CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>African immigration to Israel - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1db37625-bd13-4d43-848e-f19e13f7c24c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"African_immigration_to_Israel","wgTitle":"African immigration to Israel","wgCurRevisionId":1258645862,"wgRevisionId":1258645862,"wgArticleId":30493021,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 uses Hebrew-language script (he)","CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description with empty Wikidata description","Use dmy dates from December 2019","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata", "African diaspora in Israel","Demographics of Israel","Economy of Israel","Law of Israel","2000s in Israel","2010s in Israel","Refugees in Israel","Illegal immigration to Israel"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"African_immigration_to_Israel","wgRelevantArticleId":30493021,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2895717","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init" :"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Plitim1.jpg/1200px-Plitim1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Plitim1.jpg/800px-Plitim1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Plitim1.jpg/640px-Plitim1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="African immigration to Israel - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-African_immigration_to_Israel rootpage-African_immigration_to_Israel skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=African+immigration+to+Israel" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=African+immigration+to+Israel" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=African+immigration+to+Israel" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=African+immigration+to+Israel" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Legal status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000–2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000–2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 2000–2006 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000–2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006–2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006–2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 2006–2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006–2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009–2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009–2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 2009–2014 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009–2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015–2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015–2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 2015–2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015–2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Criminal activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handling_of_asylum_seekers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handling_of_asylum_seekers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Handling of asylum seekers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handling_of_asylum_seekers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aid_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aid_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aid organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aid_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_in_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_in_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Response in Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_in_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 International response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">African immigration to Israel</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" > 3 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" title="الهجرة غير الشرعية من إفريقيا إلى إسرائيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهجرة غير الشرعية من إفريقيا إلى إسرائيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="הסתננות מאפריקה לישראל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסתננות מאפריקה לישראל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нелегальная иммиграция из Африки в Израиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нелегальная иммиграция из Африки в Израиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2895717#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:African_immigration_to_Israel" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/African_immigration_to_Israel" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/African_immigration_to_Israel" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&oldid=1258645862" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=African_immigration_to_Israel&id=1258645862&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAfrican_immigration_to_Israel">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAfrican_immigration_to_Israel">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Refugees_from_Africa_in_Israel" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2895717" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Movement from Africa to Israel of people that are not natives or Israeli citizens</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plitim1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Plitim1.jpg/250px-Plitim1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Plitim1.jpg/375px-Plitim1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Plitim1.jpg/500px-Plitim1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>African migrants demonstrating in Tel Aviv</figcaption></figure> African immigration to Israel is the international movement to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> of people that are not natives or do not possess Israeli <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> in order to settle or reside there.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-RCUK-3">[3]</a> This phenomenon began in the second half of the 2000s, when a large number of people from Africa entered Israel, mainly through the then-lightly fenced <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Israel#Border_with_Egypt" title="Borders of Israel">border between Israel and Egypt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the data of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Israeli Interior Ministry</a>, 26,635 people arrived illegally in this way by July 2010,<a href="#cite_note-Knesset_Crime_data_3-4">[4]</a> and over 55,000 by January 2012.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In an attempt to curb the influx, Israel constructed the <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_barrier" title="Egypt–Israel barrier">Egypt–Israel barrier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-6">[6]</a> Since its completion in December 2013, the barrier has almost completely stopped the immigration of Africans into Israel across the Sinai border.<a href="#cite_note-algemeiner.com-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The African refugee population in Israel is composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_in_Israel" title="Sudanese in Israel">Sudanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</a> refugees migrating to Israel through the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Desert">Sinai Desert</a>. Israeli policy concerning these refugees has evolved from a policy of neutrality to a policy of deterrence.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> These refugees began arriving in Israel in the 21st century, led by <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> smugglers.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> As of 2018, the non-Jewish African refugee population in Israel is approximately 36,000.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Israeli citizens living in neighborhoods with large refugee populations have mixed attitudes towards them. Some have claimed refugees are "rapists" and "criminals", while others living in the same neighborhood described them as "peaceful" and "kind."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> With tensions rising and shifting Israeli policy, both deterrence<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and support for the refugees has increased.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Israeli policy toward African refugees have been heavily influenced by the advocacy and legal work of several nonprofits, including the <a href="/wiki/Hotline_for_Refugees_and_Migrants" title="Hotline for Refugees and Migrants">Hotline for Refugees and Migrants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kav_LaOved" title="Kav LaOved">Kav LaOved</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Civil_Rights_in_Israel" title="Association for Civil Rights in Israel">Association for Civil Rights in Israel</a>, and others. As of January 2018, according to the Population and Immigration Authority (PIBA) there were 37,288 African migrants in Israel, not including children born to migrants in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Immigration_Authority-15">[15]</a> Most African migrants are regarded to be legitimate asylum seekers by human rights organizations,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> but the Israeli government says most of them are job seeking work-migrants.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Many of the migrants seek asylum status under the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention relating to the Status of Refugees</a>. Citizens of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> cannot be forcibly deported from Israel. Under international law, Eritrean citizens (who, since 2009, form the majority of the undocumented workers in Israel) cannot be deported due to the opinion of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR) that Eritrea has a difficult internal situation and a forced recruitment and therefore the Eritrean immigrants are defined as a "temporary humanitarian protection group". Israeli authorities have stated that they could not deport Sudanese directly back to Sudan because Israel has no diplomatic ties to Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-Miserable-19">[19]</a> Accordingly, the Israeli authorities grant temporary residence through "conditional release permits" which must be renewed every one to four months, depending on the discretion of the individual immigration official.<a href="#cite_note-Miserable-19">[19]</a> Various authorities in Israel estimate that 80–90% of the undocumented workers live primarily in two centers: more than 60% in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> and more than 20% <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a>, with a few in <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knesset_Crime_data_3-4">[4]</a> Most non-Jewish African refugees have been granted "conditional release" <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visas</a>, which are not valid <a href="/wiki/Work_permit" title="Work permit">work permits</a> in Israel. Lack of a valid work permit severely limits their economic opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-Asylum-Seekers-20">[20]</a> There was a case of a riot targeting African refugees in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, although the Israeli government has arrested and subsequently punished the perpetrators.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal status">edit</a>]</div> According to the government, the majority of the migrants are seeking economic opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> This is not the case among Israel's allies such as the United States, where the vast majority of Eritrean and Sudanese applicants are accepted as refugees. Once in Israel, African migrants have sought refugee status for fleeing forced, open-ended conscription in Eritrea or ethnic cleansing in the Darfur region of Sudan, but the government of Israel maintains that these areas merely have a poor human rights record, which does not automatically entitle one to asylum. To qualify, applicants must establish that they face the risk of personal harm or persecution if they return to their country. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Interior Ministry</a> has failed to review the vast majority of asylum requests.<a href="#cite_note-hope-23">[23]</a> Most migrants request refugee status after arriving in Israel, in accordance with the United Nations's <a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a>. Israel does not review the status of the individual immigrants originating from Eritrea or Sudan, who constitute about 83% of the total people coming to Israel across the Egyptian border,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and instead automatically grants them a <a href="/wiki/Israeli_policy_for_Sudanese_and_Eritrean_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli policy for Sudanese and Eritrean refugees">"temporary protection group"</a> status. This status allows these people to have temporary residence right within Israel, which must be renewed every 3 months; usually this also means that they would be eligible for a <a href="/wiki/Work_permit" title="Work permit">work permit</a> in Israel. In the past Israel also granted an automatic "temporary protection group" status to all citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, although since then the validity of this status has expired. Regarding the other asylum requests filed by citizens of other countries and examined individually, the Interior Ministry stated that only a fraction of them were actually eligible for refugee status.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The Israeli government originally tolerated the new arrivals from Africa. It allowed their entry and many migrants found menial jobs in hotels and restaurants. But after their numbers swelled, concerns were raised.<a href="#cite_note-hope-23">[23]</a> In the second half of the 2000s, there was a significant increase in the number of undocumented workers who immigrated from Africa to Israel by crossing the Egyptian border. In 2006 about 1,000 undocumented workers were detained; in 2007 about 5,000 were detained; in 2008 about 8,700 were detained; and in 2009 about 5,000 were detained.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In the first half of 2010 the migration rate even further increased in the first seven months when over 8,000 undocumented workers were caught.<a href="#cite_note-Knesset_Crime_data-27">[27]</a> The total number of undocumented workers is clearly greater than these figures, because many were not apprehended.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The early wave of undocumented workers came mainly from Sudan, while in 2009 the majority of the immigrants were from <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In early May 2010, it was estimated that 24,339 undocumented workers resided in Israel, of whom the number of Sudanese and Eritrean refugees who are not deportable under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> was 18,959: 5,649 Sudanese and 13,310 Eritreans. 16,766 of them received a special visa (ס 2א 5) granted to illegal immigrants who are non-deportable <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum seekers">asylum seekers</a>. Officially, the visa allows them only to stay in the country, but in practice the state also allows the refugees to work and avoids imposing fines on the Israeli employers who employ them. This special visa requires renewal every three months.