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<li id="toc-Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed_and_other_al-Qaeda_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed_and_other_al-Qaeda_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and other al-Qaeda members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed_and_other_al-Qaeda_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Motives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prior_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Prior intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Attacks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attacks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attacks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Crashes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Damage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rescue_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Rescue efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rescue_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immediate_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Immediate response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Domestic reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hate_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hate_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Hate crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hate_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination_and_racial_profiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_and_racial_profiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Discrimination and racial profiling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_and_racial_profiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_American_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_American_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Muslim American response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_American_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interfaith_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfaith_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Interfaith efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfaith_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 International reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Military operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Health issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Economic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_in_Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_in_Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Effects in Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_in_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Cultural influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_policies_towards_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_policies_towards_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Government policies towards terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_policies_towards_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_proceedings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_proceedings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Legal proceedings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_proceedings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Investigations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Investigations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Investigations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FBI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FBI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 FBI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FBI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CIA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CIA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 CIA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CIA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_inquiry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_inquiry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Congressional inquiry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_inquiry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-9/11_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9/11_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 9/11 Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9/11_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 National Institute of Standards and Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_Saudi_government_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_Saudi_government_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Alleged Saudi government role </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_Saudi_government_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebuilding_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebuilding_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Rebuilding and memorials </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rebuilding_and_memorials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rebuilding and memorials subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rebuilding_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">September 11 attacks</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" > 140 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanvalle_op_11_September_2001" title="Aanvalle op 11 September 2001 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aanvalle op 11 September 2001" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terroranschl%C3%A4ge_am_11._September_2001" title="Terroranschläge am 11. September 2001 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Terroranschläge am 11. September 2001" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._H%C4%81ligm%C5%8Dn%C3%BEes_2001._torngem%C5%8Dt" title="11. Hāligmōnþes 2001. torngemōt – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="11. Hāligmōnþes 2001. torngemōt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B0_11,_2001_%D1%88%D1%8B%D2%9B%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Цәыббрамза 11, 2001 шықәсазы атеррористтә актқәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Цәыббрамза 11, 2001 шықәсазы атеррористтә актқәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_11_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="هجمات 11 سبتمبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هجمات 11 سبتمبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentaus_de_l%2711_de_setiembre_de_2001" title="Atentaus de