-passes-in-both-houses.html?_r=1&ref=gambling">Associated Press, "Massachusetts: Casino Bill Passes in Both Houses"</a>, <i>hollywood</i>, November 16, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.boston.com/2011-11-18/news/30415751_1_casino-bill-casino-gambling-casino-license">Mark Arsenault, "Developers start to jockey for casino sites/Early groundwork laid in Springfield, Palmer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120161024/http://articles.boston.com/2011-11-18/news/30415751_1_casino-bill-casino-gambling-casino-license">Archived</a> November 20, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Boston Globe,</i>November 18, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedgpeth2021" class="citation news cs1">Hedgpeth, Danawork=<a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> (December 31, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/12/31/wampanoag-tribe-interior-department-reservation-land/">"Wampanoag, who helped Pilgrims survive, win rights to tribal lands"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wampanoag%2C+who+helped+Pilgrims+survive%2C+win+rights+to+tribal+lands&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft.aulast=Hedgpeth&rft.aufirst=Danawork%3DWashington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2021%2F12%2F31%2Fwampanoag-tribe-interior-department-reservation-land%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BG&p_theme=bg&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADDCA7494773F9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM"><i>Boston Globe</i>, May 15, 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cradleboard.org/cnat/profiles/wanpanoag.htm">"Wampanoag"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200624/http://www.cradleboard.org/cnat/profiles/wanpanoag.htm">Archived</a> October 29, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cradleboard_Teaching_Project" title="Cradleboard Teaching Project">Cradleboard Teaching Project</a></i>. Retrieved: 14 August 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wampanoagtribe.net/Pages/Wampanoag_Member/index">Aquinnah Wampanoag tribal membership committee</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vg-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vg_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vg_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vg_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMéras.2012" class="citation news cs1">Méras., Phyllis (June 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvgazette.com/article.php?35588">"Gladys Widdiss Dies at 97, Was Widely Respected Tribal Elder"</a>. <i>www.mvgazette.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.mvgazette.com&rft.atitle=Gladys+Widdiss+Dies+at+97%2C+Was+Widely+Respected+Tribal+Elder&rft.date=2012-06-15&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9ras.&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvgazette.com%2Farticle.php%3F35588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvtimes.com/news/2007/11/21/cheryl-andrews-maltais-wampanoag-chairman.php">Cheryl Andrews-Maltais elected Wampanoag chairman</a>, <i>Martha's Vineyard Times</i>, November 21, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100609/NEWS/6090331">"Aquinnah pitch island casino plan"</a>, <i>Cape Cod Times</i>, June 9, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevaney2024" class="citation news cs1">Devaney, Racheal (November 20, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capecodtimes.com/story/news/2024/11/20/healey-herring-pond-wampanoag-tribe-plymouth-recognized-ferretti-melissa-mashpee/76426701007/">"Plymouth Wampanoag Tribe granted state recognition. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cape+Cod+Times&rft.atitle=Plymouth+Wampanoag+Tribe+granted+state+recognition.+%27Thousands+of+years+of+existence.%27&rft.date=2024-11-20&rft.aulast=Devaney&rft.aufirst=Racheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capecodtimes.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2024%2F11%2F20%2Fhealey-herring-pond-wampanoag-tribe-plymouth-recognized-ferretti-melissa-mashpee%2F76426701007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcia-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcia_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mass.gov/service-details/indian-affairs">"Indian Affairs"</a>. <i>Commonwealth of Massachusetts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+of+Massachusetts&rft.atitle=Indian+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Fservice-details%2Findian-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/as-ia/ofa/admindocs/ListPetByState_2013-11-12.pdf">"List of Petitioners by State (as of 2013)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>bia.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bia.gov&rft.atitle=List+of+Petitioners+by+State+%28as+of+2013%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bia.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdup%2Fassets%2Fas-ia%2Fofa%2Fadmindocs%2FListPetByState_2013-11-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/ofa/petitions-process">"Petitions in Process | Indian Affairs"</a>. <i>www.bia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bia.gov&rft.atitle=Petitions+in+Process+%7C+Indian+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bia.gov%2Fas-ia%2Fofa%2Fpetitions-process&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/ofa/petitions-resolved">"Petitions Resolved | Indian Affairs"</a>. <i>www.bia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bia.gov&rft.atitle=Petitions+Resolved+%7C+Indian+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bia.gov%2Fas-ia%2Fofa%2Fpetitions-resolved&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ma/000820049">"Massachuset-Ponkapoag Tribal Council, Inc., The"</a>. <i>OpenCorporates</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenCorporates&rft.atitle=Massachuset-Ponkapoag+Tribal+Council%2C+Inc.%2C+The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopencorporates.com%2Fcompanies%2Fus_ma%2F000820049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nswampanoag.org/">"Nova Scotia Wampanoag Council"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nova+Scotia+Wampanoag+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nswampanoag.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1995-04-06/pdf/95-8305.pdf">Petition for Federal Acknowledgment of Existence as an Indian Tribe</a>, Federal Register, April 6, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melville, H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foliosociety.com/book/MBY/moby-dick">"Moby-Dick"</a>, chapter 27. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Folio_Society" title="Folio Society">Folio Society</a></i> 2009. A Limited Edition with 281 illustrations by Rockwell Kent.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bragdon, Kathleen. "Gender as a Social Category in Native Southern New England". American Society for Ethnohistory, <i>Ethnohistory</i> 43:4. Autumn 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F483246">10.2307/483246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/483246">483246</a>.</li> <li>Plane, Anne Marie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FhuDwAAQBAJ"><i>Colonial Intimacies: Indian Marriage in Early New England</i>.</a> Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlandson1997" class="citation book cs1">Rowlandson, Mary White (1997). Salisbury, Neal (ed.). <i>The Sovereignty and Goodness of God</i>. Boston: Bedford Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sovereignty+and+Goodness+of+God&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Bedford+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rowlandson&rft.aufirst=Mary+White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Salisbury, Neal. <i>Manitou and Providence</i>. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 1982.</li> <li>Leach, Douglas Edward. <i>Flintlock and Tomahawk</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00340-6">978-0-393-00340-6</a>, 1958.</li> <li>Ronda, James P. "Generations of Faith: The Christian Indians of Martha's Vineyard." <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> 38, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1921953">10.2307/1921953</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1921953">1921953</a>.</li> <li>Salisbury, Neal. <i>Introduction to The Sovereignty and Goodness of God by Mary Rowlandson</i>. Boston: Bedford Books, 1997.</li> <li>Salisbury, Neal. <i>Manitou and Providence</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.</li> <li>Salisbury, Neal, and Colin G. Calloway, eds. <i>Reinterpreting New England Indians and the Colonial Experience</i>. Vol. 71 of Publications of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Society_of_Massachusetts" title="Colonial Society of Massachusetts">Colonial Society of Massachusetts</a>. Boston: University of Virginia Press, 1993.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalwen1978" class="citation book cs1">Salwen, Bert (1978). "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0VZMQAACAAJ&q=handbook+of+north+american+indians+northeast+1978"><i>Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast, Vol. 15</i></a>. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 160–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1600-4575-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1600-4575-2"><bdi>978-0-1600-4575-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indians+of+Southern+New+England+and+Long+Island%3A+Early+Period&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians%3A+Northeast%2C+Vol.+15&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=160-176&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-1600-4575-2&rft.aulast=Salwen&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0VZMQAACAAJ%26q%3Dhandbook%2Bof%2Bnorth%2Bamerican%2Bindians%2Bnortheast%2B1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWampanoag" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lepore, Jill. <i>The Name of War</i>. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), 1998.</li> <li>Mayhew, Experience. "Family Religion Excited and Assisted" (1714–1728).</li> <li>Mayhew, Experience. "Indian Converts" (1727). (U. Mass. Press edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55849-661-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55849-661-0">1-55849-661-0</a>), 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm.reed.edu/cdm4/indianconverts/">Indian Converts Collection</a></li> <li>Silverman, David. <i>Faith and Boundaries: Colonists, Christianity, and Community Among the Wampanoag Indians of Martha's Vineyard, 1600–1871</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-70695-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-70695-5">0-521-70695-5</a>.</li> <li>Waters, Kate, and Kendall, Russ. <i>Tapenum's Day: A Wampanoag Indian Boy in Pilgrim Times</i>. New York: Scholastic, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-590-20237-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-590-20237-5">0-590-20237-5</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/97b775t5">INDIGENOUS LAND OWNERSHIP IN 17TH CENTURY MISSION COMMUNITIES: A SURVIVAL STORY FROM SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND</a>: A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in HISTORY by Taylor J. Kirsch</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/12025264/">The History of Martha's Vineyard, Dukes County, Massachusetts, in three volumes, Volume I.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampanoag&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Wampanoag" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Wampanoag">Wampanoag</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashpeewampanoagtribe.com/">Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wampanoagtribe-nsn.gov/">Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wlrp.org/">Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plimoth.org">Plimoth Plantation</a>, living history</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peabody.harvard.edu/OE-listening-wampanoag-voices">Listening to Wampanoag Voices: Beyond 1620</a>, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thanksgiving" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:wheat;"><link 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style="width:1%;background:navajowhite;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">History and<br />traditions</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(Canada)" title="Thanksgiving (Canada)">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(governor)" title="William Bradford (governor)">William Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winslow" title="Edward Winslow">Edward Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Brewster" title="Mary Brewster">Mary Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_White_(Mayflower_passenger)" title="Susanna White (Mayflower passenger)">Susanna White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoset" title="Samoset">Samoset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squanto" title="Squanto">Squanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massasoit" title="Massasoit">Massasoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">Cornucopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Proclamation" title="National Thanksgiving Proclamation">National Thanksgiving Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franksgiving" title="Franksgiving">Franksgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation" title="National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation">National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Josepha_Hale" title="Sarah Josepha Hale">Sarah Josepha Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_Wednesday" title="Blackout