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Israeli immigration police patrols the neighborhoods of south <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> regularly and arrests asylum seekers who do not carry a valid visa; the punishment can be one to three months in prison. 141 immigrants, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, received <a href="/wiki/Refugee_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugee status">refugee status</a>. According to the IDF's Operations Division in 2008, most of the countries from where the illegal immigrants came are (in descending order): <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. Most of the illegal immigrants (85%) were men.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-31">[31]</a> Most migrants initially arrive in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and then pay sums of up to twenty thousand dollars for <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> smugglers to transfer them to the border between Egypt and Israel. There have been cases of abuse against male and female migrants committed by the Bedouin smugglers, including <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, kidnapping for ransom, <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">trafficking</a>, and murder. Both male and female migrants have also reported many cases of sexual and physical assault, rape, and the forced removal of bodily organs (kidneys, for example). Another danger for the migrants includes the Egyptian army policy shooting at them in order to prevent crossing the Egypt/Israel border.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> To contain the illegal entry of persons, construction of the <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_barrier" title="Egypt–Israel barrier">Egypt–Israel barrier</a> commenced in 2012 and was completed in 2015. 9,570 citizens of various African countries entered Israel illegally in the first half of 2012, while only 34 did the same in the first six months of 2013, after construction of the main section of the barrier was completed.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> After the entire fence was completed, the number of migrant crossings had dropped to 16 in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000–2006">2000–2006</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2000–2006">edit</a>]</div> Prior to 2000, the Israeli government had not created any specific policies for handling incoming refugees. The determination of refugee status was outsourced to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR). Until 2006, there were no challenges to this system due to the low number of refugees.<a href="#cite_note-discursive-38">[38]</a> Later, a new law was established in which the UNHCR would process asylum applications and send a recommendation to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israeli_National_Status_Granting_Body&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israeli National Status Granting Body (page does not exist)">Israeli National Status Granting Body</a>, which was tasked with deciding refugee status. Approved refugees received temporary residency and temporary work permits in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Immigration_Authority-15">[15]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli government">Israeli government</a> granted only 170 permits of this kind between 2002-2005. Moreover, individuals identified as "citizens of enemy states" were not allowed to seek asylum. This was the status of all <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_refugees_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese refugees in Israel">Sudanese refugees in Israel</a> since both countries <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Israel–Sudan relations">have no diplomatic relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Immigration_Authority-15">[15]</a> The rapid increase in the number of Eritrean and Sudanese immigrants beginning in 2006 changed the Israeli policy towards refugees from these two countries. From then on, the Israeli government began to work towards creating an environment that would be undesirable to refugees.<a href="#cite_note-Immigration_Authority-15">[15]</a> However, in 2007, the Israeli government was still issuing three-month renewable "conditional release" visas, which allowed Eritrean and Sudanese refugees to work. Beginning 2010, all visas upon renewal were issued with a stamp indicating that "this visa is not a working permit."<a href="#cite_note-Immigration_Authority-15">[15]</a> This policy ensured that refugees were protected from deportation to their countries of origin, but they could not legally work in Israel. Due to the precarious legal work status of refugees, they are often discriminated against for job opportunities and have to rely on infrequent jobs to make ends meet.<a href="#cite_note-Immigration_Authority-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006–2008">2006–2008</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2006–2008">edit</a>]</div> Prior to 2006 and throughout 2007, Israeli policy was to detain all refugees from "enemy states" for months at a time. This policy was later discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-discursive-38">[38]</a> In addition, there existed a policy to return refugees to the Sinai desert if they had crossed the border into Israel, but this policy was also ended later by the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Israeli Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-discursive-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2009–2014">2009–2014</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2009–2014">edit</a>]</div> In 2009, the Israeli government formed a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Refugee_Status_Determination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Refugee Status Determination (page does not exist)">Refugee Status Determination</a> (RSD) Unit that works closely with the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The Israeli Immigration and Border Authority processes all asylum requests and authorizes temporary group protection. Most of the Sudanese and Eritrean refugees fell into the latter category, a categorization that significantly delays registration as refugees.<a href="#cite_note-discursive-38">[38]</a> In 2012, Israel built a fence along their <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_barrier" title="Egypt–Israel barrier">border with Egypt</a> to deter the illegal migration of African refugees. The fence has significantly decreased the influx of Sudanese and Eritrean refugees into Israel.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Later that same year, an emergency plan was set in motion to deport refugees to their home countries. Voluntary deportees would be given an opportunity for self-removal and receive 1,000 Euro to assist in repatriation to their homelands.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015–2018">2015–2018</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2015–2018">edit</a>]</div> By 2015, the Israeli government began giving Sudanese and Eritrean refugees a choice to either return to their home countries, move to another state, or be imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-:2-42">[42]</a> Many migrants lived in facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Saharonim_Prison" title="Saharonim Prison">Saharonim Prison</a> and similar ones, where they are free to leave during the day, but must return at night or face imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-:2-42">[42]</a> During the spring of 2018, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> reached a deal with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR) to relocate many refugees into western nations over a period of five years. Israel agreed to grant temporary residency to those who remained.<a href="#cite_note-:3-43">[43]</a> The deal soon fell apart due to pressure from within Netanyahu's own government.<a href="#cite_note-:3-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> As of April 2012, 59,858 illegal immigrants who were never imprisoned in detention facilities have illegally entered into Israel (in August 2010 the number of the imprisoned was 1,900).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Several thousand of them did not end up staying in the country.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The Israeli department of immigration does not keep continuous supervision over their place of residence but, according to estimates based on data from the Israeli police, the local authorities and the aid organizations, approximately 34,000 illegal immigrants originated from <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, about 15,000 originated from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and 10,000 originated from other countries. The Israeli <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Border_Crossings,_Population_and_Immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration of Border Crossings, Population and Immigration">Administration of Border Crossings, Population and Immigration</a> does not keep detailed documentation regarding their place of residence, but according to estimates from 2011, which are based on data from the Israeli police, the local authorities and the NGOs, circa 15,000–17,000 illegal immigrants lived in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> (mainly in southern Tel Aviv, though the number also includes illegal immigrants living in <a href="/wiki/Bat_Yam" title="Bat Yam">Bat Yam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a>) and 4,000–8,000 living in <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a>. While the estimates in <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a> range from 1,500 to 2,000 illegal immigrants, in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> range from 1,000 to 8,000 illegal immigrants, and in <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a> range from 400 to 600 illegal immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> As of 2017, only 39,274 of those who entered the country remain.<a href="#cite_note-Immigration_Authority-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criminal_activity">Criminal activity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criminal activity">edit</a>]</div> In December 2010, Police commissioner Dudi Cohen stated that despite a decline in <a href="/wiki/Robberies" class="mw-redirect" title="Robberies">robberies</a> in the general population, there was a dramatic increase among the illegal immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-Knesset_Crime_data-27">[27]</a> Due to a rise in crime and the feeling of insecurity among residents of southern Tel Aviv, the police established a new station near the central bus station and the Shapira neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The station was staffed by 100-150 police officers. According to the Israeli Police report to the Knesset in March 2012, there was a steady increase in crime among the illegal immigrants from 2007. In 2011, 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Criminal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal case">criminal cases</a> were opened against illegal immigrants from Africa, half of them in the Tel Aviv district. This was an increase of 54% in comparison to the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Mass protests were held supporting the immigrants and their remaining in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Other Israelis called for their deportation due to the rise in crime.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The cases cited included the murder of 68-year-old Esther Galili<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> who was beaten to death near her South Tel Aviv home in 2010 by a drunken Sudanese migrant<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and the rape of 83-year-old Ester Nahman by a 17-year-old Eritrean migrant in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> There was also a rise in <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime" title="Immigration and crime">crimes committed by migrants</a> against members of their own communities.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> According to the local police commander of south Tel Aviv, the number of police officers rose from four or five before the wave of immigrants, to over than 200 in 2017, and they were on duty around the clock. He stated that most of the crimes involved theft, drug sales and domestic violence.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In 2012, the police reported difficulties dealing with crimes committed by this sector due to a lack of interpreters proficient in the <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>. The Israeli legal system reported a similar problem in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In her ruling on the <a href="/wiki/Holot" title="Holot">Holot "open detention facility"</a>, Israeli Supreme Court justice <a href="/wiki/Edna_Arbel" title="Edna Arbel">Edna Arbel</a> stated that regardless of the level of crime committed by infiltrators, the distress of residents of South Tel Aviv should not be underestimated.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Handling_of_asylum_seekers">Handling of asylum seekers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Handling of asylum seekers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holot_detention_center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Holot_detention_center.jpg/220px-Holot_detention_center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Holot_detention_center.jpg/330px-Holot_detention_center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Holot_detention_center.jpg/440px-Holot_detention_center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4995" data-file-height="3330" /></a><figcaption>The entrance to Holot immigration detention center, Negev desert, Israel.</figcaption></figure> In 2010, Israel began building a <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Egypt_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Egypt barrier">barrier</a> along sections of its border with Egypt to curb the influx of refugees from African countries. Construction was completed in January 2013.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> 230 km of fence have been built.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> While 9,570 Africans entered Israel illegally in the first half of 2012, only 34 entered in the first six months of 2013 after construction of the barrier. This represented a decrease of over 99%.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Israel also began deporting illegal immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 2017 Israel announced its intent to deport thousands of illegal immigrants by March 2018.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> African migrants were told to choose between returning to their home countries or being sent to Rwanda and Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Those who did not leave by March 2018 would be jailed until leaving Israel.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> passed an "anti-infiltration law" which meant that many Africans who entered after the bill's passage or those whose visas have expired were sent to the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Saharonim_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Saharonim prison">Saharonim prison</a> without trial. After visiting <a href="/wiki/Saharonim" class="mw-redirect" title="Saharonim">Saharonim</a>, MK <a href="/wiki/Michal_Rozin" title="Michal Rozin">Michal Rozin</a> said that migrants received adequate food and medical care and were not mistreated, but said that sending migrants there instead of prisoners was inhumane, though Israeli officials maintained that conditions there were adequate.