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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pub" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pub" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Inns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advent_of_the_modern_pub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advent_of_the_modern_pub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Advent of the modern pub</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advent_of_the_modern_pub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tied_house_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tied_house_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Tied house system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tied_house_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_in_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_in_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Decline in Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Licensing laws</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Licensing_laws-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Licensing laws subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Licensing_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lock-in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lock-in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lock-in</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lock-in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smoking_bans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smoking_bans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Smoking bans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smoking_bans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saloon_or_lounge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saloon_or_lounge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Saloon or lounge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saloon_or_lounge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_bar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_bar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Public bar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snug" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snug"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Snug</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snug-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Counter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beer_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Beer engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Companies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Companies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Companies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brewery_tap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brewery_tap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Brewery tap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brewery_tap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gastropub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastropub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Gastropub</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastropub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_pub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_pub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Country pub</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_pub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roadhouse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roadhouse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Roadhouse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roadhouse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theme_pub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theme_pub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Theme pub</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theme_pub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Micropubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Micropubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Micropubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Micropubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pub_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pub_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pub signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pub_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Listed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Listed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Listed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Listed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highest_and_remotest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest_and_remotest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Highest and remotest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest_and_remotest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smallest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smallest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Smallest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smallest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Largest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Oldest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longest_and_shortest_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longest_and_shortest_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Longest and shortest name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longest_and_shortest_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Cultural associations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_associations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural associations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxford_and_Cambridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxford_and_Cambridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Oxford and Cambridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxford_and_Cambridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Outside Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pub</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9" title="حانة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حانة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab" title="Pab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="শৌণ্ডিকালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শৌণ্ডিকালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phah-buh" title="Phah-buh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phah-buh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Паб – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Паб – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D0%B1" title="Пъб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пъб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Паб – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Паб" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospoda" title="Hospoda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hospoda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafarn" title="Tafarn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tafarn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80" title="Παμπ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παμπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierejo" title="Bierejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bierejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="میخانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میخانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubbur" title="Pubbur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pubbur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_(%C3%A9tablissement)" title="Pub (établissement) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pub (établissement)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach_t%C3%A1bhairne" title="Teach tábhairne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teach tábhairne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thie_lhionney" title="Thie lhionney – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Thie lhionney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigh-seinnse" title="Taigh-seinnse – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Taigh-seinnse" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%8D" title="펍 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펍" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedai_bir" title="Kedai bir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kedai bir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6bb" title="Pöbb – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pöbb" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%91" title="פאב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caupona_Anglica" title="Caupona Anglica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caupona Anglica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEeiga" title="Užeiga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Užeiga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Паб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Паб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_pub" title="Britse pub – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Britse pub" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%96" title="パブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local" title="Local – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Local" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Паб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house" title="Public house – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Public house" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubi" title="Pubi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pubi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_(bar)" title="Pub (bar) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pub (bar)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Паб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81" title="میخانہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میخانہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" title="Pub – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pub" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%BC%8F%E9%85%92%E5%90%A7" title="英式酒吧 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英式酒吧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212198#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pub_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pub (disambiguation)">Pub (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Public house" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ye olde pub" redirects here. For the plane flown by Charles Brown in WWII, see <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Brown_and_Franz_Stigler_incident" title="Charlie Brown and Franz Stigler incident">Charlie Brown and Franz Stigler incident</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pub.williams.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pub.williams.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Pub.williams.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pub.williams.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Pub.williams.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pub.williams.arp.750pix.jpg/440px-Pub.williams.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">thatched</a> country pub, the Williams Arms, near <a href="/wiki/Braunton" title="Braunton">Braunton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PubCamdenTown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PubCamdenTown.jpg/220px-PubCamdenTown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PubCamdenTown.jpg/330px-PubCamdenTown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PubCamdenTown.jpg/440px-PubCamdenTown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>A city pub, <a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_End,_Camden" title="The World's End, Camden">the World's End</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden Town</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Singleton_The_Ale-House_Door_c._1790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Henry_Singleton_The_Ale-House_Door_c._1790.jpg/220px-Henry_Singleton_The_Ale-House_Door_c._1790.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Henry_Singleton_The_Ale-House_Door_c._1790.jpg/330px-Henry_Singleton_The_Ale-House_Door_c._1790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Henry_Singleton_The_Ale-House_Door_c._1790.jpg/440px-Henry_Singleton_The_Ale-House_Door_c._1790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1603" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption><i>The Ale-House Door</i> (painting of c. 1790 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Singleton_(painter)" title="Henry Singleton (painter)">Henry Singleton</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pub</b> (short for <b>public house</b>) is in several countries a <a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">drinking establishment</a> licensed to serve <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drinks</a> for consumption <a href="/wiki/Licensing_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom#On-licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensing laws of the United Kingdom">on the premises</a>. The term first appeared in England in the late 17th century, to differentiate private houses from those open to the public as alehouses, <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">taverns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">inns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, there is no strict definition, but the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">Campaign for Real Ale</a> (CAMRA) states a pub has four characteristics: </p> <ol><li>is open to the public without membership or residency</li> <li>serves draught beer or cider without requiring food be consumed</li> <li>has at least one indoor area not laid out for meals</li> <li>allows drinks to be bought at a bar (i.e., not only table service)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The history of pubs can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">taverns</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_the_pub_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_pub-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Great_British_Pub_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Great_British_Pub-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and through <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> alehouses, but it was not until the early 19th century that pubs, as they are today, first began to appear. The model also became popular in countries and regions of British influence, where pubs are often still considered to be an important aspect of their <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many places, especially in villages, pubs are the focal point of local communities. In his 17th-century diary, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> described the pub as "the heart of England".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pubs have been established in other countries in modern times. </p><p>Although the drinks traditionally served include <a href="/wiki/Draught_beer" title="Draught beer">draught beer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a>, most also sell <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">spirits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soft_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft drinks">soft drinks</a>. Many pubs offer meals and snacks, and those considered to be <a href="/wiki/Gastropub" title="Gastropub">gastro-pubs</a> serve food in a manner akin to a restaurant. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">licence</a> is required to operate a pub; the licensee is known as the landlord or landlady, or the publican. Often colloquially referred to as their "local" by regular customers,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, good food, social atmosphere, the presence of friends and acquaintances, and the availability of <a href="/wiki/Pub_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pub games">pub games</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Darts" title="Darts">darts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pool_(cue_sports)" title="Pool (cue sports)">pool</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a>. Pubs often screen sporting events, such as <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pub_quiz" title="Pub quiz">pub quiz</a> was established in the UK in the 1970s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Rowntree,_Public_Houses_in_Central_London,_1899,_Cornell,_CUL_PJM_1134_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Joseph_Rowntree%2C_Public_Houses_in_Central_London%2C_1899%2C_Cornell%2C_CUL_PJM_1134_01.jpg/220px-Joseph_Rowntree%2C_Public_Houses_in_Central_London%2C_1899%2C_Cornell%2C_CUL_PJM_1134_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Joseph_Rowntree%2C_Public_Houses_in_Central_London%2C_1899%2C_Cornell%2C_CUL_PJM_1134_01.jpg/330px-Joseph_Rowntree%2C_Public_Houses_in_Central_London%2C_1899%2C_Cornell%2C_CUL_PJM_1134_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Joseph_Rowntree%2C_Public_Houses_in_Central_London%2C_1899%2C_Cornell%2C_CUL_PJM_1134_01.jpg/440px-Joseph_Rowntree%2C_Public_Houses_in_Central_London%2C_1899%2C_Cornell%2C_CUL_PJM_1134_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5578" data-file-height="4725" /></a><figcaption>1899 map showing number of public houses in a district of central London</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a> was a native British drink before the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the first century, but it was with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman road</a> network that the first pubs, called <i><a href="/wiki/Taberna" title="Taberna">tabernae</a></i> (the origin of modern English "<a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">tavern</a>"), began to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-Great_British_Pub_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Great_British_Pub-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the departure of Roman authority in the fifth century and the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Romano-British kingdoms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> established alehouses that may have grown out of domestic dwellings, first attested in the 10th century. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. The <a href="/wiki/Wantage_Code" title="Wantage Code">Wantage law code</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> prescribes fines for breaching the peace at meetings held in alehouses.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks_%282%29.JPG/220px-Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks_%282%29.JPG/330px-Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks_%282%29.JPG/440px-Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks" title="Ye Olde Fighting Cocks">Ye Olde Fighting Cocks</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>, Hertfordshire, which once held the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness World Record">Guinness World Record</a> for the oldest pub in England</figcaption></figure> <p>A traveller in the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> status in 1446, and in 1514 the guild became the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Innholders" title="Worshipful Company of Innholders">Worshipful Company of Innholders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inns">Inns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Steen_Peasants_before_an_Inn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jan_Steen_Peasants_before_an_Inn.jpg/220px-Jan_Steen_Peasants_before_an_Inn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jan_Steen_Peasants_before_an_Inn.jpg/330px-Jan_Steen_Peasants_before_an_Inn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jan_Steen_Peasants_before_an_Inn.jpg/440px-Jan_Steen_Peasants_before_an_Inn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption><i>Peasants before an Inn</i> by Dutch artist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Steen" title="Jan Steen">Jan Steen</a> c. 1653</figcaption></figure> <p>Inns are buildings where travellers can seek <a href="/wiki/Lodging" title="Lodging">lodging</a> and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> built <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">a system of roads</a> two <a href="/wiki/Millennia" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennia">millennia</a> ago.