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disposal</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: disposal"> <meta name="keywords" content="disposal"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="disposal"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 577</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: disposal</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">337</span> Microbial Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Petroleum Refinery Sludge: A Consortial Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dheepshika%20Kodieswaran">Dheepshika Kodieswaran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The persisting problem in the world that continuously impose our planet at risk is the increasing amounts of recalcitrant. One such issue is the disposal of the Petroleum Refinery Sludge (PRS) which constitutes hydrocarbons that are hazardous to terrestrial and aquatic life. The comparatively safe approach to handling these wastes is by microbial degradation, while the other chemical and physical methods are either expensive and/or produce secondary pollutants. The bacterial and algal systems have different pathways for the degradation of hydrocarbons, and their growth rates vary. This study shows how different bacterial and microalgal strains degrade the polyaromatic hydrocarbon PAHs individually and their symbiotic influence on degradation as well. In this system, the metabolites and gaseous exchange help each other in growth. This method using also aids in the accumulation of lipids in microalgal cells and from which bio-oils can also be extracted. The bacterial strains used in this experiment are reported to be indigenous strains isolated from PRS. The target PAH studied were anthracene and pyrene for a period of 28 days. The PAH degradation kinetics best fitted the Gompertz model, and the order of the kinetics, rate constants, and half-life was determined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20refinery%20sludge" title="petroleum refinery sludge">petroleum refinery sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-culturing" title=" co-culturing"> co-culturing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polycyclic%20hydrocarbons" title=" polycyclic hydrocarbons"> polycyclic hydrocarbons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microalgal-bacterial%20consortia" title=" microalgal-bacterial consortia"> microalgal-bacterial consortia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158365/microbial-removal-of-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-from-petroleum-refinery-sludge-a-consortial-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158365.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">336</span> Calculating the Carbon Footprint of Laser Cutting Machines from Cradle to Grave and Examination the Effect of the Use of the Machine on the Carbon Footprint</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Melike%20Yaylac%C4%B1">Melike Yaylacı</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tu%C4%9Fba%20Bilgin"> Tuğba Bilgin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Against the climate crisis, an increasing number of countries are working on green energy, carbon emission measurement, calculation and reduction. The work of industrial organizations with the highest carbon emissions on these issues is increasing. Aim of this paper is calculating carbon emissions of laser cutting machine with cradle-to-grave approach and discuss the potential affects of usage condisions, such as laser power, gas type, gas pressure, on carbon footprint. In particular, this study includes consumption of electricity used in production, laser cutting machine raw materials, and disposal of the machine. In the process of raw material supplying, machine procesing and shipping, all calculations were studied using the Tier1 approach. Laser cutting machines require a specified cutting parameter set for each different material in different thickneses, this parameters are a combination of laser power, gas type, cutting speed, gas pressure and focus point, The another purpose of this study is examine the potential affect of different cutting parameters for the same material in same thickness on carbon footprint. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20assessment" title="life cycle assessment">life cycle assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20emission" title=" carbon emission"> carbon emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20cutting%20machine" title=" laser cutting machine"> laser cutting machine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cutting%20parameters" title=" cutting parameters"> cutting parameters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165120/calculating-the-carbon-footprint-of-laser-cutting-machines-from-cradle-to-grave-and-examination-the-effect-of-the-use-of-the-machine-on-the-carbon-footprint" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165120.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">335</span> Environmental Risk Assessment for Beneficiary Use of Coal Combustion Residues Using Leaching Environmental Assessment Framework</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20V.%20S.%20Praneeth">D. V. S. Praneeth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20R.%20Sankar%20Cheela"> V. R. Sankar Cheela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brajesh%20Dubey"> Brajesh Dubey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Coal Combustion (CC) residues are the major by-products from thermal power plants. The disposal of ash on to land creates havoc to environment and humans. The leaching of the constituent elements pollutes ground water. Beneficiary use of coal combustion residues in structural components is being investigated as a part of this study. This application reduces stress on the convention materials in the construction industry. The present study involves determination of leaching parameters of the CC residues. Batch and column studies are performed based on Leaching Environmental Assessment Framework (LEAF) protocol. The column studies are conducted to simulate the real time percolation conditions in the field. The structural and environmental studies are performed to determine the usability of CC residues as bricks. The physical, chemical, geo environmental and mechanical properties of the alternate materials are investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy tests were conducted to determine the characteristics of CC residue ash and bricks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20combustion%20residues" title="coal combustion residues">coal combustion residues</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LEAF" title=" LEAF"> LEAF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaching" title=" leaching"> leaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58931/environmental-risk-assessment-for-beneficiary-use-of-coal-combustion-residues-using-leaching-environmental-assessment-framework" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58931.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">334</span> Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality Characterization of Some Selected Wells in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olu%20Ale">Olu Ale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olugbenga%20Aribisala"> Olugbenga Aribisala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanmi%20Awopetu"> Sanmi Awopetu </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Groundwater (Wells) is obtained from several well-defined and different water-bearing geological layers or strata. The physical, chemical and bacteriological quality of the water contributed from each of these water-bearing formations and resultant effects of indiscriminate wastes disposal will be dependent on the dissolution of material within the formation. Therefore, water withdrawn from any ground water source will be a composite of these individual aquifers. The water quality was determined by actual sampling and analysis of the completed wells. This study attempted to examine the physicochemical and bacteriological water quality of twenty five selected wells comprising twenty boreholes (deep wells) and five hand dug wells (shallow wells). The twenty five wells cut across the entire Ado Ekiti Metropolitan area. The water samples collected using standard method was promptly taken to water laboratory at the Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti for analysis, physical, chemical and bacteriological tests were carried out. Quality characteristics tested were found to meet WHO’s standard and generally acceptable, making it potable for drinking in most situations, thus encouraging the use of groundwater. Possible improvement strategies to groundwater exploitation were highlighted while remedies to poor quality water were suggested. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriological" title="bacteriological">bacteriological</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physicochemical" title=" physicochemical"> physicochemical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wells" title=" wells"> wells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ado%20Ekiti" title=" Ado Ekiti"> Ado Ekiti</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35884/physicochemical-and-bacteriological-quality-characterization-of-some-selected-wells-in-ado-ekiti-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35884.