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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Tamil-speaking_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Tamil-speaking_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Other Tamil-speaking communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Tamil-speaking_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Regional groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Tamils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Tamils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Eastern Tamils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Tamils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Tamils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Tamils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Northern Tamils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Tamils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Tamils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Tamils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Western Tamils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Tamils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_affinities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_affinities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Genetic affinities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_affinities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Before independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 After independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_militancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_militancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Rise of militancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_militancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 End of the civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Migrations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Migrations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Migrations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Pre-independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Post civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sri Lankan Tamils</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81prabanan_Tamilas" title="Tāprabanan Tamilas – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tāprabanan Tamilas" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7" title="تاميليو سريلانكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاميليو سريلانكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="শ্রীলঙ্কান তামিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রীলঙ্কান তামিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0mils_de_Sri_Lanka" title="Tàmils de Sri Lanka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàmils de Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri-Lanka-Tamilen" title="Sri-Lanka-Tamilen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sri-Lanka-Tamilen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cingal%C3%A9s" title="Tamil cingalés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tamil cingalés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamouls_srilankais" title="Tamouls srilankais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tamouls srilankais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%9E%91%EC%B9%B4_%ED%83%80%EB%B0%80%EC%A1%B1" title="스리랑카 타밀족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스리랑카 타밀족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="ईलम तमिल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईलम तमिल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Sri_Lanka" title="Tamil Sri Lanka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tamil Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Sri_Lanka" title="Tamil Sri Lanka – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tamil Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95" title="श्रीलंकन तमिळ लोक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="श्रीलंकन तमिळ लोक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7" title="تاميليو سريلانكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاميليو سريلانكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tamil_Sri_Lanka" title="Orang Tamil Sri Lanka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Tamil Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Tamil_Sri_Lanka" title="Urang Tamil Sri Lanka – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Tamil Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="श्रीलङ्काली तमिल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="श्रीलङ्काली तमिल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Ланкийские тамилы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ланкийские тамилы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%85_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ශ්‍රී ලංකා සම්භවයක් සහිත දෙමළ ජනයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශ්‍රී ලංකා සම්භවයක් සහිත දෙමළ ජනයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sri Lankan Tamils" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Tamil_Sri_Lanka" title="Urang Tamil Sri Lanka – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Tamil Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_tamilit" title="Sri Lankan tamilit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sri Lankan tamilit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இலங்கைத் தமிழர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலங்கைத் தமிழர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ланкійські таміли – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ланкійські таміли" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1815623#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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style="display:none">South Asian ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sri Lankan Tamils</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ta">ஈழத்தமிழர் இலங்கை தமிழர்</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceylon_Tamil_girl_1910.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ceylon_Tamil_girl_1910.jpeg/220px-Ceylon_Tamil_girl_1910.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Ceylon_Tamil_girl_1910.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="400" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A postcard image of a Sri Lankan Tamil woman, 1910</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">~ 3.0 million (estimated; excluding <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Moors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Sri Lanka</th><td class="infobox-data">2,270,924 (2012)<a href="#cite_note-census12-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canada</th><td class="infobox-data">~300,000<a href="#cite_note-Foster-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom</th><td class="infobox-data">~120,000 (2006)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> India</th><td class="infobox-data">~100,000 (2005)<a href="#cite_note-Acharya-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Germany</th><td class="infobox-data">~60,000 (2008)<a href="#cite_note-Baumann-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> France</th><td class="infobox-data">~50,000 (2008)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  Switzerland</th><td class="infobox-data">~50,000 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Singapore</th><td class="infobox-data">~30,000 (1985)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> Australia</th><td class="infobox-data">~30,000<a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> United States</th><td class="infobox-data">~25,000 (2010)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> Italy</th><td class="infobox-data">~25,000<a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Malaysia</th><td class="infobox-data">~24,436 (1970)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajakrishnan1993541–557-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Netherlands</th><td class="infobox-data">~20,000<a href="#cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> Norway</th><td class="infobox-data">~10,000 (2000)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> Denmark</th><td class="infobox-data">~9,000 (2003)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortensen2004110-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan dialects</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority <a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_Om.svg/15px-Tamil_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_Om.svg/23px-Tamil_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_Om.svg/30px-Tamil_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Tamil Shaivism</a>)</li><li> Minority <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/11px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/17px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/22px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>)</li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-22,254_Tamil_Buddhists_in_SL-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> <a href="/wiki/Giraavaru_people" title="Giraavaru people">Giraavaru people</a> <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidians</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Indian Tamils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Sri Lankan Moors</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Moors" title="Indian Moors">Indian Moors</a> <a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil" title="Category:Tamil">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 5px; background:#e7e7e7; font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/150px-Tamil_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/225px-Tamil_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/300px-Tamil_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1858" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamils#History" title="Tamils">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_ancient_Tamil_history" title="Sources of ancient Tamil history">Sources of ancient Tamil history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keezhadi_excavation_site" title="Keezhadi excavation site">Keezhadi excavation site</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Agriculture in ancient Tamil country">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Economy of ancient Tamil country">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Education in ancient Tamil country">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Industry in ancient Tamil country">Industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Tamil_history" title="Chronology of Tamil history">Chronology of Tamil history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_monarchs" title="List of Tamil monarchs">Tamil Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilization" title="Tamilization">Tamilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_books_of_Law" title="Tamil books of Law">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Numeral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Music of Tamil Nadu">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Tamil_speakers" title="States of India by Tamil speakers">Indian Tamils</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamils" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Tamils">Malaysian Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tamils" title="Singapore Tamils">Singapore Tamils</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamil_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Tamil diaspora">Indian Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil_diaspora" title="Malaysian Tamil diaspora">Malaysian Tamil diaspora</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">French Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Tamils" title="British Tamils">British Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Tamil Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil Indonesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamil South Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Tamils" title="Myanmar Tamils">Myanmar Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Mauritian">Tamil Mauritians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Tamil Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Tamil Pakistanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Seychellois" title="Tamil Seychellois">Tamil Seychellois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Zealander" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil New Zealander">Tamil New Zealanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Tamils" title="Swiss Tamils">Swiss Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils in the Netherlands">Dutch Tamils</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Tamil country">Religion in ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Religion in Tamil Nadu">Religion in Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Hindu">Tamil Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Hinduism in Tamil Nadu">Hinduism in Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Hinduism in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Buddhism">Tamil Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Christianity in Tamil Nadu">Christianity in Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Politics of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nationalism">Tamil Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/16px-Word_Tamil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/24px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/32px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Tamil">Tamil portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamils" title="Template:Tamils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamils" title="Template talk:Tamils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sri Lankan Tamils (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: இலங்கை தமிழர், ilankai tamiḻar or ஈழத் தமிழர், īḻat tamiḻar),<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> also known as Ceylon Tamils or Eelam Tamils,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> are <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Island_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Island state">island state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Today, they constitute a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a>, form the plurality in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern Province</a> and are in the minority throughout the rest of the country. <a href="#Society">70% of Sri Lankan Tamils</a> in Sri Lanka live in the Northern and Eastern provinces.<a href="#cite_note-census12-1">[1]</a> Modern Sri Lankan Tamils descend from residents of the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</a>, a former kingdom in the north of Sri Lanka and <a href="/wiki/Vannimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vannimai">Vannimai</a> <a href="/wiki/Chieftaincy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftaincy">chieftaincies</a> from the east. According to the anthropological and archaeological evidence, Sri Lankan Tamils have a very long <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">history in Sri Lanka</a> and have lived on the island since at least around the 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>. The Sri Lankan Tamils are mostly <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> with a significant <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> population. <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_literature" title="Sri Lankan Tamil literature">Sri Lankan Tamil literature</a> on topics including religion and the sciences flourished during the medieval period in the court of the Jaffna Kingdom. Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a> in the 1980s, it is distinguished by an emphasis on themes relating to the conflict. <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan Tamil dialects</a> are noted for their <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaism</a> and retention of words not in everyday use in Southern India. The cultures of the Sri Lankan Tamils are also very distinctive and unique, even though the cultural influence of modern South India has grown and become prevalent since the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-:2-24">[24]</a> Since Sri Lanka gained <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Britain</a> in 1948, relations between the majority Sinhalese and minority Tamil communities have been strained. Rising ethnic and political tensions following the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Riots_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Riots in Sri Lanka">ethnic pogroms</a> carried out by Sinhalese mobs in <a href="/wiki/Gal_Oya_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Gal Oya riots">1956</a>, <a href="/wiki/1958_riots_in_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 riots in Ceylon">1958</a>, <a href="/wiki/1977_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 riots in Sri Lanka">1977</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna library">1981</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">1983</a>, led to the formation and strengthening of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">militant groups</a> advocating <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">independence for Tamils</a>. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">civil war</a> resulted in the deaths of more than 100,000 people and the <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka">forced disappearance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">rape</a> of thousands of others. The civil war ended in 2009 but there are continuing <a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">allegations of atrocities</a> being committed by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lankan military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Panel_of_Experts_on_Accountability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka">United Nations panel</a> found that as many as 40,000 Tamil civilians may have been killed in the final months of the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In January 2020, President <a href="/wiki/Gotabaya_Rajapaksa" title="Gotabaya Rajapaksa">Gotabaya Rajapaksa</a> said that the estimated 20,000+ disappeared Sri Lankan Tamils were dead.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The end of the civil war has not fully improved conditions in Sri Lanka, with press freedom not being restored and the judiciary coming under political control.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> One-third of Sri Lankan Tamils now live outside Sri Lanka. While there was significant migration during the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial</a> era to Singapore and Malaysia, the civil war led to more than 800,000 Tamils leaving Sri Lanka, and many have <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">left the country</a> for destinations such as Canada, United Kingdom, Germany and India as refugees or emigrants. According to the pro-rebel <a href="/wiki/TamilNet" title="TamilNet">TamilNet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardisation" title="Policy of standardisation">discrimination</a> that Sri Lankan Tamils faced has resulted in some Tamils today not identifying themselves as Sri Lankans but instead identifying themselves as either <a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a> Tamils, Ceylon Tamils, or simply Tamils.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Many still support the idea of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a>, a proposed <a href="/wiki/Independent_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent state">independent state</a> that Sri Lankan Tamils <a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">aspired to create</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">North-East</a> of Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_tamil_eelam" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of tamil eelam">Tamil Eelam flag</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a> also used by the <a href="/wiki/LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="LTTE">LTTE</a>, has become a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism#Sri_Lanka" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil nationalism</a> for some Tamils in Sri Lanka and the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_history" title="Category:Sri Lankan Tamil history">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ancient era</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_clans_of_Lanka" title="Ancient clans of Lanka">Ancient clans of Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga people (Sri Lanka)">Nakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainativu" title="Nainativu">Nainativu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissamaharama_Tamil_Brahmi_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscription">Tissamaharama inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Ishwarams" title="Pancha Ishwarams">Pancha Ishwarams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="History of the Jaffna kingdom">Early Jaffna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_rule_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola rule in Sri Lanka">Chola Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryacakravarti_dynasty" title="Aryacakravarti dynasty">Aryacakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vannimai">Vannimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Portuguese conquest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Colonial</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalpana_Vaipava_Malai" title="Yalpana Vaipava Malai">Yalpana Vaipava Malai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colebrooke-Cameron_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Colebrooke-Cameron Commission">Colebrooke-Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Mission,_North_Ceylon" title="Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon">Wesleyan Methodist Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Youth_Congress" title="Jaffna Youth Congress">Jaffna Youth Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Commission" title="Donoughmore Commission">Donoughmore Commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Post independence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Commission" title="Soulbury Commission">Soulbury Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state_sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riots_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Riots in Sri Lanka">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru-Kotelawala_Pact" title="Nehru-Kotelawala Pact">1954 pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike%E2%80%93Chelvanayakam_Pact" title="Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact">1957 Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirima-Shastri_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirima-Shastri Pact">1964 pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirima-Gandhi_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirima-Gandhi Pact">1974 pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy of standardization">Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state-sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">Vaddukoddai Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna library">Burning of Jaffna library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War"> Civil war</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Militancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimpu_principles" title="Thimpu principles">Thimpu principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo-Sri Lanka Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Self_Governing_Authority" title="Interim Self Governing Authority">ISGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_war_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_IDP_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan IDP camps">IDP camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Panel_of_Experts_on_Accountability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka">UN Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_Learnt_and_Reconciliation_Commission" title="Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission">LLRC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Tamils" title="History of Eastern Tamils">History of Eastern Tamils</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tamils" title="Portal:Tamils">Tamils portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Template:History of Sri Lankan Tamils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Template talk:History of Sri Lankan Tamils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Sri Lankan Tamils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> There is little scholarly consensus over the presence of the Sri Lankan Tamil people in Sri Lanka, also known as <a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> One older theory states that there were no large Tamil settlements in Sri Lanka until the 10th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> According to the anthropological and archaeological evidence, Sri Lankan Tamils have a very long <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">history in Sri Lanka</a> and have lived on the island since at least around the 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzlhuemer200819–20-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_period">Prehistoric period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistoric period">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg/175px-Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg/263px-Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg/350px-Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Megalithic burial urns or jar found in Pomparippu, North Western, Sri Lanka dated to at least five to two centuries BCE. These are similar to Megalithic burial jars found in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> during the similar time frame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva2005129-46">[46]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_and_Red_ware.