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. </p><p>In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if anything, that now distinguishes inns from <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">taverns</a>, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also <a href="/wiki/Stable" title="Stable">stabling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> for travellers' horses, and on some roads fresh horses for the <a href="/wiki/Mail_coach" title="Mail coach">mail coach</a>. </p><p>Famous London inns include <a href="/wiki/The_George,_Southwark" class="mw-redirect" title="The George, Southwark">the George, Southwark</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Tabard" title="The Tabard">the Tabard</a>. There is, however, no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former <a href="/wiki/Coaching_inn" title="Coaching inn">coaching inns</a>, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">pun</a> on the word "in". </p><p>The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments. Hotels, lodges, and <a href="/wiki/Motel" title="Motel">motels</a> focus more on lodging customers than on other services but usually provide meals. Pubs are primarily alcohol-serving establishments. Restaurants and taverns serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like <a href="/wiki/Holiday_Inn" title="Holiday Inn">Holiday Inn</a>, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Chancery" title="Inns of Chancery">Inns of Chancery</a> in London started as ordinary inns where <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barristers</a> met to do business, but became institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Legal_profession" title="Legal profession">legal profession</a> in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advent_of_the_modern_pub">Advent of the modern pub</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advent of the modern pub"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldfinger_Tavern,_Newburgh_Place,_Highworth_(geograph_2306704).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Goldfinger_Tavern%2C_Newburgh_Place%2C_Highworth_%28geograph_2306704%29.jpg/220px-Goldfinger_Tavern%2C_Newburgh_Place%2C_Highworth_%28geograph_2306704%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Goldfinger_Tavern%2C_Newburgh_Place%2C_Highworth_%28geograph_2306704%29.jpg/330px-Goldfinger_Tavern%2C_Newburgh_Place%2C_Highworth_%28geograph_2306704%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Goldfinger_Tavern%2C_Newburgh_Place%2C_Highworth_%28geograph_2306704%29.jpg/440px-Goldfinger_Tavern%2C_Newburgh_Place%2C_Highworth_%28geograph_2306704%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Goldfinger Tavern, <a href="/wiki/Highworth" title="Highworth">Highworth</a>, an example of a mid-20th-century <a href="/wiki/Flat-roofed_pub" title="Flat-roofed pub">flat-roofed pub</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pubs as we know them today first appeared in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before this time alehouses were largely indistinguishable from private houses and the poor standard of rural roads meant that, away from the larger towns, the only beer available was often brewed by the publican himself.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, many areas of the United Kingdom were transformed by a surge in industrial activity and rapid population growth. There was huge demand for beer and for venues where the public could engage in social interaction, but there was also intense competition for customers. </p><p>Gin houses and palaces became increasingly popular, while the <a href="/wiki/Beerhouse_Act_1830" title="Beerhouse Act 1830">Beerhouse Act of 1830</a> caused a proliferation of beerhouses. By the mid-19th century, pubs were widely purpose-built, and could incorporate architectural features that distinguished them from private houses to make them stand out from the competition. Many existing public houses were also redeveloped at this time, borrowing features from other building types and gradually developing the characteristics that make pubs instantly recognisable today. In particular, and contrary to the intentions of the Beerhouse Act, many drew inspiration from the gin houses and palaces. </p><p>Bar counters had been an early adoption, but ornate mirrors, etched glass, polished brass fittings and lavishly tiled surfaces were all features that had first made their appearance in gin houses. Innovations such as the introduction of hand pumps (or <a href="/wiki/Beer_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer engines">beer engines</a>) allowed more people to be served, faster, while technological advances in the brewing industry and improved transportation links made it possible for breweries to deliver beer far from where it was brewed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tied_house_system">Tied house system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tied house system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pub_chain" title="Pub chain">Pub chain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tied_house" title="Tied house">Tied house</a></div> <p>The latter half of the 19th century saw increased competition within the brewing industry and, in an attempt to secure markets for their own products, breweries began rapidly buying local pubs and directly employing publicans to run them. Although some tied houses had existed in larger British towns since the 17th century, this represented a fundamental shift in the way that many pubs were operated and the period is now widely regarded as the birth of the tied house system.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decreasing numbers of <a href="/wiki/Free_house_(pub)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free house (pub)">free houses</a> and difficulties in obtaining new licences meant a continual expansion of their tied estates was the only feasible way for breweries to generate new trade. By the end of the century more than 90 per cent of public houses in England were owned by breweries, and the only practical way brewers could now grow their tied estates was to turn on each other.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buy-outs and amalgamations became commonplace, and by the end of the 1980s there were only six large brewers left in the UK, collectively known as the Big Six; <a href="/wiki/Allied_Breweries" title="Allied Breweries">Allied</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_Brewery" title="Bass Brewery">Bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courage_Brewery" title="Courage Brewery">Courage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Metropolitan" title="Grand Metropolitan">Grand Metropolitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_%26_Newcastle" title="Scottish & Newcastle">Scottish & Newcastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitbread" title="Whitbread">Whitbread</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt to increase the number of free houses, by forcing the big breweries to sell their tied houses, the Government introduced <a href="/wiki/The_Beer_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beer Orders">the Beer Orders</a> in 1989. The result, however, was that the Big Six melted away into other sectors; selling their brewing assets and spinning off their tied houses, largely into the hands of branded pub chains, called pubcos. As these were not brewers, they were not governed by the Beer Orders and tens of thousands of pubs remain tied, much in the same way that they had been previously. In reality, government interference did very little to improve Britain's tied house system and all its large breweries are now in the hands of foreign or multi-national companies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_in_Britain">Decline in Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decline in Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Red_Lion_being_demolished_-_geograph.org.uk_-_900911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Red_Lion_being_demolished_-_geograph.org.uk_-_900911.jpg/220px-The_Red_Lion_being_demolished_-_geograph.org.uk_-_900911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Red_Lion_being_demolished_-_geograph.org.uk_-_900911.jpg/330px-The_Red_Lion_being_demolished_-_geograph.org.uk_-_900911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Red_Lion_being_demolished_-_geograph.org.uk_-_900911.jpg/440px-The_Red_Lion_being_demolished_-_geograph.org.uk_-_900911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>The Red Lion, a pub in <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, being demolished in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of pubs in the UK has declined year on year at least since 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-BBPA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBPA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various reasons are put forward for this, such as the failure of some establishments to keep up with customer requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others claim the <a href="/wiki/Smoking_bans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Smoking bans in the United Kingdom">smoking ban of 2007</a>, intense competition from gastro-pubs, the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame, or are factors in the decline.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes in demographics may be an additional factor.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament in the UK, with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lost Pubs Project listed 42,519 closed English pubs on 6 August 2023, with photographs of over 29,000.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fifteen years to 2017 a quarter of London's pubs had closed. The closures have been ascribed to factors such as changing tastes and a rise in the cost of beer due to tax increases. Some London boroughs where there has been an increase in <a href="/wiki/British_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="British Muslim">British Muslim</a> population—<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> forbids alcohol to its adherents—have seen a high amount of closures.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industry suffered a major decline from 2020, due to reduced trade during the <a href="/wiki/Covid_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Covid pandemic">Covid pandemic</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost_of_living_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost of living crisis">wave of inflation</a> that increased prices. By June 2022, pub numbers in England and Wales had fallen to a record low of 39,970, a loss of 7,000 in 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pubs also found it difficult to hire enough staff, with 142,000 jobs unfilled in the accommodation and food services sector by 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figures published in 2023 showed that the rate of pub loss, equivalent to two closures a day, was increasing and that 39,404 pubs in England and Wales remained open at the end of June.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing_laws">Licensing laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Licensing laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pubbsm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pubbsm.jpg/220px-Pubbsm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pubbsm.jpg/330px-Pubbsm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pubbsm.jpg/440px-Pubbsm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The interior of a typical British pub</figcaption></figure> <p>There was regulation of public drinking spaces in England from at least the 15th century. In 1496, under, Henry VII, an act was passed, "against vagabonds and beggers" (11 Hen. VII c2), that included a clause empowering two justices of the peace, "to rejecte and put awey comen ale-selling in tounes and places where they shall think convenyent, and to take suertie of the keepers of ale-houses in their gode behavyng by the discrecion of the seid justices, and in the same to be avysed and aggreed at the tyme of their sessions."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Beerhouse_Act_1830" title="Beerhouse Act 1830">Beerhouse Act of 1830</a> is widely considered to be a milestone in the history of public houses. Gin was popularised in England in the late 17th century, largely because it provided an alternative to French <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> at a time of political and religious conflict between Britain and France.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its cheapness, gin became popular with the poor, eventually leading to a period of drunkenness and lawlessness, known as the <a href="/wiki/Gin_Craze" title="Gin Craze">Gin Craze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 19th century, encouraged by a reduction of duties, gin consumption again began to rise and gin houses and <a href="/wiki/Gin_palace" title="Gin palace">gin palaces</a> (an evolution of gin shops) began to spread from London to most towns and cities in Britain. Alarmed at the prospect of a return to the Gin Craze, the government attempted to counter the threat, and encourage the consumption of a more wholesome beverage, by introducing the Beerhouse Act of 1830. The Act introduced a new lower, and largely deregulated, tier of premises called "the beerhouse".<sup id="cite_ref-AMLWCH_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMLWCH-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farriers_Arms_pub_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1466879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Farriers_Arms_pub_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1466879.jpg/220px-Farriers_Arms_pub_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1466879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Farriers_Arms_pub_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1466879.jpg/330px-Farriers_Arms_pub_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1466879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Farriers_Arms_pub_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1466879.jpg/440px-Farriers_Arms_pub_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1466879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A Victorian beerhouse, now a public house, in <a href="/wiki/Rotherhithe" title="Rotherhithe">Rotherhithe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the act any householder, upon payment of two <a href="/wiki/Guineas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guineas">guineas</a> (roughly equal in value to £237 today), was permitted to brew and sell beer or <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> in their own home. Beerhouses were not allowed to open on Sundays, or sell spirits and fortified wines; any beerhouse discovered to be breaking these rules was closed down and the owner heavily fined.<sup id="cite_ref-UK_Hist_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_Hist-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within eight years 46,000 new beerhouses opened<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, because operating costs were so low, huge profits were often made. The combination of increasing competition and high profits eventually led to what has been described as a golden age of pub building when many landlords extended or redeveloped their properties, adopting many features modern pubs still have. </p><p>Authorities attempted to check the growth from 1869 by introducing magisterial control and new licensing laws. These aimed to make it harder to obtain a licence, and control drunkenness, prostitution, and other undesirable conduct on licensed premises.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archives_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, restrictions were tightened considerably following the advent of the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Realm_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence of the Realm Act">Defence of the Realm Act</a>, along with introducing <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> and censorship of the press, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a special case established under the <a href="/wiki/State_Management_Scheme" title="State Management Scheme">State Management Scheme</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lock-in">Lock-in</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lock-in"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A "lock-in" is when a pub owner allows patrons to continue drinking in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. From then until the start of the 21st century, UK licensing laws changed very little, retaining these comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Licensing_Act_2003" title="Licensing Act 2003">Licensing Act 2003</a>, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban#United_Kingdom" title="Smoking ban">smoking ban</a>, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Smoking_bans">Smoking bans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Smoking bans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concerns about the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation first surfaced in the 1950s and ultimately led many countries to ban or restrict smoking in specific settings, such as pubs and restaurants. Early in 2004, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> became the first country in the world to ban smoking in all enclosed public areas. Scotland was the first UK nation to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban#United_Kingdom" title="Smoking ban">ban on indoor smoking</a> in March 2006, followed by the rest of the UK in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia introduced a similar ban in 2006 and now has some of the world's toughest anti-smoking laws, with some territories having also banned smoking in outside public areas.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some publicans raised concerns, prior to the implementation of restrictions, that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact of the ban was mixed, with some pubs suffering declining sales, and others seeing an increase, particularly in food sales.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saloon_or_lounge">Saloon or lounge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Saloon or lounge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_City_Road_London_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Eagle_City_Road_London_2005.jpg/220px-Eagle_City_Road_London_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Eagle_City_Road_London_2005.jpg/330px-Eagle_City_Road_London_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Eagle_City_Road_London_2005.jpg/440px-Eagle_City_Road_London_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>The Eagle, <a href="/wiki/City_Road" title="City Road">City Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Islington" title="London Borough of Islington">Islington</a>, London, displaying the nursery rhyme line about the pub's predecessor<sup id="cite_ref-weasel_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weasel-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Clock,_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1468943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Clock%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1468943.jpg/220px-The_Clock%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1468943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Clock%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1468943.jpg/330px-The_Clock%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1468943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Clock%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1468943.jpg/440px-The_Clock%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1468943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>The Clock, Birmingham – an example of a <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">mock Tudor</a> pub, now demolished to make way for the expansion of Birmingham Airport</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Book_cafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Book cafe">Book cafe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piano_bar" title="Piano bar">Piano bar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oyster_saloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyster saloon">Oyster saloon</a></div> <p>By the end of the 18th century, a new room in the pub was established: the saloon. Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport. Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr. Ball that had a <a href="/wiki/Duck_pond" title="Duck pond">duck pond</a> at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More common, however, was a card room or a <a href="/wiki/Billiards" class="mw-redirect" title="Billiards">billiards</a> room. The saloon was a room where, for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama, or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table. From this came the popular <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a> form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts. </p><p>A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in the Eagle, <a href="/wiki/City_Road" title="City Road">City Road</a>, referenced by name in the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a>: "Up and down the City Road / In and out the Eagle / That's the way the money goes / <a href="/wiki/Pop_goes_the_weasel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop goes the weasel">Pop goes the weasel</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-EAG_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAG-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weasel_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weasel-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that the customer had spent all his money at the Eagle, and needed to <a href="/wiki/Pawnbroker" title="Pawnbroker">pawn</a> his "weasel" to get some more.