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">333</span> Coal Fly Ash Based Ceramic Membrane for Water Purification via Ultrafiltration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obsi%20Terfasa">Obsi Terfasa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhanupriya%20Das"> Bhanupriya Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiao-Shing%20Chen"> Shiao-Shing Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Converting coal fly ash (CFA) waste into ceramic membranes presents a promising alternative to traditional disposal methods, offering potential economic and environmental advantages that warrant further investigation. This research focuses on the creation of ceramic membranes exclusively from CFA using a uniaxial compaction technique. The membranes' properties were examined through various analytical methods: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed a porous and flawless membrane surface, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) identified mullite and quartz crystalline structures, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) characterized the membrane's functional groups. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) determined the ideal sintering temperature to be 800°C. To evaluate its separation capabilities, the synthesized membrane was tested on wastewater from denim jeans production at 0.2 bar pressure. The results were impressive, with 97.42% removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), 95% color elimination, and a pure water flux of 4.5 Lm⁻²h⁻¹bar⁻¹. These findings suggest that CFA, a byproduct of thermal power plants, can be effectively repurposed to produce ultrafiltration membranes suitable for various industrial purification and separations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater%20treatment" title="wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=separator" title=" separator"> separator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20fly%20ash" title=" coal fly ash"> coal fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceramic%20membrane" title=" ceramic membrane"> ceramic membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrafiltration" title=" ultrafiltration"> ultrafiltration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190216/coal-fly-ash-based-ceramic-membrane-for-water-purification-via-ultrafiltration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190216.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">36</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">332</span> Geotechnical Challenges for the Use of Sand-sludge Mixtures in Covers for the Rehabilitation of Acid-Generating Mine Sites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mamert%20Mbonimpa">Mamert Mbonimpa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ousseynou%20Kanteye"> Ousseynou Kanteye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%89lys%C3%A9e%20Tshibangu%20Ngabu"> Élysée Tshibangu Ngabu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachid%20Amrou"> Rachid Amrou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelkabir%20Maqsoud"> Abdelkabir Maqsoud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tikou%20Belem"> Tikou Belem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The management of mine wastes (waste rocks and tailings) containing sulphide minerals such as pyrite and pyrrhotite represents the main environmental challenge for the mining industry. Indeed, acid mine drainage (AMD) can be generated when these wastes are exposed to water and air. AMD is characterized by low pH and high concentrations of heavy metals, which are toxic to plants, animals, and humans. It affects the quality of the ecosystem through water and soil pollution. Different techniques involving soil materials can be used to control AMD generation, including impermeable covers (compacted clays) and oxygen barriers. The latter group includes covers with capillary barrier effects (CCBE), a multilayered cover that include the moisture retention layer playing the role of an oxygen barrier. Once AMD is produced at a mine site, it must be treated so that the final effluent at the mine site complies with regulations and can be discharged into the environment. Active neutralization with lime is one of the treatment methods used. This treatment produces sludge that is usually stored in sedimentation ponds. Other sludge management alternatives have been examined in recent years, including sludge co-disposal with tailings or waste rocks, disposal in underground mine excavations, and storage in technical landfill sites. Considering the ability of AMD neutralization sludge to maintain an alkaline to neutral pH for decades or even centuries, due to the excess alkalinity induced by residual lime within the sludge, valorization of sludge in specific applications could be an interesting management option. If done efficiently, the reuse of sludge could free up storage ponds and thus reduce the environmental impact. It should be noted that mixtures of sludge and soils could potentially constitute usable materials in CCBE for the rehabilitation of acid-generating mine sites, while sludge alone is not suitable for this purpose. The high sludge water content (up to 300%), even after sedimentation, can, however, constitute a geotechnical challenge. Adding lime to the mixtures can reduce the water content and improve the geotechnical properties. The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of the sludge content (30, 40 and 50%) in sand-sludge mixtures (SSM) on their hydrogeotechnical properties (compaction, shrinkage behaviour, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and water retention curve). The impact of lime addition (dosages from 2% to 6%) on the moisture content, dry density after compaction and saturated hydraulic conductivity of SSM was also investigated. Results showed that sludge adding to sand significantly improves the saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention capacity, but the shrinkage increased with sludge content. The dry density after compaction of lime-treated SSM increases with the lime dosage but remains lower than the optimal dry density of the untreated mixtures. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of lime-treated SSM after 24 hours of cure decreases by 3 orders of magnitude. Considering the hydrogeotechnical properties obtained with these mixtures, it would be possible to design CCBE whose moisture retention layer is made of SSM. Physical laboratory models confirmed the performance of such CCBE. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mine%20waste" title="mine waste">mine waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AMD%20neutralization%20sludge" title=" AMD neutralization sludge"> AMD neutralization sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sand-sludge%20mixture" title=" sand-sludge mixture"> sand-sludge mixture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogeotechnical%20properties" title=" hydrogeotechnical properties"> hydrogeotechnical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mine%20site%20reclamation" title=" mine site reclamation"> mine site reclamation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CCBE" title=" CCBE"> CCBE</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185255/geotechnical-challenges-for-the-use-of-sand-sludge-mixtures-in-covers-for-the-rehabilitation-of-acid-generating-mine-sites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">53</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">331</span> Investigation on Strength Properties of Concrete Using Industrial Waste as Supplementary Cementitious Material</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravi%20Prasad%20Darapureddi">Ravi Prasad Darapureddi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of industrial waste in making concrete reduce the consumption of natural resources and pollution of the environment. These materials possess problems of disposal and health hazards. An attempt has been made to use paper and thermal industrial wastes such as lime sludge and flyash. Present investigation is aimed at the utilization of Lime Sludge and Flyash as Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) and influence of these materials on strength properties of concrete. Thermal industry waste fly ash is mixed with lime sludge and used as a replacement to cement at different proportions to obtain the strength properties and compared with ordinary concrete prepared without any additives. Grade of concrete prepared was M₂₅ designed according to Indian standard method. Cement has been replaced by paper industry waste and fly ash in different proportions such as 0% (normal concrete), 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength were assessed. Test results indicated that the use of lime sludge and Fly ash in concrete had improved the properties of concrete. Better results were observed at 20% replacement of cement with these additives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supplementary%20cementitious%20materials" title="supplementary cementitious materials">supplementary cementitious materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lime%20sludge" title=" lime sludge"> lime sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strength%20properties" title=" strength properties"> strength properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78196/investigation-on-strength-properties-of-concrete-using-industrial-waste-as-supplementary-cementitious-material" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78196.