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Black_and_Red_ware.jpg/175px-Black_and_Red_ware.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Black_and_Red_ware.jpg/263px-Black_and_Red_ware.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Black_and_Red_ware.jpg/350px-Black_and_Red_ware.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">South Indian type black and red ware pot sherds found in Sri Lanka and dated to 1st to 2nd century CE. Displayed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Colombo" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Colombo">National Museum of Colombo</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Vedda" title="Vedda">Veddas</a> are ethnically related to people in South India and early populations of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. It is not possible to ascertain what languages that they originally spoke as <a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda language</a> is considered diverged from its original source (due to Sinhalese language influence).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/K._Indrapala" title="K. Indrapala">K. Indrapala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">cultural diffusion</a>, rather than migration of people, spread the <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil languages</a> from peninsular India into an existing <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">mesolithic</a> population, centuries before the <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">common era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala200753–54-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Brahmi">Tamil Brahmi</a> and Tamil-Prakrit scripts were used to write the Tamil language during this period on the island.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">protohistoric period</a> (1000–500 BCE) Sri Lanka was culturally united with <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and shared the same megalithic burials, <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and red ware culture">pottery</a>, iron technology, farming techniques and <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_graffiti_symbols" title="Megalithic graffiti symbols">megalithic graffiti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seneviratne-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karunaratne-52">[52]</a> This cultural complex spread from southern India along with Dravidian clans such as the <a href="/wiki/Velir" title="Velir">Velir</a>, prior to the migration of <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> speakers.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seneviratne-51">[51]</a> Settlements of culturally similar early populations of ancient Sri Lanka and ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> in India were excavated at <a href="/wiki/Megaliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaliths">megalithic burial sites</a> at Pomparippu on the west coast and in <a href="/wiki/Kathiraveli" title="Kathiraveli">Kathiraveli</a> on the east coast of the island. Bearing a remarkable resemblance to burials in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Pandyan Kingdom">Early Pandyan Kingdom</a>, these sites were established between the 5th century BCE and 2nd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva2005129-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala200791-55">[55]</a> Excavated <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> sequences similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> were found in <a href="/wiki/Kandarodai" title="Kandarodai">Kandarodai</a> (Kadiramalai) on the north coast, dated to 1300 BCE. Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archaeologists to 10th century BCE. However, Indian history and archaeology have pushed the date back to 15th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In Sri Lanka, there is radiometric evidence from <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> that the non-<a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a> symbol-bearing <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and red ware culture">black and red ware</a> occur in the 10th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The skeletal remains of an <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a> chief were excavated in <a href="/wiki/Anaikoddai_seal" title="Anaikoddai seal">Anaikoddai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_District" title="Jaffna District">Jaffna District</a>. The name Ko Veta is engraved in Brahmi script on a seal buried with the skeleton and is assigned by the excavators to the 3rd century BCE. Ko, meaning "King" in Tamil, is comparable to such names as Ko Atan, Ko Putivira and Ko Ra-pumaan occurring in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Brahmi">Tamil Brahmi</a> inscriptions of ancient South India and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007324-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_period">Historic period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historic period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_inscriptions_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka">Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Potsherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherds">Potsherds</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Brahmi">early Tamil writing</a> from the 2nd century BCE have been found from the north in <a href="/wiki/Poonakari" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonakari">Poonagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilinochchi_District" title="Kilinochchi District">Kilinochchi District</a> to the south in <a href="/wiki/Tissamaharama_Tamil_Brahmi_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscriptions">Tissamaharama</a>. They bore several inscriptions, including a clan name—veḷ, a name related to <a href="/wiki/Velirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Velirs">velir</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tamil country">ancient Tamil country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan200348-60">[60]</a> Once <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> speakers had attained dominance on the island, the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a> further recounts the later migration of royal brides and service castes from the Tamil <a href="/wiki/Pandya_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya Kingdom">Pandya Kingdom</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Anuradhapura Kingdom</a> in the early historic period.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphic">Epigraphic</a> evidence shows people identifying themselves as Damelas or Damedas (the <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> word for Tamil people) in Anuradhapura, the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Rajarata" title="Rajarata">Rajarata</a> the middle kingdom, and other areas of Sri Lanka as early as the 2nd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007157-62">[62]</a> Excavations in the area of <a href="/wiki/Tissamaharama" title="Tissamaharama">Tissamaharama</a> in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins, produced between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE, some of which carry local Tamil personal names written in early Tamil characters,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan2000152–154-63">[63]</a> which suggest that local Tamil merchants were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka by the late classical period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi2004546–549-64">[64]</a> Other ancient inscriptions from the period reference a Tamil merchant,<a href="#cite_note-65">[a]</a> the Tamil householder residing in Iḷabharata<a href="#cite_note-66">[b]</a> and a Tamil sailor named Karava.<a href="#cite_note-67">[c]</a> Two of the six ancient inscriptions referring to the Damedas (Tamils) are in Periya Pullyakulam in the <a href="/wiki/Vavuniya_District" title="Vavuniya District">Vavuniya District</a>, one is in Seruvavila in <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee_District" title="Trincomalee District">Trincomalee District</a>, one is in Kuduvil in <a href="/wiki/Ampara_District" title="Ampara District">Ampara District</a>, one is in Anuradhapura and one is in <a href="/wiki/Matale_District" title="Matale District">Matale District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Literary sources make references about Tamil rulers bringing horses to the island in water crafts in the second century BCE, most likely arriving at <a href="/wiki/Kudiramalai" title="Kudiramalai">Kudiramalai</a>. Historical records establish that Tamil kingdoms in modern India were closely involved in the island's affairs from about the 2nd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva198730–32-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendis195724–25-70">[67]</a> Kudiramalai, Kandarodai and <a href="/wiki/Vallipuram" title="Vallipuram">Vallipuram</a> served as great northern Tamil capitals and emporiums of trade with these kingdoms and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> from the 6th–2nd centuries BCE. The archaeological discoveries in these towns and the <a href="/wiki/Manimekhalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Manimekhalai">Manimekhalai</a>, a historical poem, detail how Nāka-Tivu of Nāka-Nadu on the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Peninsula" title="Jaffna Peninsula">Jaffna Peninsula</a> was a lucrative international market for pearl and conch trading for the Tamil fishermen. In <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, a historical poem, ethnic Tamil adventurers such as <a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Ellalan</a> invaded the island around 145 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadarajan199940-71">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Chola</a> king <a href="/wiki/Karikala_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Karikala Chola">Karikalan</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ilamcetcenni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilamcetcenni">Eelamcetcenni</a> utilised superior <a href="/wiki/Chola_Navy" title="Chola Navy">Chola naval power</a> to conquer Ceylon in the first century CE. <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Hindu Saivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Buddhism">Tamil Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> were popular amongst the Tamils at this time, as was the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Village_deities_of_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka">village deity worship</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravati school">Amaravati school</a> was influential in the region when the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a> established the Andhra empire and its 17th monarch <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81la" title="Hāla">Hāla</a> (20–24 CE) married a princess from the island. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniars</a> settled in the east of the island in the first few centuries of the common era to cultivate and maintain the area.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vanni_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Vanni (Sri Lanka)">Vanni region</a> flourished.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> In the 6th century CE, a special coastal route by boat was established from the Jaffna peninsula southwards to Saivite religious centres in <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a> (Koneswaram) and further south to <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thirukkovil" title="Thirukkovil">Thirukkovil</a>), passed a few small Tamil trading settlements in <a href="/wiki/Mullaitivu" title="Mullaitivu">Mullaitivu</a> on the north coast.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> The conquests and rule of the island by <a href="/wiki/Pallava_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava Dynasty">Pallava</a> king <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_I" title="Narasimhavarman I">Narasimhavarman I</a> (630–668 CE) and his grandfather King <a href="/wiki/Simhavishnu" title="Simhavishnu">Simhavishnu</a> (537–590 CE) saw the erection and structural development of several <a href="/wiki/Koil" class="mw-redirect" title="Koil">Kovils</a> around the island, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">north-east</a>—these Pallava <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture#Pallavas" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian rock temples</a> remained a popular and highly influential style of architecture in the region over the next few centuries.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> Tamil soldiers from what is now South India were brought to Anuradhapura between the 7th and 11th centuries CE in such large numbers that local chiefs and kings trying to establish legitimacy came to rely on them.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-79">[76]</a> By the 8th century CE Tamil villages were collectively known as Demel-kaballa (Tamil allotment), Demelat-valademin (Tamil villages), and Demel-gam-bim (Tamil villages and lands).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007214–215-80">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaffna_Royal_family_280x190.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jaffna_Royal_family_280x190.jpg/160px-Jaffna_Royal_family_280x190.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jaffna_Royal_family_280x190.jpg/240px-Jaffna_Royal_family_280x190.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Jaffna_Royal_family_280x190.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="190" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Aryacakravarti_dynasty" title="Aryacakravarti dynasty">Jaffna royal family</a>, first from the right is <a href="/wiki/Cankili_I" title="Cankili I">Cankili I</a>, who held off the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-of-ceylon-c1692.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Map-of-ceylon-c1692.jpg/160px-Map-of-ceylon-c1692.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Map-of-ceylon-c1692.jpg/240px-Map-of-ceylon-c1692.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Map-of-ceylon-c1692.jpg/320px-Map-of-ceylon-c1692.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1220" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coylot Wanees Contrey (Coylot <a href="/wiki/Vanni_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Vanni (Sri Lanka)">Vanni</a> country), <a href="/wiki/Malabars" title="Malabars">Malabar</a> country in the northeast of the island on a 1681 CE map by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(sailor)" title="Robert Knox (sailor)">Robert Knox</a> as published in his book.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a></div></div></div></div></div> In the 9th and 10th centuries CE, <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> incursions into Sri Lanka culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Chola_rule_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola rule in Sri Lanka">Chola annexation of the island</a>, which lasted until the latter half of the 11th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva198746-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva198748-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva198775-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendis195730–31-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1958224-86">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raja_Raja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Raja Chola I">Raja Raja Chola I</a> renamed the northern throne Mummudi Chola Mandalam after his conquest of the northeast country to protect Tamil traders being looted, imprisoned and killed for years on the island.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajadhiraja_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajadhiraja Chola">Rajadhiraja Chola</a>'s conquest of the island led to the fall of four kings there, one of whom, Madavarajah, the king of Jaffna, was a usurper from the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Dynasty">Rashtrakuta Dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> These dynasties oversaw the development of several kovils that administered services to communities of land assigned to the temples through royal grants. Their rule also saw the benefaction of other faiths. Recent excavations have led to the discovery of a limestone Kovil of Raja Raja Chola I's era on <a href="/wiki/Neduntheevu" title="Neduntheevu">Delft</a> island, found with Chola coins from this period.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> The decline of Chola power in Sri Lanka was followed by the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa kingdom</a> in the late 11th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva198776-90">[87]</a> In 1215, following Pandya invasions, the Tamil-dominant <a href="/wiki/Arya_Chakaravarthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Arya Chakaravarthi">Arya Chakaravarthi</a> dynasty established an independent <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a> on the Jaffna peninsula and other parts of the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987100–102-91">[88]</a> The Arya Chakaravarthi expansion into the south was halted by <a href="/wiki/Alagakkonara" title="Alagakkonara">Alagakkonara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987102–104-92">[89]</a> a man descended from a family of merchants from <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> in Tamil Nadu. He was the chief minister of the Sinhalese king Parakramabahu V (1344–59 CE). Vira Alakeshwara, a descendant of Alagakkonara, later became king of the Sinhalese,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987104-93">[90]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Treasure_voyages" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure voyages">he was overthrown</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming</a> admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> in 1409 CE. The next year, the Chinese admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> erected a <a href="/wiki/Galle_Trilingual_Inscription" title="Galle Trilingual Inscription">trilingual stone tablet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a> in the south of the island, written in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and Tamil that recorded offerings he made to <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> and the God of Tamils Tenavarai Nayanar. The admiral invoked the blessings of Hindu deities at Temple of Perimpanayagam <a href="/wiki/Tondeswaram_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondeswaram temple">Tenavaram, Tevanthurai</a> for a peaceful world built on trade.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> The 1502 map <a href="/wiki/Cantino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantino">Cantino</a> represents three Tamil cities on the east coast of the island - <a href="/wiki/Mullaitivu" title="Mullaitivu">Mullaitivu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panama_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama (Sri Lanka)">Panama</a>, where the residents grow <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> and other spices, fish for pearls and seed pearls and worship idols, trading heavily with <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> The Arya Chakaravarthi dynasty ruled large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom</a> in 1619 CE. The coastal areas of the island were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> and then became part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1796 CE. The Sinhalese Nampota dated in its present form to the 14th or 15th century CE suggests that the whole of the Tamil Kingdom, including parts of the modern Trincomalee District, was recognised as a Tamil region by the name Demala-pattana (Tamil city).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007210-96">[93]</a> In this work, a number of villages that are now situated in the Jaffna, Mullaitivu and Trincomalee districts are mentioned as places in Demala-pattana.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> The English sailor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(sailor)" title="Robert Knox (sailor)">Robert Knox</a> described walking into the island's Tamil country in the publication <a href="/wiki/An_Historical_Relation_of_the_Island_Ceylon" title="An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon">An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon</a>, referencing some aspects of their royal, rural and economic life and annotating some kingdoms within it on a map in 1681 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1681166-98">[95]</a> Upon arrival of European powers from the 17th century CE, the Tamils' separate nation was described in their areas of habitation in the northeast of the island.<a href="#cite_note-99">[d]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Caste system in Sri Lanka">caste structure</a> of the majority <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> has also accommodated Tamil and Kerala immigrants from South India since the 13th century CE. This led to the emergence of three new Sinhalese caste groups: the <a href="/wiki/Salagama" title="Salagama">Salagama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Durava" title="Durava">Durava</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karava" title="Karava">Karava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987121-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer199023-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007275-102">[98]</a> The Tamil migration and assimilation continued until the 18th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987121-100">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan society">Sri Lankan society</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka#Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Caste system in Sri Lanka">Caste system in Sri Lanka § Sri Lankan Tamils</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_-_Sri_Lankan_Tamils_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sri_Lanka_-_Sri_Lankan_Tamils_2012.png/200px-Sri_Lanka_-_Sri_Lankan_Tamils_2012.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sri_Lanka_-_Sri_Lankan_Tamils_2012.png/300px-Sri_Lanka_-_Sri_Lankan_Tamils_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sri_Lanka_-_Sri_Lankan_Tamils_2012.png/400px-Sri_Lanka_-_Sri_Lankan_Tamils_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Sri Lankan Tamil people in Sri Lanka by DS Division according 2012 census.