CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html id="phx-wrapper" lang="en"><head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.history.com/tag/black-history","20190427001115","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1556323875"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <style type="text/css">[ng\:cloak], [ng-cloak], [data-ng-cloak], [x-ng-cloak], .ng-cloak, .x-ng-cloak {display: none !important;}</style><link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://use.typekit.net/gpe1sep.css" as="style"><link rel="preconnect" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/.image/cs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good/MTU1MTMxNjMyMzU1OTI3NTg1/logo-nav.png"><link rel="preconnect" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/.image/cs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good/MTU3NTY1OTU3NTQyMjc0ODg2/logo-heading.svg"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://carbon-cdn.ccgateway.net/script"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://as-sec.casalemedia.com/"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://fastlane.rubiconproject.com/"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://ib.adnxs.com/"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://u.openx.net/"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://hbopenbid.pubmatic.com/"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://sofia.trustx.org/"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://hbevents.1rx.io/"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://tag.1rx.io/"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://adserver-us.adtech.advertising.com/"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://adserver-eu.adtech.advertising.com/"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://ap.lijit.com/"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://c.deployads.com/"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://ssc.33across.com/"> <script>var appCacheBuster = "v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253";</script><script>window.Promise||document.write('<script src="/.bootscripts/polyfills/promise.min.js?' + appCacheBuster + '"></s'+'cript>');</script><script>window.fetch||document.write('<script src="/.bootscripts/polyfills/fetch.min.js?' + appCacheBuster + '"></s'+'cript>');</script><script>Object.assign||document.write('<script src="/.bootscripts/polyfills/assign.min.js?' + appCacheBuster + '"></s'+'cript>');</script><script>(typeof window.Element.prototype.closest === 'function')||document.write('<script src="/.bootscripts/polyfills/element-closest.min.js?' + appCacheBuster + '"></s'+'cript>');</script><script>(window.customElements&&window.customElements.define&&window.customElements.get&&window.customElements.whenDefined)||document.write('<script src="/.bootscripts/polyfills/webcomponents.min.js?' + appCacheBuster + '"></s'+'cript>');</script><script>(String.prototype.endsWith||String.prototype.startsWith)||document.write('<script src="/.bootscripts/polyfills/string.min.js?' + appCacheBuster + '"></s'+'cript>');</script><script>"use strict";if(typeof IntersectionObserver==="undefined"||"IntersectionObserver"in window&&"IntersectionObserverEntry"in window&&!("isIntersecting"in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype)){document.write("<script src=\"/.bootscripts/polyfills/intersectionobserver.min.js?"+appCacheBuster+"\"></s"+"cript>")}</script><script>"use strict";(function(){if(typeof window.CustomEvent==="function")return false;function CustomEvent(event,params){params=params||{bubbles:false,cancelable:false,detail:undefined};var evt=document.createEvent("CustomEvent");evt.initCustomEvent(event,params.bubbles,params.cancelable,params.detail);return evt}CustomEvent.prototype=window.Event.prototype;window.CustomEvent=CustomEvent})();</script><script>(function(siteProductionDomain, useCMP) {'use strict';function _toConsumableArray(arr){return _arrayWithoutHoles(arr)||_iterableToArray(arr)||_nonIterableSpread()}function _nonIterableSpread(){throw new TypeError("Invalid attempt to spread non-iterable instance")}function _iterableToArray(iter){if(Symbol.iterator in Object(iter)||Object.prototype.toString.call(iter)==="[object Arguments]")return Array.from(iter)}function _arrayWithoutHoles(arr){if(Array.isArray(arr)){for(var i=0,arr2=new Array(arr.length);i<arr.length;i++){arr2[i]=arr[i]}return arr2}}function _classCallCheck(instance,Constructor){if(!(instance instanceof Constructor)){throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}}function _defineProperties(target,props){for(var i=0;i<props.length;i++){var descriptor=props[i];descriptor.enumerable=descriptor.enumerable||false;descriptor.configurable=true;if("value"in descriptor)descriptor.writable=true;Object.defineProperty(target,descriptor.key,descriptor)}}function _createClass(Constructor,protoProps,staticProps){if(protoProps)_defineProperties(Constructor.prototype,protoProps);if(staticProps)_defineProperties(Constructor,staticProps);return Constructor}var VENDOR_CONSENT_COOKIE_NAME="euconsent";var RANGE_ENCODING=1;var CONSENT_STRING_VERSION=1;var SHARED_FIELD_MAP=[{name:"cookieVersion",type:"int",numBits:6},{name:"created",type:"date",numBits:36},{name:"lastUpdated",type:"date",numBits:36},{name:"cmpId",type:"int",numBits:12},{name:"cmpVersion",type:"int",numBits:12},{name:"consentScreen",type:"int",numBits:6},{name:"consentLanguage",type:"6bitchar",numBits:12},{name:"vendorListVersion",type:"int",numBits:12}];var VENDOR_FIELD_MAP={fields:[].concat(SHARED_FIELD_MAP,[{name:"purposeIdBitString",type:"bits",numBits:24},{name:"maxVendorId",type:"int",numBits:16},{name:"encodingType",type:"int",numBits:1},{name:"defaultConsent",type:"bool",numBits:1},{name:"numEntries",type:"int",numBits:12},{name:"vendorRangeList",type:"list",listCount:function listCount(decodedObject){return decodedObject.numEntries},validator:function validator(decodedObject){return decodedObject.encodingType===RANGE_ENCODING},fields:[{name:"isRange",type:"bool",numBits:1},{name:"startVendorId",type:"int",numBits:16},{name:"endVendorId",type:"int",numBits:16,validator:function validator(decodedObject){return decodedObject.isRange}}]}])};var PUBLISHER_CONSENT_COOKIE_NAME="eupubconsent";var PUBLISHER_FIELD_MAP={fields:[].concat(SHARED_FIELD_MAP,[{name:"publisherPurposeVersion",type:"int",numBits:12},{name:"standardPurposeIdBitString",type:"bits",numBits:24},{name:"numCustomPurposes",type:"int",numBits:6},{name:"customPurposeIdBitString",type:"bits",numBits:function numBits(decodedObject){return decodedObject.numCustomPurposes}}])};var SIX_BIT_ASCII_OFFSET=65;var endpointTimeout=2000;var GdprStatus=function(){_createClass(GdprStatus,[{key:"VENDOR_IDS",get:function get(){return{indexexchange:10,sovrn:13,oath:25,appnexus:32,rhythmone:36,skimbit:46,rubicon:52,"33across":58,sift:69,pubmatic:76,comscore:77,criteo:91,teads:132,spotx:165,revcontent:203,adobe:264,nielsen:373,clicksco:493}}},{key:"PURPOSE_IDS",get:function get(){return{storage:1,personalization:2,advertising:3,content:4,measurement:5}}}]);function GdprStatus(){var _this=this;_classCallCheck(this,GdprStatus);this.decoder=new CmpCookieDecoder;var resolveApplicable,rejectApplicable;this.applicablePromise=new Promise(function(resolve,reject){var detectionTimeout=setTimeout(function(){reject("Timeout")},endpointTimeout);resolveApplicable=function resolveApplicable(result){clearTimeout(detectionTimeout);if(result){_this._applyClass()}resolve(result)};rejectApplicable=function rejectApplicable(err){clearTimeout(detectionTimeout);reject(err)}});var resolveMavenUid,rejectMavenUid;this.mavenUidPromise=new Promise(function(resolve,reject){var detectionTimeout=setTimeout(function(){reject("Timeout")},endpointTimeout);resolveMavenUid=function resolveMavenUid(uid){clearTimeout(detectionTimeout);resolve(uid)};rejectMavenUid=function rejectMavenUid(err){clearTimeout(detectionTimeout);reject(err)}});fetch("https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://uid.mavencoalition.io/",{credentials:"include"}).then(function(response){if(response.status===403){resolveApplicable(true);resolveMavenUid(null)}else if(response.status===200){response.json().then(function(payload){resolveApplicable(false);resolveMavenUid(payload.uid)})}else{throw new Error("invalid UID service response")}}).catch(function(err){console.error(err);rejectMavenUid(err);rejectApplicable(err)})}_createClass(GdprStatus,[{key:"_applyClass",value:function _applyClass(){var cls="is-gdpr-applicable";if(document.body){document.body.classList.add(cls)}else{document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",this._applyClass.bind(this))}}},{key:"isApplicable",value:function isApplicable(){if(window.location.hash&&window.location.hash==="#assumeGdprApplicable"&&window.location.hostname!==this._siteProductionDomain){this._applyClass();return Promise.resolve(true)}return this.applicablePromise}},{key:"isApplicableSafe",value:function isApplicableSafe(){return this.isApplicable().catch(function(err){console.error(err);return true})}},{key:"getMavenUid",value:function getMavenUid(){return this.mavenUidPromise}},{key:"getMavenUidSafe",value:function getMavenUidSafe(){return this.getMavenUid().catch(function(err){console.error(err);return null})}},{key:"isConsentSet",value:function isConsentSet(){if(!this._useCMP){return false}return!!this.decoder.readCookie(VENDOR_CONSENT_COOKIE_NAME)||!!this.decoder.readCookie(PUBLISHER_CONSENT_COOKIE_NAME)}},{key:"waitForConsentValue",value:function waitForConsentValue(){var _this2=this;if(!this._useCMP){return Promise.resolve()}if(!this._consentSetPromise){this._consentSetPromise=new Promise(function(resolve,reject){if(_this2.isConsentSet()){resolve(true);return}function setCallback(){if(window.phxConsentManagement){window.phxConsentManagement.setConsentUiCallback(function(){resolve(true)});return true}return false}if(!setCallback()){window.setTimeout(function(){if(!setCallback()){reject("phxConsentManagement was not resolved in time.")}},1000)}})}return this._consentSetPromise}},{key:"isConsentGivenForPublisherPurpose",value:function isConsentGivenForPublisherPurpose(purposeId){if(!this._useCMP){return Promise.resolve(false)}return this.getPublisherConsentValues().then(function(publisherValues){return publisherValues&&(publisherValues.selectedPurposeIds.has(purposeId)||publisherValues.selectedCustomPurposeIds.has(purposeId))})}},{key:"isConsentGivenForVendorPurpose",value:function isConsentGivenForVendorPurpose(purposeId){if(!this._useCMP){return Promise.resolve(false)}return Promise.all([this.getVendorConsentValues(),this.getPublisherConsentValues()]).then(function(values){var vendorValues=values[0];var publisherValues=values[1];return vendorValues&&vendorValues.selectedPurposeIds.has(purposeId)&&publisherValues&&(publisherValues.selectedPurposeIds.has(purposeId)||publisherValues.selectedCustomPurposeIds.has(purposeId))})}},{key:"isConsentGivenForVendor",value:function isConsentGivenForVendor(vendorId){if(!this._useCMP){return Promise.resolve(false)}return this.getVendorConsentValues().then(function(consentValues){return consentValues&&consentValues.selectedVendorIds.has(vendorId)})}},{key:"getVendorConsentValues",value:function getVendorConsentValues(){var cookie=this.decoder.readCookie(VENDOR_CONSENT_COOKIE_NAME);return Promise.resolve(cookie&&this.decoder.decodeVendorConsentData(cookie))}},{key:"getPublisherConsentValues",value:function getPublisherConsentValues(){var cookie=this.decoder.readCookie(PUBLISHER_CONSENT_COOKIE_NAME);return Promise.resolve(cookie&&this.decoder.decodePublisherConsentData(cookie))}},{key:"siteProductionDomain",set:function set(siteProductionDomain){this._siteProductionDomain=siteProductionDomain}},{key:"useCMP",set:function set(state){this._useCMP=state}}]);return GdprStatus}();var CmpCookieDecoder=function(){function CmpCookieDecoder(){_classCallCheck(this,CmpCookieDecoder)}_createClass(CmpCookieDecoder,[{key:"_decodeBitsToInt",value:function _decodeBitsToInt(bitString,start,length){return parseInt(bitString.substr(start,length),2)}},{key:"_decodeBitsToDate",value:function _decodeBitsToDate(bitString,start,length){return new Date(this._decodeBitsToInt(bitString,start,length)*100)}},{key:"_decodeBitsToBool",value:function _decodeBitsToBool(bitString,start){return parseInt(bitString.substr(start,1),2)===1}},{key:"_decode6BitCharacters",value:function _decode6BitCharacters(bitString,start,length){var decoded="";var decodeStart=start;while(decodeStart<start+length){decoded+=String.fromCharCode(SIX_BIT_ASCII_OFFSET+this._decodeBitsToInt(bitString,decodeStart,6));decodeStart+=6}return decoded}},{key:"_decodeField",value:function _decodeField(_ref){var _this3=this;var input=_ref.input,output=_ref.output,startPosition=_ref.startPosition,field=_ref.field;var type=field.type,numBits=field.numBits,listCount=field.listCount,validator=field.validator;if(typeof validator==="function"){if(!validator(output)){return{newPosition:startPosition}}}var bitCount=typeof numBits==="function"?numBits(output):numBits;var listEntryCount=typeof listCount==="function"?listCount(output):typeof listCount==="number"?listCount:0;switch(type){case"int":return{fieldValue:this._decodeBitsToInt(input,startPosition,bitCount)};case"bool":return{fieldValue:this._decodeBitsToBool(input,startPosition)};case"date":return{fieldValue:this._decodeBitsToDate(input,startPosition,bitCount)};case"bits":return{fieldValue:input.substr(startPosition,bitCount)};case"6bitchar":return{fieldValue:this._decode6BitCharacters(input,startPosition,bitCount)};case"list":return new Array(listEntryCount).fill().reduce(function(acc){var _this3$_decodeFields=_this3._decodeFields({input:input,fields:field.fields,startPosition:acc.newPosition}),decodedObject=_this3$_decodeFields.decodedObject,newPosition=_this3$_decodeFields.newPosition;return{fieldValue:[].concat(_toConsumableArray(acc.fieldValue),[decodedObject]),newPosition:newPosition}},{fieldValue:[],newPosition:startPosition});default:return{};}}},{key:"_decodeFields",value:function _decodeFields(_ref2){var _this4=this;var input=_ref2.input,fields=_ref2.fields,_ref2$startPosition=_ref2.startPosition,startPosition=_ref2$startPosition===void 0?0:_ref2$startPosition;var position=startPosition;var decodedObject=fields.reduce(function(acc,field){var name=field.name,numBits=field.numBits;var _this4$_decodeField=_this4._decodeField({input:input,output:acc,startPosition:position,field:field}),fieldValue=_this4$_decodeField.fieldValue,newPosition=_this4$_decodeField.newPosition;if(fieldValue!==undefined){acc[name]=fieldValue}if(newPosition!==undefined){position=newPosition}else if(typeof numBits==="number"){position+=numBits}return acc},{});return{decodedObject:decodedObject,newPosition:position}}},{key:"_decodeCookieValue",value:function _decodeCookieValue(cookieValue,definitionMap){var unsafe=cookieValue.replace(/-/g,"+").replace(/_/g,"/")+"==".substring(0,3*cookieValue.length%4);var bytes=window.atob(unsafe);var inputBits="";for(var i=0;i<bytes.length;i++){var bitString=bytes.charCodeAt(i).toString(2);inputBits+=bitString.padStart(8,"0")}var _this$_decodeFields=this._decodeFields({input:inputBits,fields:definitionMap.fields}),decodedObject=_this$_decodeFields.decodedObject;return decodedObject}},{key:"_decodePublisherCookieValue",value:function _decodePublisherCookieValue(cookieValue){return this._decodeCookieValue(cookieValue,PUBLISHER_FIELD_MAP)}},{key:"_decodeVendorCookieValue",value:function _decodeVendorCookieValue(cookieValue){return this._decodeCookieValue(cookieValue,VENDOR_FIELD_MAP)}},{key:"_decodeBitsToIds",value:function _decodeBitsToIds(bitString){return bitString.split("").reduce(function(acc,bit,index){if(bit==="1"){acc.add(index+1)}return acc},new Set)}},{key:"decodePublisherConsentData",value:function decodePublisherConsentData(cookieValue){var _this$_decodePublishe=this._decodePublisherCookieValue(cookieValue),cookieVersion=_this$_decodePublishe.cookieVersion,cmpId=_this$_decodePublishe.cmpId,vendorListVersion=_this$_decodePublishe.vendorListVersion,publisherPurposeVersion=_this$_decodePublishe.publisherPurposeVersion,created=_this$_decodePublishe.created,lastUpdated=_this$_decodePublishe.lastUpdated,standardPurposeIdBitString=_this$_decodePublishe.standardPurposeIdBitString,customPurposeIdBitString=_this$_decodePublishe.customPurposeIdBitString;if(cookieVersion!==CONSENT_STRING_VERSION){throw new Error("Unsupported cookie version detected")}return{cookieVersion:cookieVersion,cmpId:cmpId,vendorListVersion:vendorListVersion,publisherPurposeVersion:publisherPurposeVersion,created:created,lastUpdated:lastUpdated,selectedPurposeIds:this._decodeBitsToIds(standardPurposeIdBitString),selectedCustomPurposeIds:this._decodeBitsToIds(customPurposeIdBitString)}}},{key:"decodeVendorConsentData",value:function decodeVendorConsentData(cookieValue){var _this$_decodeVendorCo=this._decodeVendorCookieValue(cookieValue),cookieVersion=_this$_decodeVendorCo.cookieVersion,cmpId=_this$_decodeVendorCo.cmpId,cmpVersion=_this$_decodeVendorCo.cmpVersion,consentScreen=_this$_decodeVendorCo.consentScreen,consentLanguage=_this$_decodeVendorCo.consentLanguage,vendorListVersion=_this$_decodeVendorCo.vendorListVersion,purposeIdBitString=_this$_decodeVendorCo.purposeIdBitString,maxVendorId=_this$_decodeVendorCo.maxVendorId,created=_this$_decodeVendorCo.created,lastUpdated=_this$_decodeVendorCo.lastUpdated,defaultConsent=_this$_decodeVendorCo.defaultConsent,encodingType=_this$_decodeVendorCo.encodingType,numEntries=_this$_decodeVendorCo.numEntries,vendorRangeList=_this$_decodeVendorCo.vendorRangeList;if(cookieVersion!==CONSENT_STRING_VERSION){throw new Error("Unsupported cookie version detected")}var cookieData={cookieVersion:cookieVersion,cmpId:cmpId,cmpVersion:cmpVersion,consentScreen:consentScreen,consentLanguage:consentLanguage,vendorListVersion:vendorListVersion,encodingType:encodingType,numEntries:numEntries,selectedPurposeIds:this._decodeBitsToIds(purposeIdBitString),maxVendorId:maxVendorId,created:created,lastUpdated:lastUpdated};if(encodingType===RANGE_ENCODING){var idMap=vendorRangeList.reduce(function(acc,_ref3){var isRange=_ref3.isRange,startVendorId=_ref3.startVendorId,endVendorId=_ref3.endVendorId;var lastVendorId=isRange?endVendorId:startVendorId;for(var i=startVendorId;i<=lastVendorId;i++){acc[i]=true}return acc},{});cookieData.selectedVendorIds=new Set;for(var i=0;i<=maxVendorId;i++){if(defaultConsent&&!idMap[i]||!defaultConsent&&idMap[i]){cookieData.selectedVendorIds.add(i)}}}else{throw new Error("Unsupported vendor encoding")}return cookieData}},{key:"readCookie",value:function readCookie(name){var value="; ".concat(document.cookie);var parts=value.split("; ".concat(name,"="));if(parts.length===2){return parts.pop().split(";").shift()}}}]);return CmpCookieDecoder}();window.GdprStatus=new GdprStatus;window.GdprStatus.siteProductionDomain = siteProductionDomain; window.GdprStatus.useCMP = useCMP; })('www.history.com', true);</script><script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); </script><script>window.googleAnalyticsConfig = {"trackers":[{"name":"_tempestTracker","id":"UA-1778701-17","cookieDomain":"www.history.com","sendEvents":true,"customDimensionMap":{"pageType":1,"parentSectionName":2,"authorName":3,"publicationQuarter":4,"channelName":11,"subscriptionStatus":12,"sectionPath":13,"eeaStatus":14,"trackedRichTermNames":16,"primaryDomain":21,"mavenChannel":22,"coreVertical":23,"specialtyVerticals":24,"hasMavenUid":29}},{"name":"_siteTracker","id":"UA-225576-4","cookieDomain":"www.history.com","sendEvents":true,"customDimensionMap":{"subscriptionStatus":null,"trackedRichTermNames":null,"sectionPath":null,"publicationQuarter":null,"authorName":null,"pageType":null,"channelName":2,"parentSectionName":null}}],"initialModel":{"title":"Black History","pageType":"Rich Term Page","path":"/tag/black-history","subscriptionStatus":"Unsubscribed","channelName":"Web","coreVertical":"news","primaryDomain":"www.history.com","mavenChannel":"www.history.com"},"experimentId":null} || {trackers: []}; var googleAnalyticsConfigPromiseResolved; window.googleAnalyticsPromise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { googleAnalyticsConfigPromiseResolved = resolve; }); Promise.all([window.GdprStatus.isApplicableSafe(), window.GdprStatus.getMavenUidSafe()]).then(function(results) { var isApplicable = results[0]; var mavenUid = results[1]; (function (googleAnalyticsConfig) {"use strict";var experimentVariant=null;if(googleAnalyticsConfig.forceVariant){experimentVariant=googleAnalyticsConfig.forceVariant}else if(window.cxApi){experimentVariant=cxApi.chooseVariation(googleAnalyticsConfig.experimentid)}window.phxExperimentVariant=experimentVariant;googleAnalyticsConfig.sendPageView=function(model){model.experimentVariant=experimentVariant;model.hasMavenUid=mavenUid?"1":"0";model.subscriptionStatus=window.TempestIdentity&&window.TempestIdentity.benefits.premiumExperience?"Premium":"Unsubscribed";for(var i=0;i<googleAnalyticsConfig.trackers.length;i++){var tracker=googleAnalyticsConfig.trackers[i];if(tracker.experimentOnly&&!experimentVariant){continue}var config={};var prefix="";if(tracker.name){config.name=tracker.name;prefix=tracker.name+"."