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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_Kerala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Kerala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Medieval Kerala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Kerala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venad_Swaroopam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venad_Swaroopam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Venad Swaroopam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venad_Swaroopam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_and_development_of_Travancore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_development_of_Travancore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Formation and development of Travancore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_development_of_Travancore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mysore_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mysore_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Mysore invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mysore_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Velu_Thampi_Dalawa's_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Velu_Thampi_Dalawa's_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Velu Thampi Dalawa's rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Velu_Thampi_Dalawa's_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cessation_of_mahādanams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cessation_of_mahādanams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Cessation of mahādanams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cessation_of_mahādanams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_19th_and_early_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_19th_and_early_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 The 19th and early 20th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_19th_and_early_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_Kerala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_Kerala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Formation of Kerala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_Kerala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merger_of_Kanyakumari_with_Madras_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_of_Kanyakumari_with_Madras_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_of_Kanyakumari_with_Madras_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retainment_of_Devikulam_and_Peerumedu_Taluks_in_Kerala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retainment_of_Devikulam_and_Peerumedu_Taluks_in_Kerala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Retainment of Devikulam and Peerumedu Taluks in Kerala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retainment_of_Devikulam_and_Peerumedu_Taluks_in_Kerala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rulers_of_Travancore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers_of_Travancore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Rulers of Travancore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers_of_Travancore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titular_Maharajahs_of_Travancore_since_1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titular_Maharajahs_of_Travancore_since_1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Titular Maharajahs of Travancore since 1991 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titular_Maharajahs_of_Travancore_since_1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Ministers_of_Travancore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Ministers_of_Travancore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Prime Ministers of Travancore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_Ministers_of_Travancore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dalawas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalawas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Dalawas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalawas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dewans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dewans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Dewans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dewans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Ministers_of_Travancore_(1948–49)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Ministers_of_Travancore_(1948–49)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Prime Ministers of Travancore (1948–49) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_Ministers_of_Travancore_(1948–49)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administrative divisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divisions_according_to_the_1911_Census_of_Travancore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_according_to_the_1911_Census_of_Travancore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Divisions according to the 1911 Census of Travancore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_according_to_the_1911_Census_of_Travancore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1._Padmanabhapuram_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1._Padmanabhapuram_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 1. Padmanabhapuram Division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1._Padmanabhapuram_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2._Trivandrum_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2._Trivandrum_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 2. Trivandrum Division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2._Trivandrum_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3._Quilon_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3._Quilon_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 3. Quilon Division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3._Quilon_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4._Kottayam_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4._Kottayam_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 4. Kottayam Division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4._Kottayam_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5._Devikulam_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5._Devikulam_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 5. Devikulam Division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5._Devikulam_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Census_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Census reports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Travancore</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" > 35 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ترافنكور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترافنكور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Travancore" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="त्रावणकोर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="त्रावणकोर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbro%C3%B9_Travancore" title="Timbroù Travancore – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Timbroù Travancore" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Travancore" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travank%C3%BAr" title="Travankúr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Travankúr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Travancore" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Travancore" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تراوانکور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تراوانکور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Travancore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%A9%EC%BD%94%EB%A5%B4" title="트라방코르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트라방코르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="त्रवनकोर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्रवनकोर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Travancore" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Travancore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8" title="טרוונקור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרוונקור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ತಿರುವಾಂಕೂರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಿರುವಾಂಕೂರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC" title="തിരുവിതാംകൂർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിരുവിതാംകൂർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Travancore" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="トラヴァンコール王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トラヴァンコール王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Travancore" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Travancore" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0" title="ਤਰਾਵਣਕੋਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਰਾਵਣਕੋਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ریاست تراونکور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریاست تراونکور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancor" title="Travancor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Travancor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Траванкор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Траванкор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Travancore" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Travancore" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="திருவிதாங்கூர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருவிதாங்கூர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ట్రావన్‌కోర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ట్రావన్‌కోర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ติรุวิตางกูร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ติรุวิตางกูร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Travancore" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Траванкор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Траванкор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تراونکور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تراونکور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Kingdom in southern India from 1729 to 1949</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Travancore_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Travancore (disambiguation)">Travancore (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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(September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Travancore</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Thiruvithaamkoor Rajyam</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1729–1949</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Travancore.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Travancore"><img alt="Travancore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Travancore.svg/125px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Travancore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Travancore.svg/188px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Travancore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Travancore.svg/250px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Travancore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="284" /></a></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Travancore_Emblem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Travancore"><img alt="Conch in wreath, guarded by two elephants on either side Padmanabhapuram (1729–1795) Trivandrum (1795–1949)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Travancore_Emblem.jpg/85px-Travancore_Emblem.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Travancore_Emblem.jpg/128px-Travancore_Emblem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Travancore_Emblem.jpg/170px-Travancore_Emblem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="361" /></a></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: ധർമോസ്മത്ത് കുലദൈവതം Dharmōsmat Kuladaivatam (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: "Charity is our household divinity")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: വഞ്ചീശ മംഗളം <a href="/wiki/Vanchi_Bhumi" title="Vanchi Bhumi">Vancheesha Mangalam</a> (1937–1949) (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>:"Victory to the Lord of Vanchi") <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="209" data-mwtitle="Vancheesa_Mangalam_(KamalaKrishnamurthy,'37).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Vancheesa_Mangalam_%28KamalaKrishnamurthy%2C%2737%29.ogg/Vancheesa_Mangalam_%28KamalaKrishnamurthy%2C%2737%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Vancheesa_Mangalam_%28KamalaKrishnamurthy%2C%2737%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Travancore_State_in_British_India_1940.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the Kingdom of Travancore (in red) in India (in green)"><img alt="Location of the Kingdom of Travancore (in red) in India (in green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kingdom_of_Travancore_State_in_British_India_1940.png/250px-Kingdom_of_Travancore_State_in_British_India_1940.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kingdom_of_Travancore_State_in_British_India_1940.png/375px-Kingdom_of_Travancore_State_in_British_India_1940.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kingdom_of_Travancore_State_in_British_India_1940.png/500px-Kingdom_of_Travancore_State_in_British_India_1940.png 2x" data-file-width="1621" data-file-height="1469" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of the Kingdom of Travancore (in red) in India (in green)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> (official) <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language"> Tamil</a> (Minority)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (official) Minority: Chiefly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> Small communities of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jains">Jains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maharaja_of_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja of Travancore">Maharaja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1729–1758 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1829–1846 (peak) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal_Rama_Varma" title="Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma">Swathi Thirunal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1931–1949 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chithira_Thirunal_Balarama_Varma" title="Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma">Chithira Thirunal</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Diwans_of_Travancore" title="List of Diwans of Travancore">Diwan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1729–1736 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Arumukan Pillai</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1838–1839 (peak) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/R._Venkata_Rao" title="R. Venkata Rao">R. Venkata Rao</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1947–1949 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/P._G._N._Unnithan" title="P. G. N. Unnithan">P. G. N. Unnithan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Imperialism">Age of Imperialism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1729</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Subsidiary alliance with the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1795</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Vassal of <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Merger with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1949</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1941<a href="#cite_note-1941Census-1">[1]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19,844 km2 (7,662 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1941<a href="#cite_note-1941Census-1">[1]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,070,018</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Travancore_Rupee" title="Travancore Rupee">Travancore Rupee</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Quilon_%28Venatu%29_insignia_from_Syrian_copper_plates_-_Plate_5_%28c._883_CE%29.jpg/20px-Quilon_%28Venatu%29_insignia_from_Syrian_copper_plates_-_Plate_5_%28c._883_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Quilon_%28Venatu%29_insignia_from_Syrian_copper_plates_-_Plate_5_%28c._883_CE%29.jpg/30px-Quilon_%28Venatu%29_insignia_from_Syrian_copper_plates_-_Plate_5_%28c._883_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Quilon_%28Venatu%29_insignia_from_Syrian_copper_plates_-_Plate_5_%28c._883_CE%29.jpg/40px-Quilon_%28Venatu%29_insignia_from_Syrian_copper_plates_-_Plate_5_%28c._883_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="312" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Cochin">Travancore-Cochin</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Kingdom of Travancore (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtrævəŋkɔːr/</a>), also known as the Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Malayalam: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">[t̪iɾuʋid̪aːŋɡuːr]</a>) or later as Travancore State, was kingdom that lasted from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1729 until 1949. It was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Travancore_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore Royal Family">Travancore Royal Family</a> from <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram" title="Padmanabhapuram">Padmanabhapuram</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>. At its zenith, the kingdom covered most of the south of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram</a> districts, major portions of <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puthenchira" title="Puthenchira">Puthenchira</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a>) and the southernmost part of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari district</a> and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Tenkasi_district" title="Tenkasi district">Tenkasi district</a>) with the <a href="/wiki/Thachudaya_Kaimal" title="Thachudaya Kaimal">Thachudaya Kaimal</a>'s enclave of <a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakuda</a> <a href="/wiki/Koodalmanikyam_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koodalmanikyam temple">Koodalmanikyam temple</a> in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> However <a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> city and <a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a> near <a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> were parts of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> to the north,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli</a> districts of <a href="/wiki/Pandya_Nadu" title="Pandya Nadu">Pandya Nadu</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> to the west.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> Travancore was divided into five divisions: <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram" title="Padmanabhapuram">Padmanabhapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Trivandrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram_division" title="Padmanabhapuram division">Padmanabhapuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a> was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> speaking region with small <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> speaking minorities.<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> The divisions of <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Trivandrum</a>,<a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>,<a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a> was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> speaking region with small <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> speaking Minority.<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> inherited the small feudal state of <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad</a> in 1723, and built it into Travancore. <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> led the Travancorean forces during the <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Dutch_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Dutch War">Travancore-Dutch War</a> of 1739–46, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Colachel</a>. The defeat of the Dutch by Travancore is considered the earliest example of an organised power from Asia overcoming European military technology and tactics.<a href="#cite_note-Sanyal2016-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> went on to conquer most of the smaller principalities of the native rulers. The Travancore royal family signed a treaty with the British in 1788, thereby adopting British dominance. Later, in 1805, they revised the treaty, leading to a diminution of royal authority and the loss of political independence for Travancore.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> They had to give up their ruling rights over the common people in 1949 when Travancore were forced to merge with Independent India. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The kingdom takes its name from <a href="/wiki/Thiruvithamcode" title="Thiruvithamcode">Thiruvithamcode</a> in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. The region had many small independent kingdoms. Later, at the peak of the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a>, this region became part of the Chera Kingdom (except for the Ay kingdom, which always remained independent). When the region was part of the <a href="/wiki/Chera_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera empire">Chera empire</a>, it was still known as Thiruvazhumkode. It was contracted to Thiruvankode, and anglicised by the English to Travancore.<a href="#cite_note-Menon1878-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Panikkar1933-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In the course of time, the <a href="/wiki/Ay_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ay kingdom">Ay clan</a>, part of the Chera empire, which ruled the Thiruvazhumkode area, became an independent kingdom, and the land was called Aayi Desam or Aayi Rajyam, meaning 'Aayi territory'. The Aayis controlled the land from the present-day Kollam district in the north, through <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram district</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari district</a> in the south. There were two capitals, the major one at Kollam (<a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad Swaroopam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Desinganadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Desinganadu">Desinganadu</a>) and a subsidiary one at Thrippapur (Thrippapur Swaroopam or <a href="/wiki/Nanjinad" title="Nanjinad">Nanjinad</a>). The kingdom was thus also called <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad</a>. Kings of Venad had, built residential palaces in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvithamcode" title="Thiruvithamcode">Thiruvithamcode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalkulam" title="Kalkulam">Kalkulam</a>. Thiruvithamcode became the capital of the Thrippapur Swaroopam, and the country was referred to as Thiruvithamcode by Europeans even after the capital had been moved in 1601 to <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram" title="Padmanabhapuram">Padmanabhapuram</a>, near Kalkulam.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Chera empire had dissolved by around 1100 and thereafter the territory comprised numerous small kingdoms until the time of <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> who, as king of Venad from 1729, employed brutal methods to unify them.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> During his reign, Thiruvithamkoor (Anglicized as Travancore) became the official name.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Travancore_1871.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Travancore in 1871."><img alt="Map of Travancore in 1871." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Travancore_1871.JPG/117px-Travancore_1871.JPG" decoding="async" width="117" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Travancore_1871.JPG/175px-Travancore_1871.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Travancore_1871.JPG/234px-Travancore_1871.JPG 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="649" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Travancore in 1871.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Canal_Scene,_Travancore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Canal scene in Travancore."><img alt="A Canal scene in Travancore." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_Canal_Scene%2C_Travancore.jpg/200px-A_Canal_Scene%2C_Travancore.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_Canal_Scene%2C_Travancore.jpg/300px-A_Canal_Scene%2C_Travancore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_Canal_Scene%2C_Travancore.jpg/400px-A_Canal_Scene%2C_Travancore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="414" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Canal scene in Travancore.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sree_Padmanabha_Swamy_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sree Padmanabha Swamy was the national deity of the Kingdom of Travancore.[14]"><img alt="Sree Padmanabha Swamy was the national deity of the Kingdom of Travancore.[14]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sree_Padmanabha_Swamy_Temple.jpg/200px-Sree_Padmanabha_Swamy_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sree_Padmanabha_Swamy_Temple.jpg/300px-Sree_Padmanabha_Swamy_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sree_Padmanabha_Swamy_Temple.jpg/400px-Sree_Padmanabha_Swamy_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5461" data-file-height="3368" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Sree Padmanabha Swamy</a> was the <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national deity</a> of the Kingdom of Travancore.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </div> </li> </ul> The Kingdom of Travancore was located at the extreme southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Geographically, Travancore was divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands (rugged and cool mountainous terrain), the central midlands (rolling hills), and the western lowlands (coastal plains).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Due to the geographical isolation of the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> from the rest of the Indian peninsula, attributed to the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghat_mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ghat mountain">Western Ghats</a> mountain ranges lying parallel to the coast, the population and language spoken in Kerala differed from those in neighboring states such as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. According to the religious text "<a href="/wiki/Keralolpathi" title="Keralolpathi">Keralolpathi</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudhiri Brahmins</a>, the region from <a href="/wiki/Gokarna,_Karnataka" title="Gokarna, Karnataka">Gokharna</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari district</a> was created when <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a> threw his axe and claimed this land, known as Parashuramakshetra.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Kerala">Medieval Kerala</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval Kerala">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png/300px-Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png/450px-Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png/600px-Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>India in 1320 CE. The <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>-<a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> area in the southernmost tip of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> was the main seat of the Ay dynasty, was under the influence of the Pandya dynasty.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a> governed the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> between <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> in the north. The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> roughly between the first and the fourth centuries CE and served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-Trade-18">[18]</a> However the southern region of the present-day Kerala state was under the <a href="/wiki/Ay_dynasty" title="Ay dynasty">Ay dynasty</a>. During the Ay dynasty, they spoke a language known as <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tamil" title="Middle Tamil">Middle Tamil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto-19">[19]</a> which differed from <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> spoken in Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-auto-19">[19]</a> Later Ay dynasty, conquered and succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Chera_Perumals_of_Makotai" title="Chera Perumals of Makotai">Kulashekara Perumals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam</a> (later known as <a href="/wiki/Venad_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (kingdom)">Venad</a>),<a href="#cite_note-auto1-21">[21]</a> during the period of the Chera Kulashekara Perumal (Keralaputras) dynasty,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-21">[21]</a> the language evolved into <a href="/wiki/Old_Malayalam" title="Old Malayalam">Old-Malayalam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates" title="Quilon Syrian copper plates">Quilon copper plates</a> (849/850 CE) are considered the oldest available inscription written in Old Malayalam.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum district">northern regions of Trivandrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alapuzha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta</a> districts became proper <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam-speaking</a> populations in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, while the other districts showed influences from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> languages. During the period of <a href="/wiki/Pattom_A._Thanu_Pillai" title="Pattom A. Thanu Pillai">Pattom Thanu Pillai</a>, Travancore was referred to as Malayalam state or the land of proper <a href="/wiki/Malayalis" title="Malayalis">Malayalis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venad_Swaroopam">Venad Swaroopam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Venad Swaroopam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG/220px-Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG/330px-Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG/440px-Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thambiran_Vanakkam" title="Thambiran Vanakkam">Thambiran Vanakkam</a> was printed at Kollam, the capital of Venad in 1578, during the Portuguese Era. It holds the record of the first book printed in any Indian language. It was written in the language <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Malabar_Tamul" title="Lingua Malabar Tamul">Lingua Malabar Tamul</a>, which was spoken in southern Kerala (Kollam-<a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> area) during the medieval period.</figcaption></figure> The former state of Venad at the tip of the Indian subcontinent, traditionally ruled by <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rajas</a> known as the Venattadis. Until the end of the 11th century AD, it was a small principality in the Ay Kingdom. The Ays were the earliest ruling dynasty in southern Kerala, who, at their zenith, ruled over a region from <a href="/wiki/Nagercoil" title="Nagercoil">Nagercoil</a> in the south to Trivandrum in the north. Their capital during the first <a href="/wiki/Sangam_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam age">Sangam age</a> was in Aykudi and later, towards the end of the eighth century AD, at <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon (Kollam)</a>. Though a series of attacks by the resurgent Pandyas between the seventh and eighth centuries caused the decline of the Ays, the dynasty was powerful until the beginning of the tenth century.<a href="#cite_note-Menon2007-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-Tajir" title="Sulaiman al-Tajir">Sulaiman al-Tajir</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> merchant who visited Kerala during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sthanu_Ravi_Varma" title="Sthanu Ravi Varma">Sthanu Ravi Varma</a> (9th century CE), records that there was extensive trade between Kerala and China at that time, based at the port of Kollam.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg/220px-British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg/330px-British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg/440px-British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/British_Residency" title="British Residency">British Residency</a> in Quilon, where the resident of Travancore resided</figcaption></figure> When the Ay diminished, Venad became the southernmost principality of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chera_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chera Kingdom">Second Chera Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Menon139-30">[30]</a> An invasion of the Cholas into Venad caused the destruction of Kollam in 1096. However, the Chera capital, <a href="/wiki/Mahodayapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahodayapuram">Mahodayapuram</a>, also fell in the subsequent Chola attack, which compelled the Chera king, Rama Varma Kulasekara, to shift his capital to Kollam.<a href="#cite_note-Menon140-31">[31]</a> Thus, Rama Varma Kulasekara, the last emperor of the Chera dynasty, was probably the founder of the Venad royal house, and the title of the Chera kings, Kulasekara, was thenceforth kept by the rulers of Venad. Thus the end of the Second Chera dynasty in the 12th century marks the independence of Venad.<a href="#cite_note-Menon141-32">[32]</a> In the second half of the 12th century, two branches of the Ay dynasty, the Thrippappur and Chirava, merged in the Venad family, which set up the tradition of designating the ruler of Venad as Chirava Moopan and the heir-apparent as Thrippappur Moopan. While the Chrirava Moopan had his residence at Kollam, the Thrippappur Moopan resided at his palace in Thrippappur, nine miles north of Thiruvananthapuram, and was vested with authority over the temples of Venad kingdom, especially the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Padmanabhaswamy_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple">Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Menon139-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_and_development_of_Travancore">Formation and development of Travancore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Formation and development of Travancore">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg/220px-1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg/330px-1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg/440px-1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4527" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Malabar Coast in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between Kollam and <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a>, as shown in the map (Present-day districts of <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Trivandrum</a> and Kanyakumari only). The vast region of the Malabar Coast between <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> and Kollam was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a> then. In the latter half of the 18th century Travancore inherited the kingdoms as far as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a> and became a powerful kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg/250px-Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg/375px-Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg/500px-Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5198" data-file-height="3462" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram_Palace" title="Padmanabhapuram Palace">Padmanabhapuram Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG/250px-De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG/375px-De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG/500px-De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eustachius_De_Lannoy" title="Eustachius De Lannoy">Eustachius De Lannoy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> surrenders to Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> of the Kingdom of Travancore after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Colachel</a>. (Depiction at <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram_Palace" title="Padmanabhapuram Palace">Padmanabhapuram Palace</a>)</figcaption></figure> In the early 18th century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Travancore_royal_family" title="Travancore royal family">Travancore royal family</a> adopted some members from the royal family of <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a> based at <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The history of Travancore began with Marthanda Varma, who inherited the kingdom of Venad (Thrippappur), and expanded it into Travancore during his reign (1729–1758). After defeating a union of feudal lords and establishing internal peace, he expanded the kingdom of Venad through a series of military campaigns from <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> in the south to the borders of <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> in the north during his 29-year rule.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller1976-34">[34]</a> This rule also included <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Dutch_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Dutch War">Travancore-Dutch War</a> (1739–1753) between Travancore and the Dutch East India Company, which had been allied to some of these kingdoms.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1741, Travancore won the Battle of Colachel against the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, resulting in the complete eclipse of Dutch power in the region. In this battle, the Dutch Captain, <a href="/wiki/Eustachius_De_Lannoy" title="Eustachius De Lannoy">Eustachius De Lannoy</a>, was captured. He later defected to Travancore.<a href="#cite_note-AHoT_136-35">[35]</a> De Lannoy was appointed captain of His Highness' bodyguard<a href="#cite_note-AHoT_136-35">[35]</a> and later Senior Admiral ("Valiya kappittan")<a href="#cite_note-AHoT_162-36">[36]</a> and modernised the <a href="/wiki/Nair_pattalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair pattalam">Travancore army</a> by introducing firearms and artillery.<a href="#cite_note-AHoT_136-35">[35]</a> From 1741 to 1758, De Lannoy remained in command of the Travancore forces and was involved in annexation of small principalities.<a href="#cite_note-9th_Madras_Regiment-37">[37]</a> Travancore became the most dominant state in the Kerala region by defeating the powerful <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Purakkad" title="Purakkad">Purakkad</a> in 1755.<a href="#cite_note-AHoT_162-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramayyan_Dalawa" title="Ramayyan Dalawa">Ramayyan Dalawa</a>, the prime minister (1737–1756) of Marthanda Varma, also played an important role in this consolidation and expansion. On 3 January 1750, (5 <a href="/wiki/Makaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Makaram">Makaram</a>, 925 <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Kollavarsham</a>), Marthanda Varma virtually "dedicated" Travancore to his tutelary deity <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabha</a>, one of the aspects of the Hindu God <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> with a lotus issuing from his navel on which <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> sits. From then on the rulers of Travancore ruled as the "servants of Padmanabha" (the Padmnabha-dasar).<a href="#cite_note-AHoT_171-38">[38]</a> At the Battle of Ambalapuzha, Marthanda Varma defeated the union of the kings who had been deposed and the king of the <a href="/wiki/Cochin_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin kingdom">Cochin kingdom</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mysore_invasion">Mysore invasion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mysore invasion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mysore_invasion_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore invasion of Kerala">Mysore invasion of Kerala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg/220px-Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg/330px-Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg/440px-Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> at the lines of Travancore. Illustration from Cassell's Illustrated History of India by James Grant (c 1896).</figcaption></figure> Marthanda Varma's successor Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1758–1798), who was popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Raja" title="Dharma Raja">Dharma Raja</a>, shifted the capital in 1795 from <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram_Palace" title="Padmanabhapuram Palace">Padmanabhapuram</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Raja" title="Dharma Raja">Dharma Raja</a>'s period is considered a Golden Age in the history of Travancore. He not only retained the territorial gains of his predecessor, but also improved and encouraged social development. He was greatly assisted by a very efficient administrator, <a href="/wiki/Raja_Kesavadas" title="Raja Kesavadas">Raja Kesavadas</a>, the Diwan of Travancore. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Travancore often allied with the <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a> in military conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-Travancore_2011-39">[39]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Raja" title="Dharma Raja">Dharma Raja</a>'s reign, <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, the de facto ruler of <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> and the son of <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a>, attacked Travancore in 1789 as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_invasion_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore invasion of Kerala">Mysore invasion of Kerala</a>. Dharma Raja had earlier refused to hand over the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> political refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_invasion_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore invasion of Kerala">Mysore occupation of Malabar</a> who had been given asylum in Travancore. The Mysore army entered the Cochin kingdom from Coimbatore in November 1789 and reached <a href="/wiki/Trichur" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichur">Trichur</a> in December. On 28 December 1789 Tipu Sultan attacked the Nedunkotta (Northern Lines) from the north, causing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nedumkotta_(1789)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789)">Battle of Nedumkotta (1789)</a>, and the defeat of the Mysore army. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Velu_Thampi_Dalawa's_rebellion">Velu Thampi Dalawa's rebellion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Velu Thampi Dalawa's rebellion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Travancore_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore Rebellion">Travancore Rebellion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore,_1822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore%2C_1822.jpg/220px-A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore%2C_1822.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore%2C_1822.jpg/330px-A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore%2C_1822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore%2C_1822.jpg/440px-A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore%2C_1822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>A language map of India prepared in 1822. Note that a major portion of Travancore was included in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>-spoken region.</figcaption></figure> On <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Raja" title="Dharma Raja">Dharma Raja</a>'s death in 1798, <a href="/wiki/Balarama_Varma" class="mw-redirect" title="Balarama Varma">Balarama Varma</a> (1798–1810), the weakest ruler of the dynasty, took over at the age of sixteen. A treaty brought Travancore under a <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_alliance" title="Subsidiary alliance">Subsidiary alliance</a> with the East India Company in 1795.<a href="#cite_note-Travancore_2011-39">[39]</a> The Prime Ministers (<a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">Dalawas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">Dewans</a>) started to take control of the kingdom beginning with <a href="/wiki/Velu_Thampi_Dalawa" title="Velu Thampi Dalawa">Velu Thampi Dalawa</a> (Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi) (1799–1809) who was appointed as the divan following the dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Jayanthan_Sankaran_Nampoothiri" title="Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri">Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri</a> (1798–1799). Initially, <a href="/wiki/Velayudhan_Chempakaraman_Thampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi">Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a> got along very well. When a section of the Travancore army mutinied in 1805 against <a href="/wiki/Velu_Thampi_Dalawa" title="Velu Thampi Dalawa">Velu Thampi Dalawa</a>, he sought refuge with the British Resident Colonel (later General) <a href="/wiki/Colin_Macaulay" title="Colin Macaulay">Colin Macaulay</a> and later used <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a> troops to crush the mutiny. Velu Thampi also played a key role in negotiating a new treaty between Travancore and the English East India Company. However, the demands of the East India Company for the payment of compensation for their involvement in the Travancore-Mysore War (1791) on behalf of Travancore, led to tension between the Diwan and Colonel Macaulay. Velu Thampi and the diwan of Cochin kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Paliath_Achan" title="Paliath Achan">Paliath Achan</a> Govindan Menon, who was unhappy with Macaulay for granting asylum to his enemy Kunhi Krishna Menon, declared "war" on the East India Company. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoption_Durbar,_Trivandrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Adoption_Durbar%2C_Trivandrum.jpg/220px-Adoption_Durbar%2C_Trivandrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Adoption_Durbar%2C_Trivandrum.jpg/330px-Adoption_Durbar%2C_Trivandrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Adoption_Durbar%2C_Trivandrum.jpg/440px-Adoption_Durbar%2C_Trivandrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1573" /></a><figcaption>Adoption Durbar, Trivandrum</figcaption></figure> The East India Company army defeated Paliath Achan's army in Cochin on 27 February 1809. <a href="/wiki/Paliath_Achan" title="Paliath Achan">Paliath Achan</a> surrendered to the East India Company and was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Benaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Benaras">Benaras</a>. The Company defeated forces under <a href="/wiki/Velu_Thampi_Dalawa" title="Velu Thampi Dalawa">Velu Thampi Dalawa</a> at battles near Nagercoil and Kollam, and inflicted heavy casualties on the rebels, many of whom then deserted and went back home. The Maharajah of Travancore, who hitherto had not openly taken any part in the rebellion, now allied with the British and appointed one of Thampi's enemies as his prime minister. The allied East India Company army and the Travancore soldiers camped in Pappanamcode, just outside <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum">Trivandrum</a>. Velu Thampi Dalawa now organised a guerrilla struggle against the company, but committed suicide to avoid capture by the Travancore army. After the mutiny of 1805 against Velu Thampi Dalawa, most of the Nair army battalions of Travancore were disbanded, and after Velu Thampi Dalawa's uprising, almost all of the remaining Travancore forces were also disbanded, with the East India Company undertaking to serve the Rajah in cases of external and internal aggression. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cessation_of_mahādanams">Cessation of mahādanams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cessation of mahādanams">edit</a>]</div> The Rajahs of Travancore had been conditionally promoted to Kshatriyahood with periodic performance of <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_great_gifts" title="Sixteen great gifts">16 mahādānams</a> (great gifts in charity) such as <a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha_(donation)" title="Hiranyagarbha (donation)">Hiranya-garbhā</a>, Hiranya-Kāmadhenu, and Hiranyāswaratā in each of which thousands of <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a> had been given costly gifts apart from each getting a minimum of 1 kazhanch (78.65 gm) of gold.<a href="#cite_note-ASo00-40">[40]</a> In 1848 the <a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Marquess of Dalhousie</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>, was apprised that the depressed condition of the finances in Travancore was due to the mahādanams by the rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Adm88-41">[41]</a> Lord Dalhousie instructed <a href="/wiki/George_Harris,_3rd_Baron_Harris" title="George Harris, 3rd Baron Harris">Lord Harris</a>, Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, to warn the then King of Travancore, <a href="/wiki/Uthram_Thirunal_Marthanda_Varma" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma">Martanda Varma (Uttram Tirunal 1847–60)</a>, that if he did not put a stop to this practice, the Madras Presidency would take over his state's administration. This led to the cessation of the practice of mahādanams. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] All Travancorean Kings including <a href="/wiki/Sree_Moolam_Thirunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Moolam Thirunal">Sree Moolam Thirunal</a> conducted the Hiranyagarbham and Tulapurushadaanam ceremonies. Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Chithira_Thirunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chithira Thirunal">Chithira Thirunal</a> was the only King of Travancore not to have conducted these rituals as he considered them extremely costly.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_19th_and_early_20th_centuries">The 19th and early 20th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The 19th and early 20th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1887_Travancore_revenue_stamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/1887_Travancore_revenue_stamps.jpg/220px-1887_Travancore_revenue_stamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/1887_Travancore_revenue_stamps.jpg/330px-1887_Travancore_revenue_stamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/1887_Travancore_revenue_stamps.jpg/440px-1887_Travancore_revenue_stamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>A block of 1887 Travancore revenue stamps depicting <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg/220px-Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg/330px-Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg/440px-Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>Malayalam letters on old <a href="/wiki/Travancore_Rupee" title="Travancore Rupee">Travancore Rupee</a> coin</figcaption></figure> In Travancore, the caste system was more rigorously enforced than in many other parts of India up to the mid-1800s. The hierarchical caste order was deeply entrenched in the social system and was supported by the government, which transformed this caste-based social system into a religious institution.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In such a context, the belief in <a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a>, apart from being a religious system, served also as a reform movement in uplifting the downtrodden of society, both socially and religiously. The <a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_rituals" title="Ayyavazhi rituals">rituals of Ayyavazhi</a> constituted a social discourse. Its beliefs, mode of worship, and religious organisation seem to have enabled the Ayyavazhi group to negotiate, cope with, and resist the imposition of authority.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The hard tone of Vaikundar towards this was perceived as a revolution against the government.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> So King <a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal_Rama_Varma" title="Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma">Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma</a> initially imprisoned <a href="/wiki/Vaikundar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikundar">Vaikundar</a> in the Singarathoppu jail, where the jailor Appaguru ended up as a disciple of Vaikundar. Vaikundar was later set at liberty by the King.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anchal_Box_Perumbavoor_Rest_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Travancore's postal service adopted a standard cast iron pillar box, made by Massey & Co in Madras, similar to the British Penfold model introduced in 1866. This Anchal post box is in Perumbavoor."><img alt="Travancore's postal service adopted a standard cast iron pillar box, made by Massey & Co in Madras, similar to the British Penfold model introduced in 1866. This Anchal post box is in Perumbavoor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anchal_Box_Perumbavoor_Rest_House.JPG/132px-Anchal_Box_Perumbavoor_Rest_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anchal_Box_Perumbavoor_Rest_House.JPG/198px-Anchal_Box_Perumbavoor_Rest_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anchal_Box_Perumbavoor_Rest_House.JPG/265px-Anchal_Box_Perumbavoor_Rest_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="2557" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Travancore's postal service adopted a standard cast iron pillar box, made by Massey & Co in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a>, similar to the British <a href="/wiki/Pillar_box#Penfolds" title="Pillar box">Penfold</a> model introduced in 1866. This <a href="/wiki/Anchal_post" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchal post">Anchal post</a> box is in <a href="/wiki/Perumbavoor" title="Perumbavoor">Perumbavoor</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayilyam_Thirunal_and_Madhava_Rao.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore (centre) with the first prince (left) and Dewan Rajah Sir T. Madhava Rao (right)."><img alt="Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore (centre) with the first prince (left) and Dewan Rajah Sir T. Madhava Rao (right)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ayilyam_Thirunal_and_Madhava_Rao.JPG/200px-Ayilyam_Thirunal_and_Madhava_Rao.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ayilyam_Thirunal_and_Madhava_Rao.JPG/300px-Ayilyam_Thirunal_and_Madhava_Rao.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ayilyam_Thirunal_and_Madhava_Rao.JPG/400px-Ayilyam_Thirunal_and_Madhava_Rao.JPG 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="381" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ayilyam_Thirunal_of_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore">Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore</a> (centre) with the first prince (left) and Dewan Rajah Sir <a href="/wiki/T._Madhava_Rao" title="T. Madhava Rao">T. Madhava Rao</a> (right).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chithira_Thirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The last King of Travancore, Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma."><img alt="The last King of Travancore, Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chithira_Thirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg/137px-Chithira_Thirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chithira_Thirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg/206px-Chithira_Thirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chithira_Thirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg/274px-Chithira_Thirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="437" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The last King of Travancore, Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nair_pattalam_cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Travancore Nair Brigade in 1861."><img alt="Travancore Nair Brigade in 1861." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nair_pattalam_cavalry.jpg/200px-Nair_pattalam_cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nair_pattalam_cavalry.jpg/300px-Nair_pattalam_cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nair_pattalam_cavalry.jpg/400px-Nair_pattalam_cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="378" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Travancore Nair Brigade in 1861.</div> </li> </ul> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Sree_Moolam_Thirunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Moolam Thirunal">Sree Moolam Thirunal</a> in 1924, <a href="/wiki/Sethu_Lakshmi_Bayi" title="Sethu Lakshmi Bayi">Sethu Lakshmi Bayi</a> became regent (1924–1931), as the heir apparent, Sree <a href="/wiki/Chithira_Thirunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chithira Thirunal">Chithira Thirunal</a> was then a minor, 12 years old.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 1935, Travancore joined the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Service_Troops" title="Imperial Service Troops">Indian State Forces Scheme</a> and a Travancore unit was named <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Travancore_Nair_Infantry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Travancore Nair Infantry (page does not exist)">1st Travancore Nair Infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travancore_State_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore State Forces">Travancore State Forces</a>. The unit was reorganised as an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_State_Infantry_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian State Infantry Battalion (page does not exist)">Indian State Infantry Battalion</a> by Lieutenant Colonel H S Steward, who was appointed commandant of the Travancore State Forces.<a href="#cite_note-TravancoreStateForces-48">[48]</a> The last ruling king of Travancore, <a href="/wiki/Chithira_Thirunal_Balarama_Varma" title="Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma">Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma</a>, reigned from 1931 to 1949. "His reign marked revolutionary progress in the fields of education, defence, economy and society as a whole."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> He made the famous Temple Entry Proclamation on 12 November 1936, which opened all the <a href="/wiki/Kshetram" title="Kshetram">Kshetrams</a> (Hindu temples in Kerala) in Travancore to backward communities. This act won him praise from across India, most notably from <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>. The first public transport system (Thiruvananthapuram–Mavelikkara) and telecommunication system (Thiruvananthapuram Palace–Mavelikkara Palace) were launched during his reign. He also started the industrialisation of the state, enhancing the role of the public sector. He introduced heavy industry in the state and established giant public sector undertakings. As many as twenty industries were established, mostly for utilizing the local raw materials such as rubber, ceramics, and minerals. A majority of the premier industries in Kerala even today, were established by Sree Chithira Thirunal. He patronized musicians, artists, dancers, and Vedic scholars. Sree Chithira Thirunal appointed, for the first time, an Art Advisor to the Government, Dr. G. H. Cousins. He also established a new form of University Training Corps, viz. Labour Corps, preceding the N.C.C, in the educational institutions. The expenses of the university were to be met fully by the government. Sree Chithira Thirunal also built a beautiful palace named Kowdiar Palace, finished in 1934, which was previously an old Naluektu, given by Sree Moolam Thirunal to his mother Sethu Parvathi Bayi in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aswathy_Thirunal_Gauri_Lakshmi_Bai-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-A._Sreedhara_Menon-52">[52]</a> A famine in 1943 claimed approximately 90,000 lives in Travancore.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> However, his prime minister, Sir <a href="/wiki/C._P._Ramaswami_Iyer" title="C. P. Ramaswami Iyer">C. P. Ramaswami Iyer</a>, was unpopular among the communists of Travancore. The tension between the Communists and Iyer led to minor riots. In one such <a href="/wiki/Punnapra-Vayalar_uprising" title="Punnapra-Vayalar uprising">riot in Punnapra-Vayalar</a> in 1946, the Communist rioters established their own government in the area. This was put down by the Travancore Army and Navy. The prime minister issued a statement in June 1947 that Travancore would remain an independent country instead of joining the Indian Union; subsequently, an attempt was made on his life, following which he resigned and left for Madras, to be succeeded by Sri <a href="/wiki/P.G.N._Unnithan" class="mw-redirect" title="P.G.N. Unnithan">P.G.N. Unnithan</a>. According to witnesses such as K.<a href="/wiki/Aiyappan_Pillai" title="Aiyappan Pillai">Aiyappan Pillai</a>, constitutional adviser to the Maharaja and historians like <a href="/wiki/A._Sreedhara_Menon" title="A. Sreedhara Menon">A. Sreedhara Menon</a>, the rioters and mob-attacks had no bearing on the decision of the Maharaja.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> After several rounds of discussion and negotiation between Sree Chithira Thirunal and <a href="/wiki/V.P._Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="V.P. Menon">V.P. Menon</a>, the king agreed that the Kingdom should accede to the Indian Union on 12 August 1947.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> On 1 July 1949 the Kingdom of Travancore was merged with the Kingdom of Cochin and the short-lived state of <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Cochin">Travancore-Kochi</a> was formed.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg/220px-Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg/330px-Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg/440px-Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>Travancore in the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> in 1909</figcaption></figure> On 11 July 1991, Maharaja Sree Chithira Thirunal suffered a stroke and was admitted to a hospital, where he died on 20 July. He had ruled Travancore for 67 years and at his death was one of the few surviving rulers of a first-class <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> in the old <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. He was also the last surviving Knight Grand Commander of both the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Order of the Star of India</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">Order of the Indian Empire</a>. He was succeeded as head of the Royal House as well as the Titular Maharajah of Travancore by his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Uthradom_Thirunal_Marthanda_Varma" title="Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma">Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma</a>. The Government of India issued a stamp on 6 Nov 1991, commemorating the reforms that marked his reign in Travancore.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_Kerala">Formation of Kerala</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Formation of Kerala">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Merger_of_Kanyakumari_with_Madras_State" title="Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State">Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State</a></div> The State of Kerala came into existence on 1 November 1956, with a governor appointed by the president of India as the head of state instead of a king.<a href="#cite_note-Kerala-59">[59]</a> The king was stripped of all his political powers and the right to receive privy purses, according to the twenty-sixth amendment of the Indian constitution act of 31 July 1971. He died on 20 July 1991.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger_of_Kanyakumari_with_Madras_State">Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Merger_of_Kanyakumari_with_Madras_State" title="Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State">Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> lived in large numbers in the <a href="/wiki/Thovalai" title="Thovalai">Thovalai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agastheeswaram" title="Agastheeswaram">Agastheeswaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sengottai" title="Sengottai">Sengottai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eraniel" title="Eraniel">Eraniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilavancode" title="Vilavancode">Vilavancode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalkulam" title="Kalkulam">Kalkulam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> South and <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> North <a href="/wiki/Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluk">taluks</a> of erstwhile Travancore State.<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> In the Tamil regions, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> was the official language and there were only a few Tamil schools. So the Tamils met many hardships. The Travancore state government continued rejecting the requests of Tamils.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> During that period the Travancore State Congress favoured the idea of uniting all the Malayalam speaking regions and forming a "Unified Kerala". In protest against this idea, many Tamil leaders vacated the party. Tamils gathered together at <a href="/wiki/Nagercoil" title="Nagercoil">Nagercoil</a> on 16 December 1945 under the leadership of Sam Nathaniel and formed the new political party All Travancore Tamilian Congress. That party pushed for the merger of Tamil regions in Travancore with Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> During the election campaign, clashes occurred between the Tamil Nadar community and the Malayali Nair community in Kalkulam – Vilavancode taluks. The police force suppressed the agitating Nadars. In February 1948 police opened fire and two Tamil-speaking Nadars were killed.<a href="#cite_note-DDaniel-63">[63]</a> In the working committee meeting of Tamilian congress at Eraviputhur on 30 June 1946, the name of the political party was changed to Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress (T.T.N.C). T.T.N.C was popular among the Tamils living in Thovalai and Agateeswaram taluks. Ma. Po. Sivagnanam (<a href="/wiki/Ma._Po._Si." class="mw-redirect" title="Ma. Po. Si.">Ma.Po.Si</a>) was the only leader from Tamil Nadu who acted in favour of T.T.N.C.<a href="#cite_note-DDaniel-63">[63]</a> After the independence of India, State Assembly elections were announced in Travancore. As a consequence, T.T.N.C improved its popularity among Tamils. A popular and leading advocate from Vilavancode, <a href="/wiki/A._Nesamony" title="A. Nesamony">A. Nesamony</a> organised a meeting of his supporters at Allan Memorial Hall, Nagercoil on 8 September 1947. In that meeting it was declared that they must achieve their objective through their political organisation, the T.T.N.C. And T.T.N.C started gaining strength and momentum in Kalkulam – Vilavancode Taluks.<a href="#cite_note-BYogeeswaran-64">[64]</a> T.T.N.C won in 14 constituencies in the election to the State Legislative Assembly. Mr. <a href="/wiki/A._Nesamony" title="A. Nesamony">A. Nesamony</a> was elected as the legislative leader of the party. Then under his leadership, the awakened Tamil population was prepared to undergo any sacrifice to achieve their goal.<a href="#cite_note-DPeter-65">[65]</a> In 1950, a meeting was held at <a href="/wiki/Palayamkottai" title="Palayamkottai">Palayamkottai</a> to make compromises between state congress and T.T.N.C. The meeting met with failure and Mr. Sam Nathaniel resigned from the post of president of T.T.N.C Mr. P. Ramasamy Pillai, a strong follower of Mr. A. Nesamony was elected as the New President.<a href="#cite_note-BYogeeswaran-64">[64]</a> The first general election of Independent India was held on 1952. T.T.N.C won 8 legislative assembly seats. Mr. A. Chidambaranathan became the minister on behalf of T.T.N.C in the coalition state government formed by the Congress. In the parliamentary Constituency Mr. A. Nesamony was elected as M.P. and in the Rajyasabha seat. Mr. A. Abdul Razak was elected as M.P. on behalf of T.T.N.C.<a href="#cite_note-BYogeeswaran-64">[64]</a> In due course, accusing the Congress government for not showing enough care the struggle of the Tamils, T.T.N.C had broken away from the coalition and the Congress government lost the majority. So fresh elections were announced. In 1954 elections, T.T.N.C gained victory in 12 constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-BYogeeswaran-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pattom_A._Thanu_Pillai" title="Pattom A. Thanu Pillai">Pattom Thanu Pillai</a> was the chief minister for Thiru – Kochi legislative assembly. He engaged hard measures against the agitations of Tamils. Especially the Tamils at <a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a> – Peermedu regions went through the atrocities of Travancore Police force. Condemning the attitude of the police, T.T.N.C leaders from Nagercoil went to Munnar and participated in agitations against the prohibitive orders. The leaders were arrested and an uncalm atmosphere prevailed in South Travancore.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On 11 August, Liberation Day celebrations were held at many places in South Travancore. Public meetings and processions were organised. Communists also collaborated with the agitation programmes. Police opened fire at the processions in Thoduvetty (Martandam) and Puthukadai. Nine Tamil volunteers were killed and thousands of T.T.N.C and communist sympathizers were arrested in various parts of Tamil main land. At the end, Pattom Thanu Pillai's ministry was toppled and normalcy returned to the Tamil regions.<a href="#cite_note-DPeter-65">[65]</a> The central government had appointed <a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ali_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazal Ali Commission">Fazal Ali Commission</a>(1953 dec) for the states reorganisation based on language. It submitted its report on 10 August 1955. Based on this report, Devikulam – Peermedu and <a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a> Taluks were merged with <a href="/wiki/Kerala_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala state">Kerala state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> On 1 November 1956 – four Taluks Thovalai, Agastheeswaram, Kalkulam, Vilavancode were recognised to form the New Kanyakumari District and merged with Tamil Nadu State. Half of <a href="/wiki/Sengottai" title="Sengottai">Sengottai</a> Taluk was merged with <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli District</a>. The main demand of T.T.N.C was to merger the Tamil regions with Tamil Nadu and major part of its demand was realised. So T.T.N.C was dissolved thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-DPeter-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retainment_of_Devikulam_and_Peerumedu_Taluks_in_Kerala">Retainment of Devikulam and Peerumedu Taluks in Kerala</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Retainment of Devikulam and Peerumedu Taluks in Kerala">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki district</a></div> Apart from <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari district</a>, the Taluks of <a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki district</a> also had a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>-majority until late 1940's.<a href="#cite_note-idukki-68">[68]</a> The T.T.N.C had also requested to merge these Taluks with <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-idukki-68">[68]</a> However it was due to some decisions of <a href="/wiki/Pattom_Thanu_Pillai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattom Thanu Pillai">Pattom Thanu Pillai</a>, who was the first prime minister of Travancore, that they retained in the modern-state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-idukki-68">[68]</a> Pattom came up with a colonisation project to re-engineer the demography of <a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Hills" title="Cardamom Hills">Cardamom Hills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-idukki-68">[68]</a> His colonisation project was to relocate 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>-speaking families into the Taluks of <a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-idukki-68">[68]</a> About 50,000 acres in these Taluks, which were Tamil-majority area, were chosen for the colonisation project.<a href="#cite_note-idukki-68">[68]</a> As a victory of the Colonisation project done by post-independence Travancore, these two Taluks and a larger portion of <a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Hills" title="Cardamom Hills">Cardamom Hills</a> retained in the state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, after <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">States Reorganisation Act, 1956</a>.<a href="#cite_note-idukki-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> Under the direct control of the King, Travancore's administration was headed by a <a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">Dewan</a> assisted by the Neetezhutthu Pillay or secretary, Rayasom Pillay (assistant or under-secretary) and a number of Rayasoms or clerks along with Kanakku Pillamars (accountants). Individual districts were run by <a href="/wiki/Sarvadhikari" title="Sarvadhikari">Sarvadhikaris</a> under the supervision of Diwan, while dealings with the neighbouring states and Europeans was under the purview of the Valia Sarvahi, who signed treaties and agreements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiya1906329–330-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rulers_of_Travancore">Rulers of Travancore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rulers of Travancore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of Travancore">Rulers of Travancore</a></div> <ol><li>Anizham Tirunal <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> 1729–1758<a href="#cite_note-deVriesTravancore-70">[70]</a></li> <li>Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (<a href="/wiki/Dharma_Raja" title="Dharma Raja">Dharma Raja</a>) – 1758–1798</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama_Varma" class="mw-redirect" title="Balarama Varma">Balarama Varma</a> I – 1798–1810</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowri_Lakshmi_Bayi" title="Gowri Lakshmi Bayi">Gowri Lakshmi Bayi</a> – 1810–1815 (Queen from 1810 to 1813 and Regent Queen from 1813 to 1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowri_Parvati_Bayi" title="Gowri Parvati Bayi">Gowri Parvati Bayi</a> (Regent) – 1815–1829</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal_Rama_Varma" title="Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma">Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma</a> III – 1813–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthram_Thirunal_Marthanda_Varma" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma">Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma</a> II – 1846–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayilyam_Thirunal" title="Ayilyam Thirunal">Ayilyam Thirunal</a> Rama Varma III – 1860–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visakham_Thirunal" title="Visakham Thirunal">Visakham Thirunal</a> Rama Varma IV – 1880–1885</li> <li>Sree <a href="/wiki/Moolam_Thirunal" title="Moolam Thirunal">Moolam Thirunal</a> Rama Varma VI – 1885–1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethu_Lakshmi_Bayi" title="Sethu Lakshmi Bayi">Sethu Lakshmi Bayi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a>) – 1924–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chithira_Thirunal_Balarama_Varma" title="Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma">Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma</a> II – 1924–1949 / died 1991</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titular_Maharajahs_of_Travancore_since_1991">Titular Maharajahs of Travancore since 1991</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Titular Maharajahs of Travancore since 1991">edit</a>]</div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Uthradom_Thirunal_Marthanda_Varma" title="Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma">Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma</a> III – 1991–2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moolam_Thirunal_Rama_Varma" title="Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma">Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma</a> VI – Since 2013.</li></ol> His heir is <a href="/wiki/Revathi_Thirunal_Balagopal_Varma" title="Revathi Thirunal Balagopal Varma">Revathi Thirunal Balagopal Varma</a> – the titular <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elayaraja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elayaraja (page does not exist)">Elayaraja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a>) (born 1953). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_Ministers_of_Travancore">Prime Ministers of Travancore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Prime Ministers of Travancore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Diwans_of_Travancore" title="List of Diwans of Travancore">List of Diwans of Travancore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dalawas">Dalawas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dalawas">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Arumukham Pillai 1729–1736[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Thanu Pillai 1736–1737</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayyan_Dalawa" title="Ramayyan Dalawa">Ramayyan Dalawa</a> 1737–1756</li> <li>Martanda Pillai 1756–1763</li> <li>Warkala Subbayyan 1763–1768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Gopalayyan" title="Krishna Gopalayyan">Krishna Gopalayyan</a> 1768–1776</li> <li>Vadiswaran Subbrahmanya Iyer 1776–1780</li> <li>Mullen Chempakaraman Pillai 1780–1782</li> <li>Nagercoil Ramayyan 1782–1788</li> <li>Krishnan Chempakaraman 1788–1789</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Kesavadas" title="Raja Kesavadas">Raja Kesavadas</a> 1789–1798</li> <li>Odiery <a href="/wiki/Jayanthan_Sankaran_Nampoothiri" title="Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri">Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri</a> 1798–1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velu_Thampi_Dalawa" title="Velu Thampi Dalawa">Velu Thampi Dalawa</a> 1799–1809</li> <li>Oommini Thampi 1809–1811</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dewans">Dewans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dewans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madhava_Rao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Madhava_Rao.jpg/250px-Madhava_Rao.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Madhava_Rao.jpg/375px-Madhava_Rao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Madhava_Rao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Dewan Rajah Sir <a href="/wiki/T._Madhava_Rao" title="T. Madhava Rao">T. Madhava Rao</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Munro,_9th_of_Teaninich" title="John Munro, 9th of Teaninich">Col. John Munro</a> 1811–1814[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Devan Padmanabhan Menon 1814–1814</li> <li>Bappu Rao (acting) 1814–1815</li> <li>Sanku Annavi Pillai 1815–1815</li> <li>Raman Menon 1815–1817</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddy_Row" title="Reddy Row">Reddy Row</a> 1817–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Venkata_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Venkata Rao">T. Venkata Rao</a> 1821–1830</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Subha_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur Subha Rao">Thanjavur Subha Rao</a> 1830–1837</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Ranga_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Ranga Rao">T. Ranga Rao</a> (acting) 1837–1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Venkata_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Venkata Rao">T. Venkata Rao</a> (Again) 1838–1839</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Subha_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur Subha Rao">Thanjavur Subha Rao</a> (again) 1839–1842</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Rao_(administrator)" title="Krishna Rao (administrator)">Krishna Rao</a> (acting) 1842–1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddy_Row" title="Reddy Row">Reddy Row</a> (again) 1843–1845</li> <li>Srinivasa Rao (acting) 1845–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Rao_(administrator)" title="Krishna Rao (administrator)">Krishna Rao</a> 1846–1858</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th> <th>Term<a href="#cite_note-term-71">[71]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T._Madhava_Rao" title="T. Madhava Rao">T. Madhava Rao</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Madhava_Rao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Madhava_Rao.jpg/75px-Madhava_Rao.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Madhava_Rao.jpg/113px-Madhava_Rao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Madhava_Rao.jpg/150px-Madhava_Rao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="626" /></a> </td> <td>1857 </td> <td>1872 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A._Seshayya_Sastri" title="A. Seshayya Sastri">A. Seshayya Sastri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Seshayya_sastri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seshayya_sastri.jpg/75px-Seshayya_sastri.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seshayya_sastri.jpg/113px-Seshayya_sastri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seshayya_sastri.jpg/150px-Seshayya_sastri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="416" /></a> </td> <td>1872 </td> <td>1877 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanoo_Pillai" title="Nanoo Pillai">Nanoo Pillai</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1877 </td> <td>1880 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V._Ramiengar" title="V. Ramiengar">V. Ramiengar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:V._Ramiengar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/V._Ramiengar.jpg/75px-V._Ramiengar.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/V._Ramiengar.jpg/113px-V._Ramiengar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/V._Ramiengar.jpg/150px-V._Ramiengar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1090" /></a> </td> <td>1880 </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T._Rama_Rao_(administrator)" title="T. Rama Rao (administrator)">T. Rama Rao</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:T._Rama_Rao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/T._Rama_Rao.jpg/75px-T._Rama_Rao.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/T._Rama_Rao.jpg/113px-T._Rama_Rao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/T._Rama_Rao.jpg/150px-T._Rama_Rao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="780" /></a> </td> <td>1887 </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S._Shungrasoobyer" title="S. Shungrasoobyer">S. Shungrasoobyer</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V._Nagam_Aiya" title="V. Nagam Aiya">V. Nagam Aiya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Imageedit_0_9072996746.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Imageedit_0_9072996746.gif/75px-Imageedit_0_9072996746.gif" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Imageedit_0_9072996746.gif/113px-Imageedit_0_9072996746.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Imageedit_0_9072996746.gif/150px-Imageedit_0_9072996746.gif 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="773" /></a> </td> <td>1901 </td> <td>1904 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K._Krishnaswamy_Rao" title="K. Krishnaswamy Rao">K. Krishnaswamy Rao</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:K._Krishnaswamy_Rao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/K._Krishnaswamy_Rao.jpg/75px-K._Krishnaswamy_Rao.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/K._Krishnaswamy_Rao.jpg/113px-K._Krishnaswamy_Rao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/K._Krishnaswamy_Rao.jpg/150px-K._Krishnaswamy_Rao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="789" /></a> </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>1904 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V._P._Madhava_Rao" title="V. P. Madhava Rao">V. P. Madhava Rao</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:V._P._Madhava_Rao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/V._P._Madhava_Rao.jpg/75px-V._P._Madhava_Rao.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/V._P._Madhava_Rao.jpg/113px-V._P._Madhava_Rao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/V._P._Madhava_Rao.jpg/150px-V._P._Madhava_Rao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="809" /></a> </td> <td>1904 </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S._Gopalachari" title="S. Gopalachari">S. Gopalachari</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>1907 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P._Rajagopalachari" title="P. Rajagopalachari">P. Rajagopalachari</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1907 </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M._Krishnan_Nair_(politician)" title="M. Krishnan Nair (politician)">M. Krishnan Nair</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>1920 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T._Raghavaiah" title="T. Raghavaiah">T. Raghavaiah</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1920 </td> <td>1925 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M._E._Watts" title="M. E. Watts">M. E. Watts</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1925 </td> <td>1929 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V._S._Subramanya_Iyer" title="V. S. Subramanya Iyer">V. S. Subramanya Iyer</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1929 </td> <td>1932 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Austin_(civil_servant)" title="Thomas Austin (civil servant)">T. Austin</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1932 </td> <td>1934 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Habibullah" title="Muhammad Habibullah">Muhammad Habibullah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:MuhammadHabibullah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MuhammadHabibullah.jpg/75px-MuhammadHabibullah.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MuhammadHabibullah.jpg/113px-MuhammadHabibullah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MuhammadHabibullah.jpg/150px-MuhammadHabibullah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="340" /></a> </td> <td>1934 </td> <td>1936 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir <a href="/wiki/C._P._Ramaswami_Iyer" title="C. P. Ramaswami Iyer">C. P. Ramaswami Iyer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SirCP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/SirCP.JPG/75px-SirCP.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/SirCP.JPG/113px-SirCP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/SirCP.JPG/150px-SirCP.JPG 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="579" /></a> </td> <td>1936 </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P.G.N.Unnithan" class="mw-redirect" title="P.G.N.Unnithan">P.G.N.Unnithan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_Ministers_of_Travancore_(1948–49)">Prime Ministers of Travancore (1948–49)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prime Ministers of Travancore (1948–49)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="sortable" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="width:50%; border-collapse:collapse; border:2px #000 solid; font-size:x-big;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#666; color:white;" rowspan="2"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr><a href="#cite_note-no1-72">[a]</a> </th> <th style="background:#666; color:white;" rowspan="2">Name </th> <th style="background:#666; color:white;" rowspan="2">Portrait </th> <th style="background:#666; color:white;" colspan="3">Term of office<a href="#cite_note-responsible-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-history-74">[73]</a> (tenure length) </th> <th style="background:#666; color:white;" rowspan="2" colspan="2">Assembly (election) </th> <th style="background:#666; color:white;" rowspan="2" colspan="2">Appointed by (Monarch) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#666; color:white;">From </th> <th style="background:#666; color:white;">To </th> <th style="background:#666; color:white;">Days in office </th></tr> <tr style="height: 60px;"> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pattom_Thanu_Pillai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattom Thanu Pillai">Pattom A. Thanu Pillai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pattom_A._Thanu_Pillai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pattom_A._Thanu_Pillai.jpg/75px-Pattom_A._Thanu_Pillai.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pattom_A._Thanu_Pillai.jpg/112px-Pattom_A._Thanu_Pillai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pattom_A._Thanu_Pillai.jpg/149px-Pattom_A._Thanu_Pillai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1705" /></a> </td> <td>24 March 1948 </td> <td>17 October 1948 </td> <td>210 days </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: #19AAED"> </td> <td rowspan="2">Representative Body (1948–49) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chithira_Thirunal_Balarama_Varma" title="Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma">Sir Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, Maharaja of Travancore</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 60px;"> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paravoor_T._K._Narayana_Pillai" title="Paravoor T. K. Narayana Pillai">Paravoor T. K. Narayana Pillai</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>22 October 1948 </td> <td>1 July 1949 </td> <td>253 days </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> In 1856, the princely state was sub-divided into three divisions, each of which was administered by a Divan Peishkar, with a rank equivalent to a District Collector in British India.<a href="#cite_note-AHoT_486-75">[74]</a> These were the: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Division_(Travancore)" title="Northern Division (Travancore)">Northern Travancore (Cottayam)</a> comprising the <a href="/wiki/Tehsils_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehsils of India">talukas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Sharetalay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vycome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ettumanoor" title="Ettumanoor">Yetmanoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Cottayam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Chunginacherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meenachil" title="Meenachil">Meenachil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupolay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Moovatupolay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathnaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alangad" title="Alangad">Alangaud</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">Paravoor</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilon_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon Division">Quilon (Central Travancore)</a>, comprising the talukas of <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Amabalapulay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandalam" title="Pandalam">Pandalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnattur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karungapully</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karthikappally" title="Karthikappally">Kartikapully</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harippad" class="mw-redirect" title="Harippad">Harippad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Division_(Travancore)" title="Southern Division (Travancore)">Southern Travancore (Padmanabhapuram)</a> comprising <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Trivandrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Chirayinkir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thovala" class="mw-redirect" title="Thovala">Thovalay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agastheeswaram" title="Agastheeswaram">Auguteeswarom</a>, Kalculam, <a href="/wiki/Eraniel" title="Eraniel">Eraneel</a>, and Velavencode.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions_according_to_the_1911_Census_of_Travancore">Divisions according to the 1911 Census of Travancore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Divisions according to the 1911 Census of Travancore">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1._Padmanabhapuram_Division">1. Padmanabhapuram Division</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1. Padmanabhapuram Division">edit</a>]</div> The 1911 Census Report of Travancore states that Padmanabhapuram Division was the original seat of Travancore, where <a href="/wiki/Thiruvithamcode" title="Thiruvithamcode">Thiruvithamcode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram" title="Padmanabhapuram">Padmanabhapuram</a> are located.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> The report further states that a vast majority of this division was ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> Padamanabhapuram Division consisted of the present-day district of <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> The report also states that the two southernmost Taluks of this division, namely Thovalai and Agastheeswaram, geographically too more resembles to <a href="/wiki/Pandya_Nadu" title="Pandya Nadu">Pandya Nadu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil country</a> and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> than the rest of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> country.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2._Trivandrum_Division">2. Trivandrum Division</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2. Trivandrum Division">edit</a>]</div> It was the headquarters of Travancore since 1795.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a> taluk was a main seat of industry according the 1911 census report of Travancore.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> This division also contained many ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamils</a>, mostly concentrated in the southern Taluks of <a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> The Trivandrum Division consisted of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram district</a> excluding the British colony at <a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="3._Quilon_Division">3. Quilon Division</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 3. Quilon Division">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a> was the capital of <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad</a> and the largest port town in Travancore, and was also one of the oldest ports on <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> The 1911 Census of Travancore states that it was from Quilon division onwards that the genuine country of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> starts.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Sengottai" title="Sengottai">Sengottai</a> taluk of this division which was earlier under <a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a> Thampuran, was a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a>-majority region.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> Geographically too Sengottai resembled to <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandya_Nadu" title="Pandya Nadu">Pandya Nadu</a> than rest of the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> country.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> The Quilon division encompassed present-day <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha</a> district and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam</a> district. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="4._Kottayam_Division">4. Kottayam Division</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 4. Kottayam Division">edit</a>]</div> It was situated in the northernmost area of Travancore.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> It was a pure <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>-speaking and geographical region.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vembanad_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Vembanad Lake">Vembanad Lake</a> was a speciality of this division.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="5._Devikulam_Division">5. Devikulam Division</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 5. Devikulam Division">edit</a>]</div> It consisted most of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> It was also related to <a href="/wiki/Pandya_Nadu" title="Pandya Nadu">Pandya Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kongu_Nadu" title="Kongu Nadu">Kongu Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> Devikulam division was <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>-speaking region.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1816</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">906,587</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1836</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,280,668</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.74%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1854</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,262,647</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.08%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1875</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,311,379</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.92%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,401,158</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.64%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,557,736</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.63%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,952,157</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.44%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,428,975</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.51%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,006,062</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">5,095,973</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.44%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,070,018</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.76%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Green; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 207.41396224889px; border-left-color:dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:dodgerblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:61.290705365298px 79.015501237569px 0 0; border-top-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Travancore (1941)<a href="#cite_note-r1941-79">[78]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (60.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (32.35%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (7.15%)</div> </div> </div></div> Travancore had a population of 6,070,018 at the time of the <a href="/wiki/1941_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1941 Census of India">1941 Census of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1941Census-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Religions">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Census year </th> <td>Total population </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:Orange;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:DodgerBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:Green;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1816 – 1820 </th> <td>906,587<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>752,371<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>82.99% </td> <td>112,158<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>12.37% </td> <td>42,058<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>4.64% </td></tr> <tr> <th>1881 </th> <td>2,401,158<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>1,755,610<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>73.12% </td> <td>498,542<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>20.76% </td> <td>146,909<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>6.12% </td></tr> <tr> <th>1891 </th> <td>2,557,736<a href="#cite_note-r1891-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>1,871,864<a href="#cite_note-r1891-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>73.18% </td> <td>526,911<a href="#cite_note-r1891-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>20.60% </td> <td>158,823<a href="#cite_note-r1891-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>6.21% </td></tr> <tr> <th>1901 </th> <td>2,952,157<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>2,063,798<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>69.91% </td> <td>697,387<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>23.62% </td> <td>190,566<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>6.46% </td></tr> <tr> <th>1911 </th> <td>3,428,975<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>2,298,390<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>67.03% </td> <td>903,868<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>26.36% </td> <td>226,617<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>6.61% </td></tr> <tr> <th>1921 </th> <td>4,006,062<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>2,562,301<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>63.96% </td> <td>1,172,934<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>29.27% </td> <td>270,478<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>6.75% </td></tr> <tr> <th>1931 </th> <td>5,095,973<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>3,137,795<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>61.57% </td> <td>1,604,475<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>31.46% </td> <td>353,274<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>6.93% </td></tr> <tr> <th>1941 </th> <td>6,070,018<a href="#cite_note-r1941-79">[78]</a> </td> <td>3,671,480<a href="#cite_note-r1941-79">[78]</a> </td> <td>60.49% </td> <td>1,963,808<a href="#cite_note-r1941-79">[78]</a> </td> <td>32.35% </td> <td>434,150<a href="#cite_note-r1941-79">[78]</a> </td> <td>7.15% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Census year </th> <td>Total population </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:Red;"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:Green;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:gray;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Others</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1875 </th> <td>2,311,379<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>1,902,533<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>82.32% </td> <td>387,909<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>16.78% </td> <td>20,937<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.91% </td></tr> <tr> <th>1881 </th> <td>2,401,158<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>1,937,454<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>80.69% </td> <td>439,565<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>18.31% </td> <td>24,139<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>1.01% </td></tr> <tr> <th>1891 </th> <td>2,557,736<a href="#cite_note-r1891-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>2,079,271<a href="#cite_note-r1891-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>81.29% </td> <td>448,322<a href="#cite_note-r1891-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>17.53% </td> <td>30,143<a href="#cite_note-r1891-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>1.18% </td></tr> <tr> <th>1901 </th> <td>2,952,157<a href="#cite_note-r1901-82">[81]</a> </td> <td>2,420,049<a href="#cite_note-r1901-82">[81]</a> </td> <td>81.98% </td> <td>492,273<a href="#cite_note-r1901-82">[81]</a> </td> <td>16.68% </td> <td>39,835<a href="#cite_note-r1901-82">[81]</a> </td> <td>1.35% </td></tr> <tr> <th>1911 </th> <td>3,428,975<a href="#cite_note-r1911-83">[82]</a> </td> <td>2,836,728<a href="#cite_note-r1911-83">[82]</a> </td> <td>82.73% </td> <td>554,618<a href="#cite_note-r1911-83">[82]</a> </td> <td>16.17% </td> <td>37,629<a href="#cite_note-r1911-83">[82]</a> </td> <td>1.10% </td></tr> <tr> <th>1921 </th> <td>4,006,062<a href="#cite_note-r1921-84">[83]</a> </td> <td>3,349,776<a href="#cite_note-r1921-84">[83]</a> </td> <td>83.62% </td> <td>624,917<a href="#cite_note-r1921-84">[83]</a> </td> <td>15.60% </td> <td>31,369<a href="#cite_note-r1921-84">[83]</a> </td> <td>0.78% </td></tr> <tr> <th>1931 </th> <td>5,095,973<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>4,260,860<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>83.61% </td> <td>788,455<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>15.47% </td> <td>46,658<a href="#cite_note-r1931-80">[79]</a> </td> <td>0.92% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"> <caption>Distribution of Language by Division (1881)<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:Orange;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">Name of Division</a><a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td style="background:Red;"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam (%)</a><a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td style="background:Green;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil (%)</a><a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram" title="Padmanabhapuram">Padmanabhapuram</a> Division </th> <td>11.24<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>88.03<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Trivandrum</a> Division </th> <td>87.05<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>12.09<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a> Division </th> <td>92.42<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>6.55<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Cottayam</a> Division </th> <td>95.19<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>3.65<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devicolam</a> Division </th> <td>36.18<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>59.14<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"> <caption>Languages by <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Taluks</a> (1881)<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:Black;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">Name of Taluk</a><a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>Total population<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:Red;"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a><a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:Green;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a><a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:gray;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Others</a><a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thovalai" title="Thovalai">Thovalai</a> </th> <td>30,260<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>190<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.63% </td> <td>29,708<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>98.18% </td> <td>362<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>1.20% </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Agasteeswaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Agasteeswaram">Agasteeswaram</a> </th> <td>78,979<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>705<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.89% </td> <td>76,645<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>97.04% </td> <td>1,629<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>2.06% </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Eraniel" title="Eraniel">Eraniel</a> </th> <td>112,116<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>9,640<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>8.60% </td> <td>102,389<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>91.32% </td> <td>87<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.08% </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kalkulam" title="Kalkulam">Culcoolum</a> </th> <td>60,908<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>10,528<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>17.29% </td> <td>49,930<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>81.98% </td> <td>450<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.74% </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vilavancode" title="Vilavancode">Vilavancode</a> </th> <td>69,688<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>18,497<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>26.54% </td> <td>51,172<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>73.43% </td> <td>19<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkarai</a> </th> <td>110,410<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>97,485<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>88.29% </td> <td>12,809<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>11.60% </td> <td>116<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.11% </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Trivandrum</a> South </th> <td>51,337<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>39,711<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>77.35% </td> <td>10,522<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>20.50% </td> <td>1,104<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>2.15% </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Trivandrum</a> North </th> <td>51,649<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>38,979<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>75.47% </td> <td>11,102<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>21.50% </td> <td>1,568<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>3.04% </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedoomangad</a> </th> <td>52,211<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>48,492<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>92.88% </td> <td>3,573<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>6.84% </td> <td>146<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.28% </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Sheraingil</a> </th> <td>87,072<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>82,339<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>94.56% </td> <td>4,629<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>5.37% </td> <td>146<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkarai</a> </th> <td>55,924<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>51,836<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>94.56% </td> <td>3,994<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>7.14% </td> <td>94<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a> </th> <td>37,064<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>35,264<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>95.14% </td> <td>1,603<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>4.32% </td> <td>197<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.53% </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sengottai" title="Sengottai">Sengottai</a> </th> <td>30,477<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>7<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>29,694<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>97.43% </td> <td>776<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>2.55% </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a> </th> <td>108,469<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>103,775<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>95.67% </td> <td>3,650<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>3.37% </td> <td>1,044<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.96% </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a> </th> <td>62,700<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>60,330<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>96.22% </td> <td>2,339<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>3.73% </td> <td>31<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Karunagappally" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunagappally">Karunagapully</a> </th> <td>101,039<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>99,079<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>98.06% </td> <td>1,814<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>1.80% </td> <td>146<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.14% </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Karthikappally" title="Karthikappally">Karthikapully</a> </th> <td>81,969<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>79,705<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>97.24% </td> <td>1,059<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>1.29% </td> <td>1,205<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>1.47% </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkarai</a> </th> <td>111,731<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>107,404<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>96.13% </td> <td>4,139<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>3.70% </td> <td>188<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a> </th> <td>81,301<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>80,295<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>98.76% </td> <td>986<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>1.21% </td> <td>20<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvallai</a> </th> <td>103,007<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>101,041<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>98.09% </td> <td>1,664<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>1.62% </td> <td>302<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.29% </td></tr> <tr> <th>21 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappulay</a> </th> <td>93,401<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>82,345<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>88.16% </td> <td>5,864<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>6.28% </td> <td>5,192<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>5.56% </td></tr> <tr> <th>22 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Sharetala</a> </th> <td>113,704<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>107,108<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>94.20% </td> <td>2,312<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>2.03% </td> <td>4,284<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>3.77% </td></tr> <tr> <th>23 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vycome</a> </th> <td>76,414<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>72,827<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>95.31% </td> <td>2,684<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>3.51% </td> <td>903<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>1.81% </td></tr> <tr> <th>24 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ettumanoor" title="Ettumanoor">Yettoomanoor</a> </th> <td>79,058<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>75,004<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>94.87% </td> <td>3,879<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>4.91% </td> <td>175<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.22% </td></tr> <tr> <th>25 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Cottayam</a> </th> <td>64,958<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>63,831<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>98.27% </td> <td>722<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>1.11% </td> <td>405<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.62% </td></tr> <tr> <th>26 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Chunganacherry</a> </th> <td>74,154<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>66,481<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>89.65% </td> <td>7,394<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>9.97% </td> <td>279<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.38% </td></tr> <tr> <th>27 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Meenachil" title="Meenachil">Meenachel</a> </th> <td>57,102<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>55,186<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>96.64% </td> <td>1,857<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>3.25% </td> <td>59<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.10% </td></tr> <tr> <th>28 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Moovattupulay</a> </th> <td>95,460<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>93,473<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>97.92% </td> <td>1,930<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>2.02% </td> <td>57<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <th>29 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Todupulay</a> </th> <td>24,321<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>23,227<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>95.50% </td> <td>1,085<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>4.46% </td> <td>9<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <th>30 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Cunnathunad</a> </th> <td>109,625<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>108,083<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>98.59% </td> <td>831<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.76% </td> <td>711<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.65% </td></tr> <tr> <th>31 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alangad" title="Alangad">Alangaud</a> </th> <td>66,753<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>65,839<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>98.63% </td> <td>571<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.86% </td> <td>343<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>0.51% </td></tr> <tr> <th>32 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">Paravoor</a> </th> <td>61,966<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>56,495<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>91.17% </td> <td>3,332<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>5.38% </td> <td>2,139<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>3.45% </td></tr> <tr> <th>33 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Hills" title="Cardamom Hills">Cardamom Hills</a> </th> <td>6,228<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>2,253<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>36.18% </td> <td>3,683<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>59.14% </td> <td>292<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>4.69% </td></tr> <tr> <th>- </th> <th>Travancore </th> <th>2,401,158<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </th> <th>1,937,454<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </th> <th>80.69% </th> <th>439,565<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </th> <th>18.31% </th> <th>24,139<a href="#cite_note-r1881-5">[5]</a> </th> <th>1.01% </th></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the language Nanam Monam, also known as: <a href="/wiki/Naanam_Moonam" title="Naanam Moonam">Naanam Moonam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Currency">Currency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Currency">edit</a>]</div> Unlike the rest of India, Travancore divided the rupee into unique values, as represented on coins and stamps, as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Unit</th> <th>Equivalent Sub-units </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Travancore_Rupee" title="Travancore Rupee">Travancore Rupee</a></td> <td>7 <a href="/wiki/Travancore_Fanam" title="Travancore Fanam">Fanams</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Fanam</td> <td>4 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuckram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuckram (page does not exist)">Chuckrams</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Chuckram</td> <td>16 <a href="/wiki/Cash" title="Cash">Cash</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Cash and Chuckram coins are copper. <a href="/wiki/Travancore_Fanam" title="Travancore Fanam">Travancore Fanam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Travancore_Rupee" title="Travancore Rupee">Travancore Rupee</a> coins are silver. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg/250px-Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg/375px-Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg/500px-Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kowdiar_Palace" title="Kowdiar Palace">Kowdiar Palace</a>, Trivandrum</figcaption></figure> Travancore was characterised by the popularity of its rulers among their subjects.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Travancore">Kings of Travancore</a>, unlike their counterparts in the other <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a> of India, spent only a small portion of their state's resources for personal use. This was in sharp contrast with some of the northern Indian kings. Since they spent most of the state's revenue for the benefit of the public, they were naturally much loved by their subjects.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Violence rooted in religion or caste was uncommon in Travancore, but the barriers based on these parameters were rigid. <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> described Travancore as The Lunatic Asylum in India due to the level of caste discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-Trava-87">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha" title="Vaikom Satyagraha">Vaikom Satyagraha</a> point out the high-level casteism existed in Travancore. Travancore was once a dominant feudal state during the <a href="/wiki/Venad_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (kingdom)">Venad</a> period, with the <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair aristocracy</a> reaching its peak compared to other kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-Menon1878-9">[9]</a> Later <a href="/wiki/Nairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairs">Nairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Iyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Iyers">Tamil Brahmins</a> alone dominated the bureaucracy until the early 20th century. Many political ideologies (such as <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>) and social reforms were not welcomed in Travancore, and in <a href="/wiki/Punnapra" title="Punnapra">Punnapra</a>, communist protesters were fired at. The Travancorean royal family are devout <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>. Some practiced untouchability with <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British officers</a>, European aristocrats and diplomats (for instance, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville,_3rd_Duke_of_Buckingham_and_Chandos" title="Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos">Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos</a>, has reported that <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Visakham_Thirunal" title="Visakham Thirunal">Visakham Thirunal</a> had to take bath after touching Richard's wife, to remove ritual pollution, when they visited in 1880). The decline of the caste system began at the end of the 19th century due to a series of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_reformation_movement" title="Kerala reformation movement">reformation movements</a>. As a result, the Kingdom of Travancore became the region with the highest male literacy rate in India.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Unlike most of India, In <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a> and Travancore (and the rest of Kerala), the social status and freedom of women who belong to forward castes were relatively high. However, the <a href="/wiki/Upper_cloth_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper cloth revolt">Upper cloth revolt</a> of 19th century is an exception to this. The women of backward castes had not the permission to wear upper cloth in Travancore.<a href="#cite_note-Trava-87">[86]</a> In some communities, the daughters inherited the property (though property was exclusively administered by men, their brothers) (until 1925), were educated, and had the right to divorce and remarry, but due to laws passed starting from 1925, by regent queen <a href="/wiki/Sethu_Lakshmi_Bayi" title="Sethu Lakshmi Bayi">Sethu Lakshmi Bayi</a> proper patriarchy was established and now women have relatively little rights.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Paremmakkal_Thoma_Kathanar" title="Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar">Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar</a> (1736–1799) is the author of <a href="/wiki/Varthamanappusthakam" title="Varthamanappusthakam">Varthamanappusthakam</a> (1790), the first ever travelogue in an Indian language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_Severios" title="Mor Severios">Mor Severios</a> ( 1851–1927), Metropolitan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandathil_Varghese_Mappillai" title="Kandathil Varghese Mappillai">Kandathil Varghese Mappillai</a> (1857 – 6 July 1904) an Indian journalist, translator, publisher and the founder of the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Malayala_Manorama" title="Malayala Manorama">Malayala Manorama</a> and the magazine <a href="/wiki/Bhashaposhini" title="Bhashaposhini">Bhashaposhini</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore War">Travancore War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore_rupee" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore rupee">Travancore rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nedumkotta" title="Battle of Nedumkotta">Battle of Nedumkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_-_Travancore_Alliance_(1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin - Travancore Alliance (1761)">Cochin - Travancore Alliance (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Travancore_War_(1755%E2%80%931756)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Travancore War (1755–1756)">Cochin Travancore War (1755–1756)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_cloth_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper cloth revolt">Upper cloth revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha" title="Vaikom Satyagraha">Vaikom Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Entry_Proclamation" title="Temple Entry Proclamation">Temple Entry Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merger_of_Kanyakumari_with_Madras_State" title="Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State">Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marthandavarma_(novel)" title="Marthandavarma (novel)">Marthandavarma (novel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Rice_and_Salt" title="The Years of Rice and Salt">The Years of Rice and Salt</a>, an acclaimed novel that features an alternate history Travancore</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-no1-72"><a href="#cite_ref-no1_72-0">^</a> A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1941Census-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1941Census_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1941Census_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1941Census_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114131939/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/TABLE_1941_1.HTM">"Table 1 – Area, houses and population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/1941_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1941 Census of India">1941 Census of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/TABLE_1941_1.HTM">the original</a> on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1941+Census+of+India&rft.atitle=Table+1+%E2%80%93+Area%2C+houses+and+population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2FCensus_And_You%2Fold_report%2FTABLE_1941_1.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> British Archives <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/d3e53001-d49e-4d4d-bcb2-9f8daaffe2e0">http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/d3e53001-d49e-4d4d-bcb2-9f8daaffe2e0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTNRAAAAYAAJ&dq=malabar+districts+neighbour+travancore&pg=RA1-PP3">Census of India, 1901</a>. 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1901&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkTNRAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dmalabar%2Bdistricts%2Bneighbour%2Btravancore%26pg%3DRA1-PP3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiruvithamkoor-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiruvithamkoor_4-18">s</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyer1912" class="citation book cs1">Iyer, A. Subrahmanya (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1911/1911%20-%20Travancore%20-%20Vol%20I.pdf">Census of India, 1911, Volume XXIII, TRAVANCORE, Part-I, Report</a> (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of Travancore. pp. 19–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1911%2C+Volume+XXIII%2C+TRAVANCORE%2C+Part-I%2C+Report&rft.place=Trivandrum&rft.pages=19-22&rft.pub=Government+of+Travancore&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=A.+Subrahmanya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiketty.pse.ens.fr%2Ffiles%2Fideologie%2Fdata%2FCensusIndia%2FCensusIndia1911%2F1911%2520-%2520Travancore%2520-%2520Vol%2520I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1881-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-9">j</a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-61">bj</a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-88">ck</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-89">cl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-90">cm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-91">cn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-92">co</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-93">cp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-94">cq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-95">cr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-96">cs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-97">ct</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-98">cu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-99">cv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-100">cw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-101">cx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-102">cy</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-103">cz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-104">da</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-105">db</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-106">dc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-107">dd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-108">de</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-109">df</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-110">dg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-111">dh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-112">di</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-113">dj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-114">dk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-115">dl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-116">dm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-117">dn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-118">do</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-119">dp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-120">dq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-121">dr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-122">ds</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-123">dt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-124">du</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-125">dv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-126">dw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-127">dx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-128">dy</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-129">dz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-130">ea</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-131">eb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-132">ec</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-133">ed</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-134">ee</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-135">ef</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-136">eg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-137">eh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1881_5-138">ei</a> <a 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Leiden University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-73782-92-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-73782-92-1"><bdi>978-90-73782-92-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kulasekhara+Perumals+of+Travancore%3A+History+and+State+Formation+in+Travancore+from+1671+to+1758&rft.pub=Leiden+University&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-73782-92-1&rft.aulast=Lannoy&rft.aufirst=Mark+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpKjZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkulasekhara%2Bperumal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1878" class="citation book cs1">Menon, P. Shungoonny (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_YdCAAAAIAAJ&dq=kulasekhara+perumal&pg=PA28">A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times</a>. Higginbotham.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Travancore+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.pub=Higginbotham&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=P.+Shungoonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_YdCAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dkulasekhara%2Bperumal%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekhar1953" class="citation book cs1">Sekhar, Anantaramayyar Chandra (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=123RAAAAMAAJ&q=old+malayalam">Evolution of Malayalam</a>. S.M. Katre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Malayalam&rft.pub=S.M.+Katre&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Sekhar&rft.aufirst=Anantaramayyar+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D123RAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dold%2Bmalayalam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages">"Dravidian languages – History, Grammar, Map, & Facts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709173402/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dravidian+languages+%E2%80%93+History%2C+Grammar%2C+Map%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDravidian-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2013" class="citation book cs1">Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala">Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy</a>. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788188765072" title="Special:BookSources/9788188765072"><bdi>9788188765072</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607091744/https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perumals+of+Kerala%3A+Brahmin+Oligarchy+and+Ritual+Monarchy&rft.place=Thrissur+%28Kerala%29&rft.pub=CosmoBooks&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788188765072&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=M.+G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0YDCngEACAAJ%26q%3DPerumals%2Bof%2BKerala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2011" class="citation book cs1">Menon, A. Sreedhara (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC&dq=pattam+thanu+pillai+travancore+malayalam&pg=PA214">Kerala History and its Makers</a>. D C Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-264-3782-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-264-3782-5"><bdi>978-81-264-3782-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kerala+History+and+its+Makers&rft.pub=D+C+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-264-3782-5&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=A.+Sreedhara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwnAjqjhc1VcC%26dq%3Dpattam%2Bthanu%2Bpillai%2Btravancore%2Bmalayalam%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_nHft2p3moC&dq=pattam+thanu+pillai+travancore+malayalam&pg=PA277">Liberation of the Oppressed a Continuous Struggle</a>. History Kanyakumari District.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberation+of+the+Oppressed+a+Continuous+Struggle&rft.pub=History+Kanyakumari+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_nHft2p3moC%26dq%3Dpattam%2Bthanu%2Bpillai%2Btravancore%2Bmalayalam%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState)Aiya1906" class="citation book cs1">State), Travancore (Princely; Aiya, V. Nagam (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49F9hXNNjzsC&q=pattam+thanu+pillai+travancore+malayalam">The Travancore State Manual</a>. 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DC Books. pp. 97–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-264-1578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-264-1578-6"><bdi>978-81-264-1578-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Kerala+History&rft.pages=97-99&rft.pub=DC+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-264-1578-6&rft.au=A+Sreedhara+Menon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVsw35oEBv4C%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2016" class="citation book cs1">Menon, A. Shreedhara (2016). India Charitram. Kottayam: DC Books. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126419395" title="Special:BookSources/9788126419395"><bdi>9788126419395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Charitram&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=DC+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788126419395&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=A.+Shreedhara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menon139-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menon139_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menon139_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Sreedhara_Menon2007" class="citation book cs1">A Sreedhara Menon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA139">A Survey of Kerala History</a>. DC Books. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-264-1578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-264-1578-6"><bdi>978-81-264-1578-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Kerala+History&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=DC+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-264-1578-6&rft.au=A+Sreedhara+Menon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVsw35oEBv4C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menon140-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Menon140_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Sreedhara_Menon2007" class="citation book cs1">A Sreedhara Menon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA140">A Survey of Kerala History</a>. 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Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n212">162</a>–164. Retrieved 5 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Travancore+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=162-164&rft.pub=Higgin+Botham+%26+Co.&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Shungoony+Menon&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistorytravanc00menogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9th_Madras_Regiment-37"><a href="#cite_ref-9th_Madras_Regiment_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312081154/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/april15-04/body.html#l1">"9 Madras : A Tale of 'Terrors'"</a>. Sainik Samachar. The journal of India's Armed Forces. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mod.nic.in/samachar/april15-04/body.html#l1">the original</a> on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sainik+Samachar&rft.atitle=9+Madras+%3A+A+Tale+of+%27Terrors%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmod.nic.in%2Fsamachar%2Fapril15-04%2Fbody.html%23l1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHoT_171-38"><a href="#cite_ref-AHoT_171_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShungoony_Menon1878" class="citation book cs1">Shungoony Menon, P. (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog">A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times</a>. Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n235">171</a>. Retrieved 5 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Travancore+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Higgin+Botham+%26+Co.&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Shungoony+Menon&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistorytravanc00menogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Travancore_2011-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Travancore_2011_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Travancore_2011_39-1">b</a> "Travancore." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-ASo00-40"><a href="#cite_ref-ASo00_40-0">^</a> A Social History of India – Ashish Publishing House: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7648-170-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-7648-170-X">81-7648-170-X</a> (2000). [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Adm88-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Adm88_41-0">^</a> Sadasivan, S.N., 1988, Administration and social development in Kerala: A study in administrative sociology, New Delhi, Indian Institute of Public Administration </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224230755/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/paramparyam/story.php?id=230343">"ഹിരണ്യഗര്‍ഭച്ചടങ്ങിന് ഡച്ചുകാരോട് ചോദിച്ചത് 10,000 കഴിഞ്ച് സ്വര്‍ണം KERALAM Paramparyam - Mathrubhumi Special"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathrubhumi.com/paramparyam/story.php?id=230343">the original</a> on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D+10%2C000+%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82+KERALAM+Paramparyam+-+Mathrubhumi+Special&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathrubhumi.com%2Fparamparyam%2Fstory.php%3Fid%3D230343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> MATHRUBHUMI Paramparyam ഹിരണ്യഗര്‍ഭച്ചടങ്ങിന് ഡച്ചുകാരോട് ചോദിച്ചത് 10,000 കഴിഞ്ച് സ്വര്‍ണം – "ശ്രീമൂലംതിരുനാള്‍ വരെയുള്ള രാജാക്കന്മാര്‍ ഹിരണ്യഗര്‍ഭം നടത്തിയിട്ടുണ്ടെന്നാണ് അറിയുന്നത്. ഭാരിച്ച ചെലവ് കണക്കിലെടുത്ത് ശ്രീചിത്തിരതിരുനാള്‍ ബാലരാമവര്‍മ്മ മഹാരാജാവ് ഈ ചടങ്ങ് നടത്തിയില്ല." </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Cf. Ward & Conner, Geographical and Statistical Memoir, p. 133; V. Nagam Aiya, The Travancore State Manual, Volume 2, Madras: AES, 1989 (1906), p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras, 2003, The Subaltern Agency in Ayyavali, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110829094406/http://mission.akshaya.net/dpi/">"Kerala State Syllabus – Text books"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mission.akshaya.net/dpi/">the original</a> on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kerala+State+Syllabus+%E2%80%93+Text+books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmission.akshaya.net%2Fdpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988">Towards Modern Kerala, 10th Standard Text Book, Chapter 9, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> C.f. Rev.Samuel Zechariah, The London Missionary Society in South Travancore, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Sreedhara" class="citation book cs1">A. Sreedhara, Menon. A Survey of Kerala History. pp. 271–273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Kerala+History&rft.pages=271-273&rft.aulast=A.+Sreedhara&rft.aufirst=Menon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TravancoreStateForces-48"><a href="#cite_ref-TravancoreStateForces_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=0Shq7wwoytm5UmTfNYDhxQ==&ParentID=X8ZXdizSqjhXDuSfL0C75Q==links/Committee/1Adminrpt1958.asp?intID=1">"Travancore State Forces"</a>. 13 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413124927/https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=0Shq7wwoytm5UmTfNYDhxQ%3D%3D&ParentID=X8ZXdizSqjhXDuSfL0C75Q%3D%3Dlinks%2FCommittee%2F1Adminrpt1958.asp%3FintID%3D1">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travancore+State+Forces&rft.date=2020-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianarmy.nic.in%2FSite%2FFormTemplete%2FfrmTempSimple.aspx%3FMnId%3D0Shq7wwoytm5UmTfNYDhxQ%3D%3D%26ParentID%3DX8ZXdizSqjhXDuSfL0C75Q%3D%3Dlinks%2FCommittee%2F1Adminrpt1958.asp%3FintID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> "During his rule, the revenues of the State were nearly quadrupled from a little over Rs 21/2 crore to over Rs 91/2 crore." – 'The Story of the Integration of the Indian States' by V. P. Menon </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupreme_Court" class="citation web cs1">Supreme Court, Of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017164448/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/speeches/speeches_2007/ctm.pdf">"Good Governance: Judiciary and the Rule of Law"</a> (PDF). Sree Chithira Thirunal Memorial Lecture, 29 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/speeches/speeches_2007/ctm.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Good+Governance%3A+Judiciary+and+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.pub=Sree+Chithira+Thirunal+Memorial+Lecture%2C+29+December+2007&rft.aulast=Supreme+Court&rft.aufirst=Of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupremecourtofindia.nic.in%2Fspeeches%2Fspeeches_2007%2Fctm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aswathy_Thirunal_Gauri_Lakshmi_Bai-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Aswathy_Thirunal_Gauri_Lakshmi_Bai_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauri_Lakshmi_Bai1998" class="citation book cs1">Gauri Lakshmi Bai, Aswathy Thirunal (1998). Sree Padmanabhaswamy Kshetram. Thiruvananthapuram: The State Institute of Languages, Kerala. pp. 242–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7638-028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7638-028-7"><bdi>978-81-7638-028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sree+Padmanabhaswamy+Kshetram&rft.place=Thiruvananthapuram&rft.pages=242-243&rft.pub=The+State+Institute+of+Languages%2C+Kerala&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-7638-028-7&rft.aulast=Gauri+Lakshmi+Bai&rft.aufirst=Aswathy+Thirunal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A._Sreedhara_Menon-52"><a href="#cite_ref-A._Sreedhara_Menon_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1967" class="citation book cs1">Menon, A. Sreedhara (1967). A Survey of Kerala History. Kottayam: D C Books. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-264-1578-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-264-1578-9"><bdi>81-264-1578-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Kerala+History&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=D+C+Books&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=81-264-1578-9&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=A.+Sreedhara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalasubramanian2023" class="citation journal cs1">Balasubramanian, Aditya (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/forgotten-famine-of-43-travancores-muffled-cry-of-distress/BB804EA24281112CC57ACAAADDB5BFD2">"A forgotten famine of '43? Travancore's muffled 'cry of distress'"</a>. Modern Asian Studies. 57 (5): 1495–1529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X21000706">10.1017/S0026749X21000706</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259440543">259440543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+forgotten+famine+of+%2743%3F+Travancore%27s+muffled+%27cry+of+distress%27&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1495-1529&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259440543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X21000706&rft.aulast=Balasubramanian&rft.aufirst=Aditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmodern-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fforgotten-famine-of-43-travancores-muffled-cry-of-distress%2FBB804EA24281112CC57ACAAADDB5BFD2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Sreedhara Menon in Triumph & Tragedy in Travancore Annals of Sir C. P.'s Sixteen Years, DC Books publication </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Aiyappan Pillai Interview to Asianet news Accessed at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMS_6Z_WRE">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMS_6Z_WRE</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Instrument of Accession of His Highness the Maharajah of Travancore". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2762946?searchWord=instrument&backquery=%5bquery=%22instrument+of+accession%22&originalquery=&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=desc&rpp=20&etal=0&start=20%5d">Travancore State – Instrument of Accession and Standstill Agreement signed between Rama Verma, Ruler of Travancore State and the Dominion of India</a>. 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Thiruvananthapuram: Government of Travancore. pp. 224–225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India-1901%2C+Volume-XXVI%2C+Travancore+%28Part-I%29&rft.place=Thiruvananthapuram&rft.pages=224-225&rft.pub=Government+of+Travancore&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=N.+Subrahmanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.55974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1911-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r1911_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1911_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1911_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1911_83-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyer1912" class="citation book cs1">Iyer, N. Subramhanya (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1911/1911%20-%20Travancore%20-%20Vol%20I.pdf">Census of India – 1911, Volume-XXIII, Travancore (Part-I)</a> (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Government of Travancore. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+%E2%80%93+1911%2C+Volume-XXIII%2C+Travancore+%28Part-I%29&rft.place=Thiruvananthapuram&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Government+of+Travancore&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=N.+Subramhanya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiketty.pse.ens.fr%2Ffiles%2Fideologie%2Fdata%2FCensusIndia%2FCensusIndia1911%2F1911%2520-%2520Travancore%2520-%2520Vol%2520I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1921-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r1921_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1921_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1921_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1921_84-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyer1922" class="citation book cs1">Iyer, S. Krishnamoorthi (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56017">Census of India, 1921, Volume-XXV, Travancore</a>. Thiruvananthapuram: Government of Travancore. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1921%2C+Volume-XXV%2C+Travancore&rft.place=Thiruvananthapuram&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Government+of+Travancore&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=S.+Krishnamoorthi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.56017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> THE HINDU by STAFF REPORTER, 14 May 2013, 'Simplicity hallmark of Travancore royal family'- National seminar on the last phase of monarchy in Travancore inaugurated: "History is replete with instances where the Travancore royal family functioned more as servants of the State than rulers who exploited the masses. The simplicity that the family consistently upheld in all aspects of governance distinguished it from other contemporary monarchies, said Governor of West Bengal M.K. Narayanan" </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> "Sree Chithira Thirunal, was a noble model of humility, simplicity, piety and total dedication to the welfare of the people. In the late 19th and early 20th century when many native rulers were callously squandering the resources of their, states, this young Maharaja was able to shine like a solitary star in the firmament, with his royal dignity, transparent sincerity, commendable intelligence and a strong sense of duty."- 'A Magna Carta of Religious Freedom' Speech By His Excellency V.Rachaiya, Governor of Kerala, delivered at Kanakakkunnu Palace on 25.10.1992 </li> <li id="cite_note-Trava-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trava_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trava_87-1">b</a> A Survey of Kerala History, A. Shreedhara Menon (2007), DC Books, Kottayam </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey1976" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey, Robin (1976). The decline of Nayar dominance : society and politics in Travancore, 1847-1908. pp. 17–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+decline+of+Nayar+dominance+%3A+society+and+politics+in+Travancore%2C+1847-1908&rft.pages=17-18&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanthanam2003" class="citation news cs1">Santhanam, Kausalya (30 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110404124139/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/03/30/stories/2003033000700700.htm">"Royal vignettes: Travancore – Simplicity graces this House"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/03/30/stories/2003033000700700.htm">the original</a> on 4 April 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Royal+vignettes%3A+Travancore+%E2%80%93+Simplicity+graces+this+House&rft.date=2003-03-30&rft.aulast=Santhanam&rft.aufirst=Kausalya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmag%2F2003%2F03%2F30%2Fstories%2F2003033000700700.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiya1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/V._Nagam_Aiya" title="V. Nagam Aiya">Aiya, V. Nagam</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog">Travancore State Manual</a>. Travancore Government Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travancore+State+Manual&rft.pub=Travancore+Government+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Aiya&rft.aufirst=V.+Nagam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravancorestate00aiyagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TRAVANCORESTATEMANUAL">Digital book format</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatch1934" class="citation book cs1">Hatch, Emily Gilchriest (1934). Pictures of Travancore. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pictures+of+Travancore&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Emily+Gilchriest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatch1933" class="citation book cs1">Hatch, Emily Gilchriest (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9OUxAAAAIAAJ">Travancore: A guide book for the visitor with thirty-two illustrations and two maps</a>. Calcutta: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travancore%3A+A+guide+book+for+the+visitor+with+thirty-two+illustrations+and+two+maps&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Emily+Gilchriest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9OUxAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"> (a second revision was published in 1939)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1879" class="citation book cs1">Menon, P. Shungoonny (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ahistorytravanc00menogoog#page/n6/mode/2up">A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times</a>. Higginbotham & Co., Madras.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Travancore+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.pub=Higginbotham+%26+Co.%2C+Madras&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=P.+Shungoonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fahistorytravanc00menogoog%23page%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU._Sivaraman_Nair1955" class="citation book cs1">U. Sivaraman Nair (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5618/1/47149_1951_LAN.pdf">Travancore–Cochin Language Handbook (1951)</a> (PDF). Travancore–Cochin Government Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin+Language+Handbook+%281951%29&rft.pub=Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin+Government+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.au=U.+Sivaraman+Nair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5618%2F1%2F47149_1951_LAN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census_reports">Census reports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Census reports">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5569/1/20013_1871_REP.pdf">1871 Travancore Census Report</a> (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of Travancore. 1874.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1871+Travancore+Census+Report&rft.place=Trivandrum&rft.pub=Government+of+Travancore&rft.date=1874&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5569%2F1%2F20013_1871_REP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf">Report on the Census of Travancore (1881)</a> (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of India. 1884.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Census+of+Travancore+%281881%29&rft.place=Trivandrum&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft.date=1884&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5570%2F1%2F41740.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5571/1/42181.pdf">Report on the Census of Travancore (1891)</a> (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of India. 1894.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Census+of+Travancore+%281891%29&rft.place=Trivandrum&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft.date=1894&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5571%2F1%2F42181.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyer1903" class="citation book cs1">Iyer, N. Subrahmanya (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55974">Census of India – 1901, Vol. XXVI, Travancore (Part I)</a>. Trivandrum: Government of Travancore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+%E2%80%93+1901%2C+Vol.+XXVI%2C+Travancore+%28Part+I%29&rft.place=Trivandrum&rft.pub=Government+of+Travancore&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=N.+Subrahmanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.55974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyer1912" class="citation book cs1">Iyer, N. Subramhanya (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1911/1911%20-%20Travancore%20-%20Vol%20I.pdf">Census of India – 1911, Vol. XXIII, Travancore (Part I)</a> (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of Travancore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+%E2%80%93+1911%2C+Vol.+XXIII%2C+Travancore+%28Part+I%29&rft.place=Trivandrum&rft.pub=Government+of+Travancore&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=N.+Subramhanya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiketty.pse.ens.fr%2Ffiles%2Fideologie%2Fdata%2FCensusIndia%2FCensusIndia1911%2F1911%2520-%2520Travancore%2520-%2520Vol%2520I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyer1922" class="citation book cs1">Iyer, S. Krishnamoorthi (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56017">Census of India, 1921, Vol. XXV, Travancore</a>. Trivandrum: Government of Travancore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1921%2C+Vol.+XXV%2C+Travancore&rft.place=Trivandrum&rft.pub=Government+of+Travancore&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=S.+Krishnamoorthi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.56017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5591/1/43534_1931_REP.pdf">Census of India, 1931, Vol. XXVIII, Travancore, Part I Report</a> (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of Travancore. 1932.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1931%2C+Vol.+XXVIII%2C+Travancore%2C+Part+I+Report&rft.place=Trivandrum&rft.pub=Government+of+Travancore&rft.date=1932&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5591%2F1%2F43534_1931_REP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5598/1/20374_1941_REP.pdf">Travancore, Part I, Vol. XXV (1941)</a> (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of Travancore. 1942.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travancore%2C+Part+I%2C+Vol.+XXV+%281941%29&rft.place=Trivandrum&rft.pub=Government+of+Travancore&rft.date=1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5598%2F1%2F20374_1941_REP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATravancore" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_Kerala.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Kerala"><img alt="Seal of Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/36px-Banner_of_Kerala.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/54px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/71px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram KL-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam KL-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta KL-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha KL-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam KL-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki KL-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam KL-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur KL-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad KL-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram KL-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode KL-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad KL-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur KL-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod KL-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala" title="Category:Kerala">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Kerala" title="Roads in Kerala"> Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_in_Kerala" title="Ports in Kerala"> Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kerala" title="Wildlife of Kerala">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Kerala" title="Sports in Kerala">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bird</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">Great hornbill</a></dd> <dt>Animal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a></dd> <dt>Tree</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></dd> <dt>Flower</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Golden rain</a></dd> <dt>Fish</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karimeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimeen">Karimeen</a></dd> <dt>Fruit</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></dd> <dt>Insect</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papilio_buddha" title="Papilio buddha">Papilio buddha</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Kerala" title="List of taluks of Kerala">Taluks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu_taluk" title="Chirayinkeezhu taluk">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosdurg_taluk" title="Hosdurg taluk">Hosdurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki" class="mw-redirect" title="Idukki">Idukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty_taluk" title="Iritty taluk">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanayannur" title="Kanayannur">Kanayannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_taluk" title="Kannur taluk">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthikappally" title="Karthikappally">Karthikappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_taluk" title="Kasaragod taluk">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_taluk" title="Kollam taluk">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_taluk" title="Kondotty taluk">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttanad" title="Kuttanad">Kuttanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwaram_taluk" title="Manjeshwaram taluk">Manjeshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenachil" title="Meenachil">Meenachil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundapuram_Taluk" title="Mukundapuram Taluk">Mukundapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad_taluk" title="Nedumangad taluk">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara_taluk" title="Neyyattinkara taluk">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur_taluk" title="Paravur taluk">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur_taluk" title="Payyanur taluk">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bathery" title="Sultan Bathery">Sultan Bathery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba_taluk" title="Taliparamba taluk">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalapilly" title="Thalapilly">Thalapilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Taluk" title="Thiruvananthapuram Taluk">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udumbanchola" title="Udumbanchola">Udumbanchola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellarikundu Taluk">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Kerala" title="List of municipal corporations in Kerala">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Corporation" title="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kozhikode Municipal Corporation">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kochi Municipal Corporation">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thrissur Municipal Corporation">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kannur Municipal Corporation">Kannur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthoor" title="Anthoor">Anthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly" title="Angamaly">Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur-Thathamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloor" title="Eloor">Eloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamassery" title="Kalamassery">Kalamassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhangad" title="Kanhangad">Kanhangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattappana" title="Kattappana">Kattappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam, Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maradu" title="Maradu">Maradu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattanur" title="Mattanur">Mattanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala,_Kerala" title="Pala, Kerala">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoor" title="Panoor">Panoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbavoor" title="Perumbavoor">Perumbavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekandapuram" title="Sreekandapuram">Sreekandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkakkara" title="Thrikkakkara">Thrikkakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrippunithura" title="Thrippunithura">Thrippunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Other towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthanathani" title="Puthanathani">Puthanathani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor,_Kerala" title="Wandoor, Kerala">Wandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavanna" title="Olavanna">Olavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamangalam" title="Kunnamangalam">Kunnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvambady" title="Thiruvambady">Thiruvambady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodencheri" title="Kodencheri">Kodencheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balussery" title="Balussery">Balussery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambra" title="Perambra">Perambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiady" title="Kuttiady">Kuttiady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Wayanad" title="Lakkidi, Wayanad">Lakkidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundale" title="Chundale">Chundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meppadi" title="Meppadi">Meppadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottappadi_Part,_Meppadi" title="Kottappadi Part, Meppadi">Kottappadi Part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttil,_Kalpetta" title="Muttil, Kalpetta">Muttil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinharethara" title="Padinharethara">Padinharethara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenangadi" title="Meenangadi">Meenangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamaram" title="Panamaram">Panamaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpally" title="Pulpally">Pulpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peravoor" title="Peravoor">Peravoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjarakkandy" title="Anjarakkandy">Anjarakkandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliasseri" title="Kalliasseri">Kalliasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irikkur" title="Irikkur">Irikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alakode,_Kannur_district" title="Alakode, Kannur district">Alakode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikaripur" title="Thrikaripur">Thrikaripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvathur" title="Cheruvathur">Cheruvathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udma" title="Udma">Udma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu" title="Vellarikundu">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappa_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parappa (village)">Parappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadka" title="Karadka">Karadka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbla" title="Kumbla">Kumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalpady" title="Mangalpady">Mangalpady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppala" title="Uppala">Uppala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwar" title="Manjeshwar">Manjeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandiperiyar" title="Vandiperiyar">Vandiperiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumily" title="Kumily">Kumily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakkad" title="Rajakkad">Rajakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimali" title="Adimali">Adimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolenchery" title="Kolenchery">Kolenchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthencruz" title="Puthencruz">Puthencruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady" title="Kalady">Kalady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayattoor" title="Malayattoor">Malayattoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chottanikkara" title="Chottanikkara">Chottanikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayamperoor" title="Udayamperoor">Udayamperoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varappuzha" title="Varappuzha">Varappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreemoolanagaram" title="Sreemoolanagaram">Sreemoolanagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumbassery" title="Nedumbassery">Nedumbassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala,_Kerala" title="Mala, Kerala">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodakara" title="Kodakara">Kodakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthukkad" title="Puthukkad">Puthukkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaloor" title="Manaloor">Manaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavaratty" title="Pavaratty">Pavaratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelakkara" title="Chelakkara">Chelakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkencherry" title="Vadakkencherry">Vadakkencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemmara" title="Nemmara">Nemmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthunagaram" title="Puthunagaram">Puthunagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekrishnapuram,_Palakkad" title="Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad">Sreekrishnapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Palakkad" title="Lakkidi, Palakkad">Lakkidi-Perur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrithala" title="Thrithala">Thrithala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parassala" title="Parassala">Parassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaramapuram" title="Balaramapuram">Balaramapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor" title="Kilimanoor">Kilimanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parippally" title="Parippally">Parippally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chathannoor" title="Chathannoor">Chathannoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottiyam" title="Kottiyam">Kottiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavara" title="Chavara">Chavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oachira" title="Oachira">Oachira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamkotta" title="Sasthamkotta">Sasthamkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchal" title="Anchal">Anchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadakkal" title="Kadakkal">Kadakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala" title="Thenmala">Thenmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulathupuzha" title="Kulathupuzha">Kulathupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbanad" title="Kumbanad">Kumbanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula" title="Aranmula">Aranmula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulanada" title="Kulanada">Kulanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omallur" title="Omallur">Omallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadasserikara" title="Vadasserikara">Vadasserikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Alappuzha" title="Mannar, Alappuzha">Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charummoodu" title="Charummoodu">Charummoodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mararikulam" title="Mararikulam">Mararikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroor" title="Aroor">Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erumely" title="Erumely">Erumely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakayam" title="Mundakayam">Mundakayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhoor" title="Vazhoor">Vazhoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukachal" title="Karukachal">Karukachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampady" title="Pampady">Pampady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthuppally,_Kottayam" title="Puthuppally, Kottayam">Puthuppally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuravilangad" title="Kuravilangad">Kuravilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhavoor" title="Uzhavoor">Uzhavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalayolaparambu" title="Thalayolaparambu">Thalayolaparambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduthuruthy" title="Kaduthuruthy">Kaduthuruthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala#Subdivisions" title="Kerala">Historical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (kingdom)">Venad (kingdom)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin" title="Travancore–Cochin">Travancore–Cochin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #9CC1A5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Travancore_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Travancore_region" title="Template:Travancore region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Travancore_region" title="Template talk:Travancore region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Travancore_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Travancore region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Travancore_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Travancore region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari</a> (Part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam District"> Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathanamthitta District"> Pathanamthitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district"> Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottayam District"> Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district"> Idukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam</a> (Part)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Travancore_Anchal_Box_Krishnapuram_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Travancore_Anchal_Box_Krishnapuram_Palace.jpg/100px-Travancore_Anchal_Box_Krishnapuram_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Travancore_Anchal_Box_Krishnapuram_Palace.jpg/150px-Travancore_Anchal_Box_Krishnapuram_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Travancore_Anchal_Box_Krishnapuram_Palace.jpg/200px-Travancore_Anchal_Box_Krishnapuram_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns and cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarcoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagarcoil">Nagarcoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thovala" class="mw-redirect" title="Thovala">Thovala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suchindram" title="Suchindram">Suchindram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavalakurichi" title="Manavalakurichi">Manavalakurichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliyakkavilai" title="Kaliyakkavilai">Kaliyakkavilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaikadu" title="Mandaikadu">Mandaikadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marthandam" title="Marthandam">Marthandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neiyyur" title="Neiyyur">Neyyoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvithancode" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvithancode">Thiruvithancode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolachal">Kolachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parassala" title="Parassala">Parassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedumangadu">Nedumangadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venjaramoodu" class="mw-redirect" title="Venjaramoodu">Venjaramoodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryanad">Aryanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembayam" title="Vembayam">Vembayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanavancherry" title="Avanavancherry">Avanavancherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallambalam" title="Kallambalam">Kallambalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor" title="Kilimanoor">Kilimanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neduvathoor" title="Neduvathoor">Neduvathoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayoor" title="Ayoor">Ayoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchal" title="Anchal">Anchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edamulackal" title="Edamulackal">Edamulackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadayamangalam" title="Chadayamangalam">Chadayamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chathannoor" title="Chathannoor">Chathannoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalluvathukkal" title="Kalluvathukkal">Kalluvathukkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottiyam" title="Kottiyam">Kottiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parippally" title="Parippally">Parippally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munroethuruth" class="mw-redirect" title="Munroethuruth">Munroethuruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayyanad" title="Mayyanad">Mayyanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchalloor" title="Manchalloor">Manchalloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidavoor" title="Pidavoor">Pidavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula" title="Aranmula">Aranmula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbanad" title="Kumbanad">Kumbanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadasserikkara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadasserikkara">Vadasserikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvalla">Tiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannar (India)">Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edathua" title="Edathua">Edathua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanilam" title="Padanilam">Padanilam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakkal" title="Nilakkal">Nilakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chettikulangara" title="Chettikulangara">Chettikulangara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haripad" title="Haripad">Haripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankombu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankombu">Mankombu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mararikulam" title="Mararikulam">Mararikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroor" title="Aroor">Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanacherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Changanacherry">Changanacherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhoor" title="Vazhoor">Vazhoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukachal" title="Karukachal">Karukachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumarakam">Kumarakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pambadi">Pambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettumanoor" title="Ettumanoor">Ettumanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduthuruthy" title="Kaduthuruthy">Kaduthuruthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalayolaparambu" title="Thalayolaparambu">Thalayolaparambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuravilangad" title="Kuravilangad">Kuravilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palai" class="mw-redirect" title="Palai">Palai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhavoor" title="Uzhavoor">Uzhavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonjar" title="Poonjar">Poonjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erattupetta" title="Erattupetta">Erattupetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponkunnam" title="Ponkunnam">Ponkunnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erumely" title="Erumely">Erumely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakayam" title="Mundakayam">Mundakayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagamon" title="Vagamon">Vagamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumily" title="Kumily">Kumily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattappana" title="Kattappana">Kattappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimali" title="Adimali">Adimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vechoor" title="Vechoor">Vechoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alengad" class="mw-redirect" title="Alengad">Alengad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly" title="Angamaly">Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady" title="Kalady">Kalady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbavoor" title="Perumbavoor">Perumbavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Ernakulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kothamangalam, Ernakulam">Kothamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakuzha" title="Arakuzha">Arakuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koothattukulam" title="Koothattukulam">Koothattukulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piravom" title="Piravom">Piravom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolenchery" title="Kolenchery">Kolenchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizhakkambalam" title="Kizhakkambalam">Kizhakkambalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painavu" title="Painavu">Painavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannan_Devan_Hills" title="Kannan Devan Hills">Kannan Devan Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marayur" title="Marayur">Marayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimali" title="Adimali">Adimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udumbanchola" title="Udumbanchola">Udumbanchola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumkandam" title="Nedumkandam">Nedumkandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattappana" title="Kattappana">Kattappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakkad" title="Rajakkad">Rajakkad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gun_salute_princely_states_(salute_states)_during_the_British_Raj" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salute_states" title="Template:Salute states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salute_states" title="Template talk:Salute states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salute_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salute states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gun_salute_princely_states_(salute_states)_during_the_British_Raj" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gun_salute" title="Gun salute">Gun salute</a> <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salute_state" title="Salute state">salute states</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_State" title="Gwalior State">Gwalior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indore_State" title="Indore State">Indore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat" title="Khanate of Kalat">Kalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolhapur_State" title="Kolhapur State">Kolhapur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udaipur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaipur State">Udaipur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_State" title="Bharatpur State">Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikaner_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikaner State">Bikaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundi_State" title="Bundi State">Bundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutch_State" title="Cutch State">Cutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Amber" title="Kingdom of Amber">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodhpur State">Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karauli_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karauli State">Karauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota State">Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudukkottai State">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewa_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewa State">Rewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonk_State" title="Tonk State">Tonk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alwar_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Alwar State">Alwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banswara_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Banswara State">Banswara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datia_State" title="Datia State">Datia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewas_Senior" title="Dewas Senior">Dewas Sr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewas_Junior" title="Dewas Junior">Dewas Jr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhar_State" title="Dhar State">Dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dholpur State">Dholpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungarpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungarpur State">Dungarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idar_State" title="Idar State">Idar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaisalmer State">Jaisalmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishangarh_State" title="Kishangarh State">Kishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchha_State" title="Orchha State">Orchha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratapgarh State">Pratapgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampur_State" title="Rampur State">Rampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirohi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirohi State">Sirohi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benares_State" title="Benares State">Benares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar_State" title="Bhavnagar State">Bhavnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrangadhra_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhrangadhra State">Dhrangadhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaora_State" title="Jaora State">Jaora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhalawar_State" title="Jhalawar State">Jhalawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junagadh_State" title="Junagadh State">Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawanagar_State" title="Nawanagar State">Nawanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanpur_State" title="Palanpur State">Palanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porbandar_State" title="Porbandar State">Porbandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajpipla_State" title="Rajpipla State">Rajpipla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratlam_State" title="Ratlam State">Ratlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_(princely_state)" title="Tripura (princely state)">Tripura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaigarh_State" title="Ajaigarh State">Ajaigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alirajpur_State" title="Alirajpur State">Alirajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoni_State" title="Baoni State">Baoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barwani_State" title="Barwani State">Barwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijawar_State" title="Bijawar State">Bijawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahlur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahlur">Bilaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambay_State" title="Cambay State">Cambay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_State" title="Chamba State">Chamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charkhari_State" title="Charkhari State">Charkhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatarpur_State" title="Chhatarpur State">Chhatarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_(princely_state)" title="Chitral (princely state)">Chitral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Tehri Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondal_State" title="Gondal State">Gondal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjira_State" title="Janjira State">Janjira</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jafarabad_State" title="Jafarabad State">Jafrabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhabua_State" title="Jhabua State">Jhabua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_State" title="Mandi State">Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_(princely_state)" title="Manipur (princely state)">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvi_State" title="Morvi State">Morvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narsinghgarh_State" title="Narsinghgarh State">Narsinghgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panna_State" title="Panna State">Panna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhanpur_State" title="Radhanpur State">Radhanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajgarh_State" title="Rajgarh State">Rajgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailana_State" title="Sailana State">Sailana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samthar_State" title="Samthar State">Samthar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmur_State" title="Sirmur State">Sirmur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitamau_State" title="Sitamau State">Sitamau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suket_State" title="Suket State">Suket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankaner_State" title="Wankaner State">Wankaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balasinor_State" title="Balasinor State">Balasinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banganapalle_State" title="Banganapalle State">Banganapalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansda_State" title="Bansda State">Bansda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraundha" title="Baraundha">Baraundha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baria_State" title="Baria State">Baria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhor_State" title="Bhor State">Bhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhota_Udaipur_State" title="Chhota Udaipur State">Chhota Udaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danta_State" title="Danta State">Danta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharampur_State" title="Dharampur State">Dharampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrol_State" title="Dhrol State">Dhrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawhar_State" title="Jawhar State">Jawhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahandi_State" title="Kalahandi State">Kalahandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilchipur_State" title="Khilchipur State">Khilchipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbdi_State" title="Limbdi State">Limbdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loharu_State" title="Loharu State">Loharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunavada_State" title="Lunavada State">Lunavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maihar_State" title="Maihar State">Maihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurbhanj_State" title="Mayurbhanj State">Mayurbhanj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudhol_State" title="Mudhol State">Mudhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagod_State" title="Nagod State">Nagod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitana_State" title="Palitana State">Palitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna_State" title="Patna State">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot_State" title="Rajkot State">Rajkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachin_State" title="Sachin State">Sachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangli_State" title="Sangli State">Sangli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_State" title="Sant State">Sant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawantwadi_State" title="Sawantwadi State">Sawantwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahpura_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahpura State">Shahpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonepur_State" title="Sonepur State">Sonepur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadhwan_State" title="Wadhwan State">Wadhwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawnghwe" title="Yawnghwe">Yawnghwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salute_state" title="Salute state">Salute state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princely_states_of_the_Madras_States_Agency_during_the_British_Raj" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princely_states_of_the_Madras_States_Agency" title="Template:Princely states of the Madras States Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princely_states_of_the_Madras_States_Agency" title="Template talk:Princely states of the Madras States Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princely_states_of_the_Madras_States_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princely states of the Madras States Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princely_states_of_the_Madras_States_Agency_during_the_British_Raj" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_States_Agency" title="Madras States Agency">Madras States Agency</a> during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salute_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Salute states">Salute states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banganapalle_State" title="Banganapalle State">Banganapalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin State">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudukkottai State">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore State">Travancore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-salute states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandur_State" title="Sandur State">Sandur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150058#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150058#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150058#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/278099284">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGQYBpxVjdHKwcQrjt8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4374456-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2017245235">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Travancore&params=8_26_N_76_55_E_type:country_source:kolossus-eswiki">8°26′N 76°55′E / 8.433°N 76.917°E / 8.433; 76.917</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Travancore&oldid=1250418350">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Travancore&oldid=1250418350</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Travancore" 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