</figcaption></figure> According to the 2012 census there were 2,270,924 Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka, 11.2% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-census12-1">[1]</a> Sri Lankan Tamils constitute an overwhelming majority of the population in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a> and are the largest ethnic group in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-census12-1">[1]</a> They are minority in other provinces. 70% of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka live in the Northern and Eastern provinces.<a href="#cite_note-census12-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">528,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">517,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">598,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">733,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1953 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">884,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+20.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1963 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,164,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+31.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,424,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,886,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+32.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,124,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2012 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,270,924</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#cite_note-census12-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[e]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Distribution of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka (2012)<a href="#cite_note-census12-1">[1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">Province</a> </th> <th style="vertical-align:bottom;">Sri Lankan Tamils </th> <th style="vertical-align:bottom;">% Province </th> <th style="vertical-align:bottom;">% Sri Lankan Tamils </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Central_Province.png/23px-Central_Province.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Central_Province.png/35px-Central_Province.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Central_Province.png/45px-Central_Province.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Province, Sri Lanka">Central</a></td> <td>128,263</td> <td>5.0%</td> <td>5.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eastern_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png/23px-Eastern_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eastern_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png/35px-Eastern_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eastern_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png/46px-Eastern_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="509" /> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern</a></td> <td>609,584</td> <td>39.3%</td> <td>26.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Northern_Province.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Northern_Province.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Northern_Province.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern</a></td> <td>987,692</td> <td>93.3%</td> <td>43.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/North_Central_Flag.png/23px-North_Central_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/North_Central_Flag.png/35px-North_Central_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/North_Central_Flag.png/46px-North_Central_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Central Province, Sri Lanka">North Central</a></td> <td>12,421</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/North_Western_Flag.png/23px-North_Western_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/North_Western_Flag.png/35px-North_Western_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/North_Western_Flag.png/46px-North_Western_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Western Province, Sri Lanka">North Western</a></td> <td>66,286</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>2.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sabaragamuwa_Province_Flag.png/23px-Sabaragamuwa_Province_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sabaragamuwa_Province_Flag.png/35px-Sabaragamuwa_Province_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sabaragamuwa_Province_Flag.png/46px-Sabaragamuwa_Province_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Sabaragamuwa_Province" title="Sabaragamuwa Province">Sabaragamuwa</a></td> <td>74,908</td> <td>3.9%</td> <td>3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Southern_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG/23px-Flag_of_the_Southern_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Southern_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG/35px-Flag_of_the_Southern_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Southern_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG/46px-Flag_of_the_Southern_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Southern Province, Sri Lanka">Southern</a></td> <td>25,901</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Uva_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29_SVG.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Uva_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29_SVG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Uva_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29_SVG.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Uva_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29_SVG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Uva_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29_SVG.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_Uva_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29_SVG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Uva_Province" title="Uva Province">Uva</a></td> <td>30,118</td> <td>2.4%</td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Western_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png/23px-Western_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Western_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png/35px-Western_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Western_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png/46px-Western_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="160" /> <a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td>335,751</td> <td>5.8%</td> <td>14.8% </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold"> <td align="left">Total</td> <td>2,270,924</td> <td>11.2%</td> <td>100.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> There are no accurate figures for the number of Sri Lankan Tamils living in the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">diaspora</a>. Estimates range from 450,000 to one million.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Tamil-speaking_communities">Other Tamil-speaking communities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other Tamil-speaking communities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Sri Lankan Moors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recolectores_de_te3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Recolectores_de_te3.jpg/220px-Recolectores_de_te3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Recolectores_de_te3.jpg/330px-Recolectores_de_te3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Recolectores_de_te3.jpg/440px-Recolectores_de_te3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a> are classed as a separate ethnic group.</figcaption></figure> The two groups of Tamils located in Sri Lanka are the Sri Lankan Tamils and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a>. There also exists a <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Moor">significant population</a> in Sri Lanka who are native speakers of Tamil language and are of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> faith. Though a significant amount of evidence points towards these Muslims being <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">ethnic Tamils</a>,<a href="#cite_note-vm-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-110">[105]</a> they are controversially<a href="#cite_note-vm-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-110">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-azz-111">[106]</a> listed as a separate ethnic group by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan government">Sri Lankan government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva19873–5-112">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva19879-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-population-114">[109]</a> Sri Lankan Tamils (also called Ceylon Tamils) are descendants of the Tamils of the old <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</a> and east coast chieftaincies called <a href="/wiki/Vannimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vannimai">Vannimais</a>. The Indian Tamils (or Hill Country Tamils) are descendants of bonded labourers sent from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work on tea plantations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987177-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987181-116">[111]</a> Most Sri Lankan Tamils live in the Northern and Eastern provinces and in the capital <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, and most Indian Tamils live in the central highlands.<a href="#cite_note-population-114">[109]</a> Historically, both groups have seen themselves as separate communities, although there has been a greater sense of unity since the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a> government <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Citizenship_Act" title="Ceylon Citizenship Act">stripped the Indian Tamils of their citizenship</a>. Under the terms of an agreement reached between the Sri Lankan and Indian governments in the 1960s, about forty percent of the Indian Tamils were granted Sri Lankan citizenship, and most of the remainder were <a href="/wiki/Repatriate" class="mw-redirect" title="Repatriate">repatriated</a> to India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987262-118">[113]</a> By the 1990s, most Indian Tamils had received Sri Lankan citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987262-118">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_groups">Regional groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regional groups">edit</a>]</div> Sri Lankan Tamils are categorised into three subgroups based on regional distribution, dialects, and culture: Negombo Tamils from the western part of the island, Eastern Tamils from the eastern part, and Jaffna or Northern Tamils from the north. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Tamils">Eastern Tamils</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eastern Tamils">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka-Trincomalee-Tempel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sri_Lanka-Trincomalee-Tempel.JPG/175px-Sri_Lanka-Trincomalee-Tempel.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sri_Lanka-Trincomalee-Tempel.JPG/263px-Sri_Lanka-Trincomalee-Tempel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sri_Lanka-Trincomalee-Tempel.JPG/350px-Sri_Lanka-Trincomalee-Tempel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_Temple" title="Koneswaram Temple">Koneswaram Hindu Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a>, mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Tevaram" title="Tevaram">Saiva literature</a> circa 700 CE by <a href="/wiki/Thirugnana_Sambanthar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirugnana Sambanthar">Thirugnana Sambanthar</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007230-119">[114]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Tamils" title="History of Eastern Tamils">History of Eastern Tamils</a></div> Eastern Tamils inhabit a region that spans the <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee_District" title="Trincomalee District">Trincomalee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_District" title="Batticaloa District">Batticaloa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ampara_District" title="Ampara District">Ampara</a> districts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivathamby19952–4-120">[115]</a> Their history and traditions are inspired by local legends, native literature, and colonial documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubramaniam20061–13-121">[116]</a> In the 16th century the area came under the nominal control of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kingdom of Kandy</a>, but there was scattered leadership under Vannimai chiefs in Batticaloa District<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivathamby19957–9-123">[118]</a> who came with <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Magha" title="Kalinga Magha">Magha's</a> army in 1215.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> From that time on, Eastern Tamil social development diverged from that of the Northern Tamils. Eastern Tamils are an agrarian-based society. They follow a <a href="/wiki/Caste_in_Sri_Lanka#Eastern_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste in Sri Lanka">caste system</a> similar to the South Indian or <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidian</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> system. The Eastern Tamil caste hierarchy is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Mukkuvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukkuvar">Mukkuvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Vellalar" title="Sri Lankan Vellalar">Vellalar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karaiyar" title="Karaiyar">Karaiyar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> The main feature of their society is the kudi system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYalman1967282–335-126">[121]</a> Although the Tamil word kudi means a house or settlement, in eastern Sri Lanka it is related to matrimonial alliances. It refers to the <a href="/wiki/Exogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Exogamous">exogamous</a> <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a> and is found amongst most caste groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivathamby19955–6-127">[122]</a> Men or women remain members of the kudi of their birth and be brother or sister by relation. No man can marry in the same kudi because woman is always become sister to him. But, a man can only marry in one of his sampantha kudis not in the sakothara kudis. By custom, children born in a family belong to mother's kudi. Kudi also collectively own places of worship such as <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivathamby19955–6-127">[122]</a> Each caste contains a number of kudis, with varying names. Aside from castes with an internal kudi system, there are seventeen caste groups, called Ciraikudis, or imprisoned kudis, whose members were considered to be in captivity, confined to specific services such as washing, weaving, and <a href="/wiki/Toddy_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Toddy tapping">toddy tapping</a>. However, such restrictions no longer apply. The Tamils of the Trincomalee district have different social customs from their southern neighbours due to the influence of the Jaffna kingdom to the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivathamby19955–6-127">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Coast_Vedda" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Vedda">Veddha</a> people of the east coast also speak Tamil and have become assimilated into the Eastern Tamil caste structure.<a href="#cite_note-Seligmann1911-128">[123]</a> Most Eastern Tamils follow customary laws called <a href="/wiki/Mukkuva_laws" title="Mukkuva laws">Mukkuva laws</a> codified during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_period_in_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch period in Ceylon">Dutch colonial period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThambiah20012-129">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Tamils">Northern Tamils</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Northern Tamils">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna's history</a> of being an independent kingdom lends legitimacy to the political claims of the Sri Lankan Tamils, and has provided a focus for their constitutional demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivathamby19954–12-130">[125]</a> Northern Tamil society is generally categorised into two groups: those who are from the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna peninsula">Jaffna peninsula</a> in the north, and those who are residents of the <a href="/wiki/Vanni_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Vanni (Sri Lanka)">Vanni</a> to the immediate south. The Jaffna society is separated by <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka#Tamil_castes" title="Caste system in Sri Lanka">castes</a>. Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Vellalar" title="Sri Lankan Vellalar">Sri Lankan Vellalar</a> were in northern region dominant and were traditionally <a href="/wiki/Husbandman" title="Husbandman">husbandman</a> involved in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">cattle cultivation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> They constitute half of the population and enjoyed dominance under Dutch rule, from which community the colonial political elites also were drawn from.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> The maritime communities existed outside the agriculture-based caste system and is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Karaiyar" title="Karaiyar">Karaiyars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam199962-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> The dominant castes (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Vellalar" title="Vellalar">Vellalar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Karaiyar" title="Karaiyar">Karaiyar</a>) traditionally use the service of those collectively known as Kudimakkal. The Panchamars, who serve as Kudimakkal, consists of the <a href="/wiki/Nalavar" title="Nalavar">Nalavar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallar" title="Pallar">Pallar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parayar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parayar">Parayar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vannar" title="Vannar">Vannar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambattan">Ambattar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivathamby19954–12-130">[125]</a> The castes of temple priests known as the Kurukkals and the <a href="/wiki/Iyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyers">Iyers</a> are also held in high esteem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam199962-133">[128]</a> The artisans who are known as <a href="/wiki/Kammalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kammalan">Kammalar</a> also serve as Kudimakkal, and consists of the Kannar (brass-workers), Kollar (blacksmiths), Tattar (goldsmiths), Tatchar (carpenters) and Kartatchar (sculptor). The Kudimakkal were <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic servants</a> who also gave ritual importance to the dominant castes.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> People in the Vanni districts considered themselves separate from Tamils of the Jaffna peninsula but the two groups did intermarry. Most of these married couples moved into the Vanni districts where land was available. Vanni consists of a number of highland settlements within forested lands using <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">irrigation tank</a>-based cultivation. An 1890 census listed 711 such tanks in this area. Hunting and raising livestock such as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic buffalo">water buffalo</a> and cattle is a necessary adjunct to the agriculture. The Tamil-inhabited Vanni consists of the <a href="/wiki/Vavuniya_District" title="Vavuniya District">Vavuniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mullaitivu_District" title="Mullaitivu District">Mullaitivu</a>, and eastern <a href="/wiki/Mannar_District" title="Mannar District">Mannar</a> districts. Historically, the Vanni area has been in contact with what is now South India, including during the medieval period and was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar Chieftains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivathamby19954–12-130">[125]</a> Northern Tamils follow customary laws called <a href="/wiki/Thesavalamai" title="Thesavalamai">Thesavalamai</a>, codified during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_period_in_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch period in Ceylon">Dutch colonial period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThambiah200112-137">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Tamils">Western Tamils</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Western Tamils">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamils" title="Negombo Tamils">Negombo Tamils</a></div> Western Tamils, also known as <a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamils" title="Negombo Tamils">Negombo Tamils</a> or Puttalam Tamils, are native Sri Lankan Tamils who live in the western <a href="/wiki/Gampaha_District" title="Gampaha District">Gampaha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puttalam_District" title="Puttalam District">Puttalam</a> districts. The term does not apply to Tamil immigrants in these areas.<a href="#cite_note-RD-138">[133]</a> They are distinguished from other Tamils by their dialects, one of which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamil_dialect" title="Negombo Tamil dialect">Negombo Tamil dialect</a>, and by aspects of their culture such as <a href="/wiki/Custom_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Custom (law)">customary laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RD-138">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGair1998171-139">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bonta-140">[135]</a> Most Negombo Tamils have assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> ethnic group through a process known as <a href="/wiki/Sinhalisation" title="Sinhalisation">Sinhalisation</a>. Sinhalisation has been facilitated by <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> myths and legends.<a href="#cite_note-Foell-141">[136]</a> The Western Tamils caste hierarchy is principally dominated by the maritime <a href="/wiki/Karaiyar" title="Karaiyar">Karaiyars</a>, along with other dominant groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Bharatha_people" title="Bharatha people">Paravars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> In Gampaha District, Tamils have historically inhabited the coastal region. In the Puttalam District, there was a substantial ethnic Tamil population until the first two decades of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Foell-141">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> Most of those who identify as ethnic Tamils live in villages such as <a href="/wiki/Udappu" title="Udappu">Udappu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maradankulama" title="Maradankulama">Maradankulam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> The coastal strip from <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chilaw" title="Chilaw">Chilaw</a> is also known as the "Catholic belt".<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Christians">Tamil Christians</a>, chiefly Roman Catholics, have preserved their heritage in the major cities such as <a href="/wiki/Negombo" title="Negombo">Negombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilaw" title="Chilaw">Chilaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puttalam" title="Puttalam">Puttalam</a>, and also in villages such as <a href="/wiki/Mampuri" title="Mampuri">Mampuri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foell-141">[136]</a> Some residents of these two districts, especially the <a href="/wiki/Karaiyar" title="Karaiyar">Karaiyars</a>, are bilingual, ensuring that the Tamil language survives as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> among migrating maritime communities across the island. Negombo Tamil dialect is spoken by about 50,000 people. This number does not include others, outside of Negombo city, who speak local varieties of the Tamil language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGair1998171-139">[134]</a> The bilingual catholic <a href="/wiki/Karava" title="Karava">Karavas</a> are also found in the western coastal regions, who trace their origins to the Tamil <a href="/wiki/Karaiyar" title="Karaiyar">Karaiyar</a> however identify themselves as <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> Negombo Tamil indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Karava" title="Karava">Karavas</a> immigrated to Sri Lanka much later than Tamils immigrated to Jaffna. This would suggest that the Negombo dialect continued to evolve in the Coromandel Coast before it arrived in Sri Lanka and began to get influenced by Sinhala. So, in some ways, the dialect is closer to those spoken in Tamil Nadu than to Jaffna Tamil.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_place_name_etymology#Tamil" title="Sri Lankan place name etymology">Tamil place names</a> have been retained in these districts. Outside the Tamil-dominated northeast, the Puttalam District has the highest percentage of place names of Tamil origin in Sri Lanka. Composite or hybrid place names are also present in these districts.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_affinities">Genetic affinities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genetic affinities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils">Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils</a></div> Although Sri Lankan Tamils are culturally and linguistically distinct, genetic studies indicate that they are closely related to other ethnic groups in the island while being related to the Indian Tamils from South India as well. There are various studies that indicate varying degrees of connections between Sri Lankan Tamils, Sinhalese, and Indian ethnic groups. A study conducted by Kshatriya in 1995 found that both ethnolinguistic groups of Sri Lanka, including the Tamils, were closest to the Tamil population of India and also the Muslim population of South India. They were found to be the most distant group from the Veddahs, and quite distant from both North-West Indians (Punjabis and Gujratis) and North-East Indians (Bengalis).<a href="#cite_note-:1-149">[144]</a> In comparison to Indian Tamils, the Tamils of Sri Lanka had a higher admixture with the Sinhalese, though the Sinhalese themselves share a 69.86% (+/- 0.61) genetic admixture with the Indian Tamils.<a href="#cite_note-:1-149">[144]</a> The study stated that any admixture from migrations several thousand years ago must have been erased through millennia of admixture among geographically local peoples.<a href="#cite_note-:1-149">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Hindu_Gentleman_of_North_Ceylon_(p.72,_July_1859,_XVI)_-_Copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_Hindu_Gentleman_of_North_Ceylon_%28p.72%2C_July_1859%2C_XVI%29_-_Copy.jpg/140px-A_Hindu_Gentleman_of_North_Ceylon_%28p.72%2C_July_1859%2C_XVI%29_-_Copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_Hindu_Gentleman_of_North_Ceylon_%28p.72%2C_July_1859%2C_XVI%29_-_Copy.jpg/210px-A_Hindu_Gentleman_of_North_Ceylon_%28p.72%2C_July_1859%2C_XVI%29_-_Copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_Hindu_Gentleman_of_North_Ceylon_%28p.72%2C_July_1859%2C_XVI%29_-_Copy.jpg/280px-A_Hindu_Gentleman_of_North_Ceylon_%28p.72%2C_July_1859%2C_XVI%29_-_Copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>A Hindu gentleman of North Ceylon (1859)<a href="#cite_note-Offering1859-150">[145]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg/220px-Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg/330px-Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg/440px-Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_Kovil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil">Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil</a>, one of the main Kovil in Sri Lanka.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Hinduism in Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Christianity in Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Village_deities_of_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka">Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka</a></div> In 1981, about eighty percent of Sri Lankan Tamils were <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> who followed the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> sect.<a href="#cite_note-RR-151">[146]</a> The rest were mostly Roman Catholics who converted after the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese conquest of Jaffna Kingdom">Portuguese conquest of Jaffna Kingdom</a>. There is also a small minority of Protestants due to missionary efforts in the 18th century by organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson198229-152">[147]</a> Most Tamils who inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western Province</a> are Roman Catholics, while those of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern Provinces</a> are mainly Hindu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivathamby199534–89-153">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> and other churches, such as <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, are active among the internally displaced and refugee populations.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> The 2012 Sri Lanka Census revealed a <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhist</a> population of 22,254 amongst Sri Lankan Tamils, i.e. roughly 1% of all Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-22,254_Tamil_Buddhists_in_SL-18">[18]</a> The Hindu elite, especially the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Vellalar" title="Sri Lankan Vellalar">Vellalar</a>, follow the religious ideology of <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a> (Shaiva school) while the masses practice <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_village_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamil village deities">folk Hinduism</a>, upholding their faith in local village deities not found in formal Hindu scriptures. The place of worship depends on the object of worship and how it is housed. It could be a proper Hindu temple known as a Koyil, constructed according to the <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamic</a> scripts (a set of scriptures regulating the temple cult). More often, however, the temple is not completed in accordance with Agamic scriptures but consists of the barest essential structure housing a local deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivathamby199534–89-153">[148]</a> These temples observe daily <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a> (prayers) hours and are attended by locals. Both types of temples have a resident ritualist or priest known as a Kurukkal. A Kurukkal may belong to someone from a prominent local lineage like Pandaram or Iyer community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivathamby199534–89-153">[148]</a> In the Eastern Province, a Kurukkal usually belongs to <a href="/wiki/Lingayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayat">Lingayat</a> sect. Other places of worship do not have icons for their deities. The sanctum could house a <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">trident</a> (culam), a stone, or a large tree. Temples of this type are common in the Northern and Eastern Provinces; a typical village has up to 150 such structures. The offering would be done by an elder of the family who owns the site. A coconut oil lamp would be lit on Fridays, and a special rice dish known as <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(dish)" title="Pongal (dish)">pongal</a> would be cooked either on a day considered auspicious by the family or on the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Pongal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Pongal">Thai Pongal</a> day, and possibly on <a href="/wiki/Puthandu#Celebration" title="Puthandu">Tamil New Year Day</a>. There are several worshipped deities: <a href="/wiki/Ayyanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyanar">Ayyanar</a>, Annamar, <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Vairavar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Pillaiyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murukan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannaki_Amman" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannaki Amman">Kannaki Amman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariamman" title="Mariamman">Mariamman</a>. Villages have more Pillaiyar temples, which are patronised by local farmers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivathamby199534–89-153">[148]</a> Kannaki Amman is mostly patronised by maritime communities.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> Tamil Roman Catholics, along with members of other faiths, worship at the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Madhu" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu">Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> Hindus have several temples with historic importance such as those at <a href="/wiki/Ketheeswaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketheeswaram">Ketheeswaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koneswaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Koneswaram">Koneswaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naguleswaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Naguleswaram">Naguleswaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munneswaram_temple" title="Munneswaram temple">Munneswaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tondeswaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondeswaram">Tondeswaram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_temple" title="Nallur Kandaswamy temple">Nallur Kandaswamy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManogaran200046-157">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kataragama" title="Kataragama">Kataragama</a> temple and <a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Peak" title="Adam's Peak">Adam's Peak</a> are attended by all religious communities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan Tamil dialects</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages of Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loan_words_in_Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil">Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_words_of_Tamil_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala words of Tamil origin">Sinhala words of Tamil origin</a></div> Sri Lankan Tamils predominantly speak Tamil and its Sri Lankan dialects which are more conservative than the dialects spoken in India.<a href="#cite_note-oldtamil-158">[153]</a> These dialects preserve features of <a href="/wiki/Old_Tamil" title="Old Tamil">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tamil" title="Middle Tamil">Medieval Tamil</a> which have been lost in their Indian counterparts. In spite of this, both Sri Lankan and Indian Tamil dialects retain a degree of mutual intelligibility.<a href="#cite_note-oldtamil-158">[153]</a> Sri Lankan Tamil dialects are classified into three major subgroups: the Jaffna Tamil, the Batticaloa Tamil, and the <a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamil_dialect" title="Negombo Tamil dialect">Negombo Tamil dialects</a>. These dialects are also used by ethnic groups other than Tamils such as the Sinhalese, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Moors</a> and Veddhas. Tamil loan words in Sinhala also follow the characteristics of Sri Lankan Tamil dialects.<a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-159">[154]</a> Sri Lankan Tamils, depending on where they live in Sri Lanka, may also additionally speak <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> and or <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. According to the 2012 Census 32.8% or 614,169 Sri Lankan Tamils also spoke Sinhala and 20.9% or 390,676 Sri Lankan Tamils also spoke English.<a href="#cite_note-Census2012-160">[155]</a> The Negombo Tamil dialect is used by bilingual fishermen in the Negombo area, who otherwise identify themselves as Sinhalese. This dialect has undergone considerable convergence with spoken <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bonta-140">[135]</a> The Batticaloa Tamil dialect is shared between Tamils, Muslims, Veddhas and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Burghers" title="Portuguese Burghers">Portuguese Burghers</a> in the Eastern Province. Batticaloa Tamil dialect is the most literary of all the spoken dialects of Tamil. It has preserved several ancient features, remaining more consistent with the literary norm, while at the same time developing a few innovations. It also has its own distinctive vocabulary and retains words that are unique to present-day <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian language">Dravidian language</a> from Kerala that originated as a <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of old Tamil around 9th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubramaniam200610-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> The Tamil dialect used by residents of the Trincomalee District has many similarities with the Jaffna Tamil dialect.<a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-159">[154]</a> The long physical isolation of the Tamils of Jaffna has enabled their dialect to preserve ancient features of old Tamil that predate <a href="/wiki/Tolkappiyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkappiyam">Tolkappiyam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-159">[154]</a> the grammatical treatise on Tamil dated from 3rd century BCE to 10th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> Also, a significant component of settlers were from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, which contributed to the distinctiveness of the dialect from the Tamil Nadu dialects.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-159">[154]</a> Conservational Jaffna Tamil dialect and Indian Tamil dialects are to an extent not mutually intelligible,<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> and the former is frequently mistaken for <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> by native Indian Tamil speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala200745-166">[161]</a> There are also <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> loan words that are unique to Jaffna Tamil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007389-167">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACM_1890.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ACM_1890.gif/220px-ACM_1890.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ACM_1890.gif/330px-ACM_1890.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/ACM_1890.gif 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>A group of <a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a> missionaries in Jaffna (circa 1890)</figcaption></figure> Sri Lankan Tamil society values education highly, for its own sake as well as for the opportunities it provides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGair1998171-139">[134]</a> The kings of the Aryacakravarti dynasty were historically patrons of literature and education. Temple schools and traditional <a href="/wiki/Gurukul" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurukul">gurukulam</a> classes on <a href="/wiki/Verandah" class="mw-redirect" title="Verandah">verandahs</a> (known as Thinnai Pallikoodam in Tamil) spread basic education in religion and in languages such as Tamil and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> to the upper classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam199964–65-169">[164]</a> The Portuguese introduced western-style education after their conquest of the Jaffna kingdom in 1619. The Jesuits opened churches and seminaries, but the Dutch destroyed them and opened their own schools attached to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Reformed church">Dutch Reformed churches</a> when they took over Tamil-speaking regions of Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam199968-170">[165]</a> The primary impetus for educational opportunity came with the establishment of the American Ceylon Mission in Jaffna District, which started with the arrival in 1813 of missionaries sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions</a>. The critical period of the missionaries' impact was from the 1820s to the early 20th century. During this time, they created Tamil translations of English texts, engaged in printing and publishing, established primary, secondary, and <a href="/wiki/Batticotta_Seminary" title="Batticotta Seminary">college-level schools</a>, and provided health care for residents of the Jaffna Peninsula. American activities in Jaffna also had unintended consequences. The concentration of efficient Protestant mission schools in Jaffna produced a revival movement among local Hindus led by <a href="/wiki/Arumuga_Navalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Arumuga Navalar">Arumuga Navalar</a>, who responded by building many more schools within the Jaffna peninsula. Local Catholics also started their own schools in reaction, and the state had its share of primary and secondary schools. Tamil literacy greatly increased as a result of these changes. This prompted the British colonial government to hire Tamils as government servants in British-held Ceylon, India, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam199973–109-171">[166]</a> By the time Sri Lanka became independent in 1948, about sixty percent of government jobs were held by Tamils, who formed barely fifteen percent of the population. The elected Sinhalese leaders of the country saw this as the result of a British stratagem to control the majority Sinhalese, and deemed it a situation that needed correction by implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy of standardization">Policy of standardization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfaffenberg1994110-172">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbihaipahar199829-173">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_literature" title="Sri Lankan Tamil literature">Sri Lankan Tamil literature</a></div> According to legends, the origin of Sri Lankan Tamil literature dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam period</a> (3rd century BCE–6th century CE). These legends indicate that the Tamil poet <a href="/wiki/Eelattu_Poothanthevanar" title="Eelattu Poothanthevanar">Eelattu Poothanthevanar</a> (Poothanthevanar from Sri Lanka) lived during this period.<a href="#cite_note-Sivathamby-174">[169]</a> Medieval period Tamil literature on the subjects of medicine, mathematics and history was produced in the courts of the Jaffna Kingdom. During <a href="/wiki/Singai_Pararasasekaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Singai Pararasasekaran">Singai Pararasasekaran</a>'s rule, an academy for the propagation of the Tamil language, modelled on those of ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangam">Tamil Sangam</a>, was established in Nallur. This academy collected manuscripts of ancient works and preserved them in the Saraswathy Mahal library.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam199964–65-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadarajan199980–84-175">[170]</a> During the Portuguese and Dutch colonial periods (1619–1796), <a href="/wiki/Muttukumara_Kavirajar" title="Muttukumara Kavirajar">Muttukumara Kavirajar</a> is the earliest known author who used literature to respond to Christian missionary activities. He was followed by <a href="/wiki/Arumuga_Navalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Arumuga Navalar">Arumuga Navalar</a>, who wrote and published a number of books.<a href="#cite_note-Sivathamby-174">[169]</a> The period of joint missionary activities by the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, American Ceylon, and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> Missions also saw the spread of modern education and the expansion of translation activities. The modern period of Tamil literature began in the 1960s with the establishment of modern universities and a free education system in post-independence Sri Lanka. The 1960s also saw a social revolt against the <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> system in Jaffna, which impacted Tamil literature: <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Jeeva" title="Dominic Jeeva">Dominic Jeeva</a>, Senkai aazhiyaan, Thamizhmani Ahalangan are the products of this period.<a href="#cite_note-Sivathamby-174">[169]</a> After the start of the civil war in 1983, a number of poets and fiction writers became active, focusing on subjects such as death, destruction, and rape. Such writings have no parallels in any previous Tamil literature.<a href="#cite_note-Sivathamby-174">[169]</a> The war produced displaced Tamil writers around the globe who recorded their longing for their lost homes and the need for integration with mainstream communities in Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-Sivathamby-174">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Jaffna Public Library">Jaffna Public Library</a> which contained over 97,000 books and manuscripts was one of the biggest libraries in Asia, and through the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Burning of Jaffna Public Library">Burning of the Jaffna Public Library</a> much of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_literature" title="Sri Lankan Tamil literature">Sri Lankan Tamil literature</a> has been obliterated.<a href="#cite_note-:0-176">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittu_At_Omax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pittu_At_Omax.jpg/200px-Pittu_At_Omax.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pittu_At_Omax.jpg/300px-Pittu_At_Omax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pittu_At_Omax.jpg/400px-Pittu_At_Omax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Puttu" title="Puttu">Puttu</a>, with sea food at a shop in Jaffna.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Idiyappam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Idiyappam.jpg/200px-Idiyappam.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Idiyappam.jpg/300px-Idiyappam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Idiyappam.jpg/400px-Idiyappam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1032" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/String_hoppers" class="mw-redirect" title="String hoppers">String hoppers</a>, known as Idiyappam in Tamil, is a popular breakfast and dinner dish.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan cuisine</a></div> The cuisine of Sri Lankan Tamils draws influence from that of India, as well as from colonialists and foreign traders. Rice is usually consumed daily and can be found at any special occasion, while spicy <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curries</a> are favourite dishes for lunch and dinner. <a href="/wiki/Rice_and_curry" title="Rice and curry">Rice and curry</a> is the name for a range of Sri Lankan Tamil dishes distinct from Indian Tamil cuisine, with regional variations between the island's northern and eastern areas. While rice with curries is the most popular lunch menu, combinations such as <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curd</a>, tangy mango, and tomato rice are also commonly served.<a href="#cite_note-TH200703-177">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/String_hoppers" class="mw-redirect" title="String hoppers">String hoppers</a>, which are made of <a href="/wiki/Rice_flour" title="Rice flour">rice flour</a> and look like knitted <a href="/wiki/Vermicelli" title="Vermicelli">vermicelli</a> neatly laid out in circular pieces about 12 centimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, are frequently combined with tomato sothi (a soup) and curries for breakfast and dinner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPujangga199775-178">[173]</a> Another common item is <a href="/wiki/Puttu" title="Puttu">puttu</a>, a granular, dry, but soft steamed rice powder cooked in a bamboo cylinder with the base wrapped in cloth so that the bamboo flute can be set upright over a clay pot of boiling water. This can be transformed into varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">ragi</a>, spinach, and tapioca puttu. There are also sweet and savoury puttus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPujangga199772-179">[174]</a> Another popular breakfast or dinner dish is <a href="/wiki/Appam" title="Appam">Appam</a>, a thin crusty pancake made with rice flour, with a round soft crust in the middle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPujangga199773-180">[175]</a> It has variations such as egg or milk Appam.<a href="#cite_note-TH200703-177">[172]</a> Jaffna, as a peninsula, has an abundance of seafood such as crab, shark, fish, prawn, and squid. Meat dishes such as mutton, chicken and pork also have their own niche. Vegetable curries use ingredients primarily from the home garden such as pumpkin, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a> seed, <a href="/wiki/Hibiscus" title="Hibiscus">hibiscus</a> flower, and various green leaves. <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a> and hot <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chilli</a> powder are also frequently used. Appetizers can consist of a range of <a href="/wiki/Indian_pickle" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian pickle">achars</a> (pickles) and vadahams. Snacks and sweets are generally of the homemade "rustic" variety, relying on <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a> seed, coconut, and <a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">gingelly oil</a>, to give them their distinct regional flavour. A popular alcoholic drink in rural areas is <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm wine</a> (toddy), made from <a href="/wiki/Borassus" title="Borassus">palmyra tree</a> sap. Snacks, savouries, sweets and porridge produced from the palmyra form a separate but unique category of foods; from the fan-shaped leaves to the root, the palmyra palm forms an intrinsic part of the life and cuisine of northern region.<a href="#cite_note-TH200703-177">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></div> Sri Lanka became an independent nation in 1948. Since independence, the political relationship between the Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamil communities has been strained. Sri Lanka has been unable to contain its ethnic violence as it escalated from sporadic terrorism to mob violence, and finally to civil war.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-181">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a> has several underlying causes: the ways in which modern ethnic identities have been made and remade since the colonial period, rhetorical wars over archaeological sites and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_place_name_etymology" title="Sri Lankan place name etymology">place name etymologies</a>, and the political use of the national past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer199023-101">[97]</a> The civil war resulted in the death of at least 100,000 people<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> and, according to human rights groups such as <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearance</a> of thousands of others (see <a href="/wiki/White_van_abductions_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="White van abductions in Sri Lanka">White van abductions in Sri Lanka</a>).<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> Since 1983, Sri Lanka has also witnessed massive civilian displacements of more than a million people, with eighty percent of them being Sri Lankan Tamils.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_independence">Before independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Before independence">edit</a>]</div> The arrival of Protestant missionaries on a large scale beginning in 1814 was a primary contributor to the development of political awareness among Sri Lankan Tamils. Activities by missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> churches led to a revival among Hindu Tamils who created their own social groups, built their own schools and temples, and published their own literature to counter the missionary activities. The success of this effort led to a new confidence for the Tamils, encouraging them to think of themselves as a community, and it paved the way for their emergence as a cultural, religious, and linguistic society in the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam1999108-188">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam1999201-189">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, which conquered the whole island by 1815, established a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Ceylon" title="Legislative Council of Ceylon">legislative council</a> in 1833. During the 1833 Colebrooke-Cameron reforms the British centralised control to Colombo and amalgamated all administrative territories including the Tamil areas which had previously been administered separately.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> A form of modern central government was established for the first time in the island, followed by gradual decline of local form of feudalism including Rajakariya, which was abolished soon after. In the legislative council the British assigned three European seats and one seat each for Sinhalese, Tamils and <a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burghers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McConnell2008-191">[186]</a> This council's primary function was to act as advisor to the <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_British_Ceylon" title="Governors of British Ceylon">Governor</a>, and the seats eventually became elected positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam199976-192">[187]</a> There was initially little tension between the Sinhalese and the Tamils, when in 1913 <a href="/wiki/Ponnambalam_Arunachalam" title="Ponnambalam Arunachalam">Ponnambalam Arunachalam</a>, a Tamil, was elected representative of the Sinhalese as well as of the Tamils in the national legislative council. British Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Manning_(colonial_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Manning (colonial governor)">William Manning</a>, who was appointed in 1918 however, actively encouraged the concept of "communal representation".<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> Subsequently, the Donoughmore Commission in 1931 rejected communal representation and brought in <a href="/wiki/Universal_franchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal franchise">universal franchise</a>. This decision was opposed by the Tamil political leadership, who realised that they would be reduced to a minority in parliament according to their proportion of the overall population. In 1944, <a href="/wiki/G._G._Ponnambalam" title="G. G. Ponnambalam">G. G. Ponnambalam</a>, a leader of the Tamil community, suggested to the <a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Commission" title="Soulbury Commission">Soulbury Commission</a> that a roughly equal number of seats be assigned to Sinhalese and minorities in an independent Ceylon (50:50)—a proposal that was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam19995-194">[189]</a> But under section 29(2) of the constitution formulated by the commissioner, additional protection was provided to minority groups, such requiring a two-thirds majority for any amendments and a scheme of representation that provided more weight to the ethnic minorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam19996-195">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_independence">After independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: After independence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Tamil_Eelam_territorial_claim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Location_Tamil_Eelam_territorial_claim.png/140px-Location_Tamil_Eelam_territorial_claim.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Location_Tamil_Eelam_territorial_claim.png/210px-Location_Tamil_Eelam_territorial_claim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Location_Tamil_Eelam_territorial_claim.png/280px-Location_Tamil_Eelam_territorial_claim.png 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Territorial claims for the state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a> by various <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> groups</figcaption></figure> Shortly after independence in 1948, G.G. Ponnambalam and his <a href="/wiki/All_Ceylon_Tamil_Congress" title="All Ceylon Tamil Congress">All Ceylon Tamil Congress</a> joined <a href="/wiki/D.S._Senanayake" class="mw-redirect" title="D.S. Senanayake">D.S. Senanayake</a>'s moderate, western-oriented <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a> led <a href="/wiki/D._S._Senanayake_cabinet" title="D. S. Senanayake cabinet">government</a> which led to a split in the Tamil Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200079-196">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/S.J.V._Chelvanayakam" class="mw-redirect" title="S.J.V. Chelvanayakam">S.J.V. Chelvanayakam</a>, the leader of the splinter <a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Party (Sri Lanka)">Federal Party</a> (FP or Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi), contested the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Citizenship_Act" title="Ceylon Citizenship Act">Ceylon Citizenship Act</a>, which denied citizenship to Tamils of <a href="/wiki/Hill_Country_Tamils" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill Country Tamils">recent Indian origin</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Ceylon">Supreme Court</a>, and then in the <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Privy council</a> in England, but failed to overturn it. The FP eventually became the dominant Tamil political party.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> In response to the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a> in 1956, which made Sinhala the sole official language, Federal Party Members of Parliament staged a nonviolent sit-in (<a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagraha</a>) protest, but it was violently broken up by a mob. The FP was blamed and briefly banned after the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_riots_of_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan riots of 1958">riots of May–June 1958</a> targeting Tamils, in which many were killed and thousands forced to flee their homes.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> Another point of conflict between the communities was <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state_sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes">state sponsored colonisation schemes</a> that effectively changed the demographic balance in the Eastern Province, an area Tamil nationalists considered to be their traditional homeland, in favour of the majority Sinhalese.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-181">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-cstudy-199">[194]</a> In 1972, a newly formulated constitution removed section 29(2) of the 1947 Soulbury constitution that was formulated to protect the interests of minorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam19996-195">[190]</a> Also, in 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy of standardization">Policy of standardization</a> was implemented by the Sri Lankan government, supposedly to rectify disparities in university enrolment created under <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British colonial rule</a>. The resultant benefits enjoyed by Sinhalese students also meant a significant decrease in the number of Tamil students within the Sri Lankan university student population.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> Shortly thereafter, in 1973, the Federal Party decided to demand a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">separate Tamil state</a>. In 1976 they merged with the other Tamil political parties to become the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a> (TULF). <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2000101–110-201">[196]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-181">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-cstudy-199">[194]</a> By 1977 most Tamils seemed to support the move for independence by electing the Tamil United Liberation Front overwhelmingly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam19997-202">[197]</a> The elections were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_riots_of_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan riots of 1977">1977 riots</a>, in which around 300 Tamils were killed.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> There was further violence in 1981 when an organised Sinhalese mob went on a rampage during the nights of 31 May to 2 June, <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna library">burning down the Jaffna public library</a>—at the time one of the largest libraries in Asia—containing more than 97,000 books and manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2000125-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_militancy">Rise of militancy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rise of militancy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights in Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_state_terrorism" title="Sri Lanka and state terrorism">Sri Lanka and state terrorism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE">List of attacks attributed to the LTTE</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LTTE_car_with_soldiers_in_Killinochi_april_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/LTTE_car_with_soldiers_in_Killinochi_april_2004.jpg/220px-LTTE_car_with_soldiers_in_Killinochi_april_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/LTTE_car_with_soldiers_in_Killinochi_april_2004.jpg/330px-LTTE_car_with_soldiers_in_Killinochi_april_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/LTTE_car_with_soldiers_in_Killinochi_april_2004.jpg/440px-LTTE_car_with_soldiers_in_Killinochi_april_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Tamil rebels in a pick-up truck in <a href="/wiki/Killinochchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Killinochchi">Killinochchi</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> Since 1948, successive governments have adopted policies that had the net effect of assisting the Sinhalese community in such areas as education and public employment.<a href="#cite_note-cstudy3-206">[201]</a> These policies made it difficult for middle class Tamil youth to <a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardisation" title="Policy of standardisation">enter university</a> or secure employment.<a href="#cite_note-cstudy3-206">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shastri1990-207">[202]</a> The individuals belonging to this younger generation, often referred to by other Tamils as "the boys" (Podiyangal in Tamil), formed many militant organisations.<a href="#cite_note-cstudy3-206">[201]</a> The most important contributor to the strength of the militant groups was the <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a> massacre, in which between 1,000 and 3,000<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC230703-209">[204]</a> Tamils were killed, prompting many youths to choose the path of armed resistance.<a href="#cite_note-cstudy3-206">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC230703-209">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> By the end of 1987, the militant youth groups had fought not only the Sri Lankan security forces and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force</a> also among each other, with the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE) eventually eliminating most of the others. Except for the LTTE, many of the remaining organisations transformed into either minor political parties within the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a> or standalone political parties. Some also function as paramilitary groups within the Sri Lankan military.<a href="#cite_note-cstudy3-206">[201]</a> Human rights groups such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> have expressed concern about the state of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">human rights in Sri Lanka</a>, and both the government of Sri Lanka and the rebel LTTE have been accused of human rights violations. Although Amnesty International in 2003 found considerable improvement in the human rights situation, attributed to a ceasefire and peace talks between the government and the LTTE,<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> by 2007 they reported an escalation in <a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of assassinations of the Sri Lankan Civil War">political killings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militant_use_of_children_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant use of children in Sri Lanka">child recruitment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka">abductions</a>, and armed clashes, which created a climate of fear in the north and east of the country.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_civil_war">End of the civil war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: End of the civil war">edit</a>]</div> In August 2009, the civil war ended with total victory for the government forces. During the last phase of the war, many Tamil civilians and combatants were killed. The government estimated that over 22,000 LTTE cadres had died.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> The civilian death toll is estimated to be as high as 40,000 or more.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> This is in addition to the 70,000 Sri Lankans killed up to the beginning of the last phase of the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> Over 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced persons">internally displaced</a> Tamil civilians were interred in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_IDP_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan IDP camps">special camps</a> and eventually released. As of 2011, there were still a few thousand alleged combatants in state prisons awaiting trials.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> The Sri Lankan government has released over 11,000 rehabilitated former LTTE cadres.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Mannar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Mannar">Bishop of Mannar</a> (a northwestern town) <a href="/wiki/Rayappu_Joseph" title="Rayappu Joseph">Rayappu Joseph</a> said that 146,679 people seemed to be unaccounted between 2008 October and at the end of the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> The Tamil presence in Sri Lankan politics and society is facing a revival. In 2015 elections the Tamil national alliance got the third largest number of seats in the Parliament and as the largest parties UNP and SLFP created a unity government TNA leader R. Sampanthan was appointed as the opposition leader.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> K. Sripavan became the 44th Chief justice and the second Tamil to hold the position.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migrations">Migrations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Migrations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templefest_6039446-49N1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Templefest_6039446-49N1.jpg/220px-Templefest_6039446-49N1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Templefest_6039446-49N1.jpg/330px-Templefest_6039446-49N1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Templefest_6039446-49N1.jpg/440px-Templefest_6039446-49N1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Sri Kamadchi Ampal temple in <a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a>, Germany, built primarily by Sri Lankan Tamil expatriates<a href="#cite_note-Baumann-9">[9]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Canadian">Tamil Canadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="British Tamil">British Tamil</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-independence">Pre-independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pre-independence">edit</a>]</div> The earliest Tamil speakers from Sri Lanka known to have travelled to foreign lands were members of a <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a> <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> called Tenilankai Valanciyar (Valanciyar from Lanka of the South). They left behind inscriptions in South India dated to the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007253–254-224">[219]</a> In the late 19th century, educated Tamils from the Jaffna peninsula migrated to the British colonies of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> (Malaysia and Singapore) and India to assist the colonial bureaucracy. They worked in almost every branch of public administration, as well as on plantations and in industrial sectors. Prominent Sri Lankan Tamils in the Forbes list of billionaire include: <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Krishnan" title="Ananda Krishnan">Ananda Krishnan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raj_Rajaratnam" title="Raj Rajaratnam">Raj Rajaratnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/G._Gnanalingam" title="G. Gnanalingam">G. Gnanalingam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> and Singapore's former foreign minister and deputy prime minister, <a href="/wiki/S._Rajaratnam" title="S. Rajaratnam">S. Rajaratnam</a>, are of Sri Lankan Tamil descent.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/C._W._Thamotharampillai" title="C. W. Thamotharampillai">C. W. Thamotharampillai</a>, an Indian-based Tamil language revivalist, was born in the Jaffna peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> Before the Sri Lankan civil war, Sri Lankan Tamil communities were well established in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_civil_war">Post civil war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Post civil war">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg/125px-Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg/188px-Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg/250px-Canadian_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1557" /></a><figcaption>Sri Lankan-<a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Canadian Tamil</a> children in traditional clothes in Canada</figcaption></figure> After the start of the conflict between the Sri Lankan government and the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a>, there was a mass migration of Tamils trying to escape the hardships and perils of war. Initially, it was middle class professionals, such as doctors and engineers, who emigrated; they were followed by the poorer segments of the community. The fighting drove more than 800,000 Tamils from their homes to other places within Sri Lanka as <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a> and also overseas, prompting the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR) to identify them in 2004 as the largest asylum-seeking group.<a href="#cite_note-Acharya-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> The country with the largest share of displaced Tamils is Canada, with more than 200,000 legal residents,<a href="#cite_note-Foster-2">[2]</a> found mostly within the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> and there are a number of prominent Canadians of Sri Lankan Tamil descent, such as author <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Selvadurai" title="Shyam Selvadurai">Shyam Selvadurai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indira_Samarasekera" title="Indira Samarasekera">Indira Samarasekera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> former president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils_in_India" title="Sri Lankan Tamils in India">Sri Lankan Tamils in India</a> are mostly refugees of about over 100,000 in special camps and another 50,000 outside of the camps.<a href="#cite_note-Acharya-8">[8]</a> In western European countries, the refugees and immigrants have integrated themselves into society where permitted. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil British">Tamil British</a> singer <a href="/wiki/M.I.A._(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="M.I.A. (artist)">M.I.A</a> (born Mathangi Arulpragasam)<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/George_Alagiah" title="George Alagiah">George Alagiah</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> are, among others, notable people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent. Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus have built a number of prominent Hindu temples across North America and Europe, notably in Canada, France, Germany, Denmark, and the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Baumann-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortensen2004110-17">[17]</a> Sri Lankan Tamils continue to seek refuge in countries like Canada and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> and the Australian government has declared some Sri Lankans including Tamils as economic migrants.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> A Canadian government survey found that over 70% of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees have gone back to Sri Lanka for holidays raising concerns over the legitimacy of their refugee claims.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> However, the inability of Tamils to settle in their own lands indicate the ongoing hostilities and differential treatment of Tamils even after the end of armed war in May 2009.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamils">List of Sri Lankan Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils_in_Indian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamils in Indian cinema">Sri Lankan Tamils in Indian cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_inscriptions_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka">Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Tamil genocide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Dameda vanija gahapati Vishaka. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Iḷa bharatahi Dameda Samane karite Dameda gahapathikana. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Dameda navika karava. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Upon arrival in June 1799, Sir Hugh Cleghorn, the island's first British colonial secretary wrote to the British government of the traits and antiquity of the Tamil nation on the island in the Cleghorn Minute: "Two different nations from a very ancient period have divided between them the possession of the island. First the Sinhalese, inhabiting the interior in its Southern and Western parts, and secondly the <a href="/wiki/Malabars" title="Malabars">Malabars</a> [another name for Tamils] who possess the Northern and Eastern districts. These two nations differ entirely in their religion, language, and manners". McConnell, D., 2008; Ponnambalam, S. 1983 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Data is based on <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Government">Sri Lankan Government</a> census except 1989 which is an estimate. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-census12-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census12_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census12_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census12_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census12_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census12_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census12_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census12_1-6">g</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3">"A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012"</a>. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3">the original</a> on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A2+%3A+Population+by+ethnic+group+according+to+districts%2C+2012&rft.pub=Department+of+Census+%26+Statistics%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.lk%2FPopHouSat%2FCPH2011%2Findex.php%3FfileName%3Dpop42%26gp%3DActivities%26tpl%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foster-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foster_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foster_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2007" class="citation web cs1">Foster, Carly (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141743/http://www.diversitywatch.ryerson.ca/backgrounds/tamils.htm">"Tamils: Population in Canada"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ryerson_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryerson University">Ryerson University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diversitywatch.ryerson.ca/backgrounds/tamils.htm">the original</a> on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2008. <q>According to government figures, there are about 200,000 Tamils in Canada</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tamils%3A+Population+in+Canada&rft.pub=Ryerson+University&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Carly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diversitywatch.ryerson.ca%2Fbackgrounds%2Ftamils.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/98-314-x2011001-eng.cfm">"Linguistic Characteristics of Canadians"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Characteristics+of+Canadians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fas-sa%2F98-314-x%2F98-314-x2011001-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235431/http://tamilculture.ca/tamils-by-the-numbers/">"Tamils by the Numbers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tamilculture.ca/tamils-by-the-numbers/">the original</a> on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tamils+by+the+Numbers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftamilculture.ca%2Ftamils-by-the-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/new-bilingualism-taking-hold-in-canada/article4650408/">"New bilingualism taking hold in Canada"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+bilingualism+taking+hold+in+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fnew-bilingualism-taking-hold-in-canada%2Farticle4650408%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214183707/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/2011001/tbl/tbl1-eng.cfm">"Table 1 Size and percentage of population that reported speaking one of the top 12 immigrant languages most often at home in the six largest census metropolitan areas, 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/2011001/tbl/tbl1-eng.cfm">the original</a> on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1+Size+and+percentage+of+population+that+reported+speaking+one+of+the+top+12+immigrant+languages+most+often+at+home+in+the+six+largest+census+metropolitan+areas%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fas-sa%2F98-314-x%2F2011001%2Ftbl%2Ftbl1-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2006/03/060315_hrw_jayadevan.shtml">"Britain urged to protect Tamil Diaspora"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Sinhala. 15 March 2006. <q>According to HRW, there are about 120,000 Sri Lankan Tamils in the UK.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sinhala&rft.atitle=Britain+urged+to+protect+Tamil+Diaspora&rft.date=2006-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsinhala%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2006%2F03%2F060315_hrw_jayadevan.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acharya-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Acharya_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Acharya_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Acharya_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya2007" class="citation web cs1">Acharya, Arunkumar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210055448/http://www.ujaen.es/huesped/rae/articulos2007/acharya0907.pdf">"Ethnic conflict and refugees in Sri Lanka"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Nuevo_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon">Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ujaen.es/huesped/rae/articulos2007/acharya0907.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+conflict+and+refugees+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Autonomous+University+of+Nuevo+Leon&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=Arunkumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ujaen.es%2Fhuesped%2Frae%2Farticulos2007%2Facharya0907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baumann-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baumann_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumann_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumann_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumann2008" class="citation web cs1">Baumann, Martin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pluralism.org/resources/slideshow/hindgerm/index.php">"Immigrant Hinduism in Germany: Tamils from Sri Lanka and Their Temples"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Retrieved 26 June 2008. <q>Since the escalation of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka during the 1980s, about 60,000 came as asylum seekers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigrant+Hinduism+in+Germany%3A+Tamils+from+Sri+Lanka+and+Their+Temples&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Baumann&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralism.org%2Fresources%2Fslideshow%2Fhindgerm%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=25010">"Politically French, culturally Tamil: 12 Tamils elected in Paris and suburbs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TamilNet" title="TamilNet">TamilNet</a>. 18 March 2008. <q>Around 125,000 Tamils are estimated to be living in France. Of them, around 50,000 are Eezham Tamils (Sri Lankan Tamils).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TamilNet&rft.atitle=Politically+French%2C+culturally+Tamil%3A+12+Tamils+elected+in+Paris+and+suburbs&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnet.com%2Fart.html%3Fcatid%3D79%26artid%3D25010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eda.admin.ch/countries/sri-lanka/de/home/internationale-zusammenarbeit/strategie.html#:~:text=In%20der%20Schweiz%20leben%20heute,Abteilung%20Menschliche%20Sicherheit%20des%20EDA">"Strategie"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strategie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eda.admin.ch%2Fcountries%2Fsri-lanka%2Fde%2Fhome%2Finternationale-zusammenarbeit%2Fstrategie.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520der%2520Schweiz%2520leben%2520heute%2CAbteilung%2520Menschliche%2520Sicherheit%2520des%2520EDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/SR19850210s.pdf">"SPEECH BY MR. S RAJARATNAM, SENIOR MINISTER (PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE), ON THE OCCASION OF THE 75TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION OF THE SINGAPORE CEYLON TAMILS' ASSOCIATION AT THE OBEROI IMPERIAL HOTEL ON SUNDAY, 10 FEBRUARY 1985 AT 7.30 PM"</a> (PDF). 10 February 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPEECH+BY+MR.+S+RAJARATNAM%2C+SENIOR+MINISTER+%28PRIME+MINISTER%27S+OFFICE%29%2C+ON+THE+OCCASION+OF+THE+75TH+ANNIVERSARY+CELEBRATION+OF+THE+SINGAPORE+CEYLON+TAMILS%27+ASSOCIATION+AT+THE+OBEROI+IMPERIAL+HOTEL+ON+SUNDAY%2C+10+FEBRUARY+1985+AT+7.30+PM.&rft.date=1985-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nas.gov.sg%2Farchivesonline%2Fdata%2Fpdfdoc%2FSR19850210s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sivasupramaniam-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivasupramaniam_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivasupramaniam" class="citation web cs1">Sivasupramaniam, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://murugan.org/research/sivasupramaniam.htm">"History of the Tamil Diaspora"</a>. International Conferences on Skanda-Murukan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Tamil+Diaspora&rft.pub=International+Conferences+on+Skanda-Murukan&rft.aulast=Sivasupramaniam&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmurugan.org%2Fresearch%2Fsivasupramaniam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/sri-lankan-tamil-diaspora-after-ltte">"The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora after the LTTE"</a>. 23 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sri+Lankan+Tamil+Diaspora+after+the+LTTE&rft.date=2010-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fasia%2Fsouth-asia%2Fsri-lanka%2Fsri-lankan-tamil-diaspora-after-ltte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajakrishnan1993541–557-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajakrishnan1993541–557_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRajakrishnan1993">Rajakrishnan 1993</a>, pp. 541–557. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman2000" class="citation news cs1">Raman, B. (14 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318193053/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/">"Sri Lanka: The dilemma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Line" title="Business Line">Business Line</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/07/14/stories/041455br.htm">the original</a> on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2013. <q>It is estimated that there are about 10,000 Sri Lankan Tamils in Norway – 6,000 of them Norwegian citizens, many of whom migrated to Norway in the 1960s and the 1970s to work on its fishing fleet; and 4,000 post-1983 political refugees.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Line&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+The+dilemma&rft.date=2000-07-14&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fbusinessline%2F2000%2F07%2F14%2Fstories%2F041455br.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortensen2004110-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortensen2004110_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortensen2004110_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMortensen2004">Mortensen 2004</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-22,254_Tamil_Buddhists_in_SL-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-22,254_Tamil_Buddhists_in_SL_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-22,254_Tamil_Buddhists_in_SL_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerera" class="citation news cs1">Perera, Yohan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymirror.lk/105937/-Tamil-Buddhists-in-SL">"22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL"</a>. Daily Mirror. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=22%2C254+Tamil+Buddhists+in+SL&rft.aulast=Perera&rft.aufirst=Yohan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymirror.lk%2F105937%2F-Tamil-Buddhists-in-SL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/-Tamil-Buddhists-in-SL/108-105937">"22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL"</a>. www.dailymirror.lk. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dailymirror.lk&rft.atitle=22%2C254+Tamil+Buddhists+in+SL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymirror.lk%2Fbreaking_news%2F-Tamil-Buddhists-in-SL%2F108-105937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk1976" class="citation journal cs1">Kirk, R. L. (1976). "The legend of Prince Vijaya — a study of Sinhalese origins". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 45: 91–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.1330450112">10.1002/ajpa.1330450112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+legend+of+Prince+Vijaya+%E2%80%94+a+study+of+Sinhalese+origins&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=91-99&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.1330450112&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnan1999" class="citation book cs1">Krishnan, Shankara (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__6PDx2CyLkC">Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3330-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3330-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-3330-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postcolonial+Insecurities%3A+India%2C+Sri+Lanka%2C+and+the+Question+of+Nationhood&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3330-2&rft.aulast=Krishnan&rft.aufirst=Shankara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__6PDx2CyLkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanganathanVelayutham2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ranganathan, M.; Velayutham, S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10304312.2012.731261">"Imagining Eelam Tamils in Tamil cinema"</a>. Continuum. 26 (6): 871–881. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10304312.2012.731261">10.1080/10304312.2012.731261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Continuum&rft.atitle=Imagining+Eelam+Tamils+in+Tamil+cinema&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=871-881&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10304312.2012.731261&rft.aulast=Ranganathan&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Velayutham%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F10304312.2012.731261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmarasingam2015" class="citation book cs1">Amarasingam, Amarnath (15 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdTZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">Pain, Pride, and Politics: Social Movement Activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Canada</a>. University of Georgia Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-4814-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-4814-8"><bdi>978-0-8203-4814-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pain%2C+Pride%2C+and+Politics%3A+Social+Movement+Activism+and+the+Sri+Lankan+Tamil+Diaspora+in+Canada&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-4814-8&rft.aulast=Amarasingam&rft.aufirst=Amarnath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZdTZCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfaffenberger1977" class="citation book cs1">Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02RKAQAAMAAJ&q=sri+lanka+tamils+coromandel">Pilgrimage and Traditional Authority in Tamil Sri Lanka</a>. University of California, Berkeley. p. 15. <q>As Kearney puts it, the influence of the early Malabar migrations, as well as long residence in Ceylon and interaction with the Sinhalese, left the Ceylon Tamils as a unique group of Tamil-speaking people, differentiated in customs, speech, and social organization from the Tamils of South India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+and+Traditional+Authority+in+Tamil+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Pfaffenberger&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02RKAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsri%2Blanka%2Btamils%2Bcoromandel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11393458">"Q&A: Post-war Sri Lanka"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 20 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Post-war+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-11393458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24849699">"'Tamils still being raped and tortured' in Sri Lanka"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 9 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Tamils+still+being+raped+and+tortured%27+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2013-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-24849699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/26/tamils-fear-prison-and-torture-in-sri-lanka-13-years-after-civil-war-ended">"'Tamils fear prison and torture in Sri Lanka 13 years after civil war ended"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 26 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Tamils+fear+prison+and+torture+in+Sri+Lanka+13+years+after+civil+war+ended&rft.date=2022-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmar%2F26%2Ftamils-fear-prison-and-torture-in-sri-lanka-13-years-after-civil-war-ended&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarusmanSookaRatner2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marzuki_Darusman" title="Marzuki Darusman">Darusman, Marzuki</a>; Sooka, Yasmin; Ratner, Steven R. 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South India and Ceylon)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Universitatis+Upsaliensis&rft.atitle=Buddhism+Among+Tamils+in+Pre-colonial+Tamilakam+and+Ilam%3A+Prologue.+The+Pre-Pallava+and+the+Pallava+period&rft.volume=19%E2%80%9320&rft.pages=159%2C+503&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Schalk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArumugam1980" class="citation book cs1">Arumugam, S. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7g4YAAAAIAAJ">The Lord of Thiruketheeswaram, an ancient Hindu sthalam of hoary antiquity in Sri Lanka</a>. Colombo. <q>Kulakottan also paid special attention to agricultural practice and economic development, the effects of which made the Vanni region to flourish; temples were cared for and regular worship instituted at these</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+Thiruketheeswaram%2C+an+ancient+Hindu+sthalam+of+hoary+antiquity+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Colombo&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Arumugam&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7g4YAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail1995" class="citation book cs1">Ismail, Marina (1995). Early settlements in northern Sri lanka. <q>In the sixth century AD there was a coastal route by boat from the Jaffna peninsula in the north, southwards to Trincomalee, especially to the religious centre of Koneswaram, and further onwards to Batticaloa and the religious centre of Tirukovil, along the eastern coast. Along this route there were a few small trading settlements such as Mullativu on the north coast...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+settlements+in+northern+Sri+lanka&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghal1969" class="citation book cs1">Singhal, Damodhar P. (1969). India and world civilization. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54202">54202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+world+civilization&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54202&rft.aulast=Singhal&rft.aufirst=Damodhar+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCodrington1995" class="citation book cs1">Codrington, Humphrey William (May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tqpdlaPiOyEC">Short History of Ceylon</a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120609464" title="Special:BookSources/9788120609464"><bdi>9788120609464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+Ceylon&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1995-05&rft.isbn=9788120609464&rft.aulast=Codrington&rft.aufirst=Humphrey+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtqpdlaPiOyEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaity1982" class="citation book cs1">Maity, Sachindra Kumar (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgrqAAAAMAAJ">Masterpieces of Pallava Art</a>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masterpieces+of+Pallava+Art&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Maity&rft.aufirst=Sachindra+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgrqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, George W. "The politics of plunder: The Cholas in eleventh century Ceylon". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Asian_Studies" title="The Journal of Asian Studies">The Journal of Asian Studies</a>. 35 (3). <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Asian_Studies" title="Association for Asian Studies">Association for Asian Studies</a>: 408.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+plunder%3A+The+Cholas+in+eleventh+century+Ceylon&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=408&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007214–215-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007214–215_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIndrapala2007">Indrapala 2007</a>, pp. 214–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> The 1681 CE map by Robert Knox demarcates the then existing boundaries of the Tamil country. In 1692 CE, Dutch artist Wilhelm Broedelet crafted an engraving of the map: Coylat Wannees Land, where the Malabars live – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_id=xri:eebo&rft_id=xri:eebo:image:58692:2">An Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaalarchief.nl/AMH/detail.aspx?page=dafb&lang=en&id=5615">Atlas of Mutual Heritage, Netherlands</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva198746-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Silva198746_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Silva1987">de Silva 1987</a>, p. 46. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva198748-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Silva198748_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Silva1987">de Silva 1987</a>, p. 48. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva198775-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Silva198775_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Silva1987">de Silva 1987</a>, p. 75. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendis195730–31-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendis195730–31_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMendis1957">Mendis 1957</a>, pp. 30–31. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMendis1957 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1958224-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1958224_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1958">Smith 1958</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2012" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Benjamin Lewis (10 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGmiLgEACAAJ">Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1</a>. General Books. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781231192177" title="Special:BookSources/9781231192177"><bdi>9781231192177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Carnatica%2C+Volume+10%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=General+Books&rft.date=2012-05-10&rft.isbn=9781231192177&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGmiLgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillay1963" class="citation book cs1">Pillay, K. (1963). South India and Ceylon. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/250247191">250247191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+India+and+Ceylon&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F250247191&rft.aulast=Pillay&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalachandran2010" class="citation news cs1">Balachandran, P.K. (10 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000458/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/article257115.ece">"Chola era temple excavated off Jaffna"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/article257115.ece">the original</a> on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Chola+era+temple+excavated+off+Jaffna&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft.aulast=Balachandran&rft.aufirst=P.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fworld%2Farticle257115.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva198776-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Silva198776_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Silva1987">de Silva 1987</a>, p. 76. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987100–102-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987100–102_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Silva1987">de Silva 1987</a>, pp. 100–102. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987102–104-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987102–104_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Silva1987">de Silva 1987</a>, pp. 102–104. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987104-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987104_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Silva1987">de Silva 1987</a>, p. 104. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2010" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Robert D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZUlDNrQOzoC">Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power'</a>. Random House Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679604051" title="Special:BookSources/9780679604051"><bdi>9780679604051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monsoon%3A+The+Indian+Ocean+and+the+Future+of+American+Power%27&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780679604051&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ZUlDNrQOzoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiresRodriguesCortesão2005" class="citation book cs1">Pires, Tomé; Rodrigues, Francisco; Cortesão, Armando (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC">The Suma oriental of Tome Pires : an account of the east, from the red sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues: pilot-major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas: rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack and, maps, written and drawn in the east before 1515</a>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Educational_Services" title="Asian Educational Services">Asian Educational Services</a>. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0535-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0535-0"><bdi>978-81-206-0535-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suma+oriental+of+Tome+Pires+%3A+an+account+of+the+east%2C+from+the+red+sea+to+China%2C+written+in+Malacca+and+India+in+1512%E2%80%931515%3B+and%2C+The+book+of+Francisco+Rodrigues%3A+pilot-major+of+the+armada+that+discovered+Banda+and+the+Moluccas%3A+rutter+of+a+voyage+in+the+red+sea%2C+nautical+rules%2C+almanack+and%2C+maps%2C+written+and+drawn+in+the+east+before+1515&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0535-0&rft.aulast=Pires&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A9&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Cortes%C3%A3o%2C+Armando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh82D-Y0E3TwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007210-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007210_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIndrapala2007">Indrapala 2007</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Nampota. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena & Co. 1955. pp. 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nampota&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=M.+D.+Gunasena+%26+Co.&rft.date=1955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1681166-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1681166_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox1681">Knox 1681</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987121-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987121_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1987121_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Silva1987">de Silva 1987</a>, p. 121. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer199023-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer199023_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer199023_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpencer1990">Spencer 1990</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007275-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007275_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIndrapala2007">Indrapala 2007</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190517/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-10.pdf">"Population by ethnic group, census years"</a> (PDF). Statistical Abstract 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-10.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Abstract+2011&rft.atitle=Population+by+ethnic+group%2C+census+years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.lk%2FAbstract2011%2FCHAP2%2FAB2-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190529/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-13.pdf">"Estimated mid year population by ethnic group, 1980–1989"</a> (PDF). Statistical Abstract 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-13.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Abstract+2011&rft.atitle=Estimated+mid+year+population+by+ethnic+group%2C+1980%E2%80%931989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.lk%2FAbstract2011%2FCHAP2%2FAB2-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrjuela2012" class="citation book cs1">Orjuela, Camilla (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ShluycPZdS4C">"5: Diaspora Identities and Homeland Politics"</a>. In Terrence Lyons; Peter G. Mandaville (eds.). Politics from Afar: Transnational Diasporas and Networks. <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a> p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-185-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-185-0"><bdi>978-1-84904-185-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+Diaspora+Identities+and+Homeland+Politics&rft.btitle=Politics+from+Afar%3A+Transnational+Diasporas+and+Networks&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-185-0&rft.aulast=Orjuela&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DShluycPZdS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100516033156/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/186%20The%20Sri%20Lankan%20Tamil%20Diaspora%20after%20the%20LTTE.ashx">"The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora after the LTTE: Asia Report N°186"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 23 February 2010. p. 2. 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University of Michigan Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06977-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06977-4"><bdi>978-0-472-06977-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matrilineal+Communities%2C+Patriarchal+Realities%3A+A+Feminist+Nirvana+Uncovered&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06977-4&rft.aulast=Ruwanpura&rft.aufirst=Kanchana+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMw5cbpeFsvcC%26q%3Deastern%2Btamils%2Bcaste%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYalman1967282–335-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYalman1967282–335_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYalman1967">Yalman 1967</a>, pp. 282–335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivathamby19955–6-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivathamby19955–6_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivathamby19955–6_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivathamby19955–6_127-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSivathamby1995">Sivathamby 1995</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Seligmann1911-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Seligmann1911_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligmannGabrielSeligmann1911" class="citation book cs1">Seligmann, C.G.; Gabriel, C.; Seligmann, B.Z. 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Denis N. (1987). "Pennsular Jaffna From Ancient to Medieval Times: Its Significant Historical and Settlement Aspects". 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-69279-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-69279-9"><bdi>978-1-317-69279-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Reconstruction+and+Development+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Transnational+Commitments+to+Social+Change&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-317-69279-9&rft.aulast=Gerharz&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXj9FAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dvellalar%2Bdutch%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam199962-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunasingam199962_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunasingam199962_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGunasingam1999">Gunasingam 1999</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfister1995" class="citation book cs1">Pfister, Raymond (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TJHYAAAAMAAJ&q=karaiyar">Soixante ans de pentecôtisme en Alsace (1930–1990): une approche socio-historique</a>. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoucet2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lyse_Doucet" title="Lyse Doucet">Doucet, Lyse</a> (13 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20308610">"UN 'failed Sri Lanka civilians', says internal probe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UN+%27failed+Sri+Lanka+civilians%27%2C+says+internal+probe&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.aulast=Doucet&rft.aufirst=Lyse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-20308610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeachey2013" class="citation news cs1">Peachey, Paul (2 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/sri-lanka-snubs-un-as-it-bids-for-more-trade-links-with-the-uk-8795379.html">"Sri Lanka snubs UN as it bids for more trade links with the UK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/sri-lanka-snubs-un-as-it-bids-for-more-trade-links-with-the-uk-8795379.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+snubs+UN+as+it+bids+for+more+trade+links+with+the+UK&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft.aulast=Peachey&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fsri-lanka-snubs-un-as-it-bids-for-more-trade-links-with-the-uk-8795379.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7243595.stm">"S Lanka civilian toll 'appalling'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 13 February 2008. <q>Sri Lanka's government is one of the world's worst perpetrators of enforced disappearances, US-based pressure group <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) says. An HRW report accuses security forces and pro-government militias of abducting and "disappearing" hundreds of people—mostly Tamils—since 2006.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=S+Lanka+civilian+toll+%27appalling%27&rft.date=2008-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F7243595.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPathirana2006" class="citation news cs1">Pathirana, Saroj (26 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5382582.stm">"Fears grow over Tamil abductions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <q>The image of the "white van" invokes memories of the "era of terror" in the late 1980s when death squads abducted and killed thousands of Sinhala youth in the south of the country. The <a href="/wiki/Asian_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Asian Human Rights Commission">Asian Human Rights Commission</a> (AHRC) says the "white van culture" is now re-appearing in Colombo to threaten the Tamil community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Fears+grow+over+Tamil+abductions&rft.date=2006-09-26&rft.aulast=Pathirana&rft.aufirst=Saroj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F5382582.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenyer2006" class="citation news cs1">Denyer, Simon (14 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529005905/http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2006/09/14/disappearances_on_rise_in_sri_lankas_dirty_war/">""Disappearances" on rise in Sri Lanka's dirty war"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2006/09/14/disappearances_on_rise_in_sri_lankas_dirty_war/">the original</a> on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2008. <q>The National Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka has recorded 419 missing people in Jaffna since December 2005.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=%22Disappearances%22+on+rise+in+Sri+Lanka%27s+dirty+war&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft.aulast=Denyer&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Farticles%2F2006%2F09%2F14%2Fdisappearances_on_rise_in_sri_lankas_dirty_war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2003" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Jesse (2003). "Narrating displacement:Oral histories of Sri Lankan women". Refugee Studies Centre – Working Papers (15). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>: 3–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Refugee+Studies+Centre+%E2%80%93+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Narrating+displacement%3AOral+histories+of+Sri+Lankan+women&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=3-60&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam1999108-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunasingam1999108_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGunasingam1999">Gunasingam 1999</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam1999201-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunasingam1999201_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGunasingam1999">Gunasingam 1999</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> The Colebrooke-Cameron Reforms <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/13.htm">http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/13.htm</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-McConnell2008-191"><a href="#cite_ref-McConnell2008_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell2008" class="citation journal cs1">McConnell, D. (2008). 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Retrieved 25 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3ACountry+study&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsri-lanka%2F25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Michael (November 2007). "Blunders in Tigerland: Papes muddles on suicide bombers". Heidelberg Papers on South Asian and Comparative Politics. 32. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a>: 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heidelberg+Papers+on+South+Asian+and+Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Blunders+in+Tigerland%3A+Papes+muddles+on+suicide+bombers&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cstudy-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cstudy_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cstudy_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussel1988" class="citation web cs1">Russel, Ross (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/71.htm">"Tamil Alienation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Library of Congress">The Library of Congress</a>. Retrieved 25 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tamil+Alienation&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Russel&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsri-lanka%2F71.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayasuriya1981" class="citation book cs1">Jayasuriya, J.E. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=25SfAAAAMAAJ">Education in the Third World: Some Reflections</a>. Pune: Indian Institute of Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+the+Third+World%3A+Some+Reflections&rft.place=Pune&rft.pub=Indian+Institute+of+Education&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Jayasuriya&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D25SfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2000101–110-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2000101–110_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2000">Wilson 2000</a>, pp. 101–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasingam19997-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunasingam19997_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGunasingam1999">Gunasingam 1999</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearney1985" class="citation journal cs1">Kearney, R.N. 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Retrieved 28 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prime+Minister+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Statement+by+the+Prime+Minister+on+the+13th+anniversary+of+the+end+of+the+armed+conflict+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpm.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fstatements%2F2022%2F05%2F18%2Fstatement-prime-minister-13th-anniversary-end-armed-conflict-sri-lanka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbihaipahar1998" class="citation book cs1">Ambihaipahar, R (11 November 1998). Scientific Pioneer: Dr. Samuel Fisk Green. Colombo: Dhulasi Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-8193-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-8193-00-6"><bdi>978-955-8193-00-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Pioneer%3A+Dr.+Samuel+Fisk+Green&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pub=Dhulasi+Publications&rft.date=1998-11-11&rft.isbn=978-955-8193-00-6&rft.aulast=Ambihaipahar&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastin2002" class="citation cs2">Bastin, Rohan (December 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SMRJDhDxu38C&q=The%20Domain%20of%20Constant%20Excess%3A%20Plural%20Worship%20at%20the%20Munnesvaram%20Temples%20in%20Sri%20Lanka&pg=PR7">The Domain of Constant Excess: Plural Worship at the Munnesvaram Temples in Sri Lanka</a>, Berghahn Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-252-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-252-0"><bdi>978-1-57181-252-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50028737">50028737</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Domain+of+Constant+Excess%3A+Plural+Worship+at+the+Munnesvaram+Temples+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50028737&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-252-0&rft.aulast=Bastin&rft.aufirst=Rohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSMRJDhDxu38C%26q%3DThe%2520Domain%2520of%2520Constant%2520Excess%253A%2520Plural%2520Worship%2520at%2520the%2520Munnesvaram%2520Temples%2520in%2520Sri%2520Lanka%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi2004" class="citation book cs1">Bopearachchi, Osmund (2004). "Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu". In Chevillard, Jean-Luc; Wilden, Eva (eds.). South-Indian Horizons: Felicitation Volume for François Gros on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Publications du Département d'Indologie – 94. Pondicherry: Institut Français de Pondichéry / École Française d'Extrême-Orient. pp. 546–549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-630-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-630-9"><bdi>978-2-85539-630-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0073-8352">0073-8352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Sri+Lanka+and+Tamil+Nadu&rft.btitle=South-Indian+Horizons%3A+Felicitation+Volume+for+Fran%C3%A7ois+Gros+on+the+occasion+of+his+70th+birthday&rft.place=Pondicherry&rft.series=Publications+du+D%C3%A9partement+d%27Indologie+%E2%80%93+94&rft.pages=546-549&rft.pub=Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+de+Pondich%C3%A9ry+%2F+%C3%89cole+Fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0073-8352&rft.isbn=978-2-85539-630-9&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Silva1997" class="citation book cs1">de Silva, C. R. (1997). Sri Lanka – A History (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-259-0461-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-259-0461-8"><bdi>978-81-259-0461-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Vikas+Publishing+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-259-0461-8&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Silva2005" class="citation book cs1">de Silva, K. M. (2005). A History of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-8095-92-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-8095-92-8"><bdi>978-955-8095-92-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pub=Vijitha+Yapa&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-955-8095-92-8&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGair1998" class="citation book cs1">Gair, James (1998). Studies in South Asian Linguistics. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509521-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509521-0"><bdi>978-0-19-509521-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+South+Asian+Linguistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509521-0&rft.aulast=Gair&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunasingam1999" class="citation book cs1">Gunasingam, Murugar (1999). Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: A Study of its Origins. Sydney: MV publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-38106-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-38106-0"><bdi>978-0-646-38106-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lankan+Tamil+Nationalism%3A+A+Study+of+its+Origins&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=MV+publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-646-38106-0&rft.aulast=Gunasingam&rft.aufirst=Murugar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1992" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Dennis (January 1992). Arumuga Navalar and Hindu Renaissance amongst the Tamils (Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages). <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0827-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0827-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-0827-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arumuga+Navalar+and+Hindu+Renaissance+amongst+the+Tamils+%28Religious+Controversy+in+British+India%3A+Dialogues+in+South+Asian+Languages%29&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York&rft.date=1992-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0827-8&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrapala2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._Indrapala" title="K. Indrapala">Indrapala, K.