}if(tracker.cookieDomain){config.cookieDomain=tracker.cookieDomain}if(tracker.sampleRate){config.sampleRate=tracker.sampleRate}model.eeaStatus=isApplicable?"1":"0";if(isApplicable){config.storage="none";config.storeGac=false}ga("create",tracker.id,config);if(isApplicable){ga(prefix+"set","displayFeaturesTask",null)}if(tracker.name==="_tempestTracker"&&mavenUid){ga(prefix+"set","userId",mavenUid)}ga(prefix+"set","page",model.path);ga(prefix+"set","title",model.title);ga(prefix+"set","anonymizeIp",true);var cd=tracker.customDimensionMap;for(var k in cd){if(!cd[k]||!cd.hasOwnProperty(k)){continue}var val=model[k];if(val!==undefined&&val!==null){ga(prefix+"set","dimension"+cd[k],""+val)}}ga(prefix+"send","pageview",model.path)}};googleAnalyticsConfigPromiseResolved();var model=googleAnalyticsConfig.initialModel;model.positionInSession="initial";googleAnalyticsConfig.sendPageView(model);window._gaSent=true; })(window.googleAnalyticsConfig); });</script><script async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/PhoenixGoogleAnalytics.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script>window.phoenixTrackClickEvent = function(el) { window.phoenixTrackClickEvent._q = (window.phoenixTrackClickEvent._q || []).push(el); return true; } </script><script async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/analytics.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script>'use strict';(function(){var pageLoadPromises=[];window.getTimedOutPageLoadPromise=function(timeoutMs){if(document.readyState==="complete"){return Promise.resolve(true)}else{var pageLoadPromise=new Promise(function(resolve,reject){window.addEventListener("load",function(){resolve(true)});pageLoadPromises.push(setTimeout(function(){resolve(true)},timeoutMs||0))});return pageLoadPromise}};window.addEventListener("load",function(){for(var i in pageLoadPromises){window.clearTimeout(pageLoadPromises[i])}})})();</script><script>'use strict';function _typeof(obj){if(typeof Symbol==="function"&&typeof Symbol.iterator==="symbol"){_typeof=function _typeof(obj){return typeof obj}}else{_typeof=function _typeof(obj){return obj&&typeof Symbol==="function"&&obj.constructor===Symbol&&obj!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof obj}}return _typeof(obj)}function _classCallCheck(instance,Constructor){if(!(instance instanceof Constructor)){throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}}function _defineProperties(target,props){for(var i=0;i<props.length;i++){var descriptor=props[i];descriptor.enumerable=descriptor.enumerable||false;descriptor.configurable=true;if("value"in descriptor)descriptor.writable=true;Object.defineProperty(target,descriptor.key,descriptor)}}function _createClass(Constructor,protoProps,staticProps){if(protoProps)_defineProperties(Constructor.prototype,protoProps);if(staticProps)_defineProperties(Constructor,staticProps);return Constructor}function _possibleConstructorReturn(self,call){if(call&&(_typeof(call)==="object"||typeof call==="function")){return call}return _assertThisInitialized(self)}function _assertThisInitialized(self){if(self===void 0){throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called")}return self}function _inherits(subClass,superClass){if(typeof superClass!=="function"&&superClass!==null){throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function")}subClass.prototype=Object.create(superClass&&superClass.prototype,{constructor:{value:subClass,writable:true,configurable:true}});if(superClass)_setPrototypeOf(subClass,superClass)}function _wrapNativeSuper(Class){var _cache=typeof Map==="function"?new Map:undefined;_wrapNativeSuper=function _wrapNativeSuper(Class){if(Class===null||!_isNativeFunction(Class))return Class;if(typeof Class!=="function"){throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function")}if(typeof _cache!=="undefined"){if(_cache.has(Class))return _cache.get(Class);_cache.set(Class,Wrapper)}function Wrapper(){return _construct(Class,arguments,_getPrototypeOf(this).constructor)}Wrapper.prototype=Object.create(Class.prototype,{constructor:{value:Wrapper,enumerable:false,writable:true,configurable:true}});return _setPrototypeOf(Wrapper,Class)};return _wrapNativeSuper(Class)}function isNativeReflectConstruct(){if(typeof Reflect==="undefined"||!Reflect.construct)return false;if(Reflect.construct.sham)return false;if(typeof Proxy==="function")return true;try{Date.prototype.toString.call(Reflect.construct(Date,[],function(){}));return true}catch(e){return false}}function _construct(Parent,args,Class){if(isNativeReflectConstruct()){_construct=Reflect.construct}else{_construct=function _construct(Parent,args,Class){var a=[null];a.push.apply(a,args);var Constructor=Function.bind.apply(Parent,a);var instance=new Constructor;if(Class)_setPrototypeOf(instance,Class.prototype);return instance}}return _construct.apply(null,arguments)}function _isNativeFunction(fn){return Function.toString.call(fn).indexOf("[native code]")!==-1}function _setPrototypeOf(o,p){_setPrototypeOf=Object.setPrototypeOf||function _setPrototypeOf(o,p){o.__proto__=p;return o};return _setPrototypeOf(o,p)}function _getPrototypeOf(o){_getPrototypeOf=Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.getPrototypeOf:function _getPrototypeOf(o){return o.__proto__||Object.getPrototypeOf(o)};return _getPrototypeOf(o)}var DELAY_TIMEOUT=30000;var PhoenixScript=function(_HTMLElement){_inherits(PhoenixScript,_HTMLElement);function PhoenixScript(){_classCallCheck(this,PhoenixScript);return _possibleConstructorReturn(this,_getPrototypeOf(PhoenixScript).apply(this,arguments))}_createClass(PhoenixScript,[{key:"connectedCallback",value:function connectedCallback(){this.delayLoad=this.hasAttribute("delay-load");this.blockPremium=this.hasAttribute("block-premium");this.blockGdprApplicable=this.hasAttribute("block-on-gdpr-applicable");this.templateId=this.getAttribute("script-id");this.scriptSrc=this.getAttribute("src");if(!this.templateId&&!this.scriptSrc){throw new Error("script-id or src is required")}if(this.templateId&&this.scriptSrc){throw new Error("script-id and src are mutually exclusive")}this.consentVendorId=parseInt(this.getAttribute("block-on-gdpr-vendor-consent"),10);this.consentPurposeId=parseInt(this.getAttribute("block-on-gdpr-purpose-consent"),10);this.blockGdprConsent=this.consentVendorId||this.consentPurposeId;this._handleWaitForPromises()}},{key:"_whenPageLoaded",value:function _whenPageLoaded(timeoutMs){var _this=this;if(document.readyState==="complete"){return Promise.resolve()}else{if(!this.delayLoadTimeouts){this.delayLoadTimeouts=[]}window.addEventListener("load",function(){for(var i in _this.delayLoadTimeouts){window.clearTimeout(_this.delayLoadTimeouts[i])}});return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){window.addEventListener("load",resolve);_this.delayLoadTimeouts.push(setTimeout(resolve,timeoutMs||0))})}}},{key:"_handleWaitForPromises",value:function _handleWaitForPromises(){var _this2=this;var promises=[];if(this.delayLoad){promises.push(this._whenPageLoaded(DELAY_TIMEOUT))}if(this.blockPremium){if(!window.phxConfigQueue){throw new Error("config object is necessary to check premium")}promises.push(new Promise(function(resolve,reject){window.phxConfigQueue.push(function(){if(this.user.hasPremium()){reject()}else{resolve()}})}))}var gdpr=window.GdprStatus;if(this.blockGdprApplicable){if(!gdpr){throw new Error("window.GdprStatus is required")}promises.push(new Promise(function(resolve,reject){gdpr.isApplicable().then(function(isApplicable){if(!isApplicable){resolve()}else{reject()}})}))}if(this.blockGdprConsent){if(!gdpr){throw new Error("window.GdprStatus is required")}promises.push(new Promise(function(resolve,reject){return gdpr.isApplicable().then(function(isApplicable){if(isApplicable){gdpr.waitForConsentValue().then(function(){var promises=[];if(_this2.consentVendorId){promises.push(gdpr.isConsentGivenForVendorPurpose(_this2.consentPurposeId));promises.push(gdpr.isConsentGivenForVendor(_this2.consentVendorId))}else{promises.push(gdpr.isConsentGivenForPublisherPurpose(_this2.consentPurposeId));promises.push(Promise.resolve(true))}Promise.all(promises).then(function(values){if(values[0]&&values[1]){resolve()}else{reject()}})})}else{resolve()}})}))}Promise.all(promises).then(function(){_this2._inject()}).catch(function(){})}},{key:"_inject",value:function _inject(){var script=document.createElement("script");if(this.scriptSrc){script.src=this.scriptSrc}else if(this.templateId){var template=document.getElementById(this.templateId);if(!template){throw new Error("template not found for "+this.templateId)}script.innerHTML=template.innerHTML;template.parentElement.removeChild(template)}this.appendChild(script)}}]);return PhoenixScript}(_wrapNativeSuper(HTMLElement));window.customElements.define("phoenix-script",PhoenixScript);</script><script id="typekit-loader">(function(typekitId) {"use strict";var link=document.createElement("link");link.rel="stylesheet";link.href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://use.typekit.net/"+typekitId+".css";window.fontLoadedPromise=new Promise(function(resolve,reject){link.onload=link.onerror=resolve});var thisScript=document.getElementById("typekit-loader");thisScript.insertAdjacentElement("afterend",link);})('gpe1sep');</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20190427001115cs_/http://www.history.com/site/styles/main.min.css?config=published&cv=0b89ca52ac402bee3b4ea3dc276d2996&v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"><script>(function () { var givenQs = '&' + window.location.search.substr(1) + '&'; var newQs = givenQs.replace(/&(bt_email|vero_id)=[^&]+&/, '&REDACTED=REDACTED&'); if (newQs !== givenQs) { console.warn('We have redacted a personal information argument in the query string'); var newUrl = window.location.pathname + '?' + newQs.substr(1, newQs.length - 2); window.history.replaceState({}, '', newUrl); } })(); </script><script>var phxConfigQueue = window.phxConfigQueue || []; </script><script async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/config.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script>phxConfigQueue.push(function () { this.features.init({"alt-demo-data":false,"quotes-revamp":true,"use-amp-consent":true,"table-of-contents":true,"lazy-load-ads":true,"ae-salish-recirculation-widget":true,"deferred-featured-video":true,"use-consent-management":true}); });</script><script>'use strict'; var phxBeaconQueue = window.phxBeaconQueue || []; </script><script async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/beacon.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script>(function(consentConfig) {'use strict';function consentChoice(list,vendorConsents,publisherConsents){var ACCEPTED_ALL=0,REJECTED_ALL=1,CUSTOM=2,CODES=["accept_all","reject_all","accept_custom"];function _check(keys,consents){if(keys.some(function(key){return consents[key]})){if(keys.some(function(key){return!consents[key]})){return CUSTOM}else{return ACCEPTED_ALL}}else{return REJECTED_ALL}}var vendor=_check(list.vendors.map(function(v){return v.id}),vendorConsents.vendorConsents),vendorPurpose=_check(list.purposes.map(function(p){return p.id}),vendorConsents.purposeConsents),publisherPurpose=_check([1,2,3],publisherConsents.standardPurposeConsents);if(vendor===publisherPurpose&&vendor===vendorPurpose){return CODES[vendor]}else{return CODES[2]}}function consentUiCallback(param){if(param.reason==="ui-closed"){window.__cmp("getPublisherConsents",null,function(publisherConsents,success){if(success){window.__cmp("getVendorConsents",null,function(vendorConsents,success){if(success){window.__cmp("getVendorList",null,function(vendorList,success){if(success){var choice=consentChoice(vendorList,vendorConsents,publisherConsents);ga("_tempestTracker.send","event","CMP",choice)}})}})}})}}function setConsentUiCallback(callback){window.__cmp("setConsentUiCallback",callback)}function displayUi(){ga("_tempestTracker.send","event","CMP","subsequent_display");setConsentUiCallback(consentUiCallback);window.__cmp("displayConsentUi")}function initConsentManagement(consentConfig){return window.GdprStatus.isApplicable().then(function(isApplicable){if(!isApplicable){return}var elem=document.createElement("script");elem.src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://quantcast.mgr.consensu.org/v8/cmp.js";document.head.appendChild(elem);var gdprAppliesGlobally=true;function addFrame(){if(!window.frames["__cmpLocator"]){if(document.body){var body=document.body,iframe=document.createElement("iframe");iframe.style="display:none";iframe.name="__cmpLocator";body.appendChild(iframe)}else{setTimeout(addFrame,5)}}}addFrame();function cmpMsgHandler(event){var msgIsString=typeof event.data==="string";var json;if(msgIsString){json=event.data.indexOf("__cmpCall")!==-1?JSON.parse(event.data):{}}else{json=event.data}if(json.__cmpCall){var i=json.__cmpCall;window.__cmp(i.command,i.parameter,function(retValue,success){var returnMsg={__cmpReturn:{returnValue:retValue,success:success,callId:i.callId}};event.source.postMessage(msgIsString?JSON.stringify(returnMsg):returnMsg,"*")})}}window.__cmp=function(c){var b=arguments;if(!b.length){return window.__cmp.a}else if(b[0]==="ping"){b[2]({gdprAppliesGlobally:gdprAppliesGlobally,cmpLoaded:false},true)}else if(c==="__cmp"){return false}else{if(typeof window.__cmp.a==="undefined"){window.__cmp.a=[]}window.__cmp.a.push([].slice.apply(b))}};window.__cmp.gdprAppliesGlobally=gdprAppliesGlobally;window.__cmp.msgHandler=cmpMsgHandler;if(window.addEventListener){window.addEventListener("message",cmpMsgHandler,false)}else{window.attachEvent("onmessage",cmpMsgHandler)}if(document.cookie.indexOf("eupubconsent=")===-1){ga("_tempestTracker.send","event","CMP","initial_display")}window.__cmp("setConsentUiCallback",consentUiCallback);window.__cmp("init",{Language:consentConfig.language,"Initial Screen Title Text":consentConfig.localizedPhrases.primaryHeadline,"Initial Screen Body Text":consentConfig.localizedPhrases.mainBodyText,"Initial Screen Accept Button Text":consentConfig.localizedPhrases.acceptButton,"Initial Screen Purpose Link Text":consentConfig.localizedPhrases.settingsButton,"Purpose Screen Title Text":consentConfig.localizedPhrases.settingsHeadline,"Purpose Screen Body Text":consentConfig.localizedPhrases.settingsBodyText,"Vendor Screen Title Text":consentConfig.localizedPhrases.settingsHeadline,"Vendor Screen Body Text":consentConfig.localizedPhrases.settingsBodyText,"Vendor Screen Accept All Button Text":"Accept all","Vendor Screen Reject All Button Text":"Reject all","Publisher Name":"Say Media","Publisher Purpose IDs":[1,2,3,4,5],"Publisher Purpose Legitimate Interest IDs":[4,5],"Consent Scope":"service","Publisher Logo":consentConfig.logo,"Display UI":"always","Publisher Vendor List URL":window.location.origin+"/.well-known/pubvendors.json","Display Persistent Consent Link":false,"No Option":false})})}window.phxConsentManagement={_consentChoice:consentChoice,displayUi:displayUi,init:initConsentManagement,setConsentUiCallback:setConsentUiCallback};window.phxConsentManagement.init(consentConfig); })({"name":"HISTORY","logo":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.history.com/.image/cs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good/MTU1MTMxNjMyMzU1OTI3NTg1/logo-nav.png","language":"en","localizedPhrases":{"primaryHeadline":"About Your Privacy","mainBodyText":"When you visit our site, we use services provided by Tempest, a product of Say Media, Inc., for content delivery and ad selection, including personalised digital ads. Say Media and its partners use technology such as cookies to customise your site experience, analyse website traffic, deliver content, and measure the effectiveness of advertisements across the websites and mobile services provided by Say Media. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the use of cookies unless you have disabled them. To learn more about cookies and how to disable them, view our <a href='https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.saymedia.com/cookiepolicy' target='_blank'>Cookie Policy<\/a>.<br><br>Additionally, this site is supported by interest-based advertising. By clicking \"I Agree\" on this screen you agree that Say Media and its partners may process your personal data for the purposes of information storage and access; personalisation; ad selection, delivery, and reporting; content selection, delivery and reporting; and measurement. Please see the <a href='https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.saymedia.com/privacy' target='_blank'>Say Media Platform Privacy Policy<\/a> for more information about our use of data and your rights.<br><br>If you do not choose to consent, or if you would like more information about the data we and our partners collect and how we use the data we collect, click \"More Information\". You can always manage your settings or withdraw consent from the \"Privacy Settings\" link in the menu on this site.","acceptButton":"I AGREE","settingsButton":"More Information","settingsHeadline":"Manage Your Preferences","settingsBodyText":"You can set your consent preferences and determine how you want your data to be used based on the purposes below. You may set your preferences for us independently from those of third-party partners. Each purpose has a description so that you know how we and partners use your data."}});</script><script>"use strict";var pbjs=pbjs||{};pbjs.que=pbjs.que||[];function initPrebidJS(){var _this=this;phxAdAuctionQueue.push(function(){_this.enable("prebid",window.pbjs)})}</script><script async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/runtime/alpha.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253" onload="initPrebidJS"></script><script>!function(a9,a,p,s,t,A,g){if(a[a9])return;function q(c,r){a[a9]._Q.push([c,r])}a[a9]={init:function(){q("i",arguments)},fetchBids:function(){q("f",arguments)},setDisplayBids:function(){},targetingKeys:function(){return[]},_Q:[]};A=p.createElement(s);A.async=!0;A.src=t;g=p.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];g.parentNode.insertBefore(A,g)}("apstag",window,document,"script","https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js"); window.apstag.init({pubID:'760ed5b1-9ef9-4d62-9c9c-cf00b676653f',adServer:'googletag'})</script><script>var phxAdAuctionQueue = window.phxAdAuctionQueue || []; </script><script async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/runtime/beta1.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script>(function(adAuctionConfig){"use strict";window.GdprStatus.isApplicable().then(function(isApplicable){adAuctionConfig.gdprIsApplicable=isApplicable;phxAdAuctionQueue.push(function(){this.startAuction(adAuctionConfig)})});})({"beacons":{"targetingParams":{"beaconUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://beacon-streamer.saymedia.com/beacon/targetingparams","paramSeparators":{"ksg":":","terms":";"},"exclude":{"ag":true,"in":true,"pt":true,"et":true,"gd":true}},"demoUsage":{"beaconUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://beacon-streamer.saymedia.com/beacon/demousage","paramSeparators":{"krux":","},"raw":{"krux":true}},"bannerShown":{"beaconUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://beacon-streamer.saymedia.com/beacon/bannershown"},"prebidAuctionEnded":{"beaconUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://beacon-streamer.saymedia.com/beacon/prebidauctionended"}},"siteProductionDomain":"www.history.com","slots":[{"config":{"sizes":[[320,50],[320,100]]},"model":{"zone":"header","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"width":320,"height":50},{"width":320,"height":100}],"screenSizes":["A"],"slotModel":{"zone":"header","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-7e0269cc866143e3b47c0934f4b58ce5","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[728,90]]},"model":{"zone":"header","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"width":728,"height":90}],"screenSizes":["B"],"slotModel":{"zone":"header","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-a19fdb20cff649cfa7b98321e388520c","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90]]},"model":{"zone":"header","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"width":970,"height":250},{"width":970,"height":90},{"width":728,"height":90}],"screenSizes":["C","D"],"slotModel":{"zone":"header","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-5e9ca83cc7f94e34b44525cf23940b81","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[900,65],[970,90],[728,90]]},"model":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"name":"fixedBottomC"}],"screenSizes":["C"],"slotModel":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-c270033438f845ba9f37b87f0fb7f90b","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[320,60],[320,50],[300,50]]},"model":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"name":"fixedBottomA"}],"screenSizes":["A"],"slotModel":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-14a49a15b0214216866ced5df8421a5b","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[768,66],[728,90]]},"model":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"name":"fixedBottomB"}],"screenSizes":["B"],"slotModel":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-593d4a2d1dd84ffbb88914764d55d07a","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[728,90],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":728,"height":90},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["B"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-8ce54873c44e4a06b14060e22f19dce8","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":970,"height":250},{"width":970,"height":90},{"width":728,"height":90},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["C"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-6c65a4c6e48147dca3e0c9691d474421","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[300,250],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":300,"height":250},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["A"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-180923a9eb6c42cfba6a7a642230478f","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":970,"height":250},{"width":970,"height":90},{"width":728,"height":90},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["C"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-6c266c4249dc4b1bb279b2c0806f88c0","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[300,250],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":300,"height":250},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["A"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-39d41250a10a4f4db32260da07961fdd","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[728,90],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":728,"height":90},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["B"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-bd45e1d5fb1145f7b9e9392a81993700","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[300,600],[300,250],[160,600]]},"model":{"zone":"below_content_sidebar","index":"0","isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"width":300,"height":600},{"width":300,"height":250},{"width":160,"height":600}],"screenSizes":["C"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content_sidebar","index":"0","isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-8ceb60354cd949f7a853010f45a60fce","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"}],"units":{"A":[{"code":"ad-7e0269cc866143e3b47c0934f4b58ce5","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/","mediaTypes":{"banner":{"sizes":[[320,50]]}},"bids":[{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"297875","size":[320,50]}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"10348","siteId":"211802","zoneId":"1040546"}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"allowSmallerSizes":true,"invCode":"www.history.com_header_0_mw","member":"8186"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"delDomain":"saymedia-d.openx.net","unit":"539843839"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"publisherId":"156229","adSlot":"History_Mobile_320x50_Header@320x50"}},{"bidder":"trustx","params":{"uid":"6355","priceType":"net"}},{"bidder":"rhythmone","params":{"placementId":"78289"}},{"bidder":"aol","params":{"placement":"4938013","network":"9892.1"}},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"583747"}},{"bidder":"sortable","params":{"siteId":"history.com","tagId":"header"}}]},{"code":"ad-14a49a15b0214216866ced5df8421a5b","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/","mediaTypes":{"banner":{"sizes":[[320,50]]}},"bids":[{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"297881","size":[320,50]}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"10348","siteId":"211802","zoneId":"1040556"}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"allowSmallerSizes":true,"invCode":"www.history.com_fixed_bottom_0_mw","member":"8186"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"delDomain":"saymedia-d.openx.net","unit":"539843840"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"publisherId":"156229","adSlot":"History_Mobile_320x50_FixedBottom@320x50"}},{"bidder":"trustx","params":{"uid":"6360","priceType":"net"}},{"bidder":"rhythmone","params":{"placementId":"78289"}},{"bidder":"aol","params":{"placement":"4938015","network":"9892.1"}},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"583748"}},{"bidder":"sortable","params":{"siteId":"history.com","tagId":"fixed_bottom"}},{"bidder":"33across","params":{"siteId":"aQOTN86eGr6lfhaKkGJozW","productId":"siab"}}]}],"B":[{"code":"ad-a19fdb20cff649cfa7b98321e388520c","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/","mediaTypes":{"banner":{"sizes":[[728,90]]}},"bids":[{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"297866","size":[728,90]}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"10348","siteId":"211800","zoneId":"1040528"}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"allowSmallerSizes":true,"invCode":"www.history.com_header_0_dt","member":"8186"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"delDomain":"saymedia-d.openx.net","unit":"539843836"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"publisherId":"156229","adSlot":"History_Desktop_728x90_Header@728x90"}},{"bidder":"trustx","params":{"uid":"6347","priceType":"net"}},{"bidder":"rhythmone","params":{"placementId":"78288"}},{"bidder":"aol","params":{"placement":"4938009","network":"9892.1"}},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"583741"}},{"bidder":"sortable","params":{"siteId":"history.com","tagId":"header"}}]},{"code":"ad-593d4a2d1dd84ffbb88914764d55d07a","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/","mediaTypes":{"banner":{"sizes":[[728,90]]}},"bids":[{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"297874","size":[728,90]}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"10348","siteId":"211800","zoneId":"1040542"}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"allowSmallerSizes":true,"invCode":"www.history.com_fixed_bottom_0_dt","member":"8186"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"delDomain":"saymedia-d.openx.net","unit":"539843838"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"publisherId":"156229","adSlot":"History_Desktop_728x90_FixedBottom@728x90"}},{"bidder":"trustx","params":{"uid":"6354","priceType":"net"}},{"bidder":"rhythmone","params":{"placementId":"78288"}},{"bidder":"aol","params":{"placement":"4938004","network":"9892.1"}},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"583742"}},{"bidder":"sortable","params":{"siteId":"history.com","tagId":"fixed_bottom"}},{"bidder":"33across","params":{"siteId":"aQOTN86eGr6lfhaKkGJozW","productId":"siab"}}]}],"C":[{"code":"ad-5e9ca83cc7f94e34b44525cf23940b81","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/","mediaTypes":{"banner":{"sizes":[[728,90]]}},"bids":[{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"297866","size":[728,90]}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"10348","siteId":"211800","zoneId":"1040528"}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"allowSmallerSizes":true,"invCode":"www.history.com_header_0_dt","member":"8186"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"delDomain":"saymedia-d.openx.net","unit":"539843836"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"publisherId":"156229","adSlot":"History_Desktop_728x90_Header@728x90"}},{"bidder":"trustx","params":{"uid":"6347","priceType":"net"}},{"bidder":"rhythmone","params":{"placementId":"78288"}},{"bidder":"aol","params":{"placement":"4938009","network":"9892.1"}},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"583741"}},{"bidder":"sortable","params":{"siteId":"history.com","tagId":"header"}}]},{"code":"ad-c270033438f845ba9f37b87f0fb7f90b","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/","mediaTypes":{"banner":{"sizes":[[728,90]]}},"bids":[{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"297874","size":[728,90]}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"10348","siteId":"211800","zoneId":"1040542"}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"allowSmallerSizes":true,"invCode":"www.history.com_fixed_bottom_0_dt","member":"8186"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"delDomain":"saymedia-d.openx.net","unit":"539843838"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"publisherId":"156229","adSlot":"History_Desktop_728x90_FixedBottom@728x90"}},{"bidder":"trustx","params":{"uid":"6354","priceType":"net"}},{"bidder":"rhythmone","params":{"placementId":"78288"}},{"bidder":"aol","params":{"placement":"4938004","network":"9892.1"}},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"583742"}},{"bidder":"sortable","params":{"siteId":"history.com","tagId":"fixed_bottom"}},{"bidder":"33across","params":{"siteId":"aQOTN86eGr6lfhaKkGJozW","productId":"siab"}}]}]},"unitVendorConfig":{"ad-7e0269cc866143e3b47c0934f4b58ce5":{"trustx":{"bidReductionPercent":60}},"ad-14a49a15b0214216866ced5df8421a5b":{"trustx":{"bidReductionPercent":10}},"ad-a19fdb20cff649cfa7b98321e388520c":{"trustx":{"bidReductionPercent":55}},"ad-593d4a2d1dd84ffbb88914764d55d07a":{"trustx":{"bidReductionPercent":15}},"ad-5e9ca83cc7f94e34b44525cf23940b81":{"trustx":{"bidReductionPercent":55}},"ad-c270033438f845ba9f37b87f0fb7f90b":{"trustx":{"bidReductionPercent":15}}},"timeout":1000,"pbjsConfig":{"sortable":{"siteId":"history.com"}}});</script><script>window.phxPageTarget = {config: {"global":{"config":{"networkId":"88059007","adUnitPathTemplates":[{"type":"simple","key":"hostname"},{"type":"simple","key":"section"}],"beacons":{"targetingParams":{"beaconUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://beacon-streamer.saymedia.com/beacon/targetingparams","paramSeparators":{"ksg":":","terms":";"},"exclude":{"ag":true,"in":true,"pt":true,"et":true,"gd":true}},"demoUsage":{"beaconUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://beacon-streamer.saymedia.com/beacon/demousage","paramSeparators":{"krux":","},"raw":{"krux":true}},"bannerShown":{"beaconUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://beacon-streamer.saymedia.com/beacon/bannershown"},"prebidAuctionEnded":{"beaconUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://beacon-streamer.saymedia.com/beacon/prebidauctionended"}},"customTargetingTemplates":{"adindex":{"type":"simple","key":"index"},"adzone":{"type":"simple","key":"zone"},"adzoneindex":{"type":"simple","key":"zoneIndex"},"amznbid":{"type":"simple","key":"amznbid"},"amzniid":{"type":"simple","key":"amzniid"},"amznp":{"type":"simple","key":"amznp"},"amznsz":{"type":"simple","key":"amznsz"},"hb_adid":{"type":"simple","key":"prebidAdId"},"hb_bidder":{"type":"simple","key":"prebidWinner"},"hb_pb":{"type":"simple","key":"prebidPriceBucket"},"hb_pbd":{"type":"simple","key":"prebidPriceBucketDollar"},"hb_size":{"type":"simple","key":"prebidAdSize"},"position":{"type":"simple","key":"positionTarget"},"rid":{"type":"simple","key":"rid"},"siteadzoneindex":{"type":"simple","key":"siteZoneIndex"},"sponlineitemid":{"type":"simple","key":"sponsorLineItemId"},"native_card_type":{"type":"simple","key":"nativeCardType"}},"customTargetingPageTemplates":{"ag":{"type":"simple","key":"ag"},"channel":{"type":"simple","key":"channelCode"},"cv":{"type":"simple","key":"coreVertical"},"env":{"type":"simple","key":"env"},"et":{"type":"simple","key":"et"},"gd":{"type":"simple","key":"gd"},"in":{"type":"simple","key":"in"},"ksg":{"type":"simple","key":"ksg"},"kuid":{"type":"simple","key":"kuid"},"lang":{"type":"simple","key":"languageCode"},"pagetype":{"type":"simple","key":"pageType"},"path":{"type":"simple","key":"path"},"pt":{"type":"simple","key":"pt"},"referrer":{"type":"simple","key":"referrer"},"sv":{"type":"simple","key":"specialtyVerticals"},"terms":{"type":"simple","key":"terms"}},"specialSizes":{"0":"fluid","1":"fluid","2":"fluid","3":"fluid","4":"fluid","320x60":"fixedBottomA","320x50":"fixedBottomA","300x50":"fixedBottomA","768x66":"fixedBottomB","728x90":"fixedBottomC","900x65":"fixedBottomC","970x90":"fixedBottomC","1x2":"siteSkin","640x360":"outstream"}},"baseModel":{"hostname":"www.history.com","path":"/tag/black-history","channelCode":"web","languageCode":"en","pageType":"richterm","section":[],"terms":["Black History"],"coreVertical":"news","specialtyVerticals":[],"env":"prod"}},"sizedSlots":[{"config":{"sizes":[[320,50],[320,100]]},"model":{"zone":"header","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"width":320,"height":50},{"width":320,"height":100}],"screenSizes":["A"],"slotModel":{"zone":"header","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-7e0269cc866143e3b47c0934f4b58ce5","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[728,90]]},"model":{"zone":"header","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"width":728,"height":90}],"screenSizes":["B"],"slotModel":{"zone":"header","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-a19fdb20cff649cfa7b98321e388520c","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90]]},"model":{"zone":"header","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"width":970,"height":250},{"width":970,"height":90},{"width":728,"height":90}],"screenSizes":["C","D"],"slotModel":{"zone":"header","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-5e9ca83cc7f94e34b44525cf23940b81","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[900,65],[970,90],[728,90]]},"model":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"name":"fixedBottomC"}],"screenSizes":["C"],"slotModel":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-c270033438f845ba9f37b87f0fb7f90b","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[320,60],[320,50],[300,50]]},"model":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"name":"fixedBottomA"}],"screenSizes":["A"],"slotModel":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-14a49a15b0214216866ced5df8421a5b","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[768,66],[728,90]]},"model":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"name":"fixedBottomB"}],"screenSizes":["B"],"slotModel":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-593d4a2d1dd84ffbb88914764d55d07a","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[728,90],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":728,"height":90},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["B"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-8ce54873c44e4a06b14060e22f19dce8","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":970,"height":250},{"width":970,"height":90},{"width":728,"height":90},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["C"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-6c65a4c6e48147dca3e0c9691d474421","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[300,250],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":300,"height":250},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["A"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-180923a9eb6c42cfba6a7a642230478f","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":970,"height":250},{"width":970,"height":90},{"width":728,"height":90},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["C"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-6c266c4249dc4b1bb279b2c0806f88c0","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[300,250],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":300,"height":250},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["A"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-39d41250a10a4f4db32260da07961fdd","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[728,90],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":728,"height":90},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["B"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-bd45e1d5fb1145f7b9e9392a81993700","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},{"config":{"sizes":[[300,600],[300,250],[160,600]]},"model":{"zone":"below_content_sidebar","index":"0","isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"width":300,"height":600},{"width":300,"height":250},{"width":160,"height":600}],"screenSizes":["C"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content_sidebar","index":"0","isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-8ceb60354cd949f7a853010f45a60fce","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"}],"outOfPageSlots":[{"config":{},"model":{"zone":"interstitial","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"screenSizes":null,"slotModel":{"zone":"interstitial","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-721e5845f8a64ef19efe391d209061c1","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"}]}};</script><script>var phxAdvertisingQueue = window.phxAdvertisingQueue || []; var phxAdServerQueue = window.phxAdServerQueue || []; var phxDemographicsQueue = window.phxDemographicsQueue || []; </script><script async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/runtime/gamma.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script>var googletag = googletag || {};googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || [];</script><script defer src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115js_/https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js"></script><script defer src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/runtime/delta.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script>phxDemographicsQueue.push(function () { this.init({"addressableDemographics":{"CA":{"55plus":false,"21plus":false,"45plus":false,"f":false,"21-49":false,"25-34":false,"55-64":false,"m":true,"18plus":false,"65plus":true,"18-24":false,"45-54":false,"25plus":false,"25-54":false,"25-44":false,"35plus":false,"35-54":false,"35-44":false,"18-34":false},"GB":{"55plus":false,"all":false,"45plus":false,"gbp50k":false,"18-24":false,"45-54":false,"25-44":false,"55-64":false,"25-54":false,"21plus":false,"35-44":false,"18plus":false,"65plus":true,"25plus":false,"gbp70k":false,"21-49":false,"25-34":false,"18-34":false,"35plus":false,"35-54":false,"f":false,"m":true},"US":{"55plus":false,"all":false,"45plus":false,"usd150k":false,"18-24":false,"45-54":false,"25-44":false,"55-64":false,"25-54":false,"21plus":false,"35-44":false,"18plus":false,"asia":false,"65plus":true,"hisp":false,"25plus":false,"usd75k":false,"usd100k":false,"21-49":false,"25-34":false,"18-34":false,"35plus":false,"35-54":false,"afam":false,"f":false,"m":true}}}); }); </script><script>if (window.phxPageTarget) { phxAdvertisingQueue.push(function () { this.beginPage(window.phxPageTarget.config); }); }</script><script>(function() { window._comscore = window._comscore || []; var comscoreTag = { c1: '2', c2: '3005002', }; var campaignId = ''; var siteUrl = ''; if (campaignId || siteUrl) { comscoreTag.c3 = campaignId; comscoreTag.c4 = siteUrl ? encodeURIComponent(siteUrl) : ''; } window._comscore.push(comscoreTag); })();</script><script>(function() { window._comscore = window._comscore || []; var comscoreTag = { c1: '2', c2: '27019031', }; var campaignId = ''; var siteUrl = ''; if (campaignId || siteUrl) { comscoreTag.c3 = campaignId; comscoreTag.c4 = siteUrl ? encodeURIComponent(siteUrl) : ''; } window._comscore.push(comscoreTag); })();</script><script>(function() { var _load = function () { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.src = "https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); }; var gdpr = window.GdprStatus; gdpr.isApplicable().then(function (isApplicable) { if (isApplicable) { //- This causes the Comscore script to delay until consent state //- is known; the rest of the code above is benign in the event that //- consent has not been given. gdpr.waitForConsentValue().then(function () { Promise.all([ gdpr.isConsentGivenForVendorPurpose(GdprStatus.PURPOSE_IDS.measurement), gdpr.isConsentGivenForVendor(GdprStatus.VENDOR_IDS.comscore), ]).then(function(values) { if (values[0] && values[1]) { _load(); } }); }); } else { _load(); } }); })();</script><base href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/"><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="referrer" content="unsafe-url"><meta http-equiv="cleartype" content="on"><meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True"><meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/site/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/site/images/apple-touch-icon-57x57-precomposed.png?