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">196</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">330</span> Impact of Life Cycle Assessment for Municipal Plastic Waste Treatment in South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20A.%20Olagunju">O. A. Olagunju</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20L.%20Kiambi"> S. L. Kiambi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Municipal Plastic Wastes (MPW) can have several negative effects on the environment, and this is causing a growing concern which requires urgent intervention. Addressing these environmental challenges by proffering alternative end-of-life (EOL) techniques for MPW treatment is thus critical for designing and implementing effective long-term remedies. In this study, the environmental implications of several MPW treatment technologies were assessed using life cycle assessment (LCA). Our focus was on four potential waste treatment scenarios for MPW: waste disposal via landfill, waste incineration, waste regeneration, and reusability of recycled waste. The findings show that recycling has a greater benefit over landfilling and incineration methods. The most important environmental benefit comes from the recycling of plastics, which may serve as reliable source materials for environmentally friendly products. Following a holistic evaluation, five major factors that influence the overall impact on the environment were outlined: the mass fraction in waste, the recycling rate, the conversion efficiency, the waste-to-energy conversion rate, and the type of energy which can be utilized from incineration generated energy <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=end-of-life" title="end-of-life">end-of-life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incineration" title=" incineration"> incineration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landfill" title=" landfill"> landfill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20assessment" title=" life cycle assessment"> life cycle assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20plastic%20waste" title=" municipal plastic waste"> municipal plastic waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste-to-energy" title=" waste-to-energy"> waste-to-energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165354/impact-of-life-cycle-assessment-for-municipal-plastic-waste-treatment-in-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165354.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">329</span> Changing Governance and the Role of People's Involvement in Municipal Solid Waste Management: Study of Two Municipal Corporations in Kerala</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prathibha%20Ganesan">Prathibha Ganesan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper discusses discontents of inhabitants in the landfills and its culmination into resistance against centralised waste disposal during the last three decades in Kerala. The study is based on a sample survey of 175 households located in the landfill sites and city limits of two Municipal Corporations viz. Thrissur and Cochin. The study found that waste is dumped in the periphery of the urban area where economically and socially vulnerable people are densely populated. Moreover, landfill sites are unscientifically managed to cause severe socio-economic and health issues to the local people, finally leading to their mobilisation and persistent struggle. The struggles often culminate in the closure of landfills or forced relocation or abandonment of the region by the community. The study concluded that persistent people’s struggles compel the local state to either find alternatives to centralised solid waste management system or use political power to subsume the local resistance. The persistence of the struggles determined the type waste governance adopted by the local governments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20waste%20management" title="solid waste management">solid waste management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20corporation" title=" municipal corporation"> municipal corporation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance%20movements" title=" resistance movements"> resistance movements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban" title=" urban"> urban</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kerala" title=" Kerala"> Kerala</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61935/changing-governance-and-the-role-of-peoples-involvement-in-municipal-solid-waste-management-study-of-two-municipal-corporations-in-kerala" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61935.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">328</span> A Robust Optimization Model for Multi-Objective Closed-Loop Supply Chain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Y.%20Badiee">Mohammad Y. Badiee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Golestani"> Saeed Golestani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mir%20Saman%20Pishvaee"> Mir Saman Pishvaee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years consumers and governments have been pushing companies to design their activities in such a way as to reduce negative environmental impacts by producing renewable product or threat free disposal policy more and more. It is therefore important to focus more accurate to the optimization of various aspect of total supply chain. Modeling a supply chain can be a challenging process due to the fact that there are a large number of factors that need to be considered in the model. The use of multi-objective optimization can lead to overcome those problems since more information is used when designing the model. Uncertainty is inevitable in real world. Considering uncertainty on parameters in addition to use multi-objectives are ways to give more flexibility to the decision making process since the process can take into account much more constraints and requirements. In this paper we demonstrate a stochastic scenario based robust model to cope with uncertainty in a closed-loop multi-objective supply chain. By applying the proposed model in a real world case, the power of proposed model in handling data uncertainty is shown. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chain%20management" title="supply chain management">supply chain management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=closed-loop%20supply%20chain" title=" closed-loop supply chain"> closed-loop supply chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-objective%20optimization" title=" multi-objective optimization"> multi-objective optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=goal%20programming" title=" goal programming"> goal programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncertainty" title=" uncertainty"> uncertainty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20optimization" title=" robust optimization"> robust optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39139/a-robust-optimization-model-for-multi-objective-closed-loop-supply-chain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39139.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">415</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">327</span> The Impact of Open Defecation on Fecal-Oral Infections: A Case Study in Burat and Ngaremara Wards of Isiolo County, Kenya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kimutai%20Joan%20Jepkorir">Kimutai Joan Jepkorir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moturi%20Wilkister%20Nyaora"> Moturi Wilkister Nyaora</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The practice of open defecation can be devastating for human health as well as the environment, and this practice persistence could be due to ingrained habits that individuals continue to engage in despite having a better alternative. Safe disposal of human excreta is essential for public health protection. This study sought to find if open defecation relates to fecal-oral infections in Burat and Ngaremara Wards in Isiolo County. This was achieved through conducting a cross-sectional study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 385 households that were used in the study. Data collection was done by use of questionnaires and observation checklists. The result show that 66% of the respondents disposed-off fecal matter in a safe manner, whereas 34% disposed-off fecal matter in unsafe manner through open defecation. The prevalence proportions per 1000 of diarrhea and intestinal worms among children under-5 years of age were 142 and 21, respectively. The prevalence proportions per 1000 of diarrhea and typhoid among children over-5 years of age were 20 and 20, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=faecal-oral%20infections" title="faecal-oral infections">faecal-oral infections</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20defecation" title=" open defecation"> open defecation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prevalence%20proportion" title=" prevalence proportion"> prevalence proportion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation" title=" sanitation"> sanitation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89473/the-impact-of-open-defecation-on-fecal-oral-infections-a-case-study-in-burat-and-ngaremara-wards-of-isiolo-county-kenya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89473.