l'11 de setiembre de 2001 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Atentaus de l'11 de setiembre de 2001" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%85%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="11 Սեպտեմբերի Ահաբեկչական Յարձակումներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="11 Սեպտեմբերի Ահաբեկչական Յարձակումներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atintatili_ditu_11_Septemvriu_2001" title="Atintatili ditu 11 Septemvriu 2001 – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Atintatili ditu 11 Septemvriu 2001" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentaos_del_11_de_setiembre_de_2001" title="Atentaos del 11 de setiembre de 2001 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Atentaos del 11 de setiembre de 2001" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Gemelas_ojeityp%C3%A1r%C3%B5guare,_11_jasyporund%C3%BDpe" title="Torres Gemelas ojeitypárõguare, 11 jasyporundýpe – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Torres Gemelas ojeitypárõguare, 11 jasyporundýpe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_sentyabr_h%C3%BCcumlar%C4%B1" title="11 sentyabr hücumları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="11 sentyabr hücumları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B1_%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="۱۱ سپتامبر حمله‌لری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۱ سپتامبر حمله‌لری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_11_S%C3%A9pt%C3%A9mber" title="Serangan 11 Séptémber – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Serangan 11 Séptémber" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A7_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="১১ সেপ্টেম্বরের হামলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১১ সেপ্টেম্বরের হামলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/911_S%C5%AB-ki%C4%81%E2%81%BF" title="911 Sū-kiāⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="911 Sū-kiāⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B_11_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_2001_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Тэрарыстычныя акты 11 верасня 2001 года – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрарыстычныя акты 11 верасня 2001 года" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B_11_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_2001_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Тэрарыстычныя акты 11 верасьня 2001 году – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэрарыстычныя акты 11 верасьня 2001 году" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="11 सितंबर के हमला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="11 सितंबर के हमला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_11_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8_2001_%D0%B3." title="Атентати от 11 септември 2001 г. – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атентати от 11 септември 2001 г." data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terroranschl%C3%A4g_am_11._September_2001" title="Terroranschläg am 11. September 2001 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Terroranschläg am 11. September 2001" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napadi_11._septembra_2001." title="Napadi 11. septembra 2001. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Napadi 11. septembra 2001." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalldaolio%C3%B9_an_11_a_viz_Gwengolo_2001" title="Gwalldaolioù an 11 a viz Gwengolo 2001 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwalldaolioù an 11 a viz Gwengolo 2001" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atemptats_de_l%2711_de_setembre_de_2001" title="Atemptats de l'11 de setembre de 2001 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atemptats de l'11 de setembre de 2001" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teroristick%C3%A9_%C3%BAtoky_11._z%C3%A1%C5%99%C3%AD_2001" title="Teroristické útoky 11. září 2001 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teroristické útoky 11. září 2001" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymosodiadau_11_Medi_2001" title="Ymosodiadau 11 Medi 2001 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymosodiadau 11 Medi 2001" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorangrebet_den_11._september_2001" title="Terrorangrebet den 11. september 2001 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Terrorangrebet den 11. september 2001" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_11_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هجمات 11 شتنبر ف ميريكان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هجمات 11 شتنبر ف ميريكان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._September_2001" title="11. September 2001 – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="11. September 2001" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terroranschl%C3%A4ge_am_11._September_2001" title="Terroranschläge am 11. September 2001 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Terroranschläge am 11. September 2001" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._septembri_terrorir%C3%BCnnakud" title="11. septembri terrorirünnakud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="11. septembri terrorirünnakud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_11%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_2001" title="Επιθέσεις της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 2001 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιθέσεις της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 2001" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentados_del_11_de_septiembre_de_2001" title="Atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atencoj_de_la_11-a_de_septembro_2001" title="Atencoj de la 11-a de septembro 2001 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atencoj de la 11-a de septembro 2001" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001eko_irailaren_11ko_atentatuak" title="2001eko irailaren 11ko atentatuak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="2001eko irailaren 11ko atentatuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DB%B1%DB%B1_%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="حملات ۱۱ سپتامبر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حملات ۱۱ سپتامبر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvirgangs%C3%A1lopi%C3%B0_9/11" title="Yvirgangsálopið 9/11 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Yvirgangsálopið 9/11" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentats_du_11_septembre_2001" title="Attentats du 11 septembre 2001 