<sup id="cite_ref-EAG_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAG-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or <a href="/wiki/Rhyming_slang" title="Rhyming slang">rhyming slang</a> for a coat (<i>weasel and stoat</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a> or <a href="/wiki/Striptease" title="Striptease">striptease</a>; however, <a href="/wiki/Juke_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Juke box">juke boxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a> and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_bar">Public bar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Public bar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The public bar, or tap room, was where the working class were expected to congregate and drink. It had unfurnished floorboards, sometimes covered with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as "spit and sawdust"), bare bench seats and stools. Drinks were generally lower-quality beers and liquors.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public bars were seen as exclusive areas for only men; strictly enforced <a href="/wiki/Social_etiquette" class="mw-redirect" title="Social etiquette">social etiquettes</a> barred women from entering public bars (some pubs did not lift this rule until the 1980s).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Manchester area, the public bar was known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. The vault was a men-only bar, meant for working men in their dirty working clothes. </p><p>This style was in marked contrast to the adjacent saloon or lounge bar which, by the early 20th century, was where male or accompanied female middle-class drinkers would drink. It had carpeted floors, upholstered seats, and a wider selection of better quality drinks that cost a penny or two more than those served in the public bar. </p><p>By the mid-20th century, the standard of the public bar had generally improved. Many were built between the world wars as part of the "improved" pub movement and as "roadhouse" inns—with large <a href="/wiki/Car_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Car parks">car parks</a> to attract passing trade.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pub patrons only had to choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age: a <a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">jukebox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dartboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartboard">dartboard</a>). By the 1970s, divisions between saloons and public bars were being phased out, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition. While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most present day pubs now comprise one large room, although with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Gastropub" title="Gastropub">gastropubs</a>, some establishments have returned to maintaining distinct rooms or areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snug">Snug</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Snug"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "snug" was a small private room or area, typically with access to the bar and a frosted glass window above head height. Customers in the snug paid a higher price for beer and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. Not only did wealthy visitors use these rooms, but also patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies often enjoyed a private drink in the snug in a time when many frowned on women visiting a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">Campaign for Real Ale</a> (CAMRA) has surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and it believes that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-snug_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snug-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter">Counter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Counter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_T.P._Smith%27s_Pub,_Dublin,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Inside_T.P._Smith%27s_Pub%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg/220px-Inside_T.P._Smith%27s_Pub%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Inside_T.P._Smith%27s_Pub%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg/330px-Inside_T.P._Smith%27s_Pub%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Inside_T.P._Smith%27s_Pub%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg/440px-Inside_T.P._Smith%27s_Pub%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>T.P. Smith's Pub, Dublin, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>The pub took the concept of the bar counter to serve the beer from <a href="/wiki/Gin_palace" title="Gin palace">gin palaces</a> in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) <a href="/wiki/Beer_garden" title="Beer garden">beer gardens</a> and some other drinking establishments in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bar might be provided for the manager or publican to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, and the term "bar" applied to the publican's office where one was built,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but beer would be tapped directly from a cask or barrel on a table, or kept in a separate taproom and brought out in jugs.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When purpose built Victorian pubs were built after the <a href="/wiki/Beerhouse_Act_1830" title="Beerhouse Act 1830">Beerhouse Act 1830</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. A number of pubs in the Midlands or the North still retain this set up, though now customers fetch the drinks themselves from the taproom or public bar. One of these is the Vine, known locally as the Bull and Bladder, in <a href="/wiki/Brierley_Hill" title="Brierley Hill">Brierley Hill</a> near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room as breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a>, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the <a href="/wiki/Swindon_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Swindon station">Swindon station</a> pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beer_engine">Beer engine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Beer engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_engine" title="Beer engine">Beer engine</a></div> <p>A "beer engine" is a device for <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumping</a> beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a <a href="/wiki/Cask" class="mw-redirect" title="Cask">cask</a> or container in a pub's basement or cellar. </p><p>The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (born Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London. </p><p>The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump: </p><p>"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London." </p><p>"Their Majesties" referred to were <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II of England</a>, who had recently arrived from the Netherlands and had been appointed joint monarchs. </p><p>A further engine was invented in the late 18th century by the <a href="/wiki/Locksmith" class="mw-redirect" title="Locksmith">locksmith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bramah" title="Joseph Bramah">Joseph Bramah</a> (1748–1814). </p><p>Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When manually powered, the term "handpump" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Companies">Companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pub" title="Special:EditPage/Pub">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tied_house" title="Tied house">Tied house</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pub_chain" title="Pub chain">Pub chain</a></div> <p>In the 18th century, after the development of the large London <a href="/wiki/Porter_(beer)" title="Porter (beer)">Porter</a> breweries, a trend grew for pubs to become <i><a href="/wiki/Tied_house" title="Tied house">tied houses</a></i> that only sold beer from a single brewery. (A pub not 'tied' in this way was called a <b>free house</b>.) The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the brewery owned the pub but rented it out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(English_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freehold (English law)">freehold</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leasehold" class="mw-redirect" title="Leasehold">leasehold</a>) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie. </p><p>In the late 20th century, breweries increasingly ran their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Regional_brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional brewery">regional brewery</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Neame" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd Neame">Shepherd Neame</a> in Kent and <a href="/wiki/Young%27s" title="Young's">Young's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuller,_Smith_%26_Turner" title="Fuller, Smith & Turner">Fuller's</a> in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as <a href="/wiki/Greene_King" title="Greene King">Greene King</a>, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case, they are a manager of a managed house—or a self-employed tenant under a lease agreement with a brewery that obligates (trade tie) them to purchase only that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. <a href="/wiki/The_Beer_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beer Orders">The Beer Orders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a <a href="/wiki/Guest_beer" title="Guest beer">guest beer</a>, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers. </p><p>Organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Wetherspoons" title="Wetherspoons">Wetherspoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punch_Taverns" class="mw-redirect" title="Punch Taverns">Punch Taverns</a> and <a href="/wiki/O%27Neill%27s_(pub_chain)" title="O'Neill's (pub chain)">O'Neill's</a> were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a <a href="/wiki/Pub_chain" title="Pub chain">Pub chain</a> may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery. In 2016, a number of the largest PubCo's were <a href="/wiki/The_Pubs_Code_Regulations_2016" title="The Pubs Code Regulations 2016">regulated</a>, and tied tenants in England and Wales got new statutory rights to go free of tie or to have disputes heard by the Pubs Code Adjudicator. </p><p>Pubs within a chain usually have items in common—such as fittings, promotions, ambience, and food and drink menu. A pub chain positions itself in the marketplace for a target clientele. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries that then close down. Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of <a href="/wiki/Traditional" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional">traditional</a> names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time. </p><p>In 2009 about half of Britain's pubs were owned by large pub companies.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brewery_tap">Brewery tap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Brewery tap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Craft_beer#Brewpub" title="Craft beer">Craft beer § Brewpub</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Craft_beer#Brewpub" title="Craft beer">brewery tap</a>, also called a brewpub or taproom, is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. It is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, although the name may be applied to a nearby pub.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pub has no strict definition, but CAMRA states that a pub has four characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Open to the public without membership / residency</li> <li>Serve draught beer or cider without requiring food be consumed</li> <li>Have at least one indoor area not laid out for meals</li> <li>Allow drinks to be bought at a bar (i.e. not only table service)</li></ol> <p>Together these characteristics differentiate pubs from restaurants and hotel bars, although some pubs also serve as restaurants or hotels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastropub">Gastropub</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gastropub"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gastropub" title="Gastropub">Gastropub</a></div> <p>A <b>gastropub</b> is a hybrid pub and <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurant</a>, notable for serving good quality beer, wine and food.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">gastronomy</a>" and "public house", and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over the Eagle pub in <a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell" title="Clerkenwell">Clerkenwell</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British dining,<sup id="cite_ref-culinaire_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culinaire-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it has also attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Food_Guide" title="The Good Food Guide">The Good Food Guide</a></i> suggested that the term has become irrelevant such is its commonality these days.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_pub">Country pub</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Country pub"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Crown_Inn_Chiddingfold_DSC_2319.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Crown_Inn_Chiddingfold_DSC_2319.jpg/220px-The_Crown_Inn_Chiddingfold_DSC_2319.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Crown_Inn_Chiddingfold_DSC_2319.jpg/330px-The_Crown_Inn_Chiddingfold_DSC_2319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Crown_Inn_Chiddingfold_DSC_2319.jpg/440px-The_Crown_Inn_Chiddingfold_DSC_2319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2706" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>The Crown Inn, <a href="/wiki/Chiddingfold" title="Chiddingfold">Chiddingfold</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A "country pub" is simply a rural drinking establishment, though the term has acquired a romantic image typically of thatched roofs and whitewashed stone walls.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with urban pubs, the country pub can function as a social and recreational centre, providing opportunities for people to meet, exchange news, and cooperate on local charitable events.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, that culture of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community started to diminish in the latter part of the 20th century, as many country pubs either closed down, or were converted to restaurants or <a href="/wiki/Gastropub" title="Gastropub">gastropubs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those country pubs located on main routes may once have been coaching inns, providing accommodation or refreshment for travellers before the advent of motorised transport.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roadhouse">Roadhouse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Roadhouse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Dutch_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20457.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Dutch_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20457.jpg/220px-The_Dutch_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20457.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Dutch_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20457.jpg/330px-The_Dutch_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20457.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Dutch_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20457.jpg/440px-The_Dutch_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20457.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Dutch House (now closed), a typical 1930s <a href="/wiki/Roadhouse_(facility)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadhouse (facility)">roadhouse</a> on the busy <a href="/wiki/A20_road_(England)" title="A20 road (England)">A20 road</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eltham" title="Eltham">Eltham</a>, Greater London.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roadhouse_(facility)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadhouse (facility)">Roadhouse (facility)</a></div> <p>The term <b>roadhouse</b> was originally applied to a coaching inn, but with the advent of popular travel by <a href="/wiki/Motor_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor car">motor car</a> in the 1920s and 1930s in the United Kingdom, a new type of roadhouse emerged, often located on the newly constructed <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">arterial roads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bypass_(road)" title="Bypass (road)">bypasses</a>. They were large establishments offering meals and refreshment and accommodation to motorists and parties travelling by <a href="/wiki/Charabanc" title="Charabanc">charabanc</a>. The largest roadhouses boasted facilities such as tennis courts and swimming pools. Their popularity ended with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> when recreational road travel became impossible, and the advent of post-war <a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving" title="Drunk driving">drunk driving</a> legislation prevented their full recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these establishments are now operated as pub restaurants or fast food outlets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theme_pub">Theme pub</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Theme pub"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>theme pub</b> is a pub that aligns itself to a specific culture, style or activity; often with the intention of attracting a niche clientele. Many are decorated and furnished accordingly, with the theme sometimes dictating the style of food or drink on offer too. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock</a> pubs, <a href="/wiki/Biker_bar" title="Biker bar">biker bars</a>, Goth pubs, <a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">strip clubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaoke_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaoke bar">karaoke bars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Irish pubs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micropubs">Micropubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Micropubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Micropub" title="Micropub">Micropub</a></div> <p>In Britain, a <b>micropub</b> is a very small, modern, one-room pub founded on principles set up by Martyn Hillier, the creator of the first micropub, the Butchers Arms in <a href="/wiki/Herne,_Kent" title="Herne, Kent">Herne, Kent</a>, in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indy_Micropubs_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indy_Micropubs-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Micropubs are "based upon good ale and lively banter",<sup id="cite_ref-Butchers_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butchers-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly with a strong focus on local cask ale.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became easier to start a small pub after the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Licensing_Act_2003" title="Licensing Act 2003">2003 Licensing Act</a>, which became effective in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Indy_Micropubs_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indy_Micropubs-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="nolo"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A "nolo" or "no lo" pub serves only non-alcoholic and low-alcoholic beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Temperance_bar" title="Temperance bar">temperance bar</a> serves no alcohol at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pub_signs">Pub signs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pub signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thegeorgesouthwarksign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Thegeorgesouthwarksign.jpg/240px-Thegeorgesouthwarksign.