Wednesday">Blackout Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_Want" title="Freedom from Want">Freedom from Want</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendsgiving" title="Friendsgiving">Friendsgiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erntedankfest_D%C3%BCsseldorf-Urdenbach" title="Erntedankfest Düsseldorf-Urdenbach">Erntedankfest Düsseldorf-Urdenbach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner" title="Thanksgiving dinner">Thanksgiving dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_fryer" title="Turkey fryer">Deep-fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">Gravy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butternut_squash" title="Butternut squash">Butternut squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creamed_corn" title="Creamed corn">Creamed corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashed_potato" title="Mashed potato">Mashed potatoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">Sweet potatoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succotash" title="Succotash">Succotash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bean_casserole" title="Green bean casserole">Green bean casserole</a></li> <li>Pie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato_pie" title="Sweet potato pie">Sweet Potato</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:navajowhite;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Media</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Thanksgiving_songs" title="Category:Thanksgiving songs">Songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant" title="Alice's Restaurant">Alice's Restaurant</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bless_This_House_(song)" title="Bless This House (song)">Bless This House</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bringing_In_the_Sheaves" title="Bringing In the Sheaves">Bringing In the Sheaves</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Come,_Ye_Thankful_People,_Come" title="Come, Ye Thankful People, Come">Come, Ye Thankful People, Come</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_the_Beauty_of_the_Earth" title="For the Beauty of the Earth">For the Beauty of the Earth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jingle_Bells" title="Jingle Bells">Jingle Bells</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Let_All_Things_Now_Living" class="mw-redirect" title="Let All Things Now Living">Let All Things Now Living</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Now_Thank_We_All_Our_God" title="Now Thank We All Our God">Now Thank We All Our God</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Over_the_River_and_Through_the_Wood" title="Over the River and Through the Wood">Over the River and Through the Wood</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Simple_Gifts" title="Simple Gifts">Simple Gifts</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Thanksgiving_Song" title="The Thanksgiving Song">The Thanksgiving Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Gather_Together" title="We Gather Together">We Gather Together</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Plough_the_Fields_and_Scatter" title="We Plough the Fields and Scatter">We Plough the Fields and Scatter</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hold_My_Mule" title="Hold My Mule">You Name It</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Thanksgiving_television_specials" title="Category:Thanksgiving television specials">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bart_vs._Thanksgiving" title="Bart vs. Thanksgiving">Bart vs. Thanksgiving</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Berenstain_Bears_Meet_Bigpaw" title="The Berenstain Bears Meet Bigpaw">The Berenstain Bears Meet Bigpaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bozo,_Gar_and_Ray:_WGN_TV_Classics" title="Bozo, Gar and Ray: WGN TV Classics">Bozo, Gar and Ray: WGN TV Classics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bugs_and_Daffy%27s_Carnival_of_the_Animals" title="Bugs and Daffy's Carnival of the Animals">Bugs and Daffy's Carnival of the Animals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bugs_Bunny%27s_Thanksgiving_Diet" title="Bugs Bunny's Thanksgiving Diet">Bugs Bunny's Thanksgiving Diet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Charlie_Brown_Thanksgiving" title="A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving">A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Doonesbury_Special" class="mw-redirect" title="A Doonesbury Special">A Doonesbury Special</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fluppy_Dogs" title="Fluppy Dogs">Fluppy Dogs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garfield%27s_Thanksgiving" title="Garfield's Thanksgiving">Garfield's Thanksgiving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_Thanksgiving" title="Intergalactic Thanksgiving">Intergalactic Thanksgiving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga_and_the_Muppets_Holiday_Spectacular" title="Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular">Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mouse_on_the_Mayflower" title="The Mouse on the Mayflower">The Mouse on the Mayflower</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oprah%27s_Favorite_Things" title="Oprah's Favorite Things">Oprah's Favorite Things</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saints_%26_Strangers" title="Saints & Strangers">Saints & Strangers</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Slapsgiving" title="Slapsgiving">Slapsgiving</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Slapsgiving_2:_Revenge_of_the_Slap" title="Slapsgiving 2: Revenge of the Slap">Slapsgiving 2: Revenge of the Slap</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Holiday_Special" title="Star Wars Holiday Special">Star Wars Holiday Special</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(Family_Guy)" title="Thanksgiving (Family Guy)">Thanksgiving</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Orphans" title="Thanksgiving Orphans">Thanksgiving Orphans</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thanksgiving_Special" title="The Thanksgiving Special">The Thanksgiving Special</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Hollow" title="Turkey Hollow">Turkey Hollow</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Turkeys_Away" title="Turkeys Away">Turkeys Away</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Very_Gaga_Thanksgiving" title="A Very Gaga Thanksgiving">A Very Gaga Thanksgiving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Winnie_the_Pooh_Thanksgiving" title="A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving">A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:navajowhite;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Associated<br />events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Harvest festival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvest_festivals" title="List of harvest festivals">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_around_Thanksgiving" title="List of films set around Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thanksgiving_television_specials" title="List of Thanksgiving television specials">Thanksgiving television specials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_winter_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of winter festivals">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Great_Tree" title="Macy's Great Tree">Lighting of the Macy's Great Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adoption_Day" title="National Adoption Day">National Adoption Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Black_Friday" title="Cyber Black Friday">Cyber Black Friday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Listening" title="National Day of Listening">National Day of Listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day" title="Native American Heritage Day">Native American Heritage Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgivukkah" title="Thanksgivukkah">Thanksgivukkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">Parades</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novant_Health_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="Novant Health Thanksgiving Day Parade">Novant Health <span style="font-size:85%;">(Charlotte)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="Chicago Thanksgiving Parade">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="America's Thanksgiving Parade">America's <span style="font-size:85%;">(Detroit)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener%E2%80%93Waterloo_Oktoberfest" title="Kitchener–Waterloo Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kitchener-Waterloo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Christmas_Parade" title="Hollywood Christmas Parade">Hollywood Christmas <span style="font-size:85%;">(Los Angeles)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade">Macy's <span style="font-size:85%;">(New York City)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6abc_Dunkin%27_Donuts_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade">6abc-Dunkin' Donuts <span style="font-size:85%;">(Philadelphia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrate_the_Season_Parade" title="Celebrate the Season Parade">Celebrate the Season <span style="font-size:85%;">(Pittsburgh)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Hometown_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="America's Hometown Thanksgiving Parade">America's Hometown <span style="font-size:85%;">(Plymouth)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Mourning_(United_States_protest)" title="National Day of Mourning (United States protest)">National Day of Mourning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day" title="Unthanksgiving Day">Unthanksgiving Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day" title="Buy Nothing Day">Buy Nothing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:navajowhite;text-align:center;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/American_football_on_Thanksgiving" title="American football on Thanksgiving">Football</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Thanksgiving_Day" title="NFL on Thanksgiving Day">NFL on Thanksgiving Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Day_Classic" title="Thanksgiving Day Classic">CFL Thanksgiving Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English%E2%80%93Latin_football_rivalry" title="English–Latin football rivalry">Boston English vs. Boston Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood%E2%80%93Webster_Groves_Turkey_Day_Game" title="Kirkwood–Webster Groves Turkey Day Game">Missouri Turkey Day Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Day_Classic" title="Turkey Day Classic">Turkey Day Classic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Basketball</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrisure_Classic" title="Acrisure Classic">Acrisure Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrisure_Invitational" title="Acrisure Invitational">Acrisure Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Dawgs_Classic" title="Ball Dawgs Classic">Ball Dawgs Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_4_Atlantis" title="Battle 4 Atlantis">Battle 4 Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn_Challenge" title="Cancún Challenge">Cancún Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_Classic" title="Cayman Islands Classic">Cayman Islands Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN_Events_Invitational" title="ESPN Events Invitational">ESPN Events Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Myers_Tip-Off" title="Fort Myers Tip-Off">Fort Myers Tip-Off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Invitational_(basketball)" title="Las Vegas Invitational (basketball)">Las Vegas Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui_Invitational" title="Maui Invitational">Maui Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Players_Era_Festival" title="Players Era Festival">Players Era Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rady_Children%27s_Invitational" title="Rady Children's Invitational">Rady Children's Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoCal_Challenge" title="SoCal Challenge">SoCal Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_Legacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooden Legacy">Wooden Legacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey_trot" title="Turkey trot">Turkey trots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berwick_Run_for_the_Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Berwick Run for the Diamonds">Berwick Run for the Diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Turkey_Trot" title="Buffalo Turkey Trot">Buffalo Turkey Trot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Turkey_Trot" title="Dallas Turkey Trot">Dallas Turkey Trot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feaster_Five_Road_Race" title="Feaster Five Road Race">Feaster Five Road Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Road_Race" title="Manchester Road Race">Manchester Road Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Dog_Show" title="National Dog Show">National Dog Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punkin_chunkin" title="Punkin chunkin">Pumpkin chucking / Pumpkin shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_bowling" title="Turkey bowling">Turkey bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Night_Grand_Prix" title="Turkey Night Grand Prix">Turkey Night Grand Prix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Match_(golf)" title="The Match (golf)">The Match</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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