<a href="#cite_note-prison-72">[72]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a> declared that long-term custody in Sahronim was unconstitutional, the government opened Holot detention center in December 2013. The 1,800 residents at Holot were allowed to leave but were required to sign in once a day and return for an evening curfew.<a href="#cite_note-hope-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-seder-73">[73]</a> Israeli courts temporarily cancelled the summonses of African migrants to the Holot facility, and froze others until appeals could be heard. Judges also criticized the summons process for fundamental problems, including the failure to examine individual circumstances and the lack of hearings. The government stated that hearings were not necessary because ordering the migrants to travel to Holot did not violate their human rights.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> On 22 September 2014, the High Court struck down the anti-infiltration law and ordered the state to close Holot within 90 days.<a href="#cite_note-Holot1-75">[75]</a> The court addressed whether to limit the detention of migrants and whether to close Holot. On both measures, the court sided with the petitioners (the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Civil_Rights_in_Israel" title="Association for Civil Rights in Israel">Association for Civil Rights in Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hotline_for_Refugees_and_Migrants" title="Hotline for Refugees and Migrants">Hotline for Refugees and Migrants</a>, ASSAF, <a href="/wiki/Kav_LaOved" title="Kav LaOved">Kav LaOved</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Human_Rights%E2%80%93Israel" title="Physicians for Human Rights–Israel">Physicians for Human Rights–Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>–Israel).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The ruling said that conditions at the facility were an "unbearable violation of [their] basic rights, first and foremost the right to freedom and the right to dignity".<a href="#cite_note-Holot1-75">[75]</a> Illegal migrants can no longer be detained for up to a year without trial, however detention continues within legal boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-new_law-77">[77]</a> The detentions in Holot continued, with illegal immigrants being detained for a year and then prevented from living in Tel Aviv and Eilat upon their release.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In November 2017, the Israeli government announced that it would be closing the Holot Detention Center within four months.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> A law passed in 2017 required that employers impose a 20 per cent deduction on the <a href="/wiki/Wages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wages">wages</a> of workers who entered the country illegally from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The deducted money is deposited in a fund along with an employer paid <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Israel" title="Taxation in Israel">tax</a> of 16 per cent. This money is accessible to workers only when they leave Israel.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In April 2018, Israel reached an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to expel around 16,000 African migrants to Western countries in exchange for granting temporary residency in Israel to the same number.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Shortly after, however, the deal was cancelled by the Israeli government.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aid_organizations">Aid organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aid organizations">edit</a>]</div> Israel has a number of organizations focused legal aid, including the <a href="/wiki/Hotline_for_Refugees_and_Migrants" title="Hotline for Refugees and Migrants">Hotline for Refugees and Migrants</a>, ASSAF, <a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Human_Rights-Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians for Human Rights-Israel">Physicians for Human Rights-Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Refugees_Development_Center" title="African Refugees Development Center">African Refugees Development Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Civil_Rights_in_Israel" title="Association for Civil Rights in Israel">Association for Civil Rights in Israel</a>. The secular Jewish organization <a href="/wiki/BINA_Center_for_Jewish_Identity_and_Hebrew_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="BINA Center for Jewish Identity and Hebrew Culture">Bina</a>, located in south Tel Aviv, has helped asylum seekers as well as Israeli citizens understand refugee rights, and has undertaken advocacy and educational activities including frequent trips for Israelis to visit the Holot Detention Center. Most of these organization are funded by the <a href="/wiki/New_Israel_Fund" title="New Israel Fund">New Israel Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Relief organizations have been involved in discussions held in Knesset committees on this issue and have submitted a petition against the measures the state has taken to put a halt to the phenomenon of immigration.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Unitaf creates early-childhood programs for refugee and stateless children living in Israel;<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> the President of the board is <a href="/wiki/Aliza_Olmert" title="Aliza Olmert">Aliza Olmert</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_in_Israel">Response in Israel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Response in Israel">edit</a>]</div> The situation underscores the tension between two strong feelings in Israel. Israel was founded in the wake of the Holocaust and has provided refuge to Jews fleeing oppression around the world. On one hand, many Israelis feel Israel has a special responsibility to assist refugees in such dire conditions. On the other hand, many Israelis fear the continued migration of immigrants and refugees would threaten the Jewish majority.<a href="#cite_note-hope-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-seder-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 2010, Israelis protested the construction of the Holot detention facility, stating that its construction goes against Human Rights values. At the same time, residents of South Tel Aviv demonstrated against the presence of foreigners in their communities.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 2012, nearly 1,000 Israelis from neighborhoods in South Tel Aviv staged a protest against illegal immigrants demanding the deportation and expulsion of migrants from Africa, <a href="/wiki/Miri_Regev" title="Miri Regev">Miri Regev</a> a member of Knesset attended the protest and described the Sudanese as a "cancer" in our body. This protest became violent leading to assault and destruction of property and businesses owned by Sudanese and Eritrean people.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 2015, an immigrant from Eritrea, Habtom Zarhum, was beaten to death by a mob after being misidentified as the perpetrator in a <a href="/wiki/2015_Beersheba_bus_station_shooting" title="2015 Beersheba bus station shooting">terrorist attack at the Beersheva bus station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Refugee <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Seders</a> have been held each year during the Jewish holiday of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Support is also demonstrated through the work of non-profit organizations, including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kavlaoved.org.il/en/">Kav LaOved (Worker's Hotline</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ardc-israel.org/">ARDC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assaf.org.il/en/node/2">ASSAF</a>. In late 2017, early 2018, North American Jewish organizations joined with Israeli NGOs to decry Israel's decision to close Holot and deport asylum seekers.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Israeli demographer <a href="/wiki/Arnon_Soffer" title="Arnon Soffer">Arnon Soffer</a> warned that the migrants could serve as informants or operatives of terrorist organizations. He stated that they were contributing to congestion in the cities and a rise in <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>, and constituted a <a href="/wiki/Demographic_threat#Israel" title="Demographic threat">demographic threat</a>. He predicted that failing to stop the illegal immigration waves at an early stage would lead to much larger waves in the future.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-31">[31]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> economic reporter Nehemiah Strassler wrote that illegal immigrants take the place of manual workers, causing loss of jobs and a reduction in wages. He also said that they burden the health care, welfare and education systems. "We would never be able to raise the standard of living of the needy and reduce the gaps, if we keep on absorbing more and more destitute people."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Israeli MK <a href="/wiki/Ya%27akov_Katz_(politician_born_1951)" title="Ya'akov Katz (politician born 1951)">Ya'akov Katz</a>, who headed the government committee on issue of illegal asylum seekers, proposed establishing a city near the Egyptian border where the immigrants would live until deportation.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In December 2011, Mayor of Tel Aviv <a href="/wiki/Ron_Huldai" title="Ron Huldai">Ron Huldai</a> demanded that the government take "immediate emergency action."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In mid-2010, Eilat residents demonstrated against the inaction of the Israeli government saying they were afraid to walk outside at night in certain neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In the Shapira and Kiryat Shalom neighborhoods in southern Tel Aviv a number of real estate agents stated that they would not rent apartments to illegal immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> On 23 May 2012, over a thousand people demonstrated in the <a href="/wiki/Hatikva_Quarter" title="Hatikva Quarter">Hatikva Quarter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miri_Regev" title="Miri Regev">Miri Regev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Danon" title="Danny Danon">Danny Danon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronit_Tirosh" title="Ronit Tirosh">Ronit Tirosh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Michael Ben-Ari</a> spoke. Later the protest turned violent.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> issued a condemnation of the violence and called to refrain from racism and incitement. He said: "Hatred of foreigners contradicts the fundamental principles of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. I am well aware of the difficulties faced by the residents of south Tel Aviv and other similar areas, but violence is not the solution."<a href="#cite_note-no-violence-100">[100]</a> In a Channel 2 interview in November 2013, Tel Aviv Mayor Ron Huldai scoffed at government policy, saying, "Can 50,000 people be a demographic threat? That's a mockery. ... The truth is they will remain here. They are human beings and I must take care of them."<a href="#cite_note-future-101">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_refugees_in_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/African_refugees_in_Israel.jpg/220px-African_refugees_in_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/African_refugees_in_Israel.jpg/330px-African_refugees_in_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/African_refugees_in_Israel.jpg/440px-African_refugees_in_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Eritrean asylum seekers at Levinsky Park, Tel Aviv. January 8, 2014</figcaption></figure> Demonstrations and rallies supporting the refugees have also been held.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> On 28 December 2013 thousands protested in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> against detention of asylum seekers from Sudan and Eritrea. The protesters marched from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Levinsky_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levinsky Park (page does not exist)">Levinsky Park</a> in South Tel Aviv to city center, decrying the detention without trial of African refugees in the <a href="/wiki/Saharonim" class="mw-redirect" title="Saharonim">Saharonim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holot" title="Holot">Holot</a> detention facilities. Migrants said they feared their lives would be in danger if they returned to their home countries.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> On 15 January 2014, the Knesset Committee on Foreign Workers met to discuss the Immigration and Border Authority policy and its impact on the business sector. African migrants participated in the Knesset meeting. They were supported by MK <a href="/wiki/Michal_Rozin" title="Michal Rozin">Michal Rozin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meretz" title="Meretz">Meretz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In April 2014, activists organized a <a href="/wiki/Passover_seder" class="mw-redirect" title="Passover seder">Passover seder</a> with asylum seekers at the Holot facility to recall the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> story and call attention to the plight of the migrants. Similar seders were held in support of the migrants in Tel Aviv and Washington.<a href="#cite_note-seder-73">[73]</a> Similar events took place in 2015 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_response">International response</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: International response">edit</a>]</div> The Maryland-based refugee rights organization <a href="/wiki/HIAS" title="HIAS">HIAS</a>, whose Israeli branch has been actively assisting African asylum seekers,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> has vocally opposed the Israeli government's policy toward the asylum seekers and has called on Israel to evaluate their refugee status claims in accordance with international law.<a href="#cite_note-HIAS-109">[109]</a> The Los Angeles-based organization <a href="/wiki/StandWithUs" title="StandWithUs">StandWithUs</a>, whose mission is "supporting Israel around the world – through education and fighting anti-Semitism",<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> states that "most of the migrants came to Israel seeking work opportunities, not as refugees escaping war"; as StandWithUs elaborates, "unlike refugees who are fleeing war or persecution, economic migrants leave their countries in search of better work opportunities."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> However, globally, national authorities have found asylum seekers from Eritrea deserving of refugee status in 84% of applications, and have granted refugee status to Sudanese asylum seekers 56% of the time, whereas Israel has only granted 1% of asylum petitions from these asylum seekers.<a href="#cite_note-HIAS-109">[109]</a> Mandatory lifetime conscription is among the human-rights abuses in Eritrea from which they may be fleeing.<a href="#cite_note-truah.org-112">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a>, the clergy organization of Conservative Judaism, passed a resolution in 2016 stating that "Israel’s Ministry of the Interior has been very reluctant to grant refugee status to bona fide asylum seekers" and calling on Israel to do so.