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Thegeorgesouthwarksign.jpg/360px-Thegeorgesouthwarksign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Thegeorgesouthwarksign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The pub sign of <a href="/wiki/The_George,_Southwark" class="mw-redirect" title="The George, Southwark">the George, Southwark</a> in south London, depicting <a href="/wiki/St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="St George">St George</a> slaying a <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1393, King <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a> compelled landlords to erect <a href="/wiki/Signboards" class="mw-redirect" title="Signboards">signs</a> outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale."<sup id="cite_ref-Sign_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sign-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a> <a href="/wiki/Ale_taster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ale taster">ale tasters</a>, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s father, <a href="/wiki/John_Shakespeare" title="John Shakespeare">John Shakespeare</a>, was one such inspector. </p><p>Another important factor was that during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> a large proportion of the population were <a href="/wiki/Illiterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiterate">illiterate</a> and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign. </p><p>The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of <a href="/wiki/Paraphernalia" title="Paraphernalia">paraphernalia</a> connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as suns, stars and crosses were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes adapted to incorporate elements of the <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> (e.g., the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> inscriptions. </p><p>Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a>), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="British Royal Family">royal family</a>. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or <a href="/wiki/Rebus" title="Rebus">rebus</a>. For example, a pub in <a href="/wiki/Crowborough" title="Crowborough">Crowborough</a>, East Sussex called <i>The Crow and Gate</i> had for some years an image of a crow with gates as wings. A <i><a href="/wiki/British_Path%C3%A9_News" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pathé News">British Pathé News </a></i> film of 1956 shows artist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Farrar-Bell" title="Michael Farrar-Bell">Michael Farrar-Bell</a> at work producing inn signs.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pub_names" title="Pub names">Pub names</a></div> <p>Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create "brand awareness", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, <i>Slug and Lettuce</i> for a <a href="/wiki/Pub_chain" title="Pub chain">pub chain</a> being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As many pubs are centuries old, many of their early customers were unable to read, and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pubs often have traditional names. A common name is the "Marquis of Granby". These pubs were named after <a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_Marquess_of_Granby" title="John Manners, Marquess of Granby">John Manners, Marquess of Granby</a>, who was the son of <a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_3rd_Duke_of_Rutland" title="John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland">John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland</a> and a general in the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>. He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men, and on their retirement, provided funds for many of them to establish taverns, which were subsequently named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal George,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a>, and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation. </p><p>Some names for pubs that seem absurd or whimsical have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as the Bag o'Nails (Bacchanals), the Goat and Compasses (God Encompasseth Us),<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Cat and the Fiddle (<i>Chaton Fidèle</i>: Faithful Kitten) and the Bull and Bush, which purportedly celebrates the victory of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> at "Boulogne Bouche" or <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a> Harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pub_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pub games">Pub games</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indoor_Quoits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Indoor_Quoits.jpg/220px-Indoor_Quoits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Indoor_Quoits.jpg/330px-Indoor_Quoits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Indoor_Quoits.jpg/440px-Indoor_Quoits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Indoor Quoits being played at a pub in <a href="/wiki/Parkend" title="Parkend">Parkend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional games are played in pubs, ranging from the well-known darts,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skittles_(sport)" title="Skittles (sport)">skittles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dominoes" title="Dominoes">dominoes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Card_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Card games">cards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bar_billiards" title="Bar billiards">bar billiards</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the more obscure <a href="/wiki/Aunt_Sally" title="Aunt Sally">Aunt Sally</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nine_men%27s_morris" title="Nine men's morris">nine men's morris</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ringing_the_bull" title="Ringing the bull">ringing the bull</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as <a href="/wiki/Cribbage" title="Cribbage">cribbage</a> or dominoes, played for small stakes. In recent decades the game of <a href="/wiki/Blackball_(pool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackball (pool)">pool</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (both the British and American versions) has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Table_football" title="Table football">table football</a> becoming common. </p><p>Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and <a href="/wiki/Slot_machine" title="Slot machine">slot machines</a> are provided. Pubs hold special events, from <a href="/wiki/Tournament" title="Tournament">tournaments</a> of the aforementioned games to <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a> nights to <a href="/wiki/Pub_quiz" title="Pub quiz">pub quizzes</a>. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> on big screen televisions (sports bar). <a href="/wiki/Shove_ha%27penny" title="Shove ha'penny">Shove ha'penny</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bat_and_trap" title="Bat and trap">Bat and trap</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were also popular in pubs south of London. </p><p>Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term "<a href="/wiki/Sunday_League_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday League Football">Sunday League Football</a>". <a href="/wiki/Bowls" title="Bowls">Bowling</a> is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team plays matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green. </p><p>Pubs may be venues for <a href="/wiki/Pub_song" title="Pub song">pub songs</a> and live music. During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Kilburn_and_the_High_Roads" title="Kilburn and the High Roads">Kilburn and the High Roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Feelgood_(band)" title="Dr. Feelgood (band)">Dr. Feelgood</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Kursaal_Flyers" title="The Kursaal Flyers">the Kursaal Flyers</a>, who formed a musical genre called <a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)" title="Pub rock (United Kingdom)">pub rock</a> that was a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Punk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk music">punk music</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food"><span class="anchor" id="Pub_grub"></span>Food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pub_grub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pub_grub.jpg/220px-Pub_grub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pub_grub.jpg/330px-Pub_grub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pub_grub.jpg/440px-Pub_grub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Pub grub – a <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pie</a>, along with a pint of beer</figcaption></figure> <p>Some pubs have a long tradition of serving food, dating back to their historic usage as inns and hotels where travellers would stay. </p><p>Many pubs were drinking establishments, and little emphasis was placed on the serving of food, other than sandwiches and "<a href="/wiki/Snack_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Snack food">bar snacks</a>", such as <a href="/wiki/Pork_scratchings" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork scratchings">pork scratchings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickled_egg" title="Pickled egg">pickled eggs</a>, salted <a href="/wiki/Crisps" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisps">crisps</a> and peanuts. These all helped to increase beer sales.<sup id="cite_ref-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a> (especially London) it was common until recent times for vendors of <a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">cockles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">whelks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> to sell them during the evening and at closing time. Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs, a practice that continues in <a href="/wiki/London%27s_East_End" class="mw-redirect" title="London's East End">London's East End</a>. Otherwise, pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or packets. </p><p>Starting in the 1950s, some British pubs would offer "a pie and a pint", with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours.<sup id="cite_ref-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch" title="Ploughman's lunch">ploughman's lunch</a> became popular in the late 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did the convenient "chicken in a basket", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin in a wicker basket.<sup id="cite_ref-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk_113-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Family chain pubs that serve food in the evening gained popularity in the 1970s, and included <a href="/wiki/Berni_Inn" title="Berni Inn">Berni Inn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beefeater_(restaurant)" title="Beefeater (restaurant)">Beefeater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk_113-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave ovens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">frozen food</a>. "Pub grub" expanded to include British food items such as <a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">steak and ale pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie" title="Shepherd's pie">shepherd's pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangers_and_mash" title="Bangers and mash">bangers and mash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch" title="Ploughman's lunch">ploughman's lunch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">chicken tikka masala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pasty" title="Pasty">pasties</a>. In addition, dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">burgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_wing" title="Buffalo wing">chicken wings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasagne">lasagne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilli_con_carne" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilli con carne">chilli con carne</a> are often served.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some pubs offer elaborate hot and cold snacks free to customers at Sunday lunchtimes, to prevent them getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home. </p><p>Since the 1990s, food has become a more important part of a pub's trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed gastropubs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Listed">Listed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Listed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CAMRA maintains a "National Inventory" of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a> owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the <a href="/wiki/The_George_Inn,_Southwark" title="The George Inn, Southwark">George Inn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, London and <a href="/wiki/The_Crown_Liquor_Saloon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crown Liquor Saloon">the Crown Liquor Saloon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAMRA-BeerKnowledge_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAMRA-BeerKnowledge-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Records">Records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Inn,_Leintwardine_(Geograph_383027_by_Peter_Evans).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun_Inn%2C_Leintwardine_%28Geograph_383027_by_Peter_Evans%29.jpg/220px-Sun_Inn%2C_Leintwardine_%28Geograph_383027_by_Peter_Evans%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun_Inn%2C_Leintwardine_%28Geograph_383027_by_Peter_Evans%29.jpg/330px-Sun_Inn%2C_Leintwardine_%28Geograph_383027_by_Peter_Evans%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun_Inn%2C_Leintwardine_%28Geograph_383027_by_Peter_Evans%29.jpg/440px-Sun_Inn%2C_Leintwardine_%28Geograph_383027_by_Peter_Evans%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Sun Inn, Herefordshire. One of the few remaining parlour pubs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Crooked_House,_Dudley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_96790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Crooked_House%2C_Dudley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_96790.jpg/220px-The_Crooked_House%2C_Dudley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_96790.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Crooked_House%2C_Dudley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_96790.jpg/330px-The_Crooked_House%2C_Dudley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_96790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Crooked_House%2C_Dudley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_96790.jpg/440px-The_Crooked_House%2C_Dudley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_96790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Crooked_House" title="The Crooked House">The Crooked House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himley" title="Himley">Himley</a>, was known for the extreme lean of the building, caused by subsidence produced by mining. It burnt down by suspected <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> on 5 August 2023, and the owner of the property has been ordered by the local council to reconstruct the pub.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe,_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498745.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498745.jpg/220px-Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498745.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498745.jpg/330px-Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498745.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498745.jpg/440px-Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498745.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe" title="Ye Olde Man & Scythe">Ye Olde Man & Scythe</a>, Bolton</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highest_and_remotest">Highest and remotest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Highest and remotest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the <a href="/wiki/Tan_Hill_Inn" title="Tan Hill Inn">Tan Hill Inn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tan_Hill,_North_Yorkshire" title="Tan Hill, North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is the Old Forge in the village of <a href="/wiki/Inverie" title="Inverie">Inverie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a>, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea crossing.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smallest">Smallest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Smallest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contenders for the smallest public house in the UK include:<sup id="cite_ref-CAMRA-BeerKnowledge_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAMRA-BeerKnowledge-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Nutshell" title="The Nutshell">The Nutshell</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li>The Lakeside Inn – <a href="/wiki/Southport" title="Southport">Southport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li> <li>The Little Gem – <a href="/wiki/Aylesford" title="Aylesford">Aylesford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></li> <li>The Smiths Arms – <a href="/wiki/Godmanstone" title="Godmanstone">Godmanstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Signal_Box_Inn" title="The Signal Box Inn">The Signal Box Inn</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Cleethorpes" title="Cleethorpes">Cleethorpes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></li></ul> <p>The list includes a small number of parlour pubs, one of which is the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Inn" title="Sun Inn">Sun Inn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leintwardine" title="Leintwardine">Leintwardine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>. </p><p>The smallest public house in Wales is claimed by Y Goron Fach (the Little Crown) in Denbigh, with a single bar of 15 square metres (160 sq ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest">Largest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Largest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest pub in the UK is the Royal Victoria Pavilion, in <a href="/wiki/Ramsgate" title="Ramsgate">Ramsgate</a>, Kent. The venue was previously a <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casino</a> and before that a theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oldest"><span class="anchor" id="Oldest"></span> Oldest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Oldest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that were used for purposes other than as a pub previously in their history. Some notable claims include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks" title="Ye Olde Fighting Cocks">Ye Olde Fighting Cocks</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, held the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness World Record">Guinness World Record</a> for the oldest pub in England for many years, as it is an 11th-century structure on an eighth-century site; however, the record was withdrawn in 2000 after review, and the category was deemed impossible to verify.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Olde_Trip_to_Jerusalem" title="Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem">Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> has been claimed to be the "oldest inn in England" with a founding date of 1189, but this relies on the fact it is constructed on the site of <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Castle" title="Nottingham Castle">Nottingham Castle</a>'s former brewhouse; the present building actually dates from around 1650.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Nags Head in <a href="/wiki/Burntwood" title="Burntwood">Burntwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, only dates back to the 16th century, but an (inaccurate) claim is still frequently made that a pub on the site was mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Ferry_Boat_Inn" title="The Old Ferry Boat Inn">the Old Ferry Boat Inn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holywell,_Cambridgeshire" title="Holywell, Cambridgeshire">Holywell</a> may date to AD 460, and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560, but definitive dating evidence of the main building has yet to be established.