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">305</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">326</span> Production of Biodiesel from Avocado Waste in Hossana City, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarikayehu%20Amanuel">Tarikayehu Amanuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abraham%20Mohammed"> Abraham Mohammed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The production of biodiesel from waste materials is becoming an increasingly important research area in the field of renewable energy. One potential waste material source is avocado, a fruit with a large seed and peel that are typically discarded after consumption. This research aims to investigate the feasibility of using avocado waste as a feedstock for the production of biodiesel. The study focuses on extracting oil from the waste material using the transesterification technique and then characterizing the properties of oil to determine its suitability for conversion to biodiesel. The study was conducted experimentally, and a maximum oil yield of 11.583% (150g of oil produced from 1.295kg of avocado waste powder) was obtained from avocado waste powder at an extraction time of 4hr. An 87% fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) conversion was also obtained using a methanol/oil ratio of 6:1, 1.3g NaOH, reaction time 60min, and 65°C reaction temperature. Furthermore, from 145 ml of avocado waste oil, 126.15 ml of biodiesel was produced, indicating a high percentage of conversion (87%). Conclusively, the produced biodiesel showed comparable physical and chemical characteristics to that of standard biodiesel samples considered for the study. The results of this research could help to identify a new source of biofuel production while also addressing the issue of waste disposal in the food industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiesel" title="biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=avocado" title=" avocado"> avocado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transesterification" title=" transesterification"> transesterification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soxhlet%20extraction" title=" soxhlet extraction"> soxhlet extraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174232/production-of-biodiesel-from-avocado-waste-in-hossana-city-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174232.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">325</span> Luffa cylindrica as Alternative for Treatment of Waste in the Classroom</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obradith%20Caicedo">Obradith Caicedo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paola%20Devia"> Paola Devia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) are substances commonly used in classrooms for academic purposes. Nevertheless, in most cases, there is no adequate disposal of this type of waste, their presence in the environment affects ecosystems due to the presence of color and the reduction of photosynthetic processes. In this work, we evaluated properties of fibers of Luffa cylindrica in removal from dyes of aqueous solutions through an adsorption process. The point of zero charge, acid and basic sites was also investigated. The best conditions of the adsorption process were determined under a discontinuous system, evaluating an interval of the variables 2 3 : pH value, particle size of the adsorbent and contact time. The temperature (18ºC), agitation (220 rpm) and adsorbent dosage (10g/L) were constant. Measurements were made using UV- Visible spectrophotometry. The point of zero charge for Luffa cylindrica was 4,3. The number of acidic and basic sites was 2.441 meq/g and 1,009 meq/g respectively. These indicate a prevalence of acid groups. The maximum dye sorption was found to be at a pH of 5,5 (97,1 % for MB) and 5,0 (97,7% for MG) and particle size of the adsorbent 850 µm. The equilibrium uptake was attained within 60 min. With this study, it has been shown that Luffa cylindrica can be used as efficient adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue, and malachite green from aqueous solution in classrooms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title="adsorption">adsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dye%20removal" title=" dye removal"> dye removal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-cost%20adsorbents" title=" low-cost adsorbents"> low-cost adsorbents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luffa%20cylindrical" title=" Luffa cylindrical"> Luffa cylindrical</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71344/luffa-cylindrica-as-alternative-for-treatment-of-waste-in-the-classroom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71344.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">324</span> Dry Matter, Moisture, Ash and Crude Fibre Content in Distinct Segments of ‘Durian Kampung’ Husk</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norhanim%20Nordin">Norhanim Nordin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosnah%20Shamsudin"> Rosnah Shamsudin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azrina%20Azlan"> Azrina Azlan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Effendy%20Ya%E2%80%99acob"> Mohammad Effendy Ya’acob</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An environmental friendly approach for disposal of voluminous durian husk waste could be implemented by substituting them into various valuable commodities, such as healthcare and biofuel products. Thus, the study of composition value in each segment of durian husk was very crucial to determine the suitable proportions of nutrients that need to be added and mixed in the product. A total of 12 ‘Durian Kampung’ fruits from Sg Ruan, Pahang were selected and each fruit husk was divided into four segments and labelled as P-L (thin neck area of white inner husk), P-B (thick bottom area of white inner husk), H (green and thorny outer husk) and W (whole combination of P-B and H). Four experiments have been carried out to determine the dry matter, moisture, ash and crude fibre content. The results show that the H segment has the highest dry matter content (30.47%), while the P-B segment has the highest percentage in moisture (81.83%) and ash (6.95%) content. It was calculated that the ash content of the P-B segment has a higher rate of moisture level which causes the ash content to increase about 2.89% from the P-L segment. These data have proven that each segment of durian husk has a significant difference in terms of composition value, which might be useful information to fully utilize every part of the durian husk in the future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durian%20husk" title="durian husk">durian husk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crude%20fibre%20content" title=" crude fibre content"> crude fibre content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry%20matter%20content" title=" dry matter content"> dry matter content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moisture%20content" title=" moisture content"> moisture content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74287/dry-matter-moisture-ash-and-crude-fibre-content-in-distinct-segments-of-durian-kampung-husk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74287.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">323</span> Investigation of the Recycling of Geopolymer Cement Wastes as Fine Aggregates in Mortar Mixes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Napoleana-Anna%20Chaliasou">Napoleana-Anna Chaliasou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Heath"> Andrew Heath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevin%20Paine"> Kevin Paine</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fly ash-slag based Geopolymer Cement (GPC) is presenting mechanical properties and environmental advantages that make it the predominant “green” alternative to Portland Cement (PC). Although numerous life-cycle analyses praising its environmental advantages, disposal after the end of its life remains as an issue that has been barely explored. The present study is investigating the recyclability of fly ash-slag GPC as aggregate in mortars. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of GPC fine Recycled Aggregates (RA), at replacement levels of 25% and 50%, on the main mechanical properties of PC and GPC mortar mixes. The results were compared with those obtained by corresponding mixes incorporating natural and PC-RA. The main physical properties of GPC-RA were examined and proven to be comparable to those of PC-RA and slightly inferior to those of natural sand. A negligible effect was observed at 28-day compressive and flexural strength of PC mortars with GPC aggregates having a milder effect than PC. As far as GPC mortars are concerned, the influence of GPC aggregates was enhancing for the investigated mechanical properties. Additionally, a screening test showed that recycled geopolymer aggregates are not prone of inducing alkali silica reaction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20recycling" title="concrete recycling">concrete recycling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geopolymer%20cement" title=" geopolymer cement"> geopolymer cement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20wastes" title=" construction wastes"> construction wastes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46559/investigation-of-the-recycling-of-geopolymer-cement-wastes-as-fine-aggregates-in-mortar-mixes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46559.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">322</span> Coping for Academic Women Departmental Heads during COVID-19: A Capabilities Approach Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juliet%20Ramohai">Juliet Ramohai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper explores how women departmental heads in higher education experience leadership in a time of the COVID-19 crises. The focus is mostly on their care and coping as they work in virtual spaces. Most scholars have looked at the effects and challenges that different employees face while working from home during a lockdown. However, very few take a dedicated focus on women in leadership and the coping mechanisms and resources that they use for effective leadership during this difficult time. The paper draws on two aspects of Sen’s Capabilities approach, functionings, and agency, to cast a closer understanding of the institutional and individual coping mechanisms that might be at these women's disposal. The qualitative approach used for this paper and a feminist lens provides a critical and in-depth understanding of the real-life stories of the women and how they make sense of their virtual leadership. Data for this paper was collected through semi-structured interviews with 10 women in the positions of head of departments and analysed thematically using capabilities approach concepts as an analytical tool. The findings in this paper indicate that functionings and freedoms are tightly linked to institutional ethnographies. These ethnographies might support or hamper coping for women leaders, especially during times of crisis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capability%20approach" title="capability approach">capability approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%20leaders" title=" women leaders"> women leaders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20education" title=" higher education"> higher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title=" COVID-19"> COVID-19</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141677/coping-for-academic-women-departmental-heads-during-covid-19-a-capabilities-approach-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141677.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">185</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">321</span> Modeling Sustainable Truck Rental Operations Using Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20S.%20Abdallah">Khaled S. Abdallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdel-Aziz%20M.%20Mohamed"> Abdel-Aziz M. Mohamed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Moving industries consume numerous resources and dispose masses of used packaging materials. Proper sorting, recycling and disposing the packaging materials is necessary to avoid a sever pollution disaster. This research paper presents a conceptual model to propose sustainable truck rental operations instead of the regular one. An optimization model was developed to select the locations of truck rental centers, collection sites, maintenance and repair sites, and identify the rental fees to be charged for all routes that maximize the total closed supply chain profits. Fixed costs of vehicle purchasing, costs of constructing collection centers and repair centers, as well as the fixed costs paid to use disposal and recycling centers are considered. Operating costs include the truck maintenance, repair costs as well as the cost of recycling and disposing the packing materials, and the costs of relocating the truck are presented in the model. A mixed integer model is developed followed by a simulation model to examine the factors affecting the operation of the model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modeling" title="modeling">modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=truck%20rental" title=" truck rental"> truck rental</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chains%20management." title=" supply chains management."> supply chains management.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73185/modeling-sustainable-truck-rental-operations-using-closed-loop-supply-chain-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73185.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">320</span> Recycling Construction Waste Materials to Reduce the Environmental Pollutants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehrdad%20Abkenari">Mehrdad Abkenari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Rezaei"> Alireza Rezaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naghmeh%20Pournayeb"> Naghmeh Pournayeb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There have recently been many studies and investments in developed and developing countries regarding the possibility of recycling construction waste, which are still ongoing. Since the term 'construction waste' covers a vast spectrum of materials in constructing buildings, roads and etc., many investigations are required to measure their technical performance in use as well as their time and place of use. Concrete is among the major and fundamental materials used in current construction industry. Along with the rise of population in developing countries, it is desperately required to meet the people's primary need in construction industry and on the other hand, dispose existing wastes for reducing the amount of environmental pollutants. Restrictions of natural resources and environmental pollution are the most important problems encountered by civil engineers. Reusing construction waste is an important and economic approach that not only assists the preservation of environment but also, provides us with primary raw materials. In line with consistent municipal development in disposal and reuse of construction waste, several approaches including, management of construction waste and materials, materials recycling and innovation and new inventions in materials have been predicted. This article has accordingly attempted to study the activities related to recycling of construction wastes and then, stated the economic, quantitative, qualitative and environmental results obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20engineering" title="civil engineering">civil engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20waste" title=" construction waste "> construction waste </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32501/recycling-construction-waste-materials-to-reduce-the-environmental-pollutants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32501.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">319</span> Analysis of the Impacts and Challenges of Conventional Solid Waste Management in Urban Centers of Developing Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haruna%20Abdu%20Usman">Haruna Abdu Usman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Mohammed%20Umar"> J. Mohammed Umar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20M.%20Bashir"> U. M. Bashir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solid waste management continued to be the biggest threat to the sustainability of urban centers of developing countries. Most streets corners of these urban centers are characterized by heaps of uncollected wastes at drains, public spaces and road sides destroying the aesthetic qualities and environmental ecosystems of these cities. Also, harboring disease vectors and rodents putting the health of the populace at risk, thus posing a serious challenge to the municipalities who are in most cases responsible for the solid waste management in these cities. The typical or commonest method adapted by these agencies in dealing with the solid waste management is the conventional approach; focusing mainly on waste collection ,treatment(composting and incineration)and disposal giving little consideration to the 3RS, of waste reduce, re-used and recycled. The resultant consequence being huge budget spending in solid waste management as high as 80% but little collection rate as low as 50%. This paper attempt to analyze the impacts and effects of the conventional solid waste management practices on the stakeholders in solid waste management; the municipal authorities, the communities, formal and informal waste managers, the NGOs and CBOs and suggests appropriate measures that would lessen the effects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conventional%20waste%20management" title="conventional waste management">conventional waste management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20waste" title=" solid waste"> solid waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20stakeholders" title=" waste stakeholders"> waste stakeholders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries "> developing countries </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17586/analysis-of-the-impacts-and-challenges-of-conventional-solid-waste-management-in-urban-centers-of-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17586.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">456</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">318</span> Scanning Electron Microscopy of Cement Clinkers Produced Using Alternative Fuels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sorour%20Semsari%20Parapari">Sorour Semsari Parapari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehmet%20Ali%20G%C3%BClg%C3%BCn"> Mehmet Ali Gülgün</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Melih%20Papila"> Melih Papila</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cement production is one of the most energy-intensive processes consuming a high amount of thermal energy. Nowadays, alternative fuels are being used in cement manufacturing in a large scale as a help to provide the necessary energy. The alternative fuels could consist of any disposal like waste plastics, used tires and biomass. It has been suggested that the clinker properties might be affected by using these fuels because of foreign elements incorporation to the composition. Studying the distribution of clinker phases and their chemical composition is possible with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In this study, clinker samples were produced using different alternative fuels in cement firing kilns. The microstructural observations by back-scattered electrons (BSE) mode in SEM (JEOL JSM-6010LV) showed that the clinker phase distribution was dissimilar in samples prepared with different alternative fuels. The alite to belite (a/b) phase content of samples was quantified by image analysis. The results showed that the a/b varied between 5.2 and 1.5 among samples as the average value for six clinker nodules. The elemental analysis by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mounted on SEM indicated the variation in chemical composition among samples. Higher amounts of sulfur and alkalis seemed to reduce the alite phase formation in clinkers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20fuels" title="alternative fuels">alternative fuels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement%20clinker" title=" cement clinker"> cement clinker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure" title=" microstructure"> microstructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37823/scanning-electron-microscopy-of-cement-clinkers-produced-using-alternative-fuels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37823.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">317</span> Study of Strontium Sorption onto Indian Bentonite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pankaj%20Pathak">Pankaj Pathak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Susmita%20Sharma"> Susmita Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Incessant industrial growth fulfill the energy demand of present day society, at the same time it produces huge amount of waste which could be hazardous or non-hazardous in nature. These wastes are coming out from different sources viz, nuclear power, thermal power, coal mines which contain different types of contaminants and one of the emergent contaminant is strontium, used in the present study. The isotope of strontium (Sr90) is radioactive in nature with half-life of 28.8 years and permissible limit of strontium in drinking water is 1.5 ppm. Above the permissible limit causes several types of diseases in human being. Therefore, safe disposal of strontium into ground becomes a biggest challenge for the researchers. In this context, bentonite is being used as an efficient material to retain strontium onto ground due to its specific physical, chemical and mineralogical properties which exhibits higher cation exchange capacity and specific surface area. These properties influence the interaction between strontium and bentonite, which is quantified by employing a parameter known as distribution coefficient. Batch test was conducted, and sorption isotherms were modelled at different interaction time. The pseudo first-order and pseudo second order kinetic models have been used to fit experimental data, which helps to determine the sorption rate and mechanism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bentonite" title="bentonite">bentonite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interaction%20time" title=" interaction time"> interaction time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sorption" title=" sorption"> sorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strontium" title=" strontium"> strontium</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65073/study-of-strontium-sorption-onto-indian-bentonite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65073.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">305</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">316</span> Multi-Robotic Partial Disassembly Line Balancing with Robotic Efficiency Difference via HNSGA-II</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tao%20Yin">Tao Yin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeqiang%20Zhang"> Zeqiang Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei%20Liang"> Wei Liang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yanqing%20Zeng"> Yanqing Zeng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Zhang"> Yu Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To accelerate the remanufacturing process of electronic waste products, this study designs a partial disassembly line with the multi-robotic station to effectively dispose of excessive wastes. The multi-robotic partial disassembly line is a technical upgrade to the existing manual disassembly line. Balancing optimization can make the disassembly line smoother and more efficient. For partial disassembly line balancing with the multi-robotic station (PDLBMRS), a mixed-integer programming model (MIPM) considering the robotic efficiency differences is established to minimize cycle time, energy consumption and hazard index and to calculate their optimal global values. Besides, an enhanced NSGA-II algorithm (HNSGA-II) is proposed to optimize PDLBMRS efficiently. Finally, MIPM and HNSGA-II are applied to an actual mixed disassembly case of two types of computers, the comparison of the results solved by GUROBI and HNSGA-II verifies the correctness of the model and excellent performance of the algorithm, and the obtained Pareto solution set provides multiple options for decision-makers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20disposal" title="waste disposal">waste disposal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disassembly%20line%20balancing" title=" disassembly line balancing"> disassembly line balancing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-robot%20station" title=" multi-robot station"> multi-robot station</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robotic%20efficiency%20difference" title=" robotic efficiency difference"> robotic efficiency difference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HNSGA-II" title=" HNSGA-II"> HNSGA-II</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142743/multi-robotic-partial-disassembly-line-balancing-with-robotic-efficiency-difference-via-hnsga-ii" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">315</span> Toxicity Depletion Rates of Water Lettuce (Pistia stratoites) in an Aquaculture Effluent Hydroponic System </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20A.%20Kiridi">E. A. Kiridi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20O.%20Ogunlela"> A. O. Ogunlela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The control of ammonia build-up and its by-product is a limiting factor for a successful commercial aquaculture in a developing country like Nigeria. The technology for an advanced treatment of fish tank effluent is uneconomical to local fish farmers which have led to indiscriminate disposal of aquaculture wastewater, thereby increasing the concentrations of these nitrogenous compound and other contaminants in surface and groundwater above the permissible level. Phytoremediation using water lettuce could offer cheaper and sustainable alternative. On the first day of experimentation, approximately 100 g of water lettuce were replicated in four hydroponic units containing aquaculture effluents. The water quality parameters measured were concentration of ammonium–nitrogen (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-N), and phosphate–phosphorus (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>-P). Others were total suspended solids (TSS), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and biomass value. At phytoremediation intervals of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, the biomass recorded were 361.2 g, 498.7 g, 561.2 g, and 623.7 g. Water lettuce was able to reduce the pollutant concentration of all the selected parameter. The percentage reduction of pH ranged from 3.9% to 14.4%, EC from 49.8% to 96.2%, TDS from 50.4% to 96.2%, TSS from 38.3% to 81.7%, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N from 38.9% to 90.7%, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>-N from 0% to 74.9%, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-N from 63.2% to 95.9% and PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>-P from 0% to 76.3%. At 95% confidence level, the analysis of variance shows that F(critical) is less than F(cal) and p < 0.05; therefore, it can be concluded statistically that the inequality between the pre-treatment and post-treatment values are significant. This suggests the potency of water lettuce for remediation of aquaculture effluent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquaculture%20effluent" title="aquaculture effluent">aquaculture effluent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrification" title=" nitrification"> nitrification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytoremediation" title=" phytoremediation"> phytoremediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20lettuce" title=" water lettuce"> water lettuce</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46959/toxicity-depletion-rates-of-water-lettuce-pistia-stratoites-in-an-aquaculture-effluent-hydroponic-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46959.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">314</span> A Study on Leaching of Toxic Elements of High Strength Concrete Containing Waste Cathode Ray Tube Glass as Coarse Aggregate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurul%20Noraziemah%20Mohd%20Pauzi">Nurul Noraziemah Mohd Pauzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Fauzi%20Mohd%20Zain"> Muhammad Fauzi Mohd Zain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rapid advance in the electronic industry has led to the increase amount of the waste cathode ray tube (CRT) devices. The management of CRT waste upon disposal haves become a major issue of environmental concern as it contains toxic elements (i.e. lead, barium, zinc, etc.) which has a risk of leaching if it is not managed appropriately. Past studies have reported regarding the possible use of CRT glass as a part of aggregate in concrete production. However, incorporating waste CRT glass may present an environmental risk via leachability of toxic elements. Accordingly, the preventive measures for reducing the risk was proposed. The current work presented the experimental results regarding potential leaching of toxic elements from four types of concrete mixed, each compromising waste CRT glass as coarse aggregate with different shape and properties. Concentrations of detected elements are measure in the leachates by using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Results indicate that the concentration of detected elements were found to be below applicable risk, despite the higher content of toxic elements in CRT glass. Therefore, the used of waste CRT glass as coarse aggregate in hardened concrete does not pose any risk of leachate of heavy metals to the environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycled%20CRT%20glass" title="recycled CRT glass">recycled CRT glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coarse%20aggregate" title=" coarse aggregate"> coarse aggregate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20properties" title=" physical properties"> physical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaching" title=" leaching"> leaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxic%20elements" title=" toxic elements"> toxic elements</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71438/a-study-on-leaching-of-toxic-elements-of-high-strength-concrete-containing-waste-cathode-ray-tube-glass-as-coarse-aggregate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71438.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">313</span> A Review on the Usage of Ceramic Wastes in Concrete Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Zimbili">O. Zimbili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Salim"> W. Salim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Ndambuki"> M. Ndambuki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes contribute the highest percentage of wastes worldwide (75%). Furthermore, ceramic materials contribute the highest percentage of wastes within the C&D wastes (54%). The current option for disposal of ceramic wastes is landfill. This is due to unavailability of standards, avoidance of risk, lack of knowledge and experience in using ceramic wastes in construction. The ability of ceramic wastes to act as a pozzolanic material in the production of cement has been effectively explored. The results proved that temperatures used in the manufacturing of these tiles (about 900 ⁰C) are sufficient to activate pozzolanic properties of clay. They also showed that, after optimization (11-14% substitution), the cement blend performs better, with no morphological differences between the cement blended with ceramic waste, and that blended with other pozzolanic materials. Sanitary ware and electrical insulator porcelain wastes are some wastes investigated for usage as aggregates in concrete production. When optimized, both produced good results, better than when natural aggregates are used. However, the research on ceramic wastes as partial substitute for fine aggregates or cement has not been overly exploited as the other areas. This review has been concluded with focus on investigating whether ceramic wall tile wastes used as partial substitute for cement and fine aggregates could prove to be beneficial since the two materials are the most high-priced during concrete production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blended" title="blended">blended</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphological" title=" morphological"> morphological</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pozzolanic" title=" pozzolanic"> pozzolanic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste" title=" waste "> waste </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2534/a-review-on-the-usage-of-ceramic-wastes-in-concrete-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2534.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">312</span> A Study on Multidimensional Locus of Control and the Procrastinating Behavior in Employees</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richa%20Mishra">Richa Mishra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonia%20Munjal"> Sonia Munjal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this increasingly hectic and competitive climate, employees are expected to manage the resources available to them to perform their work. However, many are wasting the most precious and scarce resource at their disposal, time, by procrastinating on tasks and thereby costing themselves and their organizations. As timely performance is a requirement of most jobs, procrastination is particularly problematic in the workplace. Evidence suggests that procrastination and poor performance go hand-in-hand, as procrastinators miss more deadlines than non-procrastinators and make more errors and work at a slower speed than non-procrastinators when performing timed tasks. This research is hence an effort to add a little in the sparse knowledge base. It is an effort to throw light on the relationship of Levenson’s multi dimensions of locus of control and also an effort to identify if it is one of the causes and of employees procrastination which have not been explored earlier. The study also explores the effect and relationship of multidimensional locus of control and various levels of stress on procrastination. The results of the research have ascertained that there is significant impact of LOC dimensions on the procrastinating behavior of the employees. One of the major findings to emerge from the current research that managers with powerful others as their LOC dimensions were least procrastinating, contradicts the previous research results that external procrastinate more than internals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Multidimensional%20Locus%20of%20Control" title="Multidimensional Locus of Control">Multidimensional Locus of Control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=workplace%20procrastination" title=" workplace procrastination"> workplace procrastination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employee%20behaviour" title=" employee behaviour"> employee behaviour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manufacturing%20industry" title=" manufacturing industry"> manufacturing industry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19834/a-study-on-multidimensional-locus-of-control-and-the-procrastinating-behavior-in-employees" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19834.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">311</span> The Optimum Operating Conditions for the Synthesis of Zeolite from Waste Incineration Fly Ash by Alkali Fusion and Hydrothermal Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Jie%20Lin">Yi-Jie Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyh-Cherng%20Chen"> Jyh-Cherng Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fly ash of waste incineration processes is usually hazardous and the disposal or reuse of waste incineration fly ash is difficult. In this study, the waste incineration fly ash was converted to useful zeolites by the alkali fusion and hydrothermal synthesis method. The influence of different operating conditions (the ratio of Si/Al, the ratio of hydrolysis liquid to solid, and hydrothermal time) was investigated to seek the optimum operating conditions for the synthesis of zeolite from waste incineration fly ash. The results showed that concentrations of heavy metals in the leachate of Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) were all lower than the regulatory limits except lead. The optimum operating conditions for the synthesis of zeolite from waste incineration fly ash by the alkali fusion and hydrothermal synthesis method were Si/Al=40, NaOH/ash=1.5, alkali fusion at 400 <sup>o</sup>C for 40 min, hydrolysis with Liquid to Solid ratio (L/S)= 200 at 105 <sup>o</sup>C for 24 h, and hydrothermal synthesis at 105 <sup>o</sup>C for 24 h. The specific surface area of fly ash could be significantly increased from 8.59 m<sup>2</sup>/g to 651.51 m<sup>2</sup>/g (synthesized zeolite). The influence of different operating conditions on the synthesis of zeolite from waste incineration fly ash followed the sequence of Si/Al ratio > hydrothermal time > hydrolysis L/S ratio. The synthesized zeolites can be reused as good adsorbents to control the air or wastewater pollutants. The purpose of fly ash detoxification, reduction and waste recycling/reuse is achieved successfully. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkali%20fusion" title="alkali fusion">alkali fusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal" title=" hydrothermal"> hydrothermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zeolite" title=" zeolite"> zeolite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94021/the-optimum-operating-conditions-for-the-synthesis-of-zeolite-from-waste-incineration-fly-ash-by-alkali-fusion-and-hydrothermal-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">310</span> Effect of Temperature on the Water Retention Capacity of Liner Materials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20M.%20Al-Mahbashi">Ahmed M. Al-Mahbashi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mosleh%20A.%20Al-Shamrani"> Mosleh A. Al-Shamrani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muawia%20Dafalla"> Muawia Dafalla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mixtures of sand and clay are frequently used to serve for specific purposes in several engineering practices. In environmental engineering, liner layers and cover layers are common for controlling waste disposal facilities. These layers are exposed to moisture and temperature fluctuation specially when existing in unsaturated condition. The relationship between soil suction and water content for these materials is essential for understanding their unsaturated behavior and properties such as retention capacity and unsaturated follow (hydraulic conductivity). This study is aimed at investigating retention capacity for two sand-natural expansive clay mixtures (15% (C15) and 30% (C30) expansive clay) at two ambient temperatures within the range of 5 -50 °C. Soil water retention curves (SWRC) for these materials were determined at these two ambient temperatures using different salt solutions for a wide range of suction (up to 200MPa). The results indicate that retention capacity of C15 mixture underwent significant changes due to temperature variations. This effect tends to be less visible when the clay fraction is doubled (C30). In addition, the overall volume change is marginally affected by high temperature within the range considered in this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20water%20retention%20curve" title="soil water retention curve">soil water retention curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sand-expansive%20clay%20liner" title=" sand-expansive clay liner"> sand-expansive clay liner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=suction" title=" suction"> suction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102815/effect-of-temperature-on-the-water-retention-capacity-of-liner-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102815.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">309</span> Protein Derived Biodegradable Food Packaging Material from Poultry By-Product</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Zubair">Muhammad Zubair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aman%20Ullah"> Aman Ullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianping%20Wu"> Jianping Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the last decades, petroleum derived synthetic polymers like polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene has extensively been used in the field of food packaging and mostly are non-degradable. Biopolymers are a good fit for single-use or short-lived products such as food packaging. Spent hens, a poultry by-product which is of little economic value and their disposal are environmentally harmful. Through current study, we have explored the possibility to transform proteins from spent fowl into green food packaging material. Proteins from spent fowl were extracted within 1 hour using pH shift method with recovery of about 74%. Different plasticizers were tried like glycerol, sorbitol, glutaraldehyde, 1,2 ethylene glycol and 1,2 butanediol. Glycerol was the best plasticizer among all these plasticizers. A naturally occurring and non-toxic cross-linking agent, chitosan, was used to form the chitosan/glycerol/protein blend by casting and compression molding techniques. The mechanical properties were characterized using tensile strength analyzer. The nano-reinforcements with homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles lead to improved physical properties suggesting that these materials have great potential for food packaging applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20scanning%20calorimetry" title="differential scanning calorimetry">differential scanning calorimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20mechanical%20analysis" title=" dynamic mechanical analysis"> dynamic mechanical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scanning%20electron%20microscopy" title=" scanning electron microscopy"> scanning electron microscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spent%20hen" title=" spent hen"> spent hen</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52395/protein-derived-biodegradable-food-packaging-material-from-poultry-by-product" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52395.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">276</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">308</span> Managing Construction Wastes in Nigeria for Sustainable Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ezekiel%20Ejiofor%20Nnadi">Ezekiel Ejiofor Nnadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nigeria construction industry is known for its active construction activities. This has earmarked the industry to be the key to economic growth of the nation. It has largest employer of labour and gives sustenance to other industries like manufacturing industry. While this is a sign of growth and prosperity; the waste generated by the industry has always been a problem and a serious concern. It results in wastage of economic gain and has resultant health effect on the populace apart from injury being sustained on sites. This work provides a platform to learn more about construction waste, its management strategy and how to reduce waste production in Nigeria construction industry. Construction sites, waste management authority and public health institutions in Lagos as the centre of most construction activities in Nigeria were selected, and a set of questionnaire was administered to using the systematic sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and relative importance index (RII) technique were employed for the analysis of the data gathered. The findings of the analysis show that excessive wastes reduce contractors’ profit margin and also that some construction wastes contain hazardous and toxic elements such as lead, asbestos or radioactive materials which required proper handling and effective disposal. The conclusion was drawn that the check on waste on construction sites starts with the designers to the contractors who execute on site. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20cost" title="construction cost">construction cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20industry" title=" construction industry"> construction industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=materials%20wastes" title=" materials wastes"> materials wastes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85649/managing-construction-wastes-in-nigeria-for-sustainable-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85649.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> 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