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The rabbinic human-rights organization <a href="/wiki/T%27ruah" title="T'ruah">T’ruah</a>, based in New York, has made it a priority to encourage Israel to evaluate all asylum seekers' claims fairly.<a href="#cite_note-truah.org-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem">African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel" title="Geography of Israel">Geography of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Racism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_kidnappings_in_Sinai" title="Refugee kidnappings in Sinai">Refugee kidnappings in Sinai</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105204641/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/immigration">"immigration"</a>. OxfordDictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/immigration">the original</a> on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OxfordDictionaries.com&rft.atitle=immigration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fimmigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immigration">"immigrate"</a>. Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, In. Retrieved 27 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com&rft.atitle=immigrate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fimmigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCUK-3"><a href="#cite_ref-RCUK_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/policy_research/the_truth_about_asylum/the_facts_about_asylum">"Who's who: Definitions"</a>. London, England: Refugee Council. 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who%3A+Definitions&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Refugee+Council&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refugeecouncil.org.uk%2Fpolicy_research%2Fthe_truth_about_asylum%2Fthe_facts_about_asylum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knesset_Crime_data_3-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knesset_Crime_data_3_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knesset_Crime_data_3_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m02625.pdf"><bdi lang="he">נתונים על פשיעה של מסתננים ומבקשי מקלט וכנגד מסת ננים ומבקשי מקלט</bdi></a> [Data on crimes made by illegal immigrants and asylum seekers and of crimes made against illegal immigrants and asylum seekers] (PDF) (in Hebrew). 11 October 2010. p. 3. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98+%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93+%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA+%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2010-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Fmmm%2Fdata%2Fpdf%2Fm02625.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piba.gov.il/PublicationAndTender/ForeignWorkersStat/Documents/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D%20%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%99%202011.pdf"><bdi lang="he">תוני זרים בישראל</bdi></a> [Israeli foreign data] (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israeli authority of population and immigration. January 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.pub=Israeli+authority+of+population+and+immigration&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piba.gov.il%2FPublicationAndTender%2FForeignWorkersStat%2FDocuments%2F%25D7%25A1%25D7%2599%25D7%259B%25D7%2595%25D7%259D%2520%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A0%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599%25202011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-6"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_6-0">^</a> Butcher, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/1504945/Sharon-presses-for-fence-across-Sinai.html">Sharon presses for fence across Sinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, 7 December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-algemeiner.com-7"><a href="#cite_ref-algemeiner.com_7-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.algemeiner.com/2013/12/04/245-mile-1-6-billion-shekel-security-fence-between-israel-and-sinai-completed">Israel Completes 245 Mile, NIS 1.6 Billion Security Fence Along Sinai Border with Egypt</a> Algemeiner, 4 December 2013 2:58 PM </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLappin2019" class="citation news cs1">Lappin, Yaakov (15 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sun-sentinel.com/florida-jewish-journal/fl-jj-israel-border-fence-egypt-transformed-south-20190123-story.html">"Israel's border fence with Egypt has transformed the south"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sun-Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun-Sentinel">South Florida Sun-Sentinel</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+Sun-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+border+fence+with+Egypt+has+transformed+the+south&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft.aulast=Lappin&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sun-sentinel.com%2Fflorida-jewish-journal%2Ffl-jj-israel-border-fence-egypt-transformed-south-20190123-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAM2015" class="citation web cs1">AM, Yardena Schwartz On 10/13/15 at 10:54 (13 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/2015/10/23/what-europe-can-learn-israels-refugee-crisis-382523.html">"Non-Jewish Refugees Get a Cold Shoulder in Israel"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved 28 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Non-Jewish+Refugees+Get+a+Cold+Shoulder+in+Israel&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft.aulast=AM&rft.aufirst=Yardena+Schwartz+On+10%2F13%2F15+at+10%3A54&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2015%2F10%2F23%2Fwhat-europe-can-learn-israels-refugee-crisis-382523.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurst-NicholsJacobsen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Furst-Nichols, Rebecca; Jacobsen, Karen (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fic.tufts.edu/assets/migration-israel.pdf">"African Migration to Israel: Debt, Employment and Remittances"</a> (PDF). Feinstein International Center: 1–20 – via Tufts University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feinstein+International+Center&rft.atitle=African+Migration+to+Israel%3A+Debt%2C+Employment+and+Remittances&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2011-01&rft.aulast=Furst-Nichols&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffic.tufts.edu%2Fassets%2Fmigration-israel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEglash2018" class="citation news cs1">Eglash, Ruth (25 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/israel-scraps-contested-plan-to-deport-tens-of-thousands-of-african-migrants/2018/04/24/8fb93924-47f0-11e8-8082-105a446d19b8_story.html">"Israel scraps contested plan to deport tens of thousands of African migrants"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Israel+scraps+contested+plan+to+deport+tens+of+thousands+of+African+migrants&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft.aulast=Eglash&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fisrael-scraps-contested-plan-to-deport-tens-of-thousands-of-african-migrants%2F2018%2F04%2F24%2F8fb93924-47f0-11e8-8082-105a446d19b8_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/South-Tel-Aviv-residents-show-mixed-emotions-about-African-refugee-crisis-539377">"South Tel Aviv residents show mixed emotions about African refugee crisis"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=South+Tel+Aviv+residents+show+mixed+emotions+about+African+refugee+crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FSouth-Tel-Aviv-residents-show-mixed-emotions-about-African-refugee-crisis-539377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/11/02/israel-african-refugees-youre-not-welcome/804628001/">"Israel to African refugees: You're not welcome here"</a>. USA TODAY. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Israel+to+African+refugees%3A+You%27re+not+welcome+here&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2017%2F11%2F02%2Fisrael-african-refugees-youre-not-welcome%2F804628001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/over-10-000-israelis-protests-deportation-of-african-asylum-seekers-1.5846472">"20,000 Israelis Protest Deportation of African Asylum Seekers"</a>. Haaretz. 24 February 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=20%2C000+Israelis+Protest+Deportation+of+African+Asylum+Seekers&rft.date=2018-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fover-10-000-israelis-protests-deportation-of-african-asylum-seekers-1.5846472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Immigration_Authority-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Immigration_Authority_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Immigration_Authority_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Immigration_Authority_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Immigration_Authority_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Immigration_Authority_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Immigration_Authority_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Immigration_Authority_15-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/reports/foreign_workers_in_israel_summary_2017/he/foreigners_in_Israel_data_2017_1.pdf">"נתוני זרים בישראל"</a> (PDF). Population and Immigration Authority (in Hebrew). January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Population+and+Immigration+Authority&rft.atitle=%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.il%2FBlobFolder%2Freports%2Fforeign_workers_in_israel_summary_2017%2Fhe%2Fforeigners_in_Israel_data_2017_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/10/28/israel-asylum-seekers-blocked-border">"Israel: Asylum Seekers Blocked at Border"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+Asylum+Seekers+Blocked+at+Border&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2012-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2F10%2F28%2Fisrael-asylum-seekers-blocked-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/new-israeli-detention-law-violates-asylum-seekers-rights-2012-01-10">"Israel: New detention law violates rights of asylum-seekers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 10 January 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+New+detention+law+violates+rights+of+asylum-seekers&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2012-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnew-israeli-detention-law-violates-asylum-seekers-rights-2012-01-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/african-migrants-reel-as-israeli-law-cuts-into-their-salaries/">African migrants reel as Israeli law cuts into their salaries</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miserable-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miserable_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miserable_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/09/09/make-their-lives-miserable/israels-coercion-eritrean-and-sudanese-asylum-seekers">"Make Their Lives Miserable"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Make+Their+Lives+Miserable&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2014%2F09%2F09%2Fmake-their-lives-miserable%2Fisraels-coercion-eritrean-and-sudanese-asylum-seekers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asylum-Seekers-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Asylum-Seekers_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaronHashimshony-YaffeCampbell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yaron, Hadas; Hashimshony-Yaffe, Nurit; Campbell, John (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15955/1/Inflitrators%20or%20refugees%20-%20final.pdf">""Infiltrators" or Refugees? An Analysis of Israel's Policy Towards African Asylum-Seekers"</a> (PDF). International Migration. 51 (4): 144–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fimig.12070">10.1111/imig.12070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7985">0020-7985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Migration&rft.atitle=%22Infiltrators%22+or+Refugees%3F+An+Analysis+of+Israel%27s+Policy+Towards+African+Asylum-Seekers&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=144-157&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fimig.12070&rft.issn=0020-7985&rft.aulast=Yaron&rft.aufirst=Hadas&rft.au=Hashimshony-Yaffe%2C+Nurit&rft.au=Campbell%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F15955%2F1%2FInflitrators%2520or%2520refugees%2520-%2520final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/05/24/153634901/violent-riots-target-african-nationals-living-in-israel">"Violent Riots Target African Nationals Living In Israel"</a>. NPR.org. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Violent+Riots+Target+African+Nationals+Living+In+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F05%2F24%2F153634901%2Fviolent-riots-target-african-nationals-living-in-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unfpa.org/migration">"Migration"</a>. United Nations Population Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Population+Fund&rft.atitle=Migration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fmigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hope-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hope_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hope_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hope_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hope_23-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Mac_Dougall_and_Josef_Federman2014" class="citation news cs1">David Mac Dougall and Josef Federman (7 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-african-migrants-in-israel-have-little-hope-2014jan07-story.html">"African migrants in Israel have little hope"</a>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=African+migrants+in+Israel+have+little+hope&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft.au=David+Mac+Dougall+and+Josef+Federman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fsdut-african-migrants-in-israel-have-little-hope-2014jan07-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piba.gov.il/PublicationAndTender/ForeignWorkersStat/Documents/אפריל%202012.pdf"><bdi lang="he">נתוני זרים בישראל</bdi></a> [Israeli foreign data] (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Population and Immigration Authority. April 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.pub=Israel+Population+and+Immigration+Authority&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piba.gov.il%2FPublicationAndTender%2FForeignWorkersStat%2FDocuments%2F%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9C%25202012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahava_Galeon2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zahava Galeon (12 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelhayom.co.il/site/newsletter_opinion.php?id=4936&newsletter=12.11.2010"><bdi lang="he">מסיתים נגד פליטים</bdi></a> [Agitators against refugees]. <a href="/wiki/Israel_HaYom" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel HaYom">Israel HaYom</a> (in Hebrew). Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+HaYom&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93+%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft.au=Zahava+Galeon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelhayom.co.il%2Fsite%2Fnewsletter_opinion.php%3Fid%3D4936%26newsletter%3D12.11.2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m02524.pdf"><bdi lang="he">הטיפול במסתננים מגבול מצרים</bdi></a> [Treatment infiltrators from the border with Egypt] (PDF) (in Hebrew). Knesset Research and Information Center. 