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bingley_Arms" title="The Bingley Arms">The Bingley Arms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bardsey,_West_Yorkshire" title="Bardsey, West Yorkshire">Bardsey, West Yorkshire</a>, is claimed to date to 905 AD, but the current building only dates from the 18th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Olde_Salutation_Inn" title="Ye Olde Salutation Inn">Ye Olde Salutation Inn</a> in Nottingham dates from 1240, although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve,_Norwich" title="Adam and Eve, Norwich">Adam and Eve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a> was first recorded in 1249, when it was an alehouse for the workers constructing nearby <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral" title="Norwich Cathedral">Norwich Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe" title="Ye Olde Man & Scythe">Ye Olde Man & Scythe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, Greater Manchester, is mentioned by name in a charter of 1251, but the current building is dated 1631. Its cellars are the only surviving part of the older structure.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longest_and_shortest_name">Longest and shortest name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Longest and shortest name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Stalybridge" title="Stalybridge">Stalybridge</a> in Greater Manchester is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom – The Old Thirteenth Cheshire Astley Volunteer Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn, both operating as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> (the Rifleman reopening in new premises, moving from Astley Street to premises two doors away from the Q Inn in Market Street in 2019, after being closed for three years).<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original Rifleman building retains a pub sign, and a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> from 1995 recording the recognition of the name in the Guinness Book of Records.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The most expensive place to get a pint of beer is in Doha, Qatar, where prices average £10.30 (2019).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The average retail price of a pint of beer in the UK is £4.12 (2019).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The cheapest place to get a beer in the UK is Preston, where a pint costs on average £3.06 (2019).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2018, British people drank 7.75 billion pints of beer: 21.2 million pints a day.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As of 2019, there were 40,683 pubs in England, 2,901 in Wales and 3,612 in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pubs are closing at a rate of one every 12 hours (as of February 2019).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_associations">Cultural associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cultural associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pubs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of pubs in the United Kingdom">List of pubs in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Inns and taverns feature throughout English literature and poetry, from <a href="/wiki/The_Tabard_Inn" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tabard Inn">the Tabard Inn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a></i> onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaica_Inn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jamaica_Inn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308879.jpg/220px-Jamaica_Inn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jamaica_Inn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308879.jpg/330px-Jamaica_Inn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jamaica_Inn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308879.jpg/440px-Jamaica_Inn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Inn" title="Jamaica Inn">Jamaica Inn</a> in Cornwall inspired a novel and a film.</figcaption></figure> <p>The highwayman <a href="/wiki/Dick_Turpin" title="Dick Turpin">Dick Turpin</a> used the Swan Inn at <a href="/wiki/Woughton-on-the-Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Woughton-on-the-Green">Woughton-on-the-Green</a> in Buckinghamshire as his base.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Inn" title="Jamaica Inn">Jamaica Inn</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bolventor" title="Bolventor">Bolventor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> gave its name to a <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(novel)" title="Jamaica Inn (novel)">1936 novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier" title="Daphne du Maurier">Daphne du Maurier</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(film)" title="Jamaica Inn (film)">1939 film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s <a href="/wiki/John_Fothergill_(innkeeper)" title="John Fothergill (innkeeper)">John Fothergill</a> (1876–1957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in <a href="/wiki/Thame" title="Thame">Thame</a>, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: <i>An Innkeeper's Diary</i> (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931).<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>. United States president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager (Bush being a teetotaler) with British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Dun_Cow" title="Dun Cow">Dun Cow</a> pub in <a href="/wiki/Sedgefield" title="Sedgefield">Sedgefield</a>, County Durham, in <a href="/wiki/Sedgefield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sedgefield (UK Parliament constituency)">Blair's home constituency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were approximately 53,500 public houses in 2009 in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Beer_and_Pub_Association_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Beer_and_Pub_Association-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London">London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_real_London_pubs_in_literature" title="List of real London pubs in literature">List of real London pubs in literature</a></div> <p>Many of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people, but in some cases, such as the association between <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ye_Olde_Cheshire_Cheese" title="Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese">Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese</a>, this is speculative, based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese, the <a href="/wiki/Prospect_of_Whitby" title="Prospect of Whitby">Prospect of Whitby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ye_Olde_Cock_Tavern" title="Ye Olde Cock Tavern">Ye Olde Cock Tavern</a> and many others. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Tavern" title="Fitzroy Tavern">Fitzroy Tavern</a><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a pub situated at 16 <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Street" title="Charlotte Street">Charlotte Street</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fitzrovia" title="Fitzrovia">Fitzrovia</a> district, to which it gives its name. It became famous (or according to others, infamous) during a period spanning the 1920s to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London's artists, <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemians</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Dylan Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_John" title="Augustus John">Augustus John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>. Several establishments in <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a>, London, have associations with well-known, post-war literary and artistic figures, including the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules_(pub)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillars of Hercules (pub)">Pillars of Hercules</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Colony_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="The Colony Room">the Colony Room</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coach_and_Horses,_Soho" title="Coach and Horses, Soho">Coach and Horses</a>. The Canonbury Tavern, <a href="/wiki/Canonbury" title="Canonbury">Canonbury</a>, was the prototype for Orwell's ideal English pub, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Under_Water" title="The Moon Under Water">The Moon Under Water</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Red_Lion,_Whitehall,_London_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419086.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_Red_Lion%2C_Whitehall%2C_London_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419086.jpg/220px-The_Red_Lion%2C_Whitehall%2C_London_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419086.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_Red_Lion%2C_Whitehall%2C_London_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419086.jpg/330px-The_Red_Lion%2C_Whitehall%2C_London_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_Red_Lion%2C_Whitehall%2C_London_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419086.jpg/440px-The_Red_Lion%2C_Whitehall%2C_London_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Red Lion in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> is close to the <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a> and is frequented by <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) and political journalists.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Lion,_Westminster" title="Red Lion, Westminster">Red Lion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> is close to the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> and is consequently used by political journalists and <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs). The pub is equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Division_bell" title="Division bell">Division bell</a> that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Punch_Bowl,_Mayfair" title="The Punch Bowl, Mayfair">The Punch Bowl, Mayfair</a> was at one time jointly owned by <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guy_Ritchie" title="Guy Ritchie">Guy Ritchie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Coleherne_public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleherne public house">Coleherne public house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Earls_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls Court">Earls Court</a> was a well-known gay pub from the 1950s. It attracted many well-known patrons, such as <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Everett" title="Kenny Everett">Kenny Everett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Nureyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Nureyev">Rudolph Nureyev</a>. It was used by the serial-killer <a href="/wiki/Colin_Ireland" title="Colin Ireland">Colin Ireland</a> to pick up victims. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw%27s_Castle,_Hampstead" title="Jack Straw's Castle, Hampstead">Jack Straw's Castle</a> was a pub named after <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw_(rebel_leader)" title="Jack Straw (rebel leader)">Jack Straw</a>, one of the three leaders of <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a>, the pub was active since the 14th century until its destruction by <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. </p><p>In 1966 <a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Beggar" title="The Blind Beggar">the Blind Beggar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a> became infamous as the scene of a murder committed by gangster <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Kray" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronnie Kray">Ronnie Kray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ten_Bells" title="Ten Bells">Ten Bells</a> is associated with several of the victims of <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a>. In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Ellis" title="Ruth Ellis">Ruth Ellis</a>, the last woman executed in the United Kingdom, shot David Blakely as he emerged from the Magdala in <a href="/wiki/South_Hill_Park_(London_street)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Hill Park (London street)">South Hill Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls outside. It is said that <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and a young <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> met in the Crown and Anchor pub (now known as the Crown Tavern) on <a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerkenwell Green">Clerkenwell Green</a> when the latter was visiting London in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Angel,_Islington" title="The Angel, Islington">The Angel, Islington</a> was formerly a <a href="/wiki/Coaching_inn" title="Coaching inn">coaching inn</a>, the first on the <a href="/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain)" title="Great North Road (Great Britain)">Great North Road</a>, the main route northwards out of London, where <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> is believed to have written much of <i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> (1791). It was mentioned by Charles Dickens, became a <a href="/wiki/Lyons_Corner_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons Corner House">Lyons Corner House</a>, and is now a <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Bank" title="The Co-operative Bank">Co-operative Bank</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxford_and_Cambridge">Oxford and Cambridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Oxford and Cambridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_and_Child" title="The Eagle and Child">The Eagle and Child</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lamb_%26_Flag_(Oxford)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamb & Flag (Oxford)">Lamb and Flag</a>, Oxford, were regular meeting places of the <a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">Inklings</a>, a writers' group that included <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_(pub)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eagle (pub)">The Eagle</a> in Cambridge is where <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> interrupted patrons' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> had "discovered the secret of life" after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anecdote is related in Watson's book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Double_Helix" title="The Double Helix">The Double Helix</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commemorated with a blue plaque on the outside wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Great_Britain">Outside Great Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Outside Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Irish pub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_pub" title="Australian pub">Australian pub</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Na_Per%C5%A1t%C3%BDn%C4%9B_5,_U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Na_Per%C5%A1t%C3%BDn%C4%9B_5%2C_U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF.jpg/220px-Na_Per%C5%A1t%C3%BDn%C4%9B_5%2C_U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Na_Per%C5%A1t%C3%BDn%C4%9B_5%2C_U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF.jpg/330px-Na_Per%C5%A1t%C3%BDn%C4%9B_5%2C_U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Na_Per%C5%A1t%C3%BDn%C4%9B_5%2C_U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF.jpg/440px-Na_Per%C5%A1t%C3%BDn%C4%9B_5%2C_U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF" title="U Medvídků">U Medvídků</a>, one of the oldest pubs in Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>Although "British" pubs found outside of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British pub, a number of "true" pubs may be found around the world. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pub_Pikilinna_in_Tampere_Aug2009_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pub_Pikilinna_in_Tampere_Aug2009_001.jpg/220px-Pub_Pikilinna_in_Tampere_Aug2009_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pub_Pikilinna_in_Tampere_Aug2009_001.jpg/330px-Pub_Pikilinna_in_Tampere_Aug2009_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pub_Pikilinna_in_Tampere_Aug2009_001.jpg/440px-Pub_Pikilinna_in_Tampere_Aug2009_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1526" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Pub Pikilinna, an <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Irish</a>-style public house in the <a href="/wiki/Tammela,_Tampere" title="Tammela, Tampere">Tammela district</a> of the city of <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Scandinavia, especially Denmark, a number of pubs that eschew "theming" have opened. They instead focus on providing carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular brewery or chain, in an environment not unfamiliar to a British pub-goer. Some import British cask ale, rather than beer in kegs, to provide the full British real ale experience to their customers. This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, which was attended by more than 20,000 people. </p><p>In Ireland, pubs are known for their atmosphere or "<a href="/wiki/Craic" title="Craic">craic</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Irish, a pub is referred to as <i>teach tábhairne</i> ("tavernhouse") or <i>teach óil</i> ("drinkinghouse"). Live music, either sessions of traditional Irish music or varieties of modern popular music, is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> are largely identical to their counterparts in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the "English style" in the 1950s and 1960s. New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pubs have a long history in Canada, with some still operating after 200 years, like <a href="/wiki/The_Olde_Angel_Inn" title="The Olde Angel Inn">the Olde Angel Inn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake">Niagara-on-the-Lake</a>. An "English-looking" pub trend started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, often run by corporate pub firms. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs that are central to student life—serving food and drink as well as hosting social events. Often these pubs are run by the <a href="/wiki/Student%27s_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Student's union">student's union</a> and at some universities, a budget is reserved for course pub nights. The gastropub concept has caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. Aside from pubs, the term "bar" can refer to themed drinking establishments, sports bars, or cocktail bars, or to the physical counter in a pub. Tavern was previously a popular term, though it has become somewhat antiquated. </p><p>In South Africa pubs and taverns have had a particularly long and notable presence in the city of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. Prior to the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869, Cape Town was a major trading port between Europe and Asia and hosted a very large number of drinking establishments earning the city the moniker <i>Tavern of the Seas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest currently operating pub in South Africa, and one of the last drinking establishments left from the <i>Tavern of the Seas</i> era, is the <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_Tavern" title="Perseverance Tavern">Perseverance Tavern</a> opened in 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-news24_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news24-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_bars_and_pubs" title="List of fictional bars and pubs">List of fictional bars and pubs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen_Vic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Queen_Vic.jpg/220px-The_Queen_Vic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Queen_Vic.jpg/330px-The_Queen_Vic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Queen_Vic.jpg/440px-The_Queen_Vic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The fictitious Queen Victoria pub, <i><a href="/wiki/EastEnders" title="EastEnders">EastEnders</a></i>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Pubs are a common setting for fictional works, including novels, stories, films, video games, and other works. In many cases, authors and other creators develop imaginary pubs for their works, some of which have become notable fictional places. Notable fictional pubs include The Admiral Benbow Inn in the <i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i> pirate story, the Garrison in the 1920s crime TV drama <i><a href="/wiki/Peaky_Blinders_(TV_series)" title="Peaky Blinders (TV series)">Peaky Blinders</a></i>, the Golden Perch, the Prancing Pony, and the Green Dragon in the <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Leaky_Cauldron_(pub)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Leaky Cauldron (pub)">the Leaky Cauldron</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hog%27s_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hog's Head">the Hog's Head</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> fantasy series, Moe's Tavern, a working-class venue in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i>, and the Oak and Crosier in the video game <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_IV:_Oblivion" title="The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion">The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion</a>.