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/site/images/apple-touch-icon-72x72-precomposed.png?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/site/images/apple-touch-icon-114x114-precomposed.png?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><meta name="format-detection" content="address=no"><meta name="google-site-verification" content="UJ5DYgSNH_M-jazMoGwLwZbRcROfBun_AtNyzptKT1U"><meta name="generator" content="Tempest - www.saymedia.com"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/favicon.ico"><link rel="schema.dcterms" href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><meta name="pinterest" content="nohover"><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="HISTORY - Main - RSS feed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.history.com/.rss/full/"><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="HISTORY - Black History - RSS feed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.history.com/.rss/full/tag/black-history"><title>Black History - HISTORY</title><link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.history.com/tag/black-history"><meta name="keywords" content="Black History"><meta name="pagetype" content="rich_term"><meta name="robots" content="noodp"><meta name="item-id" content="ci0230e51ff00526df"><meta name="published" content="2018-08-23T03:25:36Z"><meta name="modified" content="2018-08-23T03:53:31Z"><meta name="dcterms.rightsHolder" content="A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved."><meta name="dcterms.dateCopyrighted" content="2019"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/tag/black-history"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="www.history.com"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.history.com/tag/black-history"><meta property="og:title" content="Black History"><meta property="og:site_name" content="HISTORY"><meta property="fb:pages" content="8429246183"><meta name="pinterest-rich-pin" content="true"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="HISTORY"><meta name="parsely-title" content="Black History - HISTORY"><meta name="parsely-link" content="https://www.history.com/tag/black-history"><meta name="parsely-post-id" content="ci0230e51ff00526df"><meta name="parsely-pub-date" content="2018-08-23T03:25:36Z"><meta name="parsely-tags" content="Black History"><meta name="phx:content-item-id" content="ci0230e51ff00526df"><meta name="phx:content-object-type" content="ContentRichTerm"></head><body class="mm-alt-demo-data-enabled mm-quotes-revamp-enabled mm-use-amp-consent-enabled mm-table-of-contents-enabled mm-lazy-load-ads-enabled mm-ae-salish-recirculation-widget-enabled mm-deferred-featured-video-enabled mm-use-consent-management-enabled" phx-page-manager><phoenix-page><phoenix-style href="/web/20190427001115cs_/http://www.history.com/site/styles/print.min.css?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253" media="print" delay-load></phoenix-style><div id="lyra-wrapper"><phoenix-overlay class="m-off-canvas" overlay-name="offcanvas" aria-hidden="true" role="navigation"><phoenix-notifier event-name="phoenix:overlay" events="click mousewheel scroll touchmove DOMMouseScroll"><div class="m-off-canvas--overlay"></div></phoenix-notifier><div class="m-off-canvas--menu"><phoenix-notifier event-name="phoenix:overlay"><button class="m-off-canvas--close m-off-canvas--toggle m-icon-button" aria-label="Close Menu" type="button"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-icon-button--icon" icon="ico_close"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg" icon="ico_close"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_close"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></phoenix-icon-fallback></button></phoenix-notifier><div class="m-vertical-nav m-off-canvas--scroller-no-footer"><div class="m-off-canvas--header"><form class="m-off-canvas--search" role="form" action="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/search" method="GET"><input class="m-off-canvas--search-input" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" name="query"><button class="m-off-canvas--search-button m-icon-button" aria-label="Submit Search" type="submit"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-icon-button--icon" icon="ico_search"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg" icon="ico_search"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_search"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></phoenix-icon-fallback></button></form></div><div class="m-off-canvas--scroll-wrapper"><nav role="navigation"><phoenix-accordion class="m-accordion is-inverted" id="offcanvas-accordion"><ul><li><phoenix-accordion-item class="m-accordion--item" id="offcanvas-0" accordion-id="offcanvas-accordion"><div class="m-accordion--item-heading"><a class="m-accordion--item-heading-link" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/shows" title="Shows">Shows</a></div></phoenix-accordion-item></li><li><phoenix-accordion-item class="m-accordion--item" id="offcanvas-1" accordion-id="offcanvas-accordion"><div class="m-accordion--item-heading"><a class="m-accordion--item-heading-link" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history" title="This Day In History">This Day In History</a></div></phoenix-accordion-item></li><li><phoenix-accordion-item class="m-accordion--item" id="offcanvas-2" accordion-id="offcanvas-accordion"><div class="m-accordion--item-heading"><a class="m-accordion--item-heading-link" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/schedule" title="Schedule">Schedule</a></div></phoenix-accordion-item></li><li><phoenix-accordion-item class="m-accordion--item" id="offcanvas-3" accordion-id="offcanvas-accordion"><div class="m-accordion--item-heading"><a class="m-accordion--item-heading-link" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics" title="Topics">Topics</a></div></phoenix-accordion-item></li><li><phoenix-accordion-item class="m-accordion--item" id="offcanvas-4" accordion-id="offcanvas-accordion"><div class="m-accordion--item-heading"><a class="m-accordion--item-heading-link" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" title="Stories">Stories</a></div></phoenix-accordion-item></li></ul></phoenix-accordion><ul class="m-off-canvas--nav-secondary m-vertical-nav--menu m-vertical-nav-secondary" phx-track-id="Nav List"><li phx-track-id="Item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/adchoices" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Ad Choices" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Name"><em>Ad Choices</em></a></li><li phx-track-id="Item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/advertise" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Advertise" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Name"><em>Advertise</em></a></li><li phx-track-id="Item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/closed-caption-support" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Closed Captioning" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Name"><em>Closed Captioning</em></a></li><li phx-track-id="Item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/copyright" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Copyright Policy" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Name"><em>Copyright Policy</em></a></li><li phx-track-id="Item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Corporate Information" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Name"><em>Corporate Information</em></a></li><li phx-track-id="Item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/careers" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Employment Opportunities" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Name"><em>Employment Opportunities</em></a></li><li phx-track-id="Item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://history.zendesk.com/hc/en-us" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="FAQ/Contact Us" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Name"><em>FAQ/Contact Us</em></a></li><li phx-track-id="Item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/privacy-editorial" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Privacy Notice" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Name"><em>Privacy Notice</em></a></li><li phx-track-id="Item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/terms" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Terms of Use" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Name"><em>Terms of Use</em></a></li><li phx-track-id="Item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/guidelines" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="TV Parental Guidelines" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Name"><em>TV Parental Guidelines</em></a></li><li phx-track-id="Item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.history.com/page/rss-feeds" title="RSS Feeds" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Name"><em>RSS Feeds</em></a></li><li phx-track-id="Item"><a href="javascript:window.phxConsentManagement.displayUi()" title="Privacy Settings" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Name"><em>Privacy Settings</em></a></li></ul></nav><ul class="m-off-canvas--social-links"><li><a class="m-icon-button m-off-canvas--social-link" aria-label="facebook" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.facebook.com/HISTORY" target="_blank" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-icon-button--icon" icon="ico_facebook"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_facebook"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></a></li><li><a class="m-icon-button m-off-canvas--social-link" aria-label="twitter" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://twitter.com/history" target="_blank" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-icon-button--icon" icon="ico_twitter"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_twitter"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></a></li><li><a class="m-icon-button m-off-canvas--social-link" aria-label="youtube" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.youtube.com/user/historychannel" target="_blank" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-icon-button--icon" icon="ico_youtube"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_youtube"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></a></li><li><a class="m-icon-button m-off-canvas--social-link" aria-label="flipboard" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.flipboard.com/@historychannel" target="_blank" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-icon-button--icon" icon="ico_flipboard"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_flipboard"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></a></li></ul></div></div></div></phoenix-overlay><div class="m-page-wrapper"><div><div class="m-header-ad not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d" data-class-rules="[]" data-ad-group="header-0"><div class="m-header-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div id="ad-7e0269cc866143e3b47c0934f4b58ce5"></div></div></div><div class="m-header-ad not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d" data-class-rules="[]" data-ad-group="header-0"><div class="m-header-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d"><div id="ad-a19fdb20cff649cfa7b98321e388520c"></div></div></div><div class="m-header-ad not-size-a not-size-b" data-class-rules="[]" data-ad-group="header-0"><div class="m-header-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-a not-size-b"><div id="ad-5e9ca83cc7f94e34b44525cf23940b81"></div><span class="bt-uid-tg" uid="5b9a901d35-168" style="display: none !important"></span></div></div></div><div id="ad-721e5845f8a64ef19efe391d209061c1"></div><phoenix-sticky-nav class="m-site-nav l-sticky-navbar"><phoenix-notifier class="m-header--menu m-site-nav--menu-toggler" event-name="phoenix:overlay" event-value="offcanvas"><button class="m-off-canvas--toggle m-icon-button" aria-label="Menu" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="offcanvas"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-icon-button--icon" icon="ico_hamburger"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_hamburger"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></button></phoenix-notifier><ul class="m-header--main-nav m-site-nav--main"><li class="m-header--logo-list-item m-site-nav--logo"><a class="m-header--navbar-logo" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="logo" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/cs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good/MTU1MTMxNjMyMzU1OTI3NTg1/logo-nav.png" alt="Logo"></a></li><li class="m-header--main-link " phx-track-id="section"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/shows" target="" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);">Shows</a></li><li class="m-header--main-link " phx-track-id="section"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history" target="" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);">This Day In History</a></li><li class="m-header--main-link " phx-track-id="section"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/schedule" target="" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);">Schedule</a></li><li class="m-header--main-link " phx-track-id="section"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics" target="" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);">Topics</a></li><li class="m-header--main-link " phx-track-id="section"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" target="" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);">Stories</a></li></ul><div class="m-header--search-group m-site-nav--search-group"><div class="m-header--search"><a class="m-icon-button" aria-label="Search" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/search" title="Search" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="search"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-icon-button--icon" icon="ico_search"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_search"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></a></div></div></phoenix-sticky-nav><phoenix-salish-recirculation maven-channels="history,bio" maven-item-id="ci0230e51ff00526df"></phoenix-salish-recirculation><div class="m-advertisement-off-canvas--pusher"><header class="m-header mm-header-standard mm-header-left m-content-detail" phx-track-id="header"><section><ul class="m-header--social-nav"><li class="m-header--link m-header--social-facebook" phx-track-id="social"><a aria-label="facebook" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.facebook.com/HISTORY" target="_blank" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="facebook-follow"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg" icon="ico_facebook"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_facebook"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></a></li><li class="m-header--link m-header--social-twitter" phx-track-id="social"><a aria-label="twitter" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://twitter.com/history" target="_blank" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="twitter-follow"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg" icon="ico_twitter"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_twitter"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></a></li><li class="m-header--link m-header--social-youtube" phx-track-id="social"><a aria-label="youtube" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.youtube.com/user/historychannel" target="_blank" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="youtube-follow"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg" icon="ico_youtube"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_youtube"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></a></li><li class="m-header--link m-header--social-flipboard" phx-track-id="social"><a aria-label="flipboard" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.flipboard.com/@historychannel" target="_blank" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="flipboard-follow"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg" icon="ico_flipboard"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_flipboard"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></a></li></ul><ul class="m-header--tertiary-nav"></ul><div class="m-header--main"><a class="m-header--logo" style="background-image: url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/cs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good/MTU3NTY1OTU3NTQyMjc0ODg2/logo-heading.svg");" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/" aria-label="HISTORY" phx-track-id="logo" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);"></a><phoenix-import class="m-header--coverlines-container" src="/.api/coverlines" phx-track-id="coverline"></phoenix-import></div></section><div class="m-site-nav m-header--navbar mm-protected-nav"><phoenix-notifier class="m-header--menu m-site-nav--menu-toggler" event-name="phoenix:overlay" event-value="offcanvas"><button class="m-off-canvas--toggle m-icon-button" aria-label="Menu" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="offcanvas"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-icon-button--icon" icon="ico_hamburger"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_hamburger"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></button></phoenix-notifier><ul class="m-header--main-nav m-site-nav--main"><li class="m-header--logo-list-item m-site-nav--logo"><a class="m-header--navbar-logo" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="logo" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/cs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good/MTU1MTMxNjMyMzU1OTI3NTg1/logo-nav.png" alt="Logo"></a></li><li class="m-header--main-link " phx-track-id="section"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/shows" target="" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);">Shows</a></li><li class="m-header--main-link " phx-track-id="section"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history" target="" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);">This Day In History</a></li><li class="m-header--main-link " phx-track-id="section"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/schedule" target="" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);">Schedule</a></li><li class="m-header--main-link " phx-track-id="section"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics" target="" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);">Topics</a></li><li class="m-header--main-link " phx-track-id="section"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" target="" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);">Stories</a></li></ul><div class="m-header--search-group m-site-nav--search-group"><div class="m-header--search"><a class="m-icon-button" aria-label="Search" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/search" title="Search" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="search"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-icon-button--icon" icon="ico_search"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_search"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></a></div></div></div></header><section class="m-page-container trackable click"><div class="m-advertisement--skin-container"></div><div class="m-page m-detail mm-detail" ng-class="pageClasses"><script type="application/json" id="pageItemData">{"id":"ci0230e51ff00526df","isDetailPage":true,"objectType":"ContentRichTerm","originalPublicationTimestamp":"2018-08-21T03:39:31Z","path":"/tag/black-history","publicationTimestamp":"2018-08-23T03:25:36Z","title":"Black History","viewProperties":{"rss":{"collection":{"filter":{"term":"ci0230e51ff00526df","type":"ContentArticle"}}},"analyticsModel":{"title":"Black History","pageType":"Rich Term Page"}},"associatedRichTerms":[],"commentsEnabled":true,"disqusId":"fdc74c85-a4fa-11e8-b220-02d4c801a0a4","isCanvas":true,"slug":"black-history","hasGallery":false}</script><section class="m-component-detail"><section class="m-component-stack mm-component-stack--is-stacked"><div class="m-hub-header"><div class="m-hub-header--item m-hub-header--title"><h1 class="m-hub-header--title-heading" role="heading"><span>Black History</span></h1></div><div class="m-hub-header--item m-hub-header--body"><div class="m-hub-header--body-content"></div></div></div></section></section><section class="m-list-hub m-component-stack mm-component-stack--is-stacked mm-component-stack--has-divider mm-component-stack--has-footer"><section class="m-card-group-container" data-group-size="10" data-first-group-size="6"><section class="m-card-group mm-card-group--has-rightrail mm-card-group--has-row-dividers"><div class="m-card-group--content l-grid lm-grid--density-single-column lm-grid--has-row-dividers lm-grid--has-rightrail"><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/elizabeth-freeman-slavery-case-dred-scott-freedom"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/elizabeth-freeman-slavery-case-dred-scott-freedom" title="Meet Elizabeth Freeman, the First Enslaved Woman to Sue for Her Freedom—and Win"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYyODMyMTcyNjM2NDQ4MzQ0/elizabeth-freeman-gettyimages-492438685.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYyODMyMTcyNjM2NDQ4MzQ0/elizabeth-freeman-gettyimages-492438685.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYyODMyMTcyNjM2NDQ4MzQ0/elizabeth-freeman-gettyimages-492438685.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYyODMyMTcyNjM2NDQ4MzQ0/elizabeth-freeman-gettyimages-492438685.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYyODMyMTcyNjM2NDQ4MzQ0/elizabeth-freeman-gettyimages-492438685.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYyODMyMTcyNjM2NDQ4MzQ0/elizabeth-freeman-gettyimages-492438685.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYyODMyMTcyNjM2NDQ4MzQ0/elizabeth-freeman-gettyimages-492438685.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYyODMyMTcyNjM2NDQ4MzQ0/elizabeth-freeman-gettyimages-492438685.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYyODMyMTcyNjM2NDQ4MzQ0/elizabeth-freeman-gettyimages-492438685.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYyODMyMTcyNjM2NDQ4MzQ0/elizabeth-freeman-gettyimages-492438685.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYyODMyMTcyNjM2NDQ4MzQ0/elizabeth-freeman-gettyimages-492438685.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYyODMyMTcyNjM2NDQ4MzQ0/elizabeth-freeman-gettyimages-492438685.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTYyODMyMTcyNjM2NDQ4MzQ0/elizabeth-freeman-gettyimages-492438685.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="Elizabeth Freeman"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/elizabeth-freeman-slavery-case-dred-scott-freedom"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Meet Elizabeth Freeman, the First Enslaved Woman to Sue for Her Freedom—and Win</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">In 1780, the proclamation “all men are born free and equal,” rang out from the central square in the small town of Sheffield in western Massachusetts. The line was from the state’s newly ratified constitution, read aloud for a proud public to hear. America’s war for independence <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/elizabeth-freeman-slavery-case-dred-scott-freedom"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/malcolm-x-autobiography-lost-chapter"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/malcolm-x-autobiography-lost-chapter" title="The Explosive Chapter Left Out of Malcolm X’s Autobiography"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYyMzIyNzk1NDIwNzIzMTAx/malcolm-x-gettyimages-72385184.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYyMzIyNzk1NDIwNzIzMTAx/malcolm-x-gettyimages-72385184.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYyMzIyNzk1NDIwNzIzMTAx/malcolm-x-gettyimages-72385184.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYyMzIyNzk1NDIwNzIzMTAx/malcolm-x-gettyimages-72385184.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYyMzIyNzk1NDIwNzIzMTAx/malcolm-x-gettyimages-72385184.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYyMzIyNzk1NDIwNzIzMTAx/malcolm-x-gettyimages-72385184.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYyMzIyNzk1NDIwNzIzMTAx/malcolm-x-gettyimages-72385184.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYyMzIyNzk1NDIwNzIzMTAx/malcolm-x-gettyimages-72385184.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYyMzIyNzk1NDIwNzIzMTAx/malcolm-x-gettyimages-72385184.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYyMzIyNzk1NDIwNzIzMTAx/malcolm-x-gettyimages-72385184.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYyMzIyNzk1NDIwNzIzMTAx/malcolm-x-gettyimages-72385184.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYyMzIyNzk1NDIwNzIzMTAx/malcolm-x-gettyimages-72385184.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTYyMzIyNzk1NDIwNzIzMTAx/malcolm-x-gettyimages-72385184.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="Malcolm X"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/malcolm-x-autobiography-lost-chapter"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">The Explosive Chapter Left Out of Malcolm X’s Autobiography</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">It’s not often that a little-known chapter from one of the most important books of the 20th century emerges into the public sphere. Especially one in which a prominent civil-rights figure delivers a stern rebuke to his race. In July 2018, the Schomburg Center for Research in <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/malcolm-x-autobiography-lost-chapter"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/kidnapping-of-freed-slaves-blacks-reverse-underground-railroad"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/kidnapping-of-freed-slaves-blacks-reverse-underground-railroad" title="He Fought for His Freedom in the Revolution. Then His Sons Were Sold Into Slavery"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYxMTQwODEwNDg4NzUxNjE4/bunker-hill-american-revolution-feature-skra110_xs271.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYxMTQwODEwNDg4NzUxNjE4/bunker-hill-american-revolution-feature-skra110_xs271.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYxMTQwODEwNDg4NzUxNjE4/bunker-hill-american-revolution-feature-skra110_xs271.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYxMTQwODEwNDg4NzUxNjE4/bunker-hill-american-revolution-feature-skra110_xs271.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYxMTQwODEwNDg4NzUxNjE4/bunker-hill-american-revolution-feature-skra110_xs271.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYxMTQwODEwNDg4NzUxNjE4/bunker-hill-american-revolution-feature-skra110_xs271.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYxMTQwODEwNDg4NzUxNjE4/bunker-hill-american-revolution-feature-skra110_xs271.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYxMTQwODEwNDg4NzUxNjE4/bunker-hill-american-revolution-feature-skra110_xs271.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYxMTQwODEwNDg4NzUxNjE4/bunker-hill-american-revolution-feature-skra110_xs271.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYxMTQwODEwNDg4NzUxNjE4/bunker-hill-american-revolution-feature-skra110_xs271.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYxMTQwODEwNDg4NzUxNjE4/bunker-hill-american-revolution-feature-skra110_xs271.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYxMTQwODEwNDg4NzUxNjE4/bunker-hill-american-revolution-feature-skra110_xs271.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTYxMTQwODEwNDg4NzUxNjE4/bunker-hill-american-revolution-feature-skra110_xs271.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="Bunker Hill-American Revolution-feature-SKRA110_XS271"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/kidnapping-of-freed-slaves-blacks-reverse-underground-railroad"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">He Fought for His Freedom in the Revolution. Then His Sons Were Sold Into Slavery</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Born into slavery before the American Revolution, Jude Hall fought valiantly in several of the war’s most crucial battles, earning the nickname “Old Rock” for his strength and heroism. Yet while he would gain his freedom after the war, and a small plot of land in Exeter, New <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/kidnapping-of-freed-slaves-blacks-reverse-underground-railroad"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/meet-the-oldest-living-u-s-veteran"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/meet-the-oldest-living-u-s-veteran" title="Oldest U.S. Veteran, Richard Overton, Dies at 112"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU5Mzk5NTU3MTk1NjM4MDMz/oldest-living-veteran_richard-overton_ap_967525676138.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU5Mzk5NTU3MTk1NjM4MDMz/oldest-living-veteran_richard-overton_ap_967525676138.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU5Mzk5NTU3MTk1NjM4MDMz/oldest-living-veteran_richard-overton_ap_967525676138.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU5Mzk5NTU3MTk1NjM4MDMz/oldest-living-veteran_richard-overton_ap_967525676138.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU5Mzk5NTU3MTk1NjM4MDMz/oldest-living-veteran_richard-overton_ap_967525676138.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU5Mzk5NTU3MTk1NjM4MDMz/oldest-living-veteran_richard-overton_ap_967525676138.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU5Mzk5NTU3MTk1NjM4MDMz/oldest-living-veteran_richard-overton_ap_967525676138.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU5Mzk5NTU3MTk1NjM4MDMz/oldest-living-veteran_richard-overton_ap_967525676138.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU5Mzk5NTU3MTk1NjM4MDMz/oldest-living-veteran_richard-overton_ap_967525676138.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU5Mzk5NTU3MTk1NjM4MDMz/oldest-living-veteran_richard-overton_ap_967525676138.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU5Mzk5NTU3MTk1NjM4MDMz/oldest-living-veteran_richard-overton_ap_967525676138.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU5Mzk5NTU3MTk1NjM4MDMz/oldest-living-veteran_richard-overton_ap_967525676138.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU5Mzk5NTU3MTk1NjM4MDMz/oldest-living-veteran_richard-overton_ap_967525676138.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="Oldest Living Veteran"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/meet-the-oldest-living-u-s-veteran"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Oldest Living U.S. Veteran, Richard Overton, Dies at 112</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">For his first 107 years, Richard Overton lived in relative anonymity. A World War II veteran who fought in the Pacific, he could usually be found post-retirement on the porch of his Austin, Texas, home, smoking cigars and chatting up his extensive circle of family and friends. <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/meet-the-oldest-living-u-s-veteran"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/frederick-douglass-book-omissions-autobiography"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/frederick-douglass-book-omissions-autobiography" title="What Frederick Douglass Revealed—and Omitted—in His Famous Autobiographies"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYwMjM0MDEyNDMyOTM0MDI2/frederick-douglass-promo.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYwMjM0MDEyNDMyOTM0MDI2/frederick-douglass-promo.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYwMjM0MDEyNDMyOTM0MDI2/frederick-douglass-promo.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYwMjM0MDEyNDMyOTM0MDI2/frederick-douglass-promo.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYwMjM0MDEyNDMyOTM0MDI2/frederick-douglass-promo.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYwMjM0MDEyNDMyOTM0MDI2/frederick-douglass-promo.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYwMjM0MDEyNDMyOTM0MDI2/frederick-douglass-promo.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYwMjM0MDEyNDMyOTM0MDI2/frederick-douglass-promo.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYwMjM0MDEyNDMyOTM0MDI2/frederick-douglass-promo.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYwMjM0MDEyNDMyOTM0MDI2/frederick-douglass-promo.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYwMjM0MDEyNDMyOTM0MDI2/frederick-douglass-promo.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYwMjM0MDEyNDMyOTM0MDI2/frederick-douglass-promo.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTYwMjM0MDEyNDMyOTM0MDI2/frederick-douglass-promo.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="frederick douglass-promo"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/frederick-douglass-book-omissions-autobiography"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">What Frederick Douglass Revealed—and Omitted—in His Famous Autobiographies</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Frederick Douglass, the most influential black man in 19th-century America, wrote 1,200 pages of autobiography, one of the most impressive performances of memoir in the nation’s history. The three texts included Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/frederick-douglass-book-omissions-autobiography"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states" title="Segregation in the United States"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYwMTg2Nzg5NTM1OTUwMjUx/topic-segregation-promo-getty-515579376.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYwMTg2Nzg5NTM1OTUwMjUx/topic-segregation-promo-getty-515579376.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYwMTg2Nzg5NTM1OTUwMjUx/topic-segregation-promo-getty-515579376.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYwMTg2Nzg5NTM1OTUwMjUx/topic-segregation-promo-getty-515579376.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYwMTg2Nzg5NTM1OTUwMjUx/topic-segregation-promo-getty-515579376.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYwMTg2Nzg5NTM1OTUwMjUx/topic-segregation-promo-getty-515579376.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYwMTg2Nzg5NTM1OTUwMjUx/topic-segregation-promo-getty-515579376.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYwMTg2Nzg5NTM1OTUwMjUx/topic-segregation-promo-getty-515579376.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYwMTg2Nzg5NTM1OTUwMjUx/topic-segregation-promo-getty-515579376.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTYwMTg2Nzg5NTM1OTUwMjUx/topic-segregation-promo-getty-515579376.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTYwMTg2Nzg5NTM1OTUwMjUx/topic-segregation-promo-getty-515579376.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTYwMTg2Nzg5NTM1OTUwMjUx/topic-segregation-promo-getty-515579376.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTYwMTg2Nzg5NTM1OTUwMjUx/topic-segregation-promo-getty-515579376.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="Segregation"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Black History</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">A Look Back at Segregation in the United States</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Segregation is the practice of requiring separate housing, education and other services for people of color. Segregation was made law several times in 18th and 19th-century America as some believed that black and white people were incapable of coexisting. In the lead-up to the <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div></div><div class="m-card-group--rightrail-ad not-size-a not-size-b" data-class-rules="[{"sizes":["300x600","300x250","160x600"],"classes":["m-sponsor--adjacency"]}]" data-ad-group="below_content_sidebar-0"><div class="m-card-group--rightrail-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-a not-size-b"><div id="ad-8ceb60354cd949f7a853010f45a60fce"></div></div></div></section><section class="m-adaptive-ad-component m-component-stack"><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d" data-ad-group="below_content-0"><phoenix-ad class="m-ad not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d m-in-content-ad--slot" config="{"adHtml":"","adReloaderDelay":0,"maxAdReloads":5,"adReloaderSizeCodes":null,"adCloseButton":false,"bonusConfig":null,"classRules":[{"dimensions":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card","m-advertisement--fluid-list-card"]}],"localizedPhrases":{"advertisement_legend":"ADVERTISEMENT","outstream_clickout":"Visit Website","outstream_thanks":"Thanks for watching!"},"overrideOutstreamScript":false,"moduleClass":"m-in-content-ad","slotId":"ad-180923a9eb6c42cfba6a7a642230478f","visClasses":["not-size-b","not-size-c","not-size-d"],"extraClasses":null,"zone":"below_content","adGroup":"below_content-0","slotConfig":{"config":{"sizes":[[300,250],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":300,"height":250},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["A"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-180923a9eb6c42cfba6a7a642230478f","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"}}"></phoenix-ad></aside><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d" data-ad-group="below_content-0"><phoenix-ad class="m-ad not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d m-in-content-ad--slot" config="{"adHtml":"","adReloaderDelay":0,"maxAdReloads":5,"adReloaderSizeCodes":null,"adCloseButton":false,"bonusConfig":null,"classRules":[{"sizes":["728x90"],"classes":["is-728x90"]},{"dimensions":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card","m-advertisement--fluid-list-card"]}],"localizedPhrases":{"advertisement_legend":"ADVERTISEMENT","outstream_clickout":"Visit Website","outstream_thanks":"Thanks for watching!"},"overrideOutstreamScript":false,"moduleClass":"m-in-content-ad","slotId":"ad-8ce54873c44e4a06b14060e22f19dce8","visClasses":["not-size-a","not-size-c","not-size-d"],"extraClasses":null,"zone":"below_content","adGroup":"below_content-0","slotConfig":{"config":{"sizes":[[728,90],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":728,"height":90},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["B"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-8ce54873c44e4a06b14060e22f19dce8","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"}}"></phoenix-ad></aside><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row not-size-a not-size-b" data-ad-group="below_content-0"><phoenix-ad class="m-ad not-size-a not-size-b m-in-content-ad--slot" config="{"adHtml":"","adReloaderDelay":0,"maxAdReloads":5,"adReloaderSizeCodes":null,"adCloseButton":false,"bonusConfig":null,"classRules":[{"sizes":["970x250"],"classes":["is-970x250"]},{"sizes":["728x90"],"classes":["is-728x90"]},{"dimensions":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card","m-advertisement--fluid-list-card"]}],"localizedPhrases":{"advertisement_legend":"ADVERTISEMENT","outstream_clickout":"Visit Website","outstream_thanks":"Thanks for watching!"},"overrideOutstreamScript":false,"moduleClass":"m-in-content-ad","slotId":"ad-6c65a4c6e48147dca3e0c9691d474421","visClasses":["not-size-a","not-size-b"],"extraClasses":null,"zone":"below_content","adGroup":"below_content-0","slotConfig":{"config":{"sizes":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":970,"height":250},{"width":970,"height":90},{"width":728,"height":90},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["C"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"0","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-6c65a4c6e48147dca3e0c9691d474421","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},"showBlockthrough":true}"></phoenix-ad></aside></section><section class="m-card-group mm-card-group--has-row-dividers"><div class="m-card-group--content l-grid lm-grid--density-single-column lm-grid--has-row-dividers"><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones" title="Black History Timeline"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NTk4OTUwMjY2MTg1/image-placeholder-title.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NTk4OTUwMjY2MTg1/image-placeholder-title.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NTk4OTUwMjY2MTg1/image-placeholder-title.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NTk4OTUwMjY2MTg1/image-placeholder-title.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NTk4OTUwMjY2MTg1/image-placeholder-title.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NTk4OTUwMjY2MTg1/image-placeholder-title.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NTk4OTUwMjY2MTg1/image-placeholder-title.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NTk4OTUwMjY2MTg1/image-placeholder-title.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NTk4OTUwMjY2MTg1/image-placeholder-title.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NTk4OTUwMjY2MTg1/image-placeholder-title.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NTk4OTUwMjY2MTg1/image-placeholder-title.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NTk4OTUwMjY2MTg1/image-placeholder-title.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc4NTk4OTUwMjY2MTg1/image-placeholder-title.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="Martin Luther King Jr, Coretta Scott King and John Lewis lead the march from Selma to Montgomery, several weeks after "Bloody Sunday." (Credit: Corbis Images)"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Black History</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Black History in the United States: A Timeline</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">The history of African-Americans begins with slavery, as white European settlers first brought Africans to the continent to serve as slaves. The fate of slaves in the United States would divide the nation during the Civil War. And after the war, the racist legacy of slavery would <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/green-book-black-travel-resorts-jim-crow"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/green-book-black-travel-resorts-jim-crow" title="Before the Green Book, These Resorts Offered Hidden Safe Havens for Black Americans"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU5OTExMTg5NTM3OTU3NDA4/idlewild-michigan-social.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU5OTExMTg5NTM3OTU3NDA4/idlewild-michigan-social.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU5OTExMTg5NTM3OTU3NDA4/idlewild-michigan-social.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU5OTExMTg5NTM3OTU3NDA4/idlewild-michigan-social.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU5OTExMTg5NTM3OTU3NDA4/idlewild-michigan-social.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU5OTExMTg5NTM3OTU3NDA4/idlewild-michigan-social.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU5OTExMTg5NTM3OTU3NDA4/idlewild-michigan-social.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU5OTExMTg5NTM3OTU3NDA4/idlewild-michigan-social.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU5OTExMTg5NTM3OTU3NDA4/idlewild-michigan-social.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU5OTExMTg5NTM3OTU3NDA4/idlewild-michigan-social.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU5OTExMTg5NTM3OTU3NDA4/idlewild-michigan-social.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU5OTExMTg5NTM3OTU3NDA4/idlewild-michigan-social.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU5OTExMTg5NTM3OTU3NDA4/idlewild-michigan-social.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="A group of people at the Idlewild Club House in 1938"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/green-book-black-travel-resorts-jim-crow"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Before the Green Book, These Resorts Offered Hidden Safe Havens for Black Americans</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Idlewild, Michigan was once known as “The Black Eden”—a resort where black writers, business people, physicians and entertainers spent their summers in a racially segregated country. In its earliest days, you could run into W.E.B. Du Bois; in its later years, you could catch an <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/green-book-black-travel-resorts-jim-crow"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/fredi-washington-black-actress-hollywood-jim-crow-era"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/fredi-washington-black-actress-hollywood-jim-crow-era" title="The Fair-Skinned Black Actress Who Refused to 'Pass' in 1930s Hollywood"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU4MjU5ODMwOTgzODI5NDMw/fredi-washington-16x9-494800943.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU4MjU5ODMwOTgzODI5NDMw/fredi-washington-16x9-494800943.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU4MjU5ODMwOTgzODI5NDMw/fredi-washington-16x9-494800943.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU4MjU5ODMwOTgzODI5NDMw/fredi-washington-16x9-494800943.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU4MjU5ODMwOTgzODI5NDMw/fredi-washington-16x9-494800943.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU4MjU5ODMwOTgzODI5NDMw/fredi-washington-16x9-494800943.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU4MjU5ODMwOTgzODI5NDMw/fredi-washington-16x9-494800943.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU4MjU5ODMwOTgzODI5NDMw/fredi-washington-16x9-494800943.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU4MjU5ODMwOTgzODI5NDMw/fredi-washington-16x9-494800943.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU4MjU5ODMwOTgzODI5NDMw/fredi-washington-16x9-494800943.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU4MjU5ODMwOTgzODI5NDMw/fredi-washington-16x9-494800943.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU4MjU5ODMwOTgzODI5NDMw/fredi-washington-16x9-494800943.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU4MjU5ODMwOTgzODI5NDMw/fredi-washington-16x9-494800943.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="Fredi Washington"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/fredi-washington-black-actress-hollywood-jim-crow-era"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">The Fair-Skinned Black Actress Who Refused to 'Pass' in 1930s Hollywood</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">When Duke Ellington and his band toured the segregated South in the early 1930s, they encountered racism wherever they went. A gorgeous black performer also traveled with the band—Frederika “Fredi” Washington. Lithe and light-skinned, she was pale enough to “pass” as white in the <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/fredi-washington-black-actress-hollywood-jim-crow-era"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/kkk-birth-of-a-nation-film"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/kkk-birth-of-a-nation-film" title="How 'The Birth of a Nation' Revived the Ku Klux Klan"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyMTc2NjAzNDY1/birth-of-a-nation-506002357.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyMTc2NjAzNDY1/birth-of-a-nation-506002357.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyMTc2NjAzNDY1/birth-of-a-nation-506002357.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyMTc2NjAzNDY1/birth-of-a-nation-506002357.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyMTc2NjAzNDY1/birth-of-a-nation-506002357.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyMTc2NjAzNDY1/birth-of-a-nation-506002357.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyMTc2NjAzNDY1/birth-of-a-nation-506002357.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyMTc2NjAzNDY1/birth-of-a-nation-506002357.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyMTc2NjAzNDY1/birth-of-a-nation-506002357.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyMTc2NjAzNDY1/birth-of-a-nation-506002357.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyMTc2NjAzNDY1/birth-of-a-nation-506002357.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyMTc2NjAzNDY1/birth-of-a-nation-506002357.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc4NjAyMTc2NjAzNDY1/birth-of-a-nation-506002357.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="birth-of-a-nation-506002357"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/kkk-birth-of-a-nation-film"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">How 'The Birth of a Nation' Revived the Ku Klux Klan</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">History is usually written by the winners. But that wasn’t the case when The Birth of a Nation was released on February 8, 1915. In just over three hours, D.W. Griffith’s controversial epic film about the Civil War and Reconstruction depicted the Ku Klux Klan as valiant saviors <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/kkk-birth-of-a-nation-film"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/charlotte-e-ray-first-black-woman-attorney"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/charlotte-e-ray-first-black-woman-attorney" title="Charlotte E. Ray’s Brief But Historic Career as the First U.S. Black Woman Attorney"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NTk4NDE5MDk2OTA1/drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NTk4NDE5MDk2OTA1/drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NTk4NDE5MDk2OTA1/drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NTk4NDE5MDk2OTA1/drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NTk4NDE5MDk2OTA1/drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NTk4NDE5MDk2OTA1/drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NTk4NDE5MDk2OTA1/drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NTk4NDE5MDk2OTA1/drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NTk4NDE5MDk2OTA1/drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NTk4NDE5MDk2OTA1/drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NTk4NDE5MDk2OTA1/drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NTk4NDE5MDk2OTA1/drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc4NTk4NDE5MDk2OTA1/drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="drawing_of_charlotte_e_ray"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/charlotte-e-ray-first-black-woman-attorney"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Charlotte E. Ray’s Brief But Historic Career as the First U.S. Black Woman Attorney</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Martha Gadley’s marriage was a nightmare. When her husband drank, he turned increasingly violent. One night, he used an ax to chop a hole in the floor and threatened to push her into the room below. He refused to bring her water when she was sick. When she left the house, he <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/charlotte-e-ray-first-black-woman-attorney"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/first-black-congressman-hiram-revels"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/first-black-congressman-hiram-revels" title="The First Black Man Elected to Congress Was Nearly Blocked From Taking His Seat"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NTk4MTQ1OTQyODU3/hiram-revels.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NTk4MTQ1OTQyODU3/hiram-revels.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NTk4MTQ1OTQyODU3/hiram-revels.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NTk4MTQ1OTQyODU3/hiram-revels.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NTk4MTQ1OTQyODU3/hiram-revels.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NTk4MTQ1OTQyODU3/hiram-revels.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NTk4MTQ1OTQyODU3/hiram-revels.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NTk4MTQ1OTQyODU3/hiram-revels.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NTk4MTQ1OTQyODU3/hiram-revels.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NTk4MTQ1OTQyODU3/hiram-revels.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NTk4MTQ1OTQyODU3/hiram-revels.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NTk4MTQ1OTQyODU3/hiram-revels.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc4NTk4MTQ1OTQyODU3/hiram-revels.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="hiram-revels"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/first-black-congressman-hiram-revels"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">The First Black Man Elected to Congress Was Nearly Blocked From Taking His Seat</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Hiram Rhodes Revels arrived on Capitol Hill to take his seat as the first black member of the U.S. Congress in 1870. But first, the Mississippi Republican faced Democrats determined to block him. The Constitution requires senators to hold citizenship for at least nine years, and <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/first-black-congressman-hiram-revels"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/black-cop-infiltrate-kkk-real-story"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/black-cop-infiltrate-kkk-real-story" title="The Real Story of How a Black Cop Infiltrated the KKK"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTc4NTY3NDk3/775199955jn00074_blackkklan.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTc4NTY3NDk3/775199955jn00074_blackkklan.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTc4NTY3NDk3/775199955jn00074_blackkklan.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTc4NTY3NDk3/775199955jn00074_blackkklan.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTc4NTY3NDk3/775199955jn00074_blackkklan.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTc4NTY3NDk3/775199955jn00074_blackkklan.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTc4NTY3NDk3/775199955jn00074_blackkklan.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTc4NTY3NDk3/775199955jn00074_blackkklan.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTc4NTY3NDk3/775199955jn00074_blackkklan.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTc4NTY3NDk3/775199955jn00074_blackkklan.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTc4NTY3NDk3/775199955jn00074_blackkklan.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTc4NTY3NDk3/775199955jn00074_blackkklan.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTc4NTY3NDk3/775199955jn00074_blackkklan.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="775199955jn00074_blackkklan"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/black-cop-infiltrate-kkk-real-story"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">The Real Story of How a Black Cop Infiltrated the KKK</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Among the white supremacist members of the Ku Klux Klan, Ron Stallworth stood out for a couple reasons: he was an undercover officer and he was a black man. In the fall of 1978, at the Colorado Springs Police Department, Stallworth saw an ad in the local newspaper calling for new <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/black-cop-infiltrate-kkk-real-story"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/race-records-bessie-smith-big-bill-broonzy-music-business"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/race-records-bessie-smith-big-bill-broonzy-music-business" title="How 'Race Records' Turned Black Music Into Big Business"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTkzOTY4NDU3/gettyimages-74255351.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTkzOTY4NDU3/gettyimages-74255351.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTkzOTY4NDU3/gettyimages-74255351.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTkzOTY4NDU3/gettyimages-74255351.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTkzOTY4NDU3/gettyimages-74255351.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTkzOTY4NDU3/gettyimages-74255351.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTkzOTY4NDU3/gettyimages-74255351.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTkzOTY4NDU3/gettyimages-74255351.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTkzOTY4NDU3/gettyimages-74255351.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTkzOTY4NDU3/gettyimages-74255351.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTkzOTY4NDU3/gettyimages-74255351.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTkzOTY4NDU3/gettyimages-74255351.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc4NjAyOTkzOTY4NDU3/gettyimages-74255351.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="gettyimages-74255351"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/race-records-bessie-smith-big-bill-broonzy-music-business"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">How 'Race Records' Turned Black Music Into Big Business</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">In 1926, a self-taught musician named Big Bill Broonzy found his way to Chicago. A sharecropper turned soldier, he had left Mississippi and headed north to escape the pervasive racism of the Jim Crow South along with thousands of others of African-Americans in the Great <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/race-records-bessie-smith-big-bill-broonzy-music-business"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/ida-b-wells-lynching-memphis-chicago"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/ida-b-wells-lynching-memphis-chicago" title="When Ida B. Wells Took on Lynching, Threats Forced Her to Leave Memphis"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyNzI3MTcxNDAx/ida-b-wells-464784221.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyNzI3MTcxNDAx/ida-b-wells-464784221.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyNzI3MTcxNDAx/ida-b-wells-464784221.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyNzI3MTcxNDAx/ida-b-wells-464784221.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyNzI3MTcxNDAx/ida-b-wells-464784221.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyNzI3MTcxNDAx/ida-b-wells-464784221.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyNzI3MTcxNDAx/ida-b-wells-464784221.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyNzI3MTcxNDAx/ida-b-wells-464784221.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyNzI3MTcxNDAx/ida-b-wells-464784221.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyNzI3MTcxNDAx/ida-b-wells-464784221.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyNzI3MTcxNDAx/ida-b-wells-464784221.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyNzI3MTcxNDAx/ida-b-wells-464784221.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc4NjAyNzI3MTcxNDAx/ida-b-wells-464784221.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="ida-b-wells-464784221"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/ida-b-wells-lynching-memphis-chicago"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">When Ida B. Wells Took on Lynching, Threats Forced Her to Leave Memphis</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Journalist Ida B. Wells was already out of town when she realized that an editorial she’d written had caused a riot. In 1892, Wells had left Memphis to attend a conference in Philadelphia, when the office of the newspaper she co-owned was destroyed and her co-editor was run out <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/ida-b-wells-lynching-memphis-chicago"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/charleston-church-shooting-memorial"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/charleston-church-shooting-memorial" title="Charleston's Emanuel 9 Memorial: Balancing Education With Healing"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAxOTA3NjQzNzIx/1-hero-image_1.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAxOTA3NjQzNzIx/1-hero-image_1.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAxOTA3NjQzNzIx/1-hero-image_1.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAxOTA3NjQzNzIx/1-hero-image_1.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAxOTA3NjQzNzIx/1-hero-image_1.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAxOTA3NjQzNzIx/1-hero-image_1.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAxOTA3NjQzNzIx/1-hero-image_1.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAxOTA3NjQzNzIx/1-hero-image_1.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAxOTA3NjQzNzIx/1-hero-image_1.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAxOTA3NjQzNzIx/1-hero-image_1.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAxOTA3NjQzNzIx/1-hero-image_1.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAxOTA3NjQzNzIx/1-hero-image_1.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc4NjAxOTA3NjQzNzIx/1-hero-image_1.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="1-hero-image_1"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/charleston-church-shooting-memorial"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Charleston's Emanuel 9 Memorial: Balancing Education With Healing</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">On the evening of June 17, 2015, Dylann Roof, a 21-year-old baby-faced white supremacist, walked into a prayer group at the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina. After sitting quietly for nearly an hour, he stood up, pulled out a <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/charleston-church-shooting-memorial"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div></div></section><section class="m-adaptive-ad-component m-component-stack"><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d" data-ad-group="below_content-1"><phoenix-ad class="m-ad not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d m-in-content-ad--slot" config="{"adHtml":"","adReloaderDelay":0,"maxAdReloads":5,"adReloaderSizeCodes":null,"adCloseButton":false,"bonusConfig":null,"classRules":[{"dimensions":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card","m-advertisement--fluid-list-card"]}],"localizedPhrases":{"advertisement_legend":"ADVERTISEMENT","outstream_clickout":"Visit Website","outstream_thanks":"Thanks for watching!"},"overrideOutstreamScript":false,"moduleClass":"m-in-content-ad","slotId":"ad-39d41250a10a4f4db32260da07961fdd","visClasses":["not-size-b","not-size-c","not-size-d"],"extraClasses":null,"zone":"below_content","adGroup":"below_content-1","slotConfig":{"config":{"sizes":[[300,250],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":300,"height":250},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["A"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-39d41250a10a4f4db32260da07961fdd","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"}}"></phoenix-ad></aside><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d" data-ad-group="below_content-1"><phoenix-ad class="m-ad not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d m-in-content-ad--slot" config="{"adHtml":"","adReloaderDelay":0,"maxAdReloads":5,"adReloaderSizeCodes":null,"adCloseButton":false,"bonusConfig":null,"classRules":[{"sizes":["728x90"],"classes":["is-728x90"]},{"dimensions":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card","m-advertisement--fluid-list-card"]}],"localizedPhrases":{"advertisement_legend":"ADVERTISEMENT","outstream_clickout":"Visit Website","outstream_thanks":"Thanks for watching!"},"overrideOutstreamScript":false,"moduleClass":"m-in-content-ad","slotId":"ad-bd45e1d5fb1145f7b9e9392a81993700","visClasses":["not-size-a","not-size-c","not-size-d"],"extraClasses":null,"zone":"below_content","adGroup":"below_content-1","slotConfig":{"config":{"sizes":[[728,90],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":728,"height":90},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["B"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-bd45e1d5fb1145f7b9e9392a81993700","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"}}"></phoenix-ad></aside><aside class="m-in-content-ad-row not-size-a not-size-b" data-ad-group="below_content-1"><phoenix-ad class="m-ad not-size-a not-size-b m-in-content-ad--slot" config="{"adHtml":"","adReloaderDelay":0,"maxAdReloads":5,"adReloaderSizeCodes":null,"adCloseButton":false,"bonusConfig":null,"classRules":[{"sizes":["970x250"],"classes":["is-970x250"]},{"sizes":["728x90"],"classes":["is-728x90"]},{"dimensions":["0x0"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fluid-card","m-advertisement--fluid-list-card"]}],"localizedPhrases":{"advertisement_legend":"ADVERTISEMENT","outstream_clickout":"Visit Website","outstream_thanks":"Thanks for watching!"},"overrideOutstreamScript":false,"moduleClass":"m-in-content-ad","slotId":"ad-6c266c4249dc4b1bb279b2c0806f88c0","visClasses":["not-size-a","not-size-b"],"extraClasses":null,"zone":"below_content","adGroup":"below_content-1","slotConfig":{"config":{"sizes":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90],"fluid"]},"model":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"sizes":[{"width":970,"height":250},{"width":970,"height":90},{"width":728,"height":90},{"name":"fluid"}],"screenSizes":["C"],"slotModel":{"zone":"below_content","index":"1","isOutstream":false,"nativeCardType":"list"},"id":"ad-6c266c4249dc4b1bb279b2c0806f88c0","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"},"showBlockthrough":true}"></phoenix-ad></aside></section><section class="m-card-group mm-card-group--has-row-dividers"><div class="m-card-group--content l-grid lm-grid--density-single-column lm-grid--has-row-dividers"><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/conviction-for-hate-crime-34-years-later"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/conviction-for-hate-crime-34-years-later" title="The Hate Crime Solved After 34 Years"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAwMjk2OTAwMzE5/timothy-coggins.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAwMjk2OTAwMzE5/timothy-coggins.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAwMjk2OTAwMzE5/timothy-coggins.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAwMjk2OTAwMzE5/timothy-coggins.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAwMjk2OTAwMzE5/timothy-coggins.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAwMjk2OTAwMzE5/timothy-coggins.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAwMjk2OTAwMzE5/timothy-coggins.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAwMjk2OTAwMzE5/timothy-coggins.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAwMjk2OTAwMzE5/timothy-coggins.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAwMjk2OTAwMzE5/timothy-coggins.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAwMjk2OTAwMzE5/timothy-coggins.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAwMjk2OTAwMzE5/timothy-coggins.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc4NjAwMjk2OTAwMzE5/timothy-coggins.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="timothy-coggins"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/conviction-for-hate-crime-34-years-later"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">The Hate Crime Solved After 34 Years</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">One night in October 1983, two white men waited outside a local dance club near Sunny Side, Georgia for a black man, Timothy Coggins. Coggins was young, exuberant, loved to dance—and was known to date white women. When Coggins emerged, according to court testimony, they lured him <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/conviction-for-hate-crime-34-years-later"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/harlem-hellfighters-horace-pippin-tales-from-wwi-trenches"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/harlem-hellfighters-horace-pippin-tales-from-wwi-trenches" title="A Harlem Hellfighter's Searing Tales from the WWI Trenches"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3OTIzNTgwNDE0NDA0NTU4/horace_pippin_sketches_featured.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3OTIzNTgwNDE0NDA0NTU4/horace_pippin_sketches_featured.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3OTIzNTgwNDE0NDA0NTU4/horace_pippin_sketches_featured.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3OTIzNTgwNDE0NDA0NTU4/horace_pippin_sketches_featured.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3OTIzNTgwNDE0NDA0NTU4/horace_pippin_sketches_featured.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3OTIzNTgwNDE0NDA0NTU4/horace_pippin_sketches_featured.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3OTIzNTgwNDE0NDA0NTU4/horace_pippin_sketches_featured.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3OTIzNTgwNDE0NDA0NTU4/horace_pippin_sketches_featured.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3OTIzNTgwNDE0NDA0NTU4/horace_pippin_sketches_featured.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3OTIzNTgwNDE0NDA0NTU4/horace_pippin_sketches_featured.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3OTIzNTgwNDE0NDA0NTU4/horace_pippin_sketches_featured.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3OTIzNTgwNDE0NDA0NTU4/horace_pippin_sketches_featured.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3OTIzNTgwNDE0NDA0NTU4/horace_pippin_sketches_featured.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="horace_pippin_sketches_featured"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/harlem-hellfighters-horace-pippin-tales-from-wwi-trenches"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">A Harlem Hellfighter's Searing Tales from the WWI Trenches</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Like many veterans of the killing fields of World War I, Horace Pippin had a tough time shaking off the memories. So in the decade after the war he captured them, and tamed them, inside sketch-filled journals. He had no dearth of stories to tell. There was the terrified young <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/harlem-hellfighters-horace-pippin-tales-from-wwi-trenches"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/white-slave-mann-act-jack-johnson-pardon"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/white-slave-mann-act-jack-johnson-pardon" title="The ‘White Slavery’ Law That Brought Down Jack Johnson is Still in Effect"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4Njg0MDQ0ODk1NTYx/jack_johnson_hero-485284417.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4Njg0MDQ0ODk1NTYx/jack_johnson_hero-485284417.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4Njg0MDQ0ODk1NTYx/jack_johnson_hero-485284417.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4Njg0MDQ0ODk1NTYx/jack_johnson_hero-485284417.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4Njg0MDQ0ODk1NTYx/jack_johnson_hero-485284417.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4Njg0MDQ0ODk1NTYx/jack_johnson_hero-485284417.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4Njg0MDQ0ODk1NTYx/jack_johnson_hero-485284417.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4Njg0MDQ0ODk1NTYx/jack_johnson_hero-485284417.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4Njg0MDQ0ODk1NTYx/jack_johnson_hero-485284417.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4Njg0MDQ0ODk1NTYx/jack_johnson_hero-485284417.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4Njg0MDQ0ODk1NTYx/jack_johnson_hero-485284417.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4Njg0MDQ0ODk1NTYx/jack_johnson_hero-485284417.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc4Njg0MDQ0ODk1NTYx/jack_johnson_hero-485284417.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="jack_johnson_hero-485284417"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/white-slave-mann-act-jack-johnson-pardon"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">The ‘White Slavery’ Law That Brought Down Jack Johnson is Still in Effect</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">He was known as the Galveston Giant—a boxer who fought his way toward the first world heavyweight title held by an African-American. But in 1912, Jack Johnson became something else: a wanted man. Accused of violating the Mann Act, which forbade transporting a woman across state <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/white-slave-mann-act-jack-johnson-pardon"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/did-world-war-ii-launch-the-civil-rights-movement"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/did-world-war-ii-launch-the-civil-rights-movement" title="Did World War II Launch the Civil Rights Movement?"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3OTIzNTgwNjc4NTgwMTc0/a-philip-randolph_g-515210466.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3OTIzNTgwNjc4NTgwMTc0/a-philip-randolph_g-515210466.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3OTIzNTgwNjc4NTgwMTc0/a-philip-randolph_g-515210466.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3OTIzNTgwNjc4NTgwMTc0/a-philip-randolph_g-515210466.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3OTIzNTgwNjc4NTgwMTc0/a-philip-randolph_g-515210466.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3OTIzNTgwNjc4NTgwMTc0/a-philip-randolph_g-515210466.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3OTIzNTgwNjc4NTgwMTc0/a-philip-randolph_g-515210466.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3OTIzNTgwNjc4NTgwMTc0/a-philip-randolph_g-515210466.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3OTIzNTgwNjc4NTgwMTc0/a-philip-randolph_g-515210466.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3OTIzNTgwNjc4NTgwMTc0/a-philip-randolph_g-515210466.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3OTIzNTgwNjc4NTgwMTc0/a-philip-randolph_g-515210466.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3OTIzNTgwNjc4NTgwMTc0/a-philip-randolph_g-515210466.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3OTIzNTgwNjc4NTgwMTc0/a-philip-randolph_g-515210466.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="a-philip-randolph_g-515210466"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/did-world-war-ii-launch-the-civil-rights-movement"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Did World War II Launch the Civil Rights Movement?</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">The civil rights movement was a fight for equal rights under the law for African Americans during the 1950s and 1960s. Centuries of prejudice and discrimination fueled the crusade, but World War II and its aftermath were arguably the main catalysts. A. Philip Randolph’s crusade <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/did-world-war-ii-launch-the-civil-rights-movement"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/slaves-clotilda-ship-built-africatown"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/slaves-clotilda-ship-built-africatown" title="Descendants of Last Slave Ship Still Live in Alabama Community"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4Njg0MzEyOTM3ODAx/slave-ship-150616444.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4Njg0MzEyOTM3ODAx/slave-ship-150616444.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4Njg0MzEyOTM3ODAx/slave-ship-150616444.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4Njg0MzEyOTM3ODAx/slave-ship-150616444.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4Njg0MzEyOTM3ODAx/slave-ship-150616444.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4Njg0MzEyOTM3ODAx/slave-ship-150616444.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4Njg0MzEyOTM3ODAx/slave-ship-150616444.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4Njg0MzEyOTM3ODAx/slave-ship-150616444.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4Njg0MzEyOTM3ODAx/slave-ship-150616444.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4Njg0MzEyOTM3ODAx/slave-ship-150616444.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4Njg0MzEyOTM3ODAx/slave-ship-150616444.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4Njg0MzEyOTM3ODAx/slave-ship-150616444.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc4Njg0MzEyOTM3ODAx/slave-ship-150616444.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="slave-ship-150616444"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/slaves-clotilda-ship-built-africatown"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Descendants of Last Slave Ship Still Live in Alabama Community</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">For most black Americans descended from enslaved Africans, there’s no way of tracing back where their ancestors came from. There’s also no way of discovering, as Malcolm Xemphasized, their “true family name.” The slave trade ripped families apart, and records from slave ships and <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/slaves-clotilda-ship-built-africatown"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/lynching-museum-visiting-children"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/lynching-museum-visiting-children" title="'Why Did They Hate Us?': Explaining the New Lynching Memorial to My Son"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyNDU1OTgzNDMz/raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyNDU1OTgzNDMz/raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyNDU1OTgzNDMz/raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyNDU1OTgzNDMz/raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyNDU1OTgzNDMz/raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyNDU1OTgzNDMz/raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyNDU1OTgzNDMz/raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyNDU1OTgzNDMz/raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyNDU1OTgzNDMz/raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAyNDU1OTgzNDMz/raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAyNDU1OTgzNDMz/raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAyNDU1OTgzNDMz/raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc4NjAyNDU1OTgzNDMz/raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="raise-up-a-sculpture-by-hank-willis-thomas-on-the-grounds-of-the-new-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-in-montgomery-ala"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/lynching-museum-visiting-children"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">'Why Did They Hate Us?': Explaining the New Lynching Memorial to My Son</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">Is there any good way to teach children about lynching? After attending the opening of a powerful new memorial and museum, which together explore some of the most painful aspects of American history, I wondered about the prospect of returning there with my 12-year-old son. My <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/lynching-museum-visiting-children"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/topics/early-20th-century-us/rosewood-massacre"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/rosewood-massacre" title="Rosewood Massacre"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzAzMzg3OTc3/view-of-damage-after-race-riots.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzAzMzg3OTc3/view-of-damage-after-race-riots.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzAzMzg3OTc3/view-of-damage-after-race-riots.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzAzMzg3OTc3/view-of-damage-after-race-riots.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzAzMzg3OTc3/view-of-damage-after-race-riots.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzAzMzg3OTc3/view-of-damage-after-race-riots.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzAzMzg3OTc3/view-of-damage-after-race-riots.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzAzMzg3OTc3/view-of-damage-after-race-riots.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzAzMzg3OTc3/view-of-damage-after-race-riots.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzAzMzg3OTc3/view-of-damage-after-race-riots.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzAzMzg3OTc3/view-of-damage-after-race-riots.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzAzMzg3OTc3/view-of-damage-after-race-riots.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc5MDg2NzAzMzg3OTc3/view-of-damage-after-race-riots.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="view-of-damage-after-race-riots"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Early 20th Century US</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/rosewood-massacre"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Rosewood Massacre</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">The Rosewood Massacre was an attack on the predominantly African-American town of Rosewood, Florida, in 1923 by large groups of whites. The town was entirely destroyed by the end of the violence, and the residents were driven out permanently. The story was mostly forgotten until <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/rosewood-massacre"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div><div class="l-grid--item"><phoenix-super-link href="/news/scottsboro-boys-naacp-communist-party"><article class="m-card mm-card--landscape-image mm-card--type-list" role="article"><div class="m-card--media"><a class="m-card--image-link" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Image" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/scottsboro-boys-naacp-communist-party" title="Why the Communist Party Defended the Scottsboro Boys"><phoenix-picture><picture class="is-waiting-to-load"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAxMzY1NzkyNDc5/gettyimages-515581708.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAxMzY1NzkyNDc5/gettyimages-515581708.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAxMzY1NzkyNDc5/gettyimages-515581708.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 675px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAxMzY1NzkyNDc5/gettyimages-515581708.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAxMzY1NzkyNDc5/gettyimages-515581708.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAxMzY1NzkyNDc5/gettyimages-515581708.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAxMzY1NzkyNDc5/gettyimages-515581708.webp 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAxMzY1NzkyNDc5/gettyimages-515581708.webp 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAxMzY1NzkyNDc5/gettyimages-515581708.webp 960w" sizes="320px"><source media="(min-width: 0px)" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_320/MTU3ODc4NjAxMzY1NzkyNDc5/gettyimages-515581708.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_640/MTU3ODc4NjAxMzY1NzkyNDc5/gettyimages-515581708.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_960/MTU3ODc4NjAxMzY1NzkyNDc5/gettyimages-515581708.jpg 960w" sizes="320px"><img class="m-card--image-element" decoding="async" nopin="true" sizes="320px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115im_/https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_620/MTU3ODc4NjAxMzY1NzkyNDc5/gettyimages-515581708.jpg" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt="gettyimages-515581708"></picture><div class="m-card--image-aspect-ratio-pusher"></div></phoenix-picture></a></div><div class="m-card--content"><div class="m-card--label"><a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Label">Stories</a></div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis m-card--header"><a onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Title" href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/scottsboro-boys-naacp-communist-party"><h2 class="m-ellipsis--text m-card--header-text" role="heading" aria-level="2">Why the Communist Party Defended the Scottsboro Boys</h2></a></phoenix-ellipsis><p class="m-card--body">As the freight train whisked its way over the Alabama rails in 1931, nine boys’ lives were changed forever. The details of their skirmish with a group of white men and two women on the train are still unclear. But by the end of the train ride, nine young men—all African-American, <a href="/web/20190427001115/http://www.history.com/news/scottsboro-boys-naacp-communist-party"><i>...read more</i></a></p></div></article></phoenix-super-link></div></div></section><div class="m-component-footer--container m-component-stack--footer" stream-more-items="MjQ6MjQ6ZjhlYThhZDI3NmIxNmMyZTBmMTZjMjQ0NDEzY2UyZTA=" initial-slots="eyJDIjp7InMiOjEsInQiOjJ9LCJBIjp7InQiOjJ9LCJCIjp7InQiOjJ9fQ=="><button class="m-component-footer--loader m-button" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="load more"><div class="m-component-footer--text m-component-footer--loading">Loading…</div><div class="m-component-footer--text m-component-footer--button-text">See More</div></button></div></section></section><div class="m-detail--blockthrough-ads"><span class="bt-uid-tg" uid="5b9a907fab-168" style="display: none !important"></span></div><footer class="m-footer"><div class="m-footer--container"><div class="m-footer--links-cell"><ul class="m-footer--links"><li aria-hidden="false" phx-track-id="Footer Links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/adchoices" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Link">Ad Choices</a></li><li aria-hidden="false" phx-track-id="Footer Links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/advertise" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Link">Advertise</a></li><li aria-hidden="false" phx-track-id="Footer Links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/closed-caption-support" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Link">Closed Captioning</a></li><li aria-hidden="false" phx-track-id="Footer Links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/copyright" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Link">Copyright Policy</a></li><li aria-hidden="false" phx-track-id="Footer Links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Link">Corporate Information</a></li><li aria-hidden="false" phx-track-id="Footer Links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/careers" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Link">Employment Opportunities</a></li><li aria-hidden="false" phx-track-id="Footer Links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://history.zendesk.com/hc/en-us" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Link">FAQ/Contact Us</a></li><li aria-hidden="false" phx-track-id="Footer Links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/privacy-editorial" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Link">Privacy Notice</a></li><li aria-hidden="false" phx-track-id="Footer Links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/terms" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Link">Terms of Use</a></li><li aria-hidden="false" phx-track-id="Footer Links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.aenetworks.com/guidelines" rel="noopener" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Link">TV Parental Guidelines</a></li><li aria-hidden="false" phx-track-id="Footer Links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.history.com/page/rss-feeds" onclick="return phoenixTrackClickEvent(this, event);" phx-track-id="Link">RSS Feeds</a></li></ul><div class="m-footer--copyright">© 2019 A&E; Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved.</div></div><div class="m-footer--tempest-logo-cell"><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.saymedia.com/publishing" aria-label="Powered by Tempest"><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-footer--tempest-logo" icon="tempest-footer"><svg><use xlink:href="/web/20190427001115im_/http://www.history.com/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#tempest-footer"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></a></div></div></footer></div></section></div><div class="m-fixedbottom-ad--container"><phoenix-ad class="m-fixedbottom-ad not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d" auto-reload config="{"adReloaderDelay":30,"maxAdReloads":25,"adReloaderSizeCodes":["300x50","320x50","320x60","728x90","768x66","970x90","1x1"],"moduleClass":"m-fixedbottom-ad","slotId":"ad-14a49a15b0214216866ced5df8421a5b","visClasses":["not-size-b","not-size-c","not-size-d"],"slotConfig":{"config":{"sizes":[[320,60],[320,50],[300,50]]},"model":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"name":"fixedBottomA"}],"screenSizes":["A"],"slotModel":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-14a49a15b0214216866ced5df8421a5b","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"}}" data-class-rules="[{"dimensions":["300x50","301x50","320x50","321x50","728x90","729x90","970x90","971x90","1x1"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fixedbottom","m-advertisement--fixedbottom-contained"]},{"dimensions":["728x90","729x90","970x90","971x90","1x1"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fixedbottom-close-button"]}]" fixed-visible skip-dynamic-call><div class="m-fixedbottom-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-b not-size-c not-size-d"><div id="ad-14a49a15b0214216866ced5df8421a5b"></div></div></phoenix-ad><phoenix-ad class="m-fixedbottom-ad not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d" auto-reload close-button config="{"adReloaderDelay":30,"maxAdReloads":25,"adReloaderSizeCodes":["300x50","320x50","320x60","728x90","768x66","970x90","1x1"],"moduleClass":"m-fixedbottom-ad","slotId":"ad-593d4a2d1dd84ffbb88914764d55d07a","visClasses":["not-size-a","not-size-c","not-size-d"],"slotConfig":{"config":{"sizes":[[768,66],[728,90]]},"model":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"name":"fixedBottomB"}],"screenSizes":["B"],"slotModel":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-593d4a2d1dd84ffbb88914764d55d07a","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"}}" data-class-rules="[{"dimensions":["300x50","301x50","320x50","321x50","728x90","729x90","970x90","971x90","1x1"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fixedbottom","m-advertisement--fixedbottom-contained"]},{"dimensions":["728x90","729x90","970x90","971x90","1x1"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fixedbottom-close-button"]}]" fixed-visible skip-dynamic-call><div class="m-fixedbottom-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-a not-size-c not-size-d"><div id="ad-593d4a2d1dd84ffbb88914764d55d07a"></div></div></phoenix-ad><phoenix-ad class="m-fixedbottom-ad not-size-a not-size-b" auto-reload close-button config="{"adReloaderDelay":30,"maxAdReloads":25,"adReloaderSizeCodes":["300x50","320x50","320x60","728x90","768x66","970x90","1x1"],"moduleClass":"m-fixedbottom-ad","slotId":"ad-c270033438f845ba9f37b87f0fb7f90b","visClasses":["not-size-a","not-size-b"],"slotConfig":{"config":{"sizes":[[900,65],[970,90],[728,90]]},"model":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"sizes":[{"name":"fixedBottomC"}],"screenSizes":["C"],"slotModel":{"zone":"fixed_bottom","index":0,"isOutstream":false},"id":"ad-c270033438f845ba9f37b87f0fb7f90b","adUnitPath":"/88059007/www.history.com/"}}" data-class-rules="[{"dimensions":["300x50","301x50","320x50","321x50","728x90","729x90","970x90","971x90","1x1"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fixedbottom","m-advertisement--fixedbottom-contained"]},{"dimensions":["728x90","729x90","970x90","971x90","1x1"],"classes":["m-advertisement--fixedbottom-close-button"]}]" fixed-visible skip-dynamic-call><div class="m-fixedbottom-ad--slot is-placeholder not-size-a not-size-b"><div id="ad-c270033438f845ba9f37b87f0fb7f90b"></div></div></phoenix-ad></div></div></div><script id="phx-webcomponent-accordion" async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/webcomponents/accordion.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script id="phx-webcomponent-picture" async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/webcomponents/picture.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script id="phx-webcomponent-ad" async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/webcomponents/ad.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script id="phx-webcomponent-import" async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/webcomponents/import.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script id="phx-webcomponent-superLink" async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/webcomponents/superLink.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script id="phx-webcomponent-ellipsis" async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/webcomponents/ellipsis.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script id="phx-webcomponent-stickyNav" async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/webcomponents/stickyNav.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script id="phx-webcomponent-page" async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/webcomponents/page.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script id="phx-webcomponent-style" async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/webcomponents/style.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script id="phx-webcomponent-iconFallback" async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/webcomponents/iconFallback.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script id="phx-webcomponent-overlay" async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/webcomponents/overlay.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script id="phx-webcomponent-notifier" async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/webcomponents/notifier.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script id="phx-webcomponent-salishRecirculation" async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/webcomponents/salishRecirculation.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><phoenix-script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115js_/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/tempest-promotions/optinmonster.js" block-on-gdpr-applicable delay-load></phoenix-script><script>"use strict";function _toConsumableArray(arr){return _arrayWithoutHoles(arr)||_iterableToArray(arr)||_nonIterableSpread()}function _nonIterableSpread(){throw new TypeError("Invalid attempt to spread non-iterable instance")}function _iterableToArray(iter){if(Symbol.iterator in Object(iter)||Object.prototype.toString.call(iter)==="[object Arguments]")return Array.from(iter)}function _arrayWithoutHoles(arr){if(Array.isArray(arr)){for(var i=0,arr2=new Array(arr.length);i<arr.length;i++){arr2[i]=arr[i]}return arr2}}phxConfigQueue.push(function(){var _document$querySelect;var newClasses=[this.device.get()];var info=this.browser.get();if(info.found){newClasses=newClasses.concat([info.type,info.type+info.version]);if(info.iOS){newClasses=newClasses.concat(["ios","ios"+info.iOS])}}newClasses=newClasses.map(function(s){return s.toLowerCase()});(_document$querySelect=document.querySelector("html").classList).add.apply(_document$querySelect,_toConsumableArray(newClasses))});</script><phoenix-script delay-load src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/hubRebalancer.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></phoenix-script><phoenix-script delay-load src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/streamMoreItems.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></phoenix-script><script>var s_account = 'aehistory,aetnavodglobal'; var adobeAnalyticsHost = 'metrics.aetn.com'; var adobeAnalyticsSecureHost = ''; var adobeAnalyticsOrgId = '08AC467352782D0D0A490D45@AdobeOrg'; window.runAdobeAnalytics = function() { var s=s_gi(s_account); s.visitor = Visitor.getInstance(adobeAnalyticsOrgId); s.trackingServer = "smetrics.aetn.com";s.trackingServerSecure = "smetrics.aetn.com";s.trackExternalLinks = true;s.linkInternalFilters = "saymedia.com,www.history.com";s.channel = "HIS:BlackHistory";s.eVar49 = "HIS:BlackHistory";s.eVar1 = "None";s.eVar2 = "None";s.eVar3 = "None";s.eVar4 = "None";s.eVar9 = "ArticlePage";s.eVar11 = "Black History - HISTORY";s.prop11 = "Black History - HISTORY";s.eVar12 = "https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.history.com/tag/black-history";s.prop12 = "https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.history.com/tag/black-history";s.eVar18 = "false";s.pageName = "HIS:BlackHistory";s.eVar51 = "HIS:BlackHistory";s.events = "event1";s.eVar63 = "Web:History";s.prop73 = "NonAMP:History";s.contextData = {"pageLevel1":"Tag","pageLevel2":"BlackHistory"};s.prop72 = "August 23, 2018"; var s_code = s.t(); if (s_code) { document.write(s_code); } };</script><phoenix-script src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/js/adobe-analytics/all.js" block-on-gdpr-vendor-consent="264" block-on-gdpr-purpose-consent="5" delay-load></phoenix-script><script async src="/web/20190427001115js_/http://www.history.com/.bootscripts/PhoenixAdobeAnalytics.min.js?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253"></script><script type="text/template" id="videoplayer-tag">"use strict";var src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://saymedia-com.videoplayerhub.com/videoloader.js";var e=document.createElement("script");e.src=src;e.onload=function(){if(window.BT){BT.clearThrough()}};document.body.appendChild(e);</script><phoenix-script block-premium delay-load script-id="videoplayer-tag"></phoenix-script><script>'use strict'; window._sf_startpt = (new Date()).getTime(); window._sf_async_config = {"uid":"45731","domain":"history.com","useCanonical":true,"sections":"N/A","authors":"N/A"}; </script><script type="text/template" id="chartbeat-init-45731">"use strict";window._sf_endpt=new Date().getTime();</script><phoenix-script script-id="chartbeat-init-45731" block-on-gdpr-applicable block-premium delay-load></phoenix-script><phoenix-script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115js_/https://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js" block-on-gdpr-applicable block-premium delay-load></phoenix-script><script type="application/json" id="liftigniter-metadata">{"noShow":"true"}</script><script>"use strict";window.liftIgniter={};var liftIgniterPromise=new Promise(function(resolve,reject){window.liftIgniter.resolve=resolve});window.liftIgniter.scriptLoadedPromise=function(){return liftIgniterPromise};</script><script type="text/template" id="liftigniter-init">(function(jsKey) {"use strict";if(typeof $igniter_var==="undefined"){(function(w,d,s,p,v,e,r){w.$ps=w.performance&&w.performance.now&&typeof w.performance.now=="function"?w.performance.now():undefined;w["$igniter_var"]=v;w[v]=w[v]||function(){(w[v].q=w[v].q||[]).push(arguments)};w[v].l=1*new Date;e=d.createElement(s),r=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];e.async=1;e.src=p+"?ts="+(+new Date/3600000|0);r.parentNode.insertBefore(e,r)})(window,document,"script","//web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/http://cdn.petametrics.com/"+jsKey+".js","$p");$p("init",jsKey);$p("send","pageview");window.liftIgniter.resolve()}})('999gba4qphtjrmpe');</script><phoenix-script script-id="liftigniter-init" block-on-gdpr-applicable block-premium delay-load></phoenix-script><script id="li-recommendation-template" type="application/mustache">{{#items}}<div class="m-liftigniter--recommended-item"><a class="m-liftigniter--link" href="{{url}}">{{#thumbnail}}<div class="m-liftigniter--thumbnail-container"><img class="m-liftigniter--thumbnail" src="{{thumbnail}}" width="80" height="80"></div>{{/thumbnail}}<div class="m-liftigniter--metadata"><div class="m-liftigniter--related-story">RELATED STORY</div><phoenix-ellipsis class="m-ellipsis"><div class="m-liftigniter--title m-ellipsis--text">{{title}}</div></phoenix-ellipsis><phoenix-icon-fallback class="m-svg m-liftigniter--right-arrow" icon="ico_angle_right" aria-hidden="true"><svg><use xlink:href="/assets-global/icons/svg-sprite.svg?v=2019-04-26-221437-a6f1dfb-013253#ico_angle_right"></use></svg></phoenix-icon-fallback></div><button class="m-liftigniter--button" type="submit">READ</button></a></div>{{/items}}</script><div id="parsely-root" style="display:none;"><span id="parsely-cfg" data-parsely-site="history.com"></span></div><script type="text/template" id="parsely-script">(function(s, p, d) { var h=d.location.protocol, i=p+"-"+s, e=d.getElementById(i), r=d.getElementById(p+"-root"), u=h==="https:"?"d1z2jf7jlzjs58.cloudfront.net" :"static."+p+".com"; if (e) return; e = d.createElement(s); e.id = i; e.async = true; e.src = h+"//"+u+"/p.js"; r.appendChild(e); })("script", "parsely", document); </script><phoenix-script script-id="parsely-script" delay-load block-on-gdpr-applicable block-premium></phoenix-script><script type="text/template" id="carbon-analytics">(function(scriptUrl, tagId) {"use strict";window.CustomerConnectAnalytics="cca";window.cca=window.cca||function(){(window.cca.q=window.cca.q||[]).push(arguments)};var script=document.createElement("script");script.src=scriptUrl+"?id="+window.location.hostname+"&parentId="+tagId;document.head.appendChild(script);})('https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://carbon-cdn.ccgateway.net/script', 'b4b3d228');</script><phoenix-script script-id="carbon-analytics" block-on-gdpr-vendor-consent="493" block-on-gdpr-purpose-consent="5" block-premium delay-load></phoenix-script><script type="text/template" id="facebookPixel1573294829626899">!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ;if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); (function(){ fbq('init', '1573294829626899'); fbq('track', 'PageView'); var contentId = ''; if (contentId !== '') { fbq('track', 'ViewContent', {content_ids: [contentId], content_type: 'product'}); } })();</script><phoenix-script script-id="facebookPixel1573294829626899" delay-load block-on-gdpr-applicable block-premium></phoenix-script><script type="text/template" id="tealium">window.utag_data = {"id":"ci0230e51ff00526df","canonicalUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://www.history.com/tag/black-history","pageType":"rich_term","title":"Black History","publicationTimestamp":"2018-08-23T03:25:36Z"}; (function (tag) {"use strict";var element=document.createElement("script");element.src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115/https://tags.tiqcdn.com/utag/"+tag+"/utag.js";document.head.appendChild(element);})('aenetworks/history/prod');</script><phoenix-script script-id="tealium" block-on-gdpr-applicable block-premium delay-load></phoenix-script><phoenix-script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001115js_/https://cdn-gl.imrworldwide.com/novms/js/2/nlsDcrLite510.min.js#nol_apid=PDFA7D01F-FFB5-4C30-A311-FDB1F4CB65EA&nol_apn=History&nol_assetname=tag&nol_ci=us-901285&nol_segA=black-history&nol_sfcode=dcr&nol_vc=c04" delay-load block-on-gdpr-vendor-consent="373" block-on-gdpr-purpose-consent="5"></phoenix-script></phoenix-page><script>(function(appScripts) {"use strict";function dropExtScript(src){return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){var e=document.createElement("script");e.async=false;e.src=src;e.addEventListener("load",function(){resolve()},false);e.addEventListener("error",function(){console.error("failed to load "+src);resolve()},false);document.body.appendChild(e)})}function dropExtScripts(scripts){var promises=[];scripts.forEach(function(s){promises.push(dropExtScript(s))});return Promise.all(promises)}function loadAndStartApp(){dropExtScripts(appScripts).then(function(){var e=document.createElement("script");e.text="require(['main']);";document.body.appendChild(e)})}if(appScripts.length>0){window.getTimedOutPageLoadPromise(30000).then(loadAndStartApp)}})([]);</script></body></html>