26 May 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%94%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.pub=Knesset+Research+and+Information+Center&rft.date=2010-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Fmmm%2Fdata%2Fpdf%2Fm02524.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knesset_Crime_data-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knesset_Crime_data_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knesset_Crime_data_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m02625.pdf"><bdi lang="he">נתונים על פשיעה של מסתננים ומבקשי מקלט וכנגד מסת ננים ומבקשי מקלט</bdi></a> [Data on crimes made by illegal immigrants and asylum seekers and of crimes made against illegal immigrants and asylum seekers] (PDF) (in Hebrew). 11 October 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98+%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93+%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA+%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98&rft.date=2010-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Fmmm%2Fdata%2Fpdf%2Fm02625.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eritreanrefugees.org/surviving-in-israel/">"America Team for Displaced Eritreans » Surviving in Israel"</a>. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America+Team+for+Displaced+Eritreans+%C2%BB+Surviving+in+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feritreanrefugees.org%2Fsurviving-in-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://migrationdataportal.org/regional-data-overview/eastern-africa">"Migration data in Eastern Africa"</a>. Migration data portal. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Migration+data+portal&rft.atitle=Migration+data+in+Eastern+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmigrationdataportal.org%2Fregional-data-overview%2Feastern-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/doc.asp?doc=m02534&type=pdf"><bdi lang="he">קורבנות ניצול למטרות מין ועבדות בקרב המסתננים ומבקשי המקלט בישראל</bdi></a> [Victims of exploitation for sexual purposes and slavery among the infiltrators and asylum seekers in Israel] (in Hebrew). Knesset Research and Information Center. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9C+%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.pub=Knesset+Research+and+Information+Center&rft.date=2010-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Fmmm%2Fdoc.asp%3Fdoc%3Dm02534%26type%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814142203/http://web.hevra.haifa.ac.il/~ch-strategy/images/publications/darfur_refugees.pdf"><bdi lang="he">פליטים או מהגרי עבודה ממדינות אפריקה</bdi></a> [Refugees or migrant workers from African states] (PDF) (in Hebrew). Research Center, National Defense College and Chaikin Chair in Geostrategy, University of Haifa. December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.hevra.haifa.ac.il/~ch-strategy/images/publications/darfur_refugees.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%90%D7%95+%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94+%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94&rft.pub=Research+Center%2C+National+Defense+College+and+Chaikin+Chair+in+Geostrategy%2C+University+of+Haifa&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.hevra.haifa.ac.il%2F~ch-strategy%2Fimages%2Fpublications%2Fdarfur_refugees.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiam_Stack2008" class="citation news cs1">Liam Stack (13 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2008/1113/p06s03-wome.html">"Human Rights Watch faults Egypt's 'shoot-to-stop' policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Watch+faults+Egypt%27s+%27shoot-to-stop%27+policy&rft.date=2008-11-13&rft.au=Liam+Stack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FMiddle-East%2F2008%2F1113%2Fp06s03-wome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir_Bohbot2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amir Bohbot (2 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/0/1865224"><bdi lang="he">תופעה בגבול הדרומי: הצבא המצרי יורה במסתננים</bdi></a> [The southern border phenomenon: the Egyptian army shoots infiltrators] (in Hebrew). <a href="/wiki/Walla!" class="mw-redirect" title="Walla!">Walla!</a>. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%3A+%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2011-10-02&rft.au=Amir+Bohbot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.walla.co.il%2F%3Fw%3D%2F0%2F1865224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/169521#.UeXqBUB15DQ">New Data Shows 99% Drop in Illegal Entry</a>, Arutz Sheva. 2 July 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netanyahu.org.il/en/news/573-99-6-drop-in-the-number-of-infiltrators-entering-israel-due-to-government-action">99.6% Drop in the Number of Infiltrators Entering Israel Due to Government Action</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930062343/http://netanyahu.org.il/en/news/573-99-6-drop-in-the-number-of-infiltrators-entering-israel-due-to-government-action">Archived</a> 30 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Israeli Prime Minister official website. 1 July 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4402834,00.html">Israel to trade arms for migrants with African countries</a>, Ynetnews.com. 9 July 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.jpost.com/Israel-News/Israel-completes-heightened-Egypt-border-fence-478840">ISRAEL COMPLETES HEIGHTENED EGYPT BORDER FENCE</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-discursive-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-discursive_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-discursive_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-discursive_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-discursive_38-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaz2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Paz, Yonathan (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d7e19ab2.pdf">"Ordered disorder: African asylum seekers in Israel and discursive challenges to an emerging refugee regime"</a> (PDF). New Issues in Refugee Research. Research Paper No. 205: 1–21 – via United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Issues+in+Refugee+Research&rft.atitle=Ordered+disorder%3A+African+asylum+seekers+in+Israel+and+discursive+challenges+to+an+emerging+refugee+regime&rft.volume=Research+Paper+No.+205&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2011-03&rft.aulast=Paz&rft.aufirst=Yonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fpdfid%2F4d7e19ab2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/refugee-law/israel.php">"Refugee Law and Policy: Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Refugee+Law+and+Policy%3A+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Flaw%2Fhelp%2Frefugee-law%2Fisrael.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Zikri2018" class="citation news cs1">Ben Zikri, Almog (20 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/Israel-news/.premium-netanyahu-danger-posed-by-African-migrants-is-greater-than-terrorism-1.5930984">"Netanyahu Defends Egypt Border Fence: Influx of African Migrants More Dangerous Than Terrorism"</a>. Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+Defends+Egypt+Border+Fence%3A+Influx+of+African+Migrants+More+Dangerous+Than+Terrorism&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.aulast=Ben+Zikri&rft.aufirst=Almog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2FIsrael-news%2F.premium-netanyahu-danger-posed-by-African-migrants-is-greater-than-terrorism-1.5930984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2012" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Douglas (11 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-Israel-Africans/Israel-rounds-up-African-migrants-for-deportation-idUSBRE85A0VI20120611">"Israel rounds up African migrants for deportation"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Israel+rounds+up+African+migrants+for+deportation&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-Israel-Africans%2FIsrael-rounds-up-African-migrants-for-deportation-idUSBRE85A0VI20120611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2015" class="citation news cs1">Booth, William (14 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/toughening-its-stance-toward-migrants-israel-pushes-africans-to-leave/2015/05/14/e1637bce-f350-11e4-bca5-21b51bbdf93e_story.html">"Israeli government to refugees: Go back to Africa or go to prison"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Israeli+government+to+refugees%3A+Go+back+to+Africa+or+go+to+prison&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Ftoughening-its-stance-toward-migrants-israel-pushes-africans-to-leave%2F2015%2F05%2F14%2Fe1637bce-f350-11e4-bca5-21b51bbdf93e_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershner2018" class="citation news cs1">Kershner, Isabel (2 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/middleeast/israel-african-migrants-un-resettlement.html">"Israeli Leader Is Forced to Retreat on African Migrant Deal"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israeli+Leader+Is+Forced+to+Retreat+on+African+Migrant+Deal&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft.aulast=Kershner&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F02%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-african-migrants-un-resettlement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piba.gov.il/PublicationAndTender/ForeignWorkersStat/Documents/אפריל%202012.pdf"><bdi lang="he">נתוני זרים בישראל</bdi></a> [Israel Foreign Data] (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Population and Immigration Authority. April 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.pub=Israel+Population+and+Immigration+Authority&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiba.gov.il%2FPublicationAndTender%2FForeignWorkersStat%2FDocuments%2F%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9C%25202012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piba.gov.il/PublicationAndTender/ForeignWorkersStat/Documents/nov2011.pdf"><bdi lang="he">נתוני זרים בישראל</bdi></a> [Israeli Foreign Data] (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Population and Immigration Authority. November 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.pub=Israel+Population+and+Immigration+Authority&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiba.gov.il%2FPublicationAndTender%2FForeignWorkersStat%2FDocuments%2Fnov2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m02844.pdf"><bdi lang="he">פשיעה של מסתננים ומבקשי מקלט וכנגד מסתננים ומבקשי מקלט</bdi></a> [Crime of infiltrators and asylum seekers and against infiltrators and asylum seekers] (PDF) (in Hebrew). Knesset Research and Information Center. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98+%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93+%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98&rft.pub=Knesset+Research+and+Information+Center&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Fmmm%2Fdata%2Fpdf%2Fm02844.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvi_Cohen2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Avi Cohen (18 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelhayom.co.il/site/newsletter_article.php?id=17206&hp=1&newsletter=18.05.2012"><bdi lang="he">פחד ברחובות</bdi></a> [Fear in the streets]. <a href="/wiki/Israel_HaYom" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel HaYom">Israel HaYom</a> (in Hebrew). Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+HaYom&rft.atitle=%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%93+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft.au=Avi+Cohen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelhayom.co.il%2Fsite%2Fnewsletter_article.php%3Fid%3D17206%26hp%3D1%26newsletter%3D18.05.2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmri_Efraim2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Omri Efraim (19 March 2012). <bdi lang="he">המשטרה: עלייה של 23% בפשיעת הזרים</bdi> [Police: up 23% of crime is foreign] (in Hebrew). <a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%94%3A+%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%9C+23%25+%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft.au=Omri+Efraim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/1,7340,L-4204802,00.html">http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/1,7340,L-4204802,00.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324210905/https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/world/africa/thousands-of-africans-protest-israeli-deportation-plan/2018/03/24/cda24fea-2f91-11e8-8dc9-3b51e028b845_story.html">"Thousands of Africans protest Israeli deportation plan"</a>. www.washingtonpost.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/world/africa/thousands-of-africans-protest-israeli-deportation-plan/2018/03/24/cda24fea-2f91-11e8-8dc9-3b51e028b845_story.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+Africans+protest+Israeli+deportation+plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Famphtml%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fthousands-of-africans-protest-israeli-deportation-plan%2F2018%2F03%2F24%2Fcda24fea-2f91-11e8-8dc9-3b51e028b845_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5130004,00.html">"20,000 asylum seekers, supporters, protest in Tel Aviv"</a>. Ynetnews. 25 February 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=20%2C000+asylum+seekers%2C+supporters%2C+protest+in+Tel+Aviv&rft.date=2018-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-5130004%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mida.org.il/2017/03/22/south-tel-aviv-overtaken-illegal-immigrants-media-silent/">"South Tel Aviv Being Overtaken by Illegal Immigrants, Media is Silent"</a>. Mida. 22 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mida&rft.atitle=South+Tel+Aviv+Being+Overtaken+by+Illegal+Immigrants%2C+Media+is+Silent&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mida.org.il%2F2017%2F03%2F22%2Fsouth-tel-aviv-overtaken-illegal-immigrants-media-silent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5127607,00.html">"Masses expected to attend Tel Aviv migrant solidarity rally"</a>. Ynetnews. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Masses+expected+to+attend+Tel+Aviv+migrant+solidarity+rally&rft.date=2018-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-5127607%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4230650,00.html">"3 Africans suspected of raping 15-year-old girl"</a>. Ynetnews. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=3+Africans+suspected+of+raping+15-year-old+girl&rft.date=2012-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4230650%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.maariv.co.il/news/law/Article-588893">"תושבת דרום תל אביב מאשימה את המשטרה: "היה אפשר למנוע את רצח אמי""</a> (in Hebrew). Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA+%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D+%D7%AA%D7%9C+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91+%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%90%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%94%3A+%22%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%A8+%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2+%D7%90%D7%AA+%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%97+%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.maariv.co.il%2Fnews%2Flaw%2FArticle-588893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/155947">"Murders by Illegals go Unreported"</a>. Israel National News. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+National+News&rft.atitle=Murders+by+Illegals+go+Unreported&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F155947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.jpost.com/National-News/Charge-Eritrean-raped-and-beat-83-yr-old-for-hours">"Charge: Eritrean raped and beat 83-yr-old for hours"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Charge%3A+Eritrean+raped+and+beat+83-yr-old+for+hours&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.jpost.com%2FNational-News%2FCharge-Eritrean-raped-and-beat-83-yr-old-for-hours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/170004">"Eritrean Immigrant Held on Rape, Robbery of Disabled TA Woman"</a>. Israel National News. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+National+News&rft.atitle=Eritrean+Immigrant+Held+on+Rape%2C+Robbery+of+Disabled+TA+Woman&rft.date=2013-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F170004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/african-migrant-murdered-in-south-tel-aviv/amp/">"African migrant murdered in south Tel Aviv | The Times of Israel"</a>. www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=African+migrant+murdered+in+south+Tel+Aviv+%7C+The+Times+of+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fafrican-migrant-murdered-in-south-tel-aviv%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/sudanese-woman-found-dead-in-south-tel-aviv/">"Sudanese minor found dead in south Tel Aviv"</a>. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sudanese+minor+found+dead+in+south+Tel+Aviv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsudanese-woman-found-dead-in-south-tel-aviv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART2/896/830.html">"מקור ראשון, אם מישהו מפחד לצאת, יהיה כוח שייגש אליו"</a>. NRG (in Hebrew). Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NRG&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F%2C+%D7%90%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94%D7%95+%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%93+%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%AA%2C+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97+%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A9+%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makorrishon.co.il%2Fnrg%2Fonline%2F1%2FART2%2F896%2F830.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news1.co.il/uploadFiles/433315455913544.doc"><bdi lang="he">מדינת ישראל נגד ביינה סמרהרט</bdi></a> [State of Israel v. Byena Smarhart] (in Hebrew). <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a>. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94+%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%98&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news1.co.il%2FuploadFiles%2F433315455913544.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbel2013" class="citation web cs1">Arbel, Edna (16 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/12/460/071/b24/12071460.b24.pdf">"Adam v. The Knesset"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a>. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adam+v.+The+Knesset&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Israel&rft.date=2013-09-16&rft.aulast=Arbel&rft.aufirst=Edna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felyon1.court.gov.il%2Ffiles_eng%2F12%2F460%2F071%2Fb24%2F12071460.b24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-egypt-fence-idUSBRE9010EI20130102">"Israel completes bulk of Egypt border fence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 2 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Israel+completes+bulk+of+Egypt+border+fence&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-israel-egypt-fence-idUSBRE9010EI20130102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerb_Keinon2013" class="citation news cs1">Herb Keinon (2 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Defense/PM-tours-South-heralds-completion-of-border-fence">"PM tours South, heralds completion of border fence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=PM+tours+South%2C+heralds+completion+of+border+fence&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft.au=Herb+Keinon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FDefense%2FPM-tours-South-heralds-completion-of-border-fence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaayana_Miskin2013" class="citation news cs1">Maayana Miskin (2 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/169521">"New Data Shows 99% Drop in Illegal Entry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a>. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Data+Shows+99%25+Drop+in+Illegal+Entry&rft.date=2013-07-02&rft.au=Maayana+Miskin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F169521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930062343/http://netanyahu.org.il/en/news/573-99-6-drop-in-the-number-of-infiltrators-entering-israel-due-to-government-action">"99.6% Drop in the Number of Infiltrators Entering Israel Due to Government Action"</a>. Benjamin Netanyahu Official Website. 1 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netanyahu.org.il/en/news/573-99-6-drop-in-the-number-of-infiltrators-entering-israel-due-to-government-action">the original</a> on 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=99.6%25+Drop+in+the+Number+of+Infiltrators+Entering+Israel+Due+to+Government+Action&rft.pub=Benjamin+Netanyahu+Official+Website&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netanyahu.org.il%2Fen%2Fnews%2F573-99-6-drop-in-the-number-of-infiltrators-entering-israel-due-to-government-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/03/israel-plan-migrants-deport-east-africa">"Israel planning to deport African migrants to 'east African country'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Associated Press. 3 June 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israel+planning+to+deport+African+migrants+to+%27east+African+country%27&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjun%2F03%2Fisrael-plan-migrants-deport-east-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717050104/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-israel-refugees-20130716%2C0%2C3081312.story">"Israel begins deporting Eritrean refugees to troubled African homeland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 15 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-israel-refugees-20130716,0,3081312.story">the original</a> on 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Israel+begins+deporting+Eritrean+refugees+to+troubled+African+homeland&rft.date=2013-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fla-fg-israel-refugees-20130716%2C0%2C3081312.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2018" class="citation news cs1">Cook, Jesselyn (5 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/israel-tells-african-migrants-asylum-seekers-to-leave-or-go-to-jail_us_5a4fc2c6e4b003133ec79e39">"Israel Tells African Migrants, Asylum-Seekers To Leave Or Go To Jail"</a>. Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Israel+Tells+African+Migrants%2C+Asylum-Seekers+To+Leave+Or+Go+To+Jail&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Jesselyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fisrael-tells-african-migrants-asylum-seekers-to-leave-or-go-to-jail_us_5a4fc2c6e4b003133ec79e39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/01/05/world/africa/ap-af-africa-israel-migrants.html">"Rwanda, Uganda Deny Deal With Israel to Take Africa Migrants"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rwanda%2C+Uganda+Deny+Deal+With+Israel+to+Take+Africa+Migrants&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Faponline%2F2018%2F01%2F05%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fap-af-africa-israel-migrants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://972mag.com/the-new-choice-for-asylum-seekers-deportation-or-prison/131534/">"The new 'choice' for asylum seekers: Deportation or prison | +972 Magazine"</a>. 972mag.com. 13 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=972mag.com&rft.atitle=The+new+%27choice%27+for+asylum+seekers%3A+Deportation+or+prison+%7C+%2B972+Magazine&rft.date=2017-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F972mag.com%2Fthe-new-choice-for-asylum-seekers-deportation-or-prison%2F131534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prison-72"><a href="#cite_ref-prison_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaa_Hadid2013" class="citation news cs1">Diaa Hadid (14 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/israeli-detention-center-africans-prison">"Israeli: Detention center for Africans a 'prison'"</a>. Associated Press. Retrieved 8 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israeli%3A+Detention+center+for+Africans+a+%27prison%27&rft.date=2013-07-14&rft.au=Diaa+Hadid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fisraeli-detention-center-africans-prison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seder-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seder_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seder_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seder_73-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTia_Goldenberg2014" class="citation news cs1">Tia Goldenberg (11 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/african-migrants-in-israel-hold-passover-seder/">"African migrants in Israel hold Passover seder"</a>. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 8 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=African+migrants+in+Israel+hold+Passover+seder&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft.au=Tia+Goldenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fafrican-migrants-in-israel-hold-passover-seder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlan_Lior2014" class="citation news cs1">Ilan Lior (20 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.575211">"Judges nix summonses of illegal immigrants, slam Israel's detention policy"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 8 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Judges+nix+summonses+of+illegal+immigrants%2C+slam+Israel%27s+detention+policy&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft.au=Ilan+Lior&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2F.premium-1.575211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holot1-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holot1_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holot1_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlan_Lior2014" class="citation news cs1">Ilan Lior (22 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.617143">"High Court orders closure of detention facility for African asylum seekers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=High+Court+orders+closure+of+detention+facility+for+African+asylum+seekers&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft.au=Ilan+Lior&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2F.premium-1.617143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarissa_Newman2014" class="citation news cs1">Marissa Newman (22 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-dramatic-ruling-supreme-court-rejects-israels-policies-on-illegal-migrants/">"In dramatic ruling, High Court rejects Israel's policies on illegal migrants"</a>. The Times of Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=In+dramatic+ruling%2C+High+Court+rejects+Israel%27s+policies+on+illegal+migrants&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft.au=Marissa+Newman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fin-dramatic-ruling-supreme-court-rejects-israels-policies-on-illegal-migrants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-new_law-77"><a href="#cite_ref-new_law_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-ministers-mull-new-migrant-law/">"Netanyahu, ministers mull new migrant law"</a>. AFP. 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Netanyahu%2C+ministers+mull+new+migrant+law&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fnetanyahu-ministers-mull-new-migrant-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebermann" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oren_Liebermann" title="Oren Liebermann">Liebermann, Oren</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/26/middleeast/israel-migrant-release/index.html">"Israel frees 1,200 migrants, bans them from Tel Aviv"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Israel+frees+1%2C200+migrants%2C+bans+them+from+Tel+Aviv&rft.aulast=Liebermann&rft.aufirst=Oren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F08%2F26%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-migrant-release%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5044929,00.html">"Government approves closure of Holot facility within 4 months"</a>. Ynetnews. 19 November 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Government+approves+closure+of+Holot+facility+within+4+months&rft.date=2017-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-5044929%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20181108-african-migrant-families-battle-hunger-in-israel/">"African migrant families battle hunger in Israel"</a>. Middle East Monitor. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.atitle=African+migrant+families+battle+hunger+in+Israel&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20181108-african-migrant-families-battle-hunger-in-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Israel-announces-it-reached-deal-with-UN-on-deportation-of-asylum-seekers-547703">"Israel reaches deal with U.N. to resettle asylum seekers in Western states"</a>. Jerusalem Post. 2 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Israel+reaches+deal+with+U.N.+to+resettle+asylum+seekers+in+Western+states&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FIsrael-announces-it-reached-deal-with-UN-on-deportation-of-asylum-seekers-547703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Netanyahu-completes-about-face-on-migrants-says-UNHRC-deal-is-cancelled-547777">"Netanyahu completes about-face on migrants, says UNHCR deal is cancelled"</a>. Jerusalem Post. 3 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+completes+about-face+on+migrants%2C+says+UNHCR+deal+is+cancelled&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FNetanyahu-completes-about-face-on-migrants-says-UNHRC-deal-is-cancelled-547777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkiva_Bigman2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akiva Bigman (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mida.org.il/2014/01/01/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%94-%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90/"><bdi lang="he">אסטרטגיית ה'דעווה' של הקרן החדשה לישראל</bdi></a> [The strategy 'Dawa' of the New Israel Fund] (in Hebrew). MIDA. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%27%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94%27+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9F+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%94+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.pub=MIDA&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.au=Akiva+Bigman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmida.org.il%2F2014%2F01%2F01%2F%25D7%2590%25D7%25A1%25D7%2598%25D7%25A8%25D7%2598%25D7%2592%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA-%25D7%2594%25D7%2593%25D7%25A2%25D7%2595%25D7%2595%25D7%2594-%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C-%25D7%2594%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A8%25D7%259F-%25D7%2594%25D7%2597%25D7%2593%25D7%25A9%25D7%2594-%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"National Jewish Organizations". The American Jewish Year Book. 96: 467–524. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-8987">0065-8987</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23605914">23605914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Jewish+Year+Book&rft.atitle=National+Jewish+Organizations&rft.volume=96&rft.pages=467-524&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23605914%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0065-8987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-who-will-save-the-refugee-children-of-tel-aviv-1.5347117/">"Who Will Save the Refugee Children of Tel Aviv?"