</i> </p><p>The major <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap operas</a> on British television each feature a fictional pub, and these pubs have become household names in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rovers_Return" class="mw-redirect" title="Rovers Return">Rovers Return</a> is the pub in <i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Street" title="Coronation Street">Coronation Street</a></i>, the British soap broadcast on <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Queen_Vic" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Vic">Queen Vic</a> (short for the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>) is the pub in <i><a href="/wiki/EastEnders" title="EastEnders">EastEnders</a></i>, the major soap on BBC One and the <a href="/wiki/Woolpack" class="mw-redirect" title="Woolpack">Woolpack</a> in ITV's <i><a href="/wiki/Emmerdale" title="Emmerdale">Emmerdale</a></i>. The sets of each of the three major television soap operas have been visited by some of the members of the royal family, including <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>. The centrepiece of each visit was a trip into the Rovers,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Queen Vic,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Woolpack to be offered a drink. The Bull in the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> soap opera <i><a href="/wiki/The_Archers" title="The Archers">The Archers</a></i> is an important meeting point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-roofed_pub" title="Flat-roofed pub">Flat-roofed pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">Campaign for Real Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A5raKoff" title="SpåraKoff">SpåraKoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_houses_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Public houses in Ireland">Public houses in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_houses_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Public houses in Australia">Public houses in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_award-winning_pubs_in_London" title="List of award-winning pubs in London">List of award-winning pubs in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microbreweries" title="List of microbreweries">List of microbreweries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_house_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public house topics">List of public house topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_houses_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public houses in Australia">List of public houses in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_licensing_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom">Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licensing_Act_1904" title="Licensing Act 1904">Licensing Act 1904</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_licensing_laws_of_Ireland" title="Alcohol licensing laws of Ireland">Alcohol licensing laws of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCooper2014" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Stephen (28 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chivalryandwar.co.uk/Resource/ORIGINS%20OF%20THE%20ENGLISH%20PUB.pdf">"Origins of the English pub"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>chivalryandwar.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chivalryandwar.co.uk&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+English+pub&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chivalryandwar.co.uk%2FResource%2FORIGINS%2520OF%2520THE%2520ENGLISH%2520PUB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickhamCominetti2017" class="citation book cs1">Wickham, Melisa; Cominetti, Nye (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/closing-time-pubs-final.pdf"><i>Closing time: London's public houses</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84781-654-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84781-654-2"><bdi>978-1-84781-654-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closing+time%3A+London%27s+public+houses&rft.pub=Greater+London+Authority&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-84781-654-2&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=Melisa&rft.au=Cominetti%2C+Nye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.london.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fclosing-time-pubs-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_the_pub-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_the_pub_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100713152634/http://www.beerandpub.com/pub_history.aspx">"History of the pub"</a>. <i>Beer and Pub Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beerandpub.com/pub_history.aspx">the original</a> on 13 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beer+and+Pub+Association&rft.atitle=History+of+the+pub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beerandpub.com%2Fpub_history.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Great_British_Pub-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Great_British_Pub_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Great_British_Pub_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214164923/http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/GreatBritishPub.htm">"Great British Pub"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historic-uk.com/cultureUk/greatBritishpub.htm">the original</a> on 14 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+British+Pub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-uk.com%2FcultureUk%2FgreatBritishpub.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482410/public-house">"Public House"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 22 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Public+House&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F482410%2Fpublic-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroninO'Connor,_Barbara2003" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Michael; O'Connor, Barbara (2003). Barbara O'Connor (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLkIW-c4dScC&pg=PA83"><i>Irish Tourism: image, culture, and identity</i></a>. Tourism and Cultural Change. Vol. 1. Channel View Publications. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873150-53-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873150-53-5"><bdi>978-1-873150-53-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Tourism%3A+image%2C+culture%2C+and+identity&rft.series=Tourism+and+Cultural+Change&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Channel+View+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-873150-53-5&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmLkIW-c4dScC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.convictcreations.com/culture/drinking.htm">Australian Drinking Culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021502/http://www.convictcreations.com/culture/drinking.htm">Archived</a> 9 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Convict Creations. Retrieved 24 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/dec/11/pub-companies-debt-dr-johnson">"Editorial | In praise of ... pubs"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 10 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221055704/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/dec/11/pub-companies-debt-dr-johnson">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Editorial+%7C+In+praise+of+...+pubs&rft.date=2016-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2008%2Fdec%2F11%2Fpub-companies-debt-dr-johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Brown" title="Pete Brown">Brown, Pete</a> (18 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1v_pDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29"><i>The Pub: A Cultural Institution</i></a>. Jacqui Small LLP. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781911127017" title="Special:BookSources/9781911127017"><bdi>9781911127017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pub%3A+A+Cultural+Institution&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Jacqui+Small+LLP&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft.isbn=9781911127017&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1v_pDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton1970" class="citation book cs1">Stenton, Frank (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten"><i>Anglo Saxon England</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198217169" title="Special:BookSources/9780198217169"><bdi>9780198217169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo+Saxon+England&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780198217169&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanglosaxonenglan0000sten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.innholders.org.uk/about/company-history/">"Company History"</a>. Innholders Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083139/https://www.innholders.org.uk/about/company-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Company+History&rft.pub=Innholders+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.innholders.org.uk%2Fabout%2Fcompany-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monckton, Herbert Anthony (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DOuzAAAAIAAJ&q=%221577%22+census+england"><i>A History of English Ale and Beer</i></a>, Bodley Head (p. 101)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2013" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, David J (May 2013). Boyle, Peter; Boffetta, Paolo; Lowenfels, Albert B; Burns, Harry; Brawley, Otis; Zatonski, Witold; Rehm, Jürgen (eds.). <i>Historical evolution of alcohol consumption in society</i>. Oxford University Press Scholarship Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199655786.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655786.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199655786" title="Special:BookSources/9780199655786"><bdi>9780199655786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+evolution+of+alcohol+consumption+in+society&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Scholarship+Online&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199655786.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199655786&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=David+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224233314/https://www.history.com/news/8-ways-roads-helped-rome-rule-the-ancient-world">"8 Ways Roads Helped Rome Rule the Ancient World"</a>. <i>HISTORY.com</i>. 29 August 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/8-ways-roads-helped-rome-rule-the-ancient-world">the original</a> on 24 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HISTORY.com&rft.atitle=8+Ways+Roads+Helped+Rome+Rule+the+Ancient+World&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2F8-ways-roads-helped-rome-rule-the-ancient-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pub-rooms.co.uk/">Pub Rooms, pub accommodation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128220034/http://pub-rooms.co.uk/">Archived</a> 28 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2019/03/05/How-did-historic-alehouses-taverns-and-inns-evolve-into-the-pubs-we-see-today">"How did historic alehouses taverns and inns evolve into the pubs we see today?"</a>. <i>Morning Advertiser</i>. 5 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morning+Advertiser&rft.atitle=How+did+historic+alehouses+taverns+and+inns+evolve+into+the+pubs+we+see+today%3F&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morningadvertiser.co.uk%2FArticle%2F2019%2F03%2F05%2FHow-did-historic-alehouses-taverns-and-inns-evolve-into-the-pubs-we-see-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beerandbrewing.com/dictionary/9qVj08mAiJ/">"The Oxford Companion to Beer definition of public houses (pubs)"</a>. <i>Craft Beer and Brewing</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Craft+Beer+and+Brewing&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Beer+definition+of+public+houses+%28pubs%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeerandbrewing.com%2Fdictionary%2F9qVj08mAiJ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaydon1994" class="citation book cs1">Haydon, Peter (1994). <i>The English Pub, A History</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hale_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Hale Limited">Robert Hale Limited</a>. pp. 197–220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780709-056942" title="Special:BookSources/9-780709-056942"><bdi>9-780709-056942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Pub%2C+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=197-220&rft.pub=Robert+Hale+Limited&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9-780709-056942&rft.aulast=Haydon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasopaben773.weebly.com/greene-king-retail-staff-handbook.html">"Greene King"</a>. <i>Staff handbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Staff+handbook&rft.atitle=Greene+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasopaben773.weebly.com%2Fgreene-king-retail-staff-handbook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beerandbrewing.com/dictionary/x9Kdc4PlhJ/">"The Tied House System"</a>. <i>Craft Beer and Brewing</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Craft+Beer+and+Brewing&rft.atitle=The+Tied+House+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeerandbrewing.com%2Fdictionary%2Fx9Kdc4PlhJ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806114141/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmtrdind/128/12805.htm">"House of Commons Select Committee on Trade and Industry report"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmtrdind/128/12805.htm">the original</a> on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+Select+Committee+on+Trade+and+Industry+report&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200405%2Fcmselect%2Fcmtrdind%2F128%2F12805.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpicerThurmanWaltersWard2011" class="citation book cs1">Spicer, J.; Thurman, C.; Walters, J.; Ward, Simon (6 December 2011). <i>Intervention in the Modern UK Brewing Industry</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4000+pubs+stuck+in+the+1980s&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2F4000-pubs-stuck-1980s-likely-5798582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11087891">"Last orders for struggling Welsh pubs"</a>. 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BBC. 6 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522030922/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-31761269">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+are+British+pubs+closing+down%3F+%28video%29&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-31761269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/briefing-papers/SN07074/pub-companies-pub-tenants-pub-closures-recent-developments">"Pub companies, pub tenants & pub closures: recent developments – Commons Library Standard Note"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227065542/http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/briefing-papers/SN07074/pub-companies-pub-tenants-pub-closures-recent-developments">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pub+companies%2C+pub+tenants+%26+pub+closures%3A+recent+developments+%E2%80%93+Commons+Library+Standard+Note&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fpublications%2Fresearch%2Fbriefing-papers%2FSN07074%2Fpub-companies-pub-tenants-pub-closures-recent-developments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.closedpubs.co.uk/">"The Lost Pubs Project"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Pubs+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.closedpubs.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21727076-quarter-citys-alehouses-have-closed-past-15-years-why-londons-pubs-are">"Why London's pubs are disappearing"</a></span>. <i>The Economist</i>. 24 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825145930/https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21727076-quarter-citys-alehouses-have-closed-past-15-years-why-londons-pubs-are">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+London%27s+pubs+are+disappearing&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbritain%2F21727076-quarter-citys-alehouses-have-closed-past-15-years-why-londons-pubs-are&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-62031833">"Pub numbers fall to lowest on record"</a>. BBC News. 4 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pub+numbers+fall+to+lowest+on+record&rft.date=2022-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-62031833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62031833">"Pub numbers fall to lowest on record"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 3 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two+pubs+a+day+disappearing+in+England+and+Wales&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft.aulast=Slow&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-66839984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge</i>, Vol 1, London, Charles Knight, 1847, pp. 410–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2014" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Roderick (2014). <i>Alcohol A History</i>. 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Dundurn Press Ltd., 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220072325/http://ratebeer.com/Beer-News/Article-312.htm">"Time Gentlemen Please!"</a>. Ratebeer.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratebeer.com/Beer-News/Article-312.htm">the original</a> on 20 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 27 August 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellows2019" class="citation web cs1">Mellows, Phil (5 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2019/03/05/How-did-historic-alehouses-taverns-and-inns-evolve-into-the-pubs-we-see-today">"How-did-historic-alehouses-taverns-and-inns-evolve-into-the-pubs-we-see-today"</a>. <i>morningadvertiser.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=morningadvertiser.co.uk&rft.atitle=How-did-historic-alehouses-taverns-and-inns-evolve-into-the-pubs-we-see-today&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.aulast=Mellows&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morningadvertiser.co.uk%2FArticle%2F2019%2F03%2F05%2FHow-did-historic-alehouses-taverns-and-inns-evolve-into-the-pubs-we-see-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_K._BrandwoodAndrew_DavisonMichael_Slaughter2004" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey K. 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Etica Press Ltd. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905633-05-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905633-05-0"><bdi>978-1-905633-05-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+from+Paddington&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Etica+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-905633-05-0&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX9gOXnKxdCoC%26q%3DBrunel%2B%2BSwindon%2Bstation%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110420015224/http://www.camra.org.uk/page.aspx?o=180651">"In the Pub"</a>. CAMRA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camra.org.uk/page.aspx?o=180651">the original</a> on 20 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+Pub&rft.pub=CAMRA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camra.org.uk%2Fpage.aspx%3Fo%3D180651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040410221744/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1989/245beer.htm">"The Supply of Beer nationalarchives.gov.uk"</a>. Archived from the original on 10 April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Supply+of+Beer+nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.competition-commission.org.uk%2Frep_pub%2Freports%2F1989%2F245beer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/mobile/wales/7853132.stm">"Pubs 'face mass closure threat'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC. 27 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pubs+%27face+mass+closure+threat%27&rft.date=2009-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fmobile%2Fwales%2F7853132.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley2009" class="citation news cs1">Farley, David (24 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/22/AR2009052201105.html">"New York Develops a Taste for Gastropubs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=New+York+Develops+a+Taste+for+Gastropubs&rft.date=2009-05-24&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F05%2F22%2FAR2009052201105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorrington-Davies2005" class="citation news cs1">Norrington-Davies, Tom (24 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/wine/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=P8&xml=/wine/2005/11/24/edgastro24.xml">"Is the gastropub making a meal of it?"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Is+the+gastropub+making+a+meal+of+it%3F&rft.date=2005-11-24&rft.aulast=Norrington-Davies&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fwine%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fview%3DDETAILS%26grid%3DP8%26xml%3D%2Fwine%2F2005%2F11%2F24%2Fedgastro24.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-culinaire-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-culinaire_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303051521/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JAW/is_84/ai_n19187661">"American gastropub: what's in a name?"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_Culinaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art Culinaire (page does not exist)">Art Culinaire</a></i>. via findarticles.com. Spring 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JAW/is_84/ai_n19187661">the original</a> on 3 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Culinaire&rft.atitle=American+gastropub%3A+what%27s+in+a+name%3F&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0JAW%2Fis_84%2Fai_n19187661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorrington-Davies2005" class="citation news cs1">Norrington-Davies, Tom (24 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/restaurants/3322965/Is-the-gastropub-making-a-meal-of-it.html">"Is the gastropub making a meal of it? – Telegraph"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601160908/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/restaurants/3322965/Is-the-gastropub-making-a-meal-of-it.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Is+the+gastropub+making+a+meal+of+it%3F+%E2%80%93+Telegraph&rft.date=2005-11-24&rft.aulast=Norrington-Davies&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2Frestaurants%2F3322965%2FIs-the-gastropub-making-a-meal-of-it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Gastropub RIP". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegoodfoodguide.co.uk/news/gastropub-rip"><i>The Good Food Guide</i></a>. 4 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517210046/http://www.thegoodfoodguide.co.uk/news/gastropub-rip">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gastropub+RIP&rft.btitle=The+Good+Food+Guide&rft.date=2011-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegoodfoodguide.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgastropub-rip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2016" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Pete (18 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1v_pDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT130"><i>The Pub: A Cultural Institution</i></a>. Jacqui Small LLP. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781911127017" title="Special:BookSources/9781911127017"><bdi>9781911127017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pub%3A+A+Cultural+Institution&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Jacqui+Small+LLP&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft.isbn=9781911127017&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1v_pDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">House of Commons; Business, Innovation and Skills Committee (25 March 2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=euo1ZDgS-LAC&pg=PA7"><i>Pub companies: follow-up, Government response to the Committee's fifth report of session 2009–10</i></a>. The Stationery Office. 25 March 2010. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780215545510" title="Special:BookSources/9780215545510"><bdi>9780215545510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pub+companies%3A+follow-up%2C+Government+response+to+the+Committee%27s+fifth+report+of+session+2009%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft.isbn=9780215545510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deuo1ZDgS-LAC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curmudgeon.org.uk/misc/deathpub.html">The more recent developments of the country pub</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120025621/http://www.curmudgeon.org.uk/misc/deathpub.html">Archived</a> 20 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012055524/http://www.southernlife.org.uk/country_pub.htm">"The Country Pub"</a>. <i>Southern Life (UK)</i>. 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The Brewery History Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=breweryhistory.com&rft.atitle=Improved+Pubs+and+Road+Houses%3A+Rivals+for+Public+Affection+in+Interwar+England&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gutzke&rft.aufirst=David+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breweryhistory.com%2Fjournal%2Farchive%2F119%2Fbh-119-002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHailstone2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hailstone, Jamie (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728092925/https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2016/07/12/Micropubs-The-MA-guide-to-the-quiet-rise-of-the-micropub">"Small is beautiful – the quiet rise of the micropub"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Advertiser" title="Morning Advertiser">Morning Advertiser</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2016/07/12/Micropubs-The-MA-guide-to-the-quiet-rise-of-the-micropub">the original</a> on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morning+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Small+is+beautiful+%E2%80%93+the+quiet+rise+of+the+micropub&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.aulast=Hailstone&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morningadvertiser.co.uk%2FArticle%2F2016%2F07%2F12%2FMicropubs-The-MA-guide-to-the-quiet-rise-of-the-micropub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indy_Micropubs-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indy_Micropubs_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indy_Micropubs_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkes2011" class="citation news cs1">Hawkes, Will (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/a-local-pub-for-local-people-micropubs-are-catching-on-2217205.html">"A local pub for local people: 'Micropubs' are catching on"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002044617/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/a-local-pub-for-local-people-micropubs-are-catching-on-2217205.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+Inn+Crowd&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fonly-in-britain%2Fstories-behind-famous-british-pub-names%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatpub.com/pubs/NTH/492/royal-george-cottingham">"Royal George, Cottingham"</a>. <i>whatpub.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Cassell; p. 482, where it is thought unlikely, and two other suggestions are given.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer,_E._Cobham1898" class="citation web cs1">Brewer, E. Cobham (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/81/13751.html">"Dictionary of Phrase and Fable"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615015715/http://www.bartleby.com/81/13751.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Darts+and+other+Useful+Information&rft.pub=Tradgames.org.uk&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradgames.org.uk%2Fgames%2FDarts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters" class="citation web cs1">Masters, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090602235159/http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Skittles.htm">"Skittles, Nine Pins – Online guide"</a>. Tradgames.org.uk. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dominoes+%E2%80%93+Online+Guide&rft.pub=Tradgames.org.uk&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradgames.org.uk%2Fgames%2FDominoes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters1936" class="citation web cs1">Masters, James (21 February 1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Bar-Billiards.htm">"Bar Billiards – Online Guide"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bar+Billiards+%E2%80%93+Online+Guide&rft.pub=Tradgames.org.uk&rft.date=1936-02-21&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradgames.org.uk%2Fgames%2FBar-Billiards.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters" class="citation web cs1">Masters, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Aunt-Sally.htm">"Aunt Sally – The Online Guide"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aunt+Sally+%E2%80%93+The+Online+Guide&rft.pub=Tradgames.org.uk&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradgames.org.uk%2Fgames%2FAunt-Sally.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters" class="citation web cs1">Masters, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Nine-Mens-Morris.htm">"Nine Mens Morris, Mill – Online guide"</a>. Tradgames.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618014149/http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Nine-Mens-Morris.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nine+Mens+Morris%2C+Mill+%E2%80%93+Online+guide.&rft.pub=Tradgames.org.uk&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradgames.org.uk%2Fgames%2FNine-Mens-Morris.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters" class="citation web cs1">Masters, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Ringing-The-Bull.htm">"Ringing the Bull – History and information"</a>. Tradgames.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618005922/http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Ringing-The-Bull.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ringing+the+Bull+%E2%80%93+History+and+information&rft.pub=Tradgames.org.uk&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradgames.org.uk%2Fgames%2FRinging-The-Bull.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters" class="citation web cs1">Masters, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Pool.htm">"History of Pool and Carom Billiards – Online Guide"</a>. Tradgames.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628230603/http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Pool.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Pool+and+Carom+Billiards+%E2%80%93+Online+Guide&rft.pub=Tradgames.org.uk&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradgames.org.uk%2Fgames%2FPool.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters" class="citation web cs1">Masters, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Billiards-Snooker.htm">"Billiards and Snooker – Online guide"</a>. Tradgames.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090702030830/http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Billiards-Snooker.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Billiards+and+Snooker+%E2%80%93+Online+guide&rft.pub=Tradgames.org.uk&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradgames.org.uk%2Fgames%2FBilliards-Snooker.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters" class="citation web cs1">Masters, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Shove-HaPenny.htmt">"Shove Ha'penny – Online Guide"</a>. Tradgames.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615103908/http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Shove-HaPenny.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shove+Ha%27penny+%E2%80%93+Online+Guide&rft.pub=Tradgames.org.uk&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradgames.org.uk%2Fgames%2FShove-HaPenny.htmt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters" class="citation web cs1">Masters, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Bat-Ball.htm">"Bat and Ball Games – Online Guide"</a>. Tradgames.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303085744/http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Bat-Ball.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bat+and+Ball+Games+%E2%80%93+Online+Guide&rft.pub=Tradgames.org.uk&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradgames.org.uk%2Fgames%2FBat-Ball.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk_113-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk_113-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk/2009/08/pub-grub.html">"Nostalgia: Latest Nostalgia pieces from Gazette Live"</a>. Rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328223728/http://rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk/2009/08/pub-grub.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Paper&rft.atitle=Better+Pub+Grub&rft.date=2005-04-29&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynpaper.com%2Fstories%2F28%2F18%2F28_18spikehill2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/pub-grub-gets-out-of-pickle-548350">"Pub grub gets out of pickle"</a>. <i>The Mirror</i>. 27 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195553/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/pub-grub-gets-out-of-pickle-548350">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mirror&rft.atitle=Pub+grub+gets+out+of+pickle&rft.date=2005-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fpub-grub-gets-out-of-pickle-548350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219080313/http://www.heritagepubs.org.uk/pubs/national-inventory-print-list.asp">"CAMRA National Inventory"</a>. 19 February 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Trust+Website&rft.pub=Nationaltrust.org.uk&rft.aulast=Trinder-Widdess&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fmain%2Fw-chl%2Fw-places_collections%2Fw-architecture_buildings%2Fw-architecture-building_types%2Fw-architecture-industrial_commercial.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAMRA-BeerKnowledge-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAMRA-BeerKnowledge_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAMRA-BeerKnowledge_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, Jeff (2004) <i>The Book of Beer Knowledge: essential wisdom for the discerning drinker</i>. St Albans: CAMRA Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85249-198-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85249-198-1">1-85249-198-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoldforge.co.uk/">"The Old Forge"</a>. The Old Forge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100814131756/http://www.theoldforge.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Old+Forge&rft.pub=The+Old+Forge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoldforge.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_White_of_White_Beer_Travels" class="citation web cs1">John White of White Beer Travels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitebeertravels.co.uk/signal.html">"Signal Box Inn"</a>. Whitebeertravels.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306211450/http://www.whitebeertravels.co.uk/signal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+ON+THIS+DAY+%26%23124%3B+1969%3A+Kray+twins+guilty+of+McVitie+murder&rft.date=1976-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmarch%2F4%2Fnewsid_2515000%2F2515103.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fancyapint.com/pubs/pub526.html">"The Magdala"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331225736/http://www.fancyapint.com/pubs/pub526.html">Archived</a> 31 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>FancyaPint.com</i> (Retrieved 13 February 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shadyoldlady.com/location.php?loc=2007">"Lenin and Stalin met here"</a>. <i>Shady Old Lady's Guide to London</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309235124/http://www.shadyoldlady.com/location.php?loc=2007">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Chelmsford: Edmund Durrant & Co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essex-family-history.co.uk/pubsigns.htm">the original</a> on 20 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+Signs+of+Essex%3A+a+popular+account+of+the+origin+and+meanings+of+the+public+house+and+other+signs+now+or+formerly+found+in+the+county+of+Essex&rft.place=Chelmsford&rft.pub=Edmund+Durrant+%26+Co&rft.date=1887&rft.au=Christy%2C+Miller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essex-family-history.co.uk%2Fpubsigns.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cornell, Martyn (2003). <i>Beer: the story of the pint</i>. London: Headline. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1165-1">978-0-7553-1165-1</a>.</li> <li>Haydon, Peter (2001). <i>Beer and Britannia: an inebriated history of Britain</i>. Stroud: Sutton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2748-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2748-2">978-0-7509-2748-2</a>.</li> <li>Jackson, Michael & Smyth, Frank (1976). <i>The English Pub</i>. London: Collins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-216210-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-216210-5">0-00-216210-5</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breweryartists.co.uk/">www.breweryartists.co.uk A history of the Brewery Artists Inn Sign studio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelner2019" class="citation web cs1">Kelner, Simon (7 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inews.co.uk/opinion/pubs-can-be-bizarre-but-theyre-worth-saving-as-a-focal-point-of-a-community/">"Pubs can be bizarre and peculiar, but they're worth saving as a focal point of a community"</a>. <i>i News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=i+News&rft.atitle=Pubs+can+be+bizarre+and+peculiar%2C+but+they%27re+worth+saving+as+a+focal+point+of+a+community&rft.date=2019-08-07&rft.aulast=Kelner&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finews.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fpubs-can-be-bizarre-but-theyre-worth-saving-as-a-focal-point-of-a-community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APub" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burke, Thomas (1927). <i>The Book of the Inn: being two hundred pictures of the English inn from the earliest times to the coming of the railway hotel</i>; selected and edited by Thomas Burke. London: Constable.</li> <li>Burke, Thomas (1930). <i>The English Inn</i>. (English Heritage.) London: Herbert Jenkins.</li> <li>Burke, Thomas (1947). <i>The English Inn</i> (Revised ed.). (The Country Books.) London: Herbert Jenkins.</li> <li>Clark, Peter (1983). <i>The English Alehouse: a social history, 1200–1830</i>. Harlow: Longman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-50835-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-50835-5">0-582-50835-5</a>.</li> <li>Clark, Peter (1978). "The Alehouse and the Alternative Society", in: <i>Puritans and Revolutionaries: essays in seventeenth-century history presented to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Christopher Hill</a></i>; ed. D. H. Pennington & Keith Thomas. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978; pp. 47–72.</li> <li>Douch, H. L. (1966). <i>Old Cornish Inns and their place in the social history of the County</i>. Truro: D. Bradford Barton.</li> <li>Everitt, Alan. "The English Urban Inn 1560–1760." <i>Perspectives in English urban history</i> (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1973) pp. 91–137. (<i>The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History</i> (ed. David Hey), 1996, describes this as "the starting point for modern studies [of inns]"; Everitt described most of the previous literature on the topic as "a wretched farrago of romantic legends, facetious humour and irritating errors".)</li> <li>Gutzke, David W. <i>Pubs and Progressives: Reinventing the Public House in England, 1896–1960</i>(Northern Illinois University Press, 2006).</li> <li>Hackwood, Frederick W. (1910). <i>Inns, Ales and Drinking Customs of Old England</i>. London: T. Fisher Unwin. <ul><li>Reissued: London: Bracken Books, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946495-25-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-946495-25-4">0-946495-25-4</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Hailwood, Mark. <i>Alehouses and Good Fellowship in Early Modern England</i> (Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2014).</li> <li>Jennings, Paul. "Liquor licensing and the local historian: the 1904 Licensing Act and its administration" xxx (2009).</li> <li>Jennings, Paul. <i>A History of Drink and the English, 1500-2000</i> (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li>Jennings, Paul. <i>The local: A history of the English pub</i> (The History Press, 2021).</li> <li>Jennings, Paul. "Liquor Licensing and the Local Historian: The Victorian Public House." <i>Local Historian</i> 41 (2011): 121–137.</li> <li>Martin, John (1993). <i>Stanley Chew's Pub Signs: a celebration of the art and heritage of British pub signs</i>. Worcester: John Martin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85421-225-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85421-225-7">1-85421-225-7</a>.</li> <li>Monson-Fitzjohn, G. J. (1926) <i>Quaint Signs of Olde Inns</i>. London: Herbert Jenkins (reissued by Senate, London, 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85958-028-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85958-028-9">1-85958-028-9</a>).