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Attentats du 11 septembre 2001" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionsaithe_11_Me%C3%A1n_F%C3%B3mhair" title="Ionsaithe 11 Meán Fómhair – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ionsaithe 11 Meán Fómhair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiaghyn_11_Mean_Fouyir" title="Soiaghyn 11 Mean Fouyir – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Soiaghyn 11 Mean Fouyir" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11" title="9/11 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="9/11" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentados_do_11_de_setembro_de_2001" title="Atentados do 11 de setembro de 2001 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Atentados do 11 de setembro de 2001" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="九一一事件 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="九一一事件" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%C2%B711_%ED%85%8C%EB%9F%AC" title="9·11 테러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="9·11 테러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="September 11 attacks" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_11-%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սեպտեմբերի 11-ի ահաբեկչական հարձակումներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեպտեմբերի 11-ի ահաբեկչական հարձակումներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_2001_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87" title="11 सितम्बर 2001 के हमले – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="11 सितम्बर 2001 के हमले" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teroristi%C4%8Dki_napadi_11._rujna_2001." title="Teroristički napadi 11. rujna 2001. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teroristički napadi 11. rujna 2001." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenti_ye_la_11ma_di_septembro_2001" title="Atenti ye la 11ma di septembro 2001 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Atenti ye la 11ma di septembro 2001" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwakpo_September_11" title="Mwakpo September 11 – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mwakpo September 11" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_11_September_2001" title="Serangan 11 September 2001 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serangan 11 September 2001" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_de_septembre_2001" title="11 de septembre 2001 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="11 de septembre 2001" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NgoSeptemba_11,_2001_ukuhlaselwa" title="NgoSeptemba 11, 2001 ukuhlaselwa – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="NgoSeptemba 11, 2001 ukuhlaselwa" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hry%C3%B0juverkin_11._september_2001" title="Hryðjuverkin 11. september 2001 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hryðjuverkin 11. september 2001" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentati_dell%2711_settembre_2001" title="Attentati dell'11 settembre 2001 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attentati dell'11 settembre 2001" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99_11_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8" title="פיגועי 11 בספטמבר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיגועי 11 בספטמבר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_11_S%C3%A8pt%C3%A8mber_2001" title="Serangan 11 Sèptèmber 2001 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Serangan 11 Sèptèmber 2001" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_11_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="2001 წლის 11 სექტემბრის ტერორისტული აქტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="2001 წლის 11 სექტემბრის ტერორისტული აქტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3_11_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="2001 жылдың 11 қыркүйегіндегі лаңкестік актілері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="2001 жылдың 11 қыркүйегіндегі лаңкестік актілері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omsettyansow_11_mis_Gwynngala" title="Omsettyansow 11 mis Gwynngala – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Omsettyansow 11 mis Gwynngala" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shambulio_la_11_Septemba_2001" title="Shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ar%C3%AE%C5%9F%C3%AAn_11%C3%AA_%C3%8Elon%C3%AA" title="Êrîşên 11ê Îlonê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Êrîşên 11ê Îlonê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE/2001-%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_11-%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Википедия:Сомо/2001-жылдын 11-сентябрындагы террордук чабуулдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Википедия:Сомо/2001-жылдын 11-сентябрындагы террордук чабуулдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impetus_11_Septembris" title="Impetus 11 Septembris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Impetus 11 Septembris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001._gada_11._septembra_uzbrukums_ASV" title="2001. gada 11. septembra uzbrukums ASV – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="2001. gada 11. septembra uzbrukums ASV" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terroruschl%C3%A9i_vum_11._September_2001_an_den_USA" title="Terroruschléi vum 11. September 2001 an den USA – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Terroruschléi vum 11. September 2001 an den USA" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugs%C4%97jo_11_d._atakos" title="Rugsėjo 11 d. atakos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rugsėjo 11 d. atakos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aonsleeg_vaan_11_september_2001" title="Aonsleeg vaan 11 september 2001 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aonsleeg vaan 11 september 2001" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacas_teroriste_de_11_setembre_2001" title="Atacas teroriste de 11 setembre 2001 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Atacas teroriste de 11 setembre 2001" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentaa_del_11_de_settember_del_2001" title="Attentaa del 11 de settember del 2001 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Attentaa del 11 de settember del 2001" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001._szeptember_11-ei_terrort%C3%A1mad%C3%A1sok" title="2001. szeptember 11-ei terrortámadások – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="2001. szeptember 