</a>. Haaretz. 5 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Will+Save+the+Refugee+Children+of+Tel+Aviv%3F&rft.pub=Haaretz&rft.date=2015-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F.premium-who-will-save-the-refugee-children-of-tel-aviv-1.5347117%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093649/https://www.unitaf.org/a-word-from-aliza-olmert/">"President of the Board at unitaf - unitaf"</a>. unitaf.org. 8 April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unitaf.org/a-word-from-aliza-olmert/">the original</a> on 28 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+of+the+Board+at+unitaf+-+unitaf&rft.pub=unitaf.org&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitaf.org%2Fa-word-from-aliza-olmert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabarTsurkov2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sabar, Galia; Tsurkov, Elizabeth (May 2015). "Israel's Policies towards Asylum-Seekers:2012–2014". Instituto Affari Internazionali. 20: 2–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-98650-44-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-98650-44-6"><bdi>978-88-98650-44-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Affari+Internazionali&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Policies+towards+Asylum-Seekers%3A2012%E2%80%932014&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=2-18&rft.date=2015-05&rft.isbn=978-88-98650-44-6&rft.aulast=Sabar&rft.aufirst=Galia&rft.au=Tsurkov%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLior2010" class="citation news cs1">Lior, Ilan (24 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/thousands-in-tel-aviv-protest-plan-for-refugee-detention-facility-1.332737">"Thousands in Tel Aviv Protest Plan for Refugee Detention Facility"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Thousands+in+Tel+Aviv+Protest+Plan+for+Refugee+Detention+Facility&rft.date=2010-12-24&rft.aulast=Lior&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fthousands-in-tel-aviv-protest-plan-for-refugee-detention-facility-1.332737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/10/israel-amend-anti-infiltration-law">"Israel: Amend 'Anti-Infiltration' Law"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 10 June 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Israel%3A+Amend+%27Anti-Infiltration%27+Law&rft.date=2012-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2F06%2F10%2Fisrael-amend-anti-infiltration-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLior2012" class="citation news cs1">Lior, Ilan (24 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/demonstrators-attack-african-migrants-in-south-tel-aviv-1.432262">"Demonstrators Attack African Migrants in South Tel Aviv"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Demonstrators+Attack+African+Migrants+in+South+Tel+Aviv&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.aulast=Lior&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fdemonstrators-attack-african-migrants-in-south-tel-aviv-1.432262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Zikri2015" class="citation web cs1">Ben Zikri, Almog (19 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.681069">"Two Dead, 11 Wounded in Shooting Attack in Southern Israel"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Two+Dead%2C+11+Wounded+in+Shooting+Attack+in+Southern+Israel&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft.aulast=Ben+Zikri&rft.aufirst=Almog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F1.681069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon2016" class="citation news cs1">Sharon, Jeremy (17 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Activists-hold-Seder-for-African-asylum-seekers-at-Holot-facility-451436">"CTIVISTS HOLD SEDER FOR AFRICAN ASYLUM-SEEKERS AT HOLOT FACILITY"</a>. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=CTIVISTS+HOLD+SEDER+FOR+AFRICAN+ASYLUM-SEEKERS+AT+HOLOT+FACILITY&rft.date=2016-04-17&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FActivists-hold-Seder-for-African-asylum-seekers-at-Holot-facility-451436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenbud2018" class="citation news cs1">Eisenbud, Daniel (9 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/North-American-Jewish-leaders-Please-dont-deport-Africans-533195">"NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH LEADERS: PLEASE DON'T DEPORT AFRICANS"</a>. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=NORTH+AMERICAN+JEWISH+LEADERS%3A+PLEASE+DON%27T+DEPORT+AFRICANS&rft.date=2018-01-09&rft.aulast=Eisenbud&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FDiaspora%2FNorth-American-Jewish-leaders-Please-dont-deport-Africans-533195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.co.il/opinions/1.1222412"><bdi lang="he">נחמיה שטרסלר | 40 מסתננים ליום</bdi></a> [Nehemiah Strassler | 4- Infiltrators a day]. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> (in Hebrew). 24 September 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A8+%26%23124%3B+40+%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.co.il%2Fopinions%2F1.1222412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoni_Sofer2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roni Sofer (28 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4005787,00.html"><bdi lang="he">ח"כ כ"ץ: כדור בראש לבדואים שעוזרים למסתננים</bdi></a> [MK Katz: ball at the top of the Bedouins who help the infiltrators]. <a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a> (in Hebrew). Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=%D7%97%22%D7%9B+%D7%9B%22%D7%A5%3A+%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9+%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft.au=Roni+Sofer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4005787%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilad_Morag2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gilad Morag (4 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4156696,00.html"><bdi lang="he">חולדאי לנתניהו: תושבים מופקרים מול המסתננים</bdi></a> [Huldai to Netanyahu: Residents abandoned in front of the infiltrators]. <a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a> (in Hebrew). Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%90%D7%99+%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%3A+%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2011-12-04&rft.au=Gilad+Morag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4156696%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhuva_Mamus2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ahuva Mamus (11 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3918106,00.html"><bdi lang="he">הפליטים רוצים להישאר באילת: "לא כולם סודנים"</bdi></a> [Refugees want to stay in Eilat, "not all Sudanese"]. <a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a> (in Hebrew). Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA%3A+%22%D7%9C%D7%90+%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D+%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D%22&rft.date=2010-07-11&rft.au=Ahuva+Mamus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3918106%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoah_Koshrik2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Noah Koshrik (2 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/1.1214829"><bdi lang="he">מתווכים בדרום ת"א: לא נשכיר דירות לשב"חים</bdi></a> [Realtors in south Tel Aviv: illegal aliens will not rent apartments]. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> (in Hebrew). Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D+%D7%AA%22%D7%90%3A+%D7%9C%D7%90+%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8+%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%91%22%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2010-08-02&rft.au=Noah+Koshrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.co.il%2Fnews%2Feducation%2F1.1214829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeri_BrennerBoaz_Feiler2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neri Brenner; Boaz Feiler (23 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4233445,00.html"><bdi lang="he">מהומה ועצורים בהפגנה בדרום ת"א: זרים הותקפו</bdi></a> [Pandemonium and arrests at the demonstration in south Tel Aviv: Foreigners attacked]. <a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a> (in Hebrew). Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D+%D7%AA%22%D7%90%3A+%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%95&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft.au=Neri+Brenner&rft.au=Boaz+Feiler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4233445%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-no-violence-100"><a href="#cite_ref-no-violence_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoni_HirschShlomo_CesanaYori_YalonItsik_Saban2012" class="citation news cs1">Yoni Hirsch; Shlomo Cesana; Yori Yalon; Itsik Saban; Gideon Allon; Yael Branovsky (25 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=4472">"No place for violence against African migrants and refugees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_HaYom" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel HaYom">Israel HaYom</a>. Retrieved 11 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+HaYom&rft.atitle=No+place+for+violence+against+African+migrants+and+refugees&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.au=Yoni+Hirsch&rft.au=Shlomo+Cesana&rft.au=Yori+Yalon&rft.au=Itsik+Saban&rft.au=Gideon+Allon&rft.au=Yael+Branovsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelhayom.com%2Fsite%2Fnewsletter_article.php%3Fid%3D4472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-future-101"><a href="#cite_ref-future_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2013/12/22/Africans-face-uncertain-Israeli-future-after-perilous-migration.html">"Africans face uncertain Israeli future after perilous migration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>. Reuters. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Africans+face+uncertain+Israeli+future+after+perilous+migration&rft.date=2013-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fperspective%2Ffeatures%2F2013%2F12%2F22%2FAfricans-face-uncertain-Israeli-future-after-perilous-migration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001052021479&sk=wall">"Ann Tifa Rave"</a>. Facebook. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ann+Tifa+Rave&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fprofile.php%3Fid%3D100001052021479%26sk%3Dwall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.com/darfur_muslim_refugees_demonstrating_in_israel_to_support_icc">"Muslim Refugees Demonstrating in Israel To Support Icc"</a>. World News Inc. 11 March 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Muslim+Refugees+Demonstrating+in+Israel+To+Support+Icc&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwn.com%2Fdarfur_muslim_refugees_demonstrating_in_israel_to_support_icc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110729054437/http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/7708463-african-refugees-protest-in-israel">"African Refugees Protest in Israel protests"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/7708463-african-refugees-protest-in-israel">the original</a> on 29 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Refugees+Protest+in+Israel+protests&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allvoices.com%2Fcontributed-news%2F7708463-african-refugees-protest-in-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Itay Blumenthal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4470485,00.html">TA: Thousands protest against detention of asylum seekers</a>, YNetNews, 28 December 2013, Retrieved 29 December 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazar_Berman2014" class="citation news cs1">Lazar Berman (15 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/african-migrants-take-part-in-knesset-meeting/">"Week after ban, African migrants take part in Knesset meeting"</a>. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 8 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Week+after+ban%2C+African+migrants+take+part+in+Knesset+meeting&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.au=Lazar+Berman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fafrican-migrants-take-part-in-knesset-meeting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFפולס2016" class="citation web cs1">פולס, ישראל (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/iw/originals/2016/04/holot-refugees-detention-freedom-passover-seder-eritrea.html">"מבקשי המקלט שכלואים ב״חולות״ מחכים לחג החירות שלהם"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98+%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%B4%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%B4+%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%92+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9D&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.aulast=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1&rft.aufirst=%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Fiw%2Foriginals%2F2016%2F04%2Fholot-refugees-detention-freedom-passover-seder-eritrea.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hias.org/hias-israel">"HIAS in Israel"</a>. HIAS. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HIAS&rft.atitle=HIAS+in+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hias.org%2Fhias-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HIAS-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HIAS_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIAS_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hias.org/hias-calls-protection-refugees-and-asylum-seekers-israel">"HIAS Calls for Protection of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Israel"</a>. HIAS. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HIAS&rft.atitle=HIAS+Calls+for+Protection+of+Refugees+and+Asylum+Seekers+in+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hias.org%2Fhias-calls-protection-refugees-and-asylum-seekers-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagaiZamir.com" class="citation web cs1">HagaiZamir.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standwithus.com/aboutus/">"StandWithUs About Us"</a>. www.standwithus.com. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.standwithus.com&rft.atitle=StandWithUs+About+Us&rft.au=HagaiZamir.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standwithus.com%2Faboutus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swuconnect.com/insys/npoflow.v.2/_assets/pdfs/fact_sheets/African%20Migrants%20in%20Israel%20factsheet.pdf">"African Migrants in Israel – Factsheet"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Migrants+in+Israel+%E2%80%93+Factsheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swuconnect.com%2Finsys%2Fnpoflow.v.2%2F_assets%2Fpdfs%2Ffact_sheets%2FAfrican%2520Migrants%2520in%2520Israel%2520factsheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-truah.org-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-truah.org_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-truah.org_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truah.org/campaign/asylum-seekers-in-israel/">"Asylum Seekers in Israel | T'ruah"</a>. www.truah.org. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.truah.org&rft.atitle=Asylum+Seekers+in+Israel+%7C+T%27ruah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truah.org%2Fcampaign%2Fasylum-seekers-in-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/story/resolution-african-asylum-seekers-israel">"Resolution on African Asylum Seekers in Israel | The Rabbinical Assembly"</a>. www.rabbinicalassembly.org. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rabbinicalassembly.org&rft.atitle=Resolution+on+African+Asylum+Seekers+in+Israel+%7C+The+Rabbinical+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbinicalassembly.org%2Fstory%2Fresolution-african-asylum-seekers-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Refugees_from_Africa_in_Israel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Refugees from Africa in Israel">Refugees from Africa in Israel</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assaf.org.il/en/">"ASSAF, Aid Organization for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Israel"</a>. 19 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASSAF%2C+Aid+Organization+for+Refugees+and+Asylum+Seekers+in+Israel&rft.date=2021-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassaf.org.il%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hotline.org.il/en/migrants-en/%E2%80%8Fchildren-of-migrant-workers-in-israel/">"Hotline for Refugees and Migrants"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hotline+for+Refugees+and+Migrants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhotline.org.il%2Fen%2Fmigrants-en%2F%25E2%2580%258Fchildren-of-migrant-workers-in-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unitaf.org/">"unitaf, Aid Organization for Refugees and stateless children living in Israel"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=unitaf%2C+Aid+Organization+for+Refugees+and+stateless+children+living+in+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitaf.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+Israel" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_diaspora" title="Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_diaspora" title="Template talk:African diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">Americas</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Latin_Americans" title="Afro–Latin Americans">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Anguillians" title="Afro-Anguillians">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arubans" title="Afro-Arubans">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bahamians" title="Afro-Bahamians">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadians" title="Afro-Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bermudians" title="Black Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caymanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1" title="Arará">Arará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans_in_Cuba" title="Cape Verdeans in Cuba">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga-Longoba" title="Ganga-Longoba">Ganga-Longoba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cura%C3%A7aoans" title="Afro-Curaçaoans">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans_(Dominica)" title="Afro-Dominicans (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans" title="Afro-Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocolo" title="Cocolo">Cocolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Grenadians" title="Afro-Grenadians">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Haitians" title="Afro-Haitians">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons#Haiti" title="Maroons">Marron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaicans" title="Afro-Jamaicans">Jamaica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_Jamaica" title="Igbo people in Jamaica">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Jamaican Maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="Afro–Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Saint_Lucians" title="Afro–Saint Lucians">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Vincentians" title="Afro-Vincentians">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islanders" title="Afro–Turks and Caicos Islanders">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Central America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole_people" title="Belizean Creole people">Belize</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Costa_Ricans" title="Afro–Costa Ricans">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Salvadorans" title="Afro-Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guatemalans" title="Afro-Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Hondurans" title="Afro-Hondurans">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Sambu" title="Miskito Sambu">Miskito Sambu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Nicaraguans" title="Afro-Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Panamanians" title="Afro-Panamanians">Panama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_people_(Panama)" title="Cimarron people (Panama)">Cimarrón</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Black_Canadians" title="Indigenous Black Canadians">Indigenous Black Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_New_Brunswick" title="Black Canadians in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_Ontario" title="Black Canadians in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Canada" title="African immigration to Canada">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affrilachia" title="Affrilachia">Affrilachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw#Post–Civil_War" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Seminole freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Ridge_people" title="Chestnut Ridge people">Chestnut Ridge people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_Americans" title="Garifuna Americans">Garifuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)#Louisiana_Redbone_cultural_group" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Louisiana Redbones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somali_Bantus_in_Maine" title="History of Somali Bantus in Maine">Somali Bantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Argentines" title="Afro-Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivians" title="Afro-Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalungas" title="Kalungas">Kalungas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocambo_(settlement)" title="Mocambo (settlement)">Macombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilombola" title="Quilombola">Quilombola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Chileans" title="Afro-Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombians" title="Afro-Colombians">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raizal" title="Raizal">Raizal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93French_Guianans" title="Afro–French Guianans">French Guiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluku" title="Aluku">Aluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese" title="Afro-Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Paraguayans" title="Afro-Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Peruvians" title="Black Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Surinamese" title="Afro-Surinamese">Suriname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwinti_people" title="Kwinti people">Kwinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matawai_people" title="Matawai people">Matawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramaccan_people" title="Paramaccan people">Paramaccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Uruguayans" title="Afro-Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Venezuelans" title="Afro-Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_Europeans" title="Black Europeans">Blacks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians_of_African_descent" title="Abkhazians of African descent">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Austrians" title="Afro-Austrians">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belgians" title="Black Belgians">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Danish_people_of_African_descent" title="Category:Danish people of African descent">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_Finland" title="African diaspora in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_French_people" title="Black French people">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_community_of_Paris" title="Sub-Saharan African community of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Greeks" title="African Greeks">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Greeks" title="Black Greeks">Blacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland" title="Black people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_emigrants_to_Italy" title="African emigrants to Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dutch_people" title="Afro-Dutch people">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Norway" title="African immigration to Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Poland" title="Africans in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Portuguese_people" title="Afro-Portuguese people">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romanians" title="Afro-Romanians">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Spaniards" title="Afro-Spaniards">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Sweden" title="African immigrants to Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Switzerland" title="African immigrants to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ukrainians" title="Afro-Ukrainians">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Cambridge" title="Black people in Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Liverpool" title="Black people in Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_presence_in_London" title="History of African presence in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Welsh_people" title="Black Welsh people">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arabs" title="Afro-Arabs">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iraqis" title="Afro-Iraqis">Iraq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_in_Israel" title="Sudanese in Israel">Sudanese refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jordanians" title="Afro-Jordanians">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Omanis" title="Afro-Omanis">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Palestinians" title="Afro-Palestinians">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Saudis" title="Afro-Saudis">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_of_Yarmouk_Basin" title="Black people of Yarmouk Basin">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Turks" title="Afro-Turks">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Turkey" title="Africans in Turkey">Africans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Emiratis" title="Afro-Emiratis">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhamash%C4%ABn" title="Al-Muhamashīn">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Asia</a> and Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians in South Asia</a></li> <li>India and Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddis_of_Karnataka" title="Siddis of Karnataka">in Karnataka</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" title="African New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Africans in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Kaffirs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha#Saint_Helena" title="Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Secondary Afro-American diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ghana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabom_people" title="Tabom people">Tabom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liberia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Nigeria" title="Brazilians in Nigeria">Afro-Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sierra Leone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_France" title="Haitians in France">Haitians</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom#African_Americans" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">British Jamaicans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Asia and Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Israel" title="African Hebrew Israelites in Israel">African Hebrew Israelites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">Anti-African sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Anti-Black racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_people" title="Tikar people">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Yoruba people in the Atlantic slave trade">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_diaspora" title="Category:African diaspora">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:African_diaspora" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:African diaspora">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&oldid=1258645862">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&oldid=1258645862</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_diaspora_in_Israel" title="Category:African diaspora in Israel">African diaspora in Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Category:Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Israel" title="Category:Economy of Israel">Economy of Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Israel" title="Category:Law of Israel">Law of Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000s_in_Israel" title="Category:2000s in Israel">2000s in Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Israel" title="Category:2010s in Israel">2010s in Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Refugees_in_Israel" title="Category:Refugees in Israel">Refugees in Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Illegal_immigration_to_Israel" title="Category:Illegal immigration to Israel">Illegal immigration to Israel</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Hebrew-language_script_(he)" title="Category:CS1 uses Hebrew-language script (he)">CS1 uses Hebrew-language script (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2019">Use dmy dates from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 20:59 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Israel&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-4m2sp","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.080","walltime":"1.254","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5449,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":266113,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2178,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":391565,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1081.960 1 -total"," 60.02% 649.379 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.00% 270.450 45 Template:Cite_web"," 24.46% 264.666 58 Template:Cite_news"," 11.26% 121.881 4 Template:Navbox"," 10.89% 117.796 1 Template:African_diaspora"," 8.09% 87.548 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.62% 60.841 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.47% 48.404 1 Template:Commonscat"," 4.12% 44.539 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.678","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6736477,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-fk9jj","timestamp":"20241122145834","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"African immigration to Israel","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/African_immigration_to_Israel","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2895717","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2895717","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-01-16T11:01:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T20:59:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4b\/Plitim1.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>