</li> <li>Mutch, Alistair. "Improving the public house in Britain, 1920–40: Sir Sydney Nevile and 'social work'." <i>Business history</i> 52.4 (2010): 517–535.</li> <li>Nicholls, James. "Alcohol licensing in Scotland: a historical overview." <i>Addiction</i> 107.8 (2012): 1397–1403.</li> <li>Nicholls, James. <i>The politics of alcohol: A history of the drink question in England.</i> (Manchester University Press, 2013). pp 142–151.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Richardson_(architect)" title="Albert Richardson (architect)">Richardson, A. E.</a> (1934). <i>The Old Inns of England</i>. London: B. T. Batsford.</li> <li>Yeomans, Henry. <i>Alcohol and moral regulation: Public attitudes, spirited measures and Victorian hangovers</i> (Bristol University Press, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://0-www-jstor-org.avalon.searchmobius.org/stable/j.ctt1t6p769">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Yokoe, Ryosuke. "Alcohol and politics in twentieth-century Britain." <i>The Historical Journal</i> 62.1 (2019): 267-287. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/138161/3/Ryo%20HJ%20historiographical%20review%20draft.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pubs">Pubs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pub" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/pub">pub</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.closedpubs.co.uk/">Lost Pubs Project – archive of closed English pubs</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Public House"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Public_House">"Public House" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drinking establishments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drinking_establishments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-free_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol-free bar">Alcohol-free bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Bar</a> (saloon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_garden" title="Beer garden">Beer garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_hall" title="Beer hall">Beer hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biker_bar" title="Biker bar">Biker bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewpub#Brewpub" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewpub">Brewpub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantina" title="Cantina">Cantina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider_house" title="Cider house">Cider house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigar_bar" title="Cigar bar">Cigar bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_bar" title="Dive bar">Dive bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern_bar" title="Fern bar">Fern bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">Gay bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk" title="Honky-tonk">Honky tonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bar" title="Ice bar">Ice bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izakaya" title="Izakaya">Izakaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juice_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Juice bar">Juice bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juke_joint" title="Juke joint">Juke joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumak" title="Jumak">Jumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kretscham" title="Kretscham">Kretscham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyhane" title="Meyhane">Meyhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_officers%27_club" title="Military officers' club">Military officers' club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzeri" title="Ouzeri">Ouzeri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulqueria" title="Pulqueria">Pulqueria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratskeller" title="Ratskeller">Ratskeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebeen" title="Shebeen">Shebeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">(Western) saloon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Saloon_or_lounge">Saloon (bar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiki_bar" title="Tiki bar">Tiki bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddy_shop" title="Toddy shop">Toddy shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pubs_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubs_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubs_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubs_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taverns_in_North_America" title="Taverns in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_drinking_establishment%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of drinking establishment–related articles">Index of drinking establishment–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bars" title="List of bars">List of bars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bartending" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bartending" title="Template:Bartending"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bartending" title="Template talk:Bartending"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bartending" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bartending"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bartending" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar-back" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar-back">Barback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargirl" title="Bargirl">Bargirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_sommelier" title="Beer sommelier">Beer sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_wench" title="Beer wench">Beer wench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_waitress" title="Cocktail waitress">Cocktail waitress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub_act" title="Nightclub act">Nightclub act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncer" title="Bouncer">Bouncer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_gold_bartender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_gold_bartender.jpg/72px-Robert_gold_bartender.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_gold_bartender.jpg/108px-Robert_gold_bartender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_gold_bartender.jpg/144px-Robert_gold_bartender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_drink" title="Mixed drink">Mixed drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-alcoholic mixers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitters" title="Bitters">Bitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit juice">Fruit juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine" title="Grenadine">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">Soft drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrup#Syrups_for_beverages" title="Syrup">Sugar syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_juice" title="Tomato juice">Tomato juice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthiana" title="Absinthiana">Absinthiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_spirits_measure" title="Alcoholic spirits measure">Alcoholic spirits measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_spoon" title="Bar spoon">Bar spoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_engine" title="Beer engine">Beer engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_tap" title="Beer tap">Beer tap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_tower" title="Beer tower">Beer tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink_coaster" title="Drink coaster">Beverage coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blender" title="Blender">Blender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinois" title="Chinois">Chinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_shaker" title="Cocktail shaker">Cocktail shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_strainer" title="Cocktail strainer">Cocktail strainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinkware" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinkware">Drinkware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_rimmer" title="Glass rimmer">Glass rimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cube" title="Ice cube">Ice cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigger_(bartending)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigger (bartending)">Jigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicer" title="Juicer">Juicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarita_machine" title="Margarita machine">Margarita machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melon_ball" title="Melon ball">Melon baller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddler" title="Muddler">Muddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddling_spoon" title="Muddling spoon">Muddling spoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg_grater" title="Nutmeg grater">Nutmeg grater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_(unit)" title="Peg (unit)">Peg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_siphon" title="Soda siphon">Soda siphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swizzle_stick" title="Swizzle stick">Swizzle stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisk" title="Whisk">Whisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zester" title="Zester">Zester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_garnish" title="Cocktail garnish">Garnishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Edible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_onion" title="Cocktail onion">Cocktail onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino_cherry" title="Maraschino cherry">Maraschino cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twist_(cocktail_garnish)" title="Twist (cocktail garnish)">Twist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inedible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocktail stick">Cocktail stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_umbrella" title="Cocktail umbrella">Cocktail umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_straw" title="Drinking straw">Drinking straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swizzle_stick" title="Swizzle stick">Swizzle stick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bartenders" title="List of bartenders">List of bartenders</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bartending_terminology" title="Bartending terminology">Terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_play#Alcohol" title="Food play">Body shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_keep" title="Bottle keep">Bottle keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryness_(taste)" title="Dryness (taste)">Dryness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flair_bartending" title="Flair bartending">Flair bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_day" title="Gay day">Gay night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_night" title="Ladies' night">Ladies' night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_call" title="Last call">Last call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_o%27clock_swill" title="Six o'clock swill">Six o'clock swill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight up">Straight up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_drink" title="Well drink">Well drink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartending_school" title="Bartending school">Bartending school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_cocktail_movement" title="Craft cocktail movement">Craft cocktail movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_drinking_establishment-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of drinking establishment-related articles">index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">tavern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">Homebrewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craft_beer" title="Craft beer">Craft beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bartenders_Association" title="International Bartenders Association">International Bartenders Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBA_official_cocktails" title="List of IBA official cocktails">official cocktails</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Boston_Official_Bartender%27s_Guide" title="Mr. Boston Official Bartender's Guide">Mr. Boston Official Bartender's Guide</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/9px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/14px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/19px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/16px-Flessen_drank.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/24px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/32px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">liquor portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bartending" title="Category:Bartending">Category: Bartending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholic_beverages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template talk:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcoholic_beverages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_and_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">Malting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">Lautering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">Wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple syrup">Simple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fermented_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink#Fermented_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Fermented drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li></ul></li> <li>Banana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bignay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignay_wine" title="Bignay wine">Bignay wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bokbunja <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokbunja-ju" title="Bokbunja-ju">Bokbunja-ju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistelle">Mistelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscatel_de_Set%C3%BAbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatel de Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Java plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhat_wine" title="Duhat wine">Duhat wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longan_wine" title="Longan wine">Longan wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lychee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lychee wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pineapple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pomegranate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimon (wine)">Rimon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prickly pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonche" title="Colonche">Colonche</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditum" title="Conditum">Conditum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">Hippocras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabol" title="Jabol">Jabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabidh" title="Nabidh">Nabidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Millet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agkud" title="Agkud">Agkud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Apo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beopju" title="Beopju">Beopju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brem" title="Brem">Brem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansul" title="Dansul">Dansul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariya" title="Hariya">Hariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasi" title="Pangasi">Pangasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_c%E1%BA%A7n" title="Rượu cần">Rượu cần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (beverage)">Sato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonti_(rice_drink)" title="Sonti (rice drink)">Sonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuy" title="Tapuy">Tapuy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendh%C4%81" title="Pendhā">Pendhā</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agave americana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahalina" title="Bahalina">Bahalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuba (wine)">Tubâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhak">Tuhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunggang">Tunggang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ginger <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">Ginger wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Galangal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_(wine)" title="Bais (wine)">Bais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarawan" title="Kabarawan">Kabarawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilju" title="Kilju">Kilju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basi" title="Basi">Basi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intus" title="Intus">Intus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palek" title="Palek">Palek</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakari" title="Parakari">Parakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibwatu">Ibwatu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liquors_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquors</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cashew apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fig <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist_(liquor)" title="Geist (liquor)">Geist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghi_(drink)" title="Oghi (drink)">Oghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierbrand" title="Bierbrand">Bierbrand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Buckwheat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maize <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholai" title="Cholai">Cholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-Lao" title="Lao-Lao">Lao-Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihing" title="Lihing">Lihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang liquor</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laksoy" title="Laksoy">Laksoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">Lambanog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotol" title="Sotol">Sotol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhi" title="Arkhi">Arkhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_daru" title="Desi daru">Desi daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_(drink)" title="Bangla (drink)">Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Almond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado">Anisado</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisado_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado Mallorca">Anisado Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbs_de_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs de Majorca">Herbs de Majorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierlik%C3%B6r" title="Bierlikör">Bierlikör</a></li></ul></li> <li>Blackthorn shrub <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Heering" title="Cherry Heering">Cherry Heering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">Maraschino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chili peppers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chocolate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cinnamon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coffee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cream_liqueur" title="Cream liqueur">Cream liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Irish cream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Egg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hazelnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicum" title="Unicum">Unicum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Irish Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">Borovička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mammee apple flower <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_cr%C3%A9ole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eau créole">Eau créole</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orange <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cointreau" title="Cointreau">Cointreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Star anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane/molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vanilla <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licor_43" title="Licor 43">Licor 43</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Walnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocino" title="Nocino">Nocino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output 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