</a> (2007). The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-1266-72-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-1266-72-1"><bdi>978-955-1266-72-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+an+Ethnic+Identity%3A+The+Tamils+in+Sri+Lanka+C.+300+BCE+to+C.+1200+CE&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pub=Vijitha+Yapa&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-955-1266-72-1&rft.aulast=Indrapala&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1681" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(sailor)" title="Robert Knox (sailor)">Knox, Robert</a> (1681). <a href="/wiki/An_Historical_Relation_of_the_Island_Ceylon" title="An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon">An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon</a>. London: Robert Chiswell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4069-1141-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4069-1141-1"><bdi>978-1-4069-1141-1</bdi></a>. 2596825.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Relation+of+the+Island+Ceylon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Chiswell&rft.date=1681&rft.isbn=978-1-4069-1141-1&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahadevan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iravatham_Mahadevan" title="Iravatham Mahadevan">Mahadevan, Iravatham</a> (2003). Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Oriental_Series" title="Harvard Oriental Series">Harvard Oriental Series</a> vol. 62. Cambridge, Mass: Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01227-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01227-1"><bdi>978-0-674-01227-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Tamil+Epigraphy%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Sixth+Century+A.D.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.series=Harvard+Oriental+Series+vol.+62&rft.pub=Department+of+Sanskrit+and+Indian+Studies%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01227-1&rft.aulast=Mahadevan&rft.aufirst=Iravatham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahadevan2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iravatham_Mahadevan" title="Iravatham Mahadevan">Mahadevan, Iravatham</a> (March 2000). "Ancient Tamil Coins from Sri Lanka". Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies. XVII (2): 147–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Ancient+Tamil+Coins+from+Sri+Lanka&rft.volume=XVII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-156&rft.date=2000-03&rft.aulast=Mahadevan&rft.aufirst=Iravatham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManogaran2000" class="citation book cs1">Manogaran, Chelvadurai (2000). The Untold Story of the Ancient Tamils of Sri Lanka. Chennai: Kumaran.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Untold+Story+of+the+Ancient+Tamils+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pub=Kumaran&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Manogaran&rft.aufirst=Chelvadurai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManogaran1987" class="citation book cs1">Manogaran, Chelvadurai (1987). Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka. Hawaii: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1116-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1116-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-1116-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Conflict+and+Reconciliation+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.place=Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1116-7&rft.aulast=Manogaran&rft.aufirst=Chelvadurai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mendis, G.C. (1957, 3rd ed. 1995). Ceylon Today and Yesterday, Colombo, Lake House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-552-096-8" title="Special:BookSources/955-552-096-8">955-552-096-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortensen2004" class="citation book cs1">Mortensen, Viggo (2004). Theology and the Religions: A Dialogue. Copenhagen: Wm.B. Eerdman's Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2674-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2674-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-2674-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+the+Religions%3A+A+Dialogue&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Wm.B.+Eerdman%27s+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2674-9&rft.aulast=Mortensen&rft.aufirst=Viggo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadarajan1999" class="citation book cs1">Nadarajan, Vasantha (1999). History of Ceylon Tamils. Toronto: Vasantham.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ceylon+Tamils&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Vasantham&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Nadarajan&rft.aufirst=Vasantha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfaffenberg1994" class="citation book cs1">Pfaffenberg, Brian (1994). The Sri Lankan Tamils. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8845-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8845-8"><bdi>978-0-8133-8845-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sri+Lankan+Tamils&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-8845-8&rft.aulast=Pfaffenberg&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonnambalam1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satchi_Ponnambalam" title="Satchi Ponnambalam">Ponnambalam, Satchi</a> (1983). Sri Lanka: the National Question and the Tamil Liberation Struggle. London: Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-198-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-198-7"><bdi>978-0-86232-198-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+the+National+Question+and+the+Tamil+Liberation+Struggle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-86232-198-7&rft.aulast=Ponnambalam&rft.aufirst=Satchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPujangga1997" class="citation book cs1">Pujangga, Putra (1997). A Requiem for Jaffna. London: Anantham Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902098-00-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902098-00-5"><bdi>978-1-902098-00-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Requiem+for+Jaffna&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Anantham+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-902098-00-5&rft.aulast=Pujangga&rft.aufirst=Putra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajakrishnan1993" class="citation book cs1">Rajakrishnan, P. (1993). "Social Change and Group Identity among the Sri Lankan Tamils". In Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Mani, A. (eds.). Indian Communities in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Times Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-210-017-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-210-017-7"><bdi>978-981-210-017-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Change+and+Group+Identity+among+the+Sri+Lankan+Tamils&rft.btitle=Indian+Communities+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Times+Academic+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-981-210-017-7&rft.aulast=Rajakrishnan&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1988" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Russell (1988). Sri Lanka: A Country Study. USA: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-024055-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-024055-3"><bdi>978-0-16-024055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-16-024055-3&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivathamby1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karthigesu_Sivathamby" class="mw-redirect" title="Karthigesu Sivathamby">Sivathamby, K.</a> (1995). Sri Lankan Tamil Society and Politics. New Century Book House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-234-0395-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-234-0395-3"><bdi>978-81-234-0395-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lankan+Tamil+Society+and+Politics&rft.pub=New+Century+Book+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-234-0395-3&rft.aulast=Sivathamby&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1958" class="citation book cs1">Smith, V. A. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00smit">The Oxford History of India</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561297-4"><bdi>978-0-19-561297-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+India&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-19-561297-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=V.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofi00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1990" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Jonathan (1990). Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04461-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04461-5"><bdi>978-0-415-04461-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+History+and+the+Roots+of+Conflict&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04461-5&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramaniam2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Subramaniam, Suganthy (2006). Folk Traditions and Songs of Batticaloa District (in Tamil). Kumaran Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9549440-5-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9549440-5-6"><bdi>978-0-9549440-5-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+Traditions+and+Songs+of+Batticaloa+District&rft.pub=Kumaran+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9549440-5-6&rft.aulast=Subramaniam&rft.aufirst=Suganthy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThambiah2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._W._Thambiah" class="mw-redirect" title="H. W. Thambiah">Thambiah, H. W.</a> (2001). Laws and Customs of Tamils of Jaffna (revised ed.). Colombo: Women's Education & Research Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-9261-16-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-9261-16-2"><bdi>978-955-9261-16-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laws+and+Customs+of+Tamils+of+Jaffna&rft.place=Colombo&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Women%27s+Education+%26+Research+Centre&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-955-9261-16-2&rft.aulast=Thambiah&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenzlhuemer2008" class="citation book cs1">Wenzlhuemer, Roalnd (2008). From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880–1900: An Economic and Social History. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Coffee+to+Tea+Cultivation+in+Ceylon%2C+1880%E2%80%931900%3A+An+Economic+and+Social+History&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wenzlhuemer&rft.aufirst=Roalnd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Jeyaratnam_Wilson" title="A. Jeyaratnam Wilson">Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam</a> (2000). Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-338-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-338-7"><bdi>978-1-85065-338-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lankan+Tamil+Nationalism%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development+in+the+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-338-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=A.+Jeyaratnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYalman1967" class="citation book cs1">Yalman, N (1967). Under the Bo Tree: Studies in Caste, Kinship, and Marriage in the Interior of Ceylon. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Bo+Tree%3A+Studies+in+Caste%2C+Kinship%2C+and+Marriage+in+the+Interior+of+Ceylon&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Yalman&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+Tamils" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sri Lankan Tamil people">Sri Lankan Tamil people</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Template:Sri Lankan Tamil people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan Tamil people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan Tamil people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lankan Tamil people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamils">List of Sri Lankan Tamils</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Tamils" title="History of Eastern Tamils">History of Eastern Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissamaharama_Tamil_Brahmi_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscription">Tissamaharama inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaicoddai_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Annaicoddai seal">Annaicoddai seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketheeswaram_temple" title="Ketheeswaram temple">Ketheeswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koneswaram temple">Koneswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munneswaram_temple" title="Munneswaram temple">Munneswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenavaram_temple" title="Tenavaram temple">Tenavaram temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="History of the Jaffna kingdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryacakravarti_dynasty" title="Aryacakravarti dynasty">Aryacakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Palace_ruins" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Palace ruins">Jaffna Palace ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotagama_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotagama inscriptions">Kotagama inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Portuguese conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vannimai">Vannimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demala_Hatpattu" title="Demala Hatpattu">Demala Hatpattu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Mission,_North_Ceylon" title="Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon">Wesleyan Methodist Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Youth_Congress" title="Jaffna Youth Congress">Jaffna Youth Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state_sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riots_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Riots in Sri Lanka">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike%E2%80%93Chelvanayakam_Pact" title="Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact">Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardisation" title="Policy of standardisation">Standardisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Militancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">Vaddukoddai Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna library">Burning of Jaffna library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Northern_Province_Council_resolution_on_genocide_of_Tamils" title="2015 Northern Province Council resolution on genocide of Tamils">NPC Resolution on Genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Provincial_Council" title="Northern Provincial Council">Northern Provincial Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Northern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Northern Province">Government of the Northern Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Northern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Northern Province">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Northern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Northern Province">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Provincial_Council" title="Eastern Provincial Council">Eastern Provincial Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Eastern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Eastern Province">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Eastern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Eastern Province">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Ceylon_Tamil_Congress" title="All Ceylon Tamil Congress">All Ceylon Tamil Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Party (Sri Lanka)">Federal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Democratic Tamil National Alliance">Democratic Tamil National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_People%27s_Front" title="Tamil National People's Front">Tamil National People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_People%27s_National_Alliance" title="Tamil People's National Alliance">Tamil People's National Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Militant groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Democratic_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front">ENDLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Liberation Front">ENLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Revolutionary_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front">EPRLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_Revolutionary_Organisation_of_Students" title="Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students">EORS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Organisation_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam">PLOTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Liberation_Organization" title="Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization">TELO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamils_Forum" title="British Tamils Forum">British Tamils Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tamil_Congress" title="Canadian Tamil Congress">Canadian Tamil Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Tamil_Sangams_of_North_America" title="Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America">Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Tamil_Forum" title="Global Tamil Forum">Global Tamil Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_Against_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils Against Genocide">Tamils Against Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Youth_Organisation" title="Tamil Youth Organisation">Tamil Youth Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Government_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam">Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils">Genetic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaiyar" title="Karaiyar">Karaiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koviar" class="mw-redirect" title="Koviar">Koviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukkuvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukkuvar">Mukkuvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalavar" title="Nalavar">Nalavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraiyar" title="Paraiyar">Paraiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesavalamai" title="Thesavalamai">Thesavalamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellalar_(Sri_Lankan_Tamil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellalar (Sri Lankan Tamil)">Vellalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Veddas" title="Coast Veddas">Vedar</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_cinema" title="Sri Lankan Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils_in_Indian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamils in Indian cinema">Representations in Indian cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_literature" title="Sri Lankan Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li>News <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(Sri_Lankan_newspaper)" title="Saturday Review (Sri Lankan newspaper)">Saturday Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudar_Oli" title="Sudar Oli">Sudar Oli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Guardian" title="Tamil Guardian">Tamil Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TamilNet" title="TamilNet">TamilNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Times" title="Tamil Times">Tamil Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinakaran" title="Thinakaran">Thinakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinakkural" title="Thinakkural">Thinakkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthayan" title="Uthayan">Uthayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virakesari" title="Virakesari">Virakesari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils_in_India" title="Sri Lankan Tamils in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Zealanders" title="Tamil New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="British Tamil">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Languages and dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_Tamil_dialect" title="Batticaloa Tamil dialect">Batticaloa Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Tamil_dialect" title="Jaffna Tamil dialect">Jaffna Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamil_dialect" title="Negombo Tamil dialect">Negombo Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loanwords_in_Sri_Lankan_Tamil" title="Loanwords in Sri Lankan Tamil">Loanwords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naguleswaram_temple" title="Naguleswaram temple">Naguleswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_temple" title="Nallur Kandaswamy temple">Nallur Kandaswamy temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Sri Lanka">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Madhu" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu">Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_deities_of_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka">Village deities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_national_cricket_team" title="Tamil Eelam national cricket team">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_national_football_team" title="Tamil Eelam national football team">Football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sri_Lanka&#124;link=Sri_Lanka_Sri_Lankans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan people">Sri Lankans</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Demographics of Sri Lanka">Demographics of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan diaspora">Sri Lankan diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedda people">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Chinese people in Sri Lanka">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Indians in Sri Lanka">Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatha_people" title="Bharatha people">Bharatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Chetties" title="Sri Lankan Chetties">Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Telugus" title="Sri Lankan Telugus">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays" title="Sri Lankan Malays">Malays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Sri_Lankans" title="Javanese Sri Lankans">Javanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Pathans in Sri Lanka">Pathans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Multiracial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Burghers" title="Dutch Burghers">Dutch Burghers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Burghers" title="Portuguese Burghers">Portuguese Burghers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Kaffirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Japanese people in Sri Lanka">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Koreans in Sri Lanka">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivians_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Maldivians in Sri Lanka">Maldivians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memons_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Memons in Sri Lanka">Memons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/21px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/42px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/17px-Tamil_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/26px-Tamil_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/34px-Tamil_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1858" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tamils" title="Portal:Tamils">Tamils</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&oldid=1256636382">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&oldid=1256636382</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Category:Sri Lankan Tamil people">Sri Lankan Tamil people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka">Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a 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