11-ei terrortámadások" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4_11_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8_2001_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Терористички напади од 11 септември 2001 година – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Терористички напади од 11 септември 2001 година" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_11%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="സെപ്റ്റംബർ 11ലെ ഭീകരാക്രമണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെപ്റ്റംബർ 11ലെ ഭീകരാക്രമണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attakki_tal-11_ta%27_Settembru" title="Attakki tal-11 ta' Settembru – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Attakki tal-11 ta' Settembru" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81_whakaeke_Mahuru_11" title="Ngā whakaeke Mahuru 11 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ngā whakaeke Mahuru 11" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7,_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87" title="सप्टेंबर ११, २००१ चे दहशतवादी हल्ले – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सप्टेंबर ११, २००१ चे दहशतवादी हल्ले" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_11_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="2001 წანაშ 11 ეკენიაშ ტერორისტული აქტეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="2001 წანაშ 11 ეკენიაშ ტერორისტული აქტეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_11_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="هجمات 11 سبتمبر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هجمات 11 سبتمبر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_11_September_2001" title="Serangan 11 September 2001 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serangan 11 September 2001" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_11-%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="2001 оны 9 сарын 11-ний халдлага – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="2001 оны 9 сарын 11-ний халдлага" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC_%E1%81%81%E1%81%81_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="စက်တင်ဘာ ၁၁ တိုက်ခိုက်မှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စက်တင်ဘာ ၁၁ တိုက်ခိုက်မှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanslagen_op_11_september_2001" title="Aanslagen op 11 september 2001 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aanslagen op 11 september 2001" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="सेप्टेम्बर ११ को हमला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सेप्टेम्बर ११ को हमला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%8C%E6%99%82%E5%A4%9A%E7%99%BA%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="アメリカ同時多発テロ事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ同時多発テロ事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_11_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="2001 шеран 11 сентябрехь хилла теракташ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="2001 шеран 11 сентябрехь хилла теракташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorangrepene_11._september_2001" title="Terrorangrepene 11. september 2001 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Terrorangrepene 11. september 2001" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror%C3%A5taka_11._september_2001" title="Terroråtaka 11. september 2001 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Terroråtaka 11. september 2001" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assauts_terroristes_du_11_de_setembre_2001" title="Assauts terroristes du 11 de setembre 2001 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Assauts terroristes du 11 de setembre 2001" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atemptats_de_l%2711_de_setembre_de_2001" title="Atemptats de l'11 de setembre de 2001 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Atemptats de l'11 de setembre de 2001" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001-yil_11-sentyabr_terror_xurujlari" title="2001-yil 11-sentyabr terror xurujlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="2001-yil 11-sentyabr terror xurujlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0_2001_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87" title="11 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2001 ਦੇ ਹਮਲੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="11 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2001 ਦੇ ਹਮਲੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terroranschl%C3%A4ge_am_11._September_2001" title="Terroranschläge am 11. September 2001 – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Terroranschläge am 11. September 2001" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AD%DB%81_11_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1_2001%D8%A1" title="سانحہ 11 ستمبر 2001ء – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سانحہ 11 ستمبر 2001ء" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atakenan_di_11_di_s%C3%A8pt%C3%A8mber" title="Atakenan di 11 di sèptèmber – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Atakenan di 11 di sèptèmber" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DB%B1%DB%B1_%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د ۱۱ سپتمبر بريدونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ۱۱ سپتمبر بريدونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8_%E1%9F%A1%E1%9F%A1_%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%86%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86_%E1%9F%A2%E1%9F%A0%E1%9F%A0%E1%9F%A1" title="ការវាយប្រហារនៃទី ១១ ខែកញ្ញាឆ្នាំ ២០០១ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការវាយប្រហារនៃទី ១១ ខែកញ្ញាឆ្នាំ ២០០១" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atakes_t%C3%A9rorisses_du_11_ed_s%C3%A9timbe_2001" title="Atakes térorisses du 11 ed sétimbe 2001 – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Atakes térorisses du 11 ed sétimbe 2001" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terroransl%C3%A4%C3%A4g_vun%E2%80%99n_11._September" title="Terroranslääg vun’n 11. September – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Terroranslääg vun’n 11. September" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamachy_z_11_wrze%C5%9Bnia_2001_roku" title="Zamachy z 11 września 2001 roku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zamachy z 11 września 2001 roku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataques_de_11_de_setembro_de_2001" title="Ataques de 11 de setembro de 2001 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ataques de 11 de setembro de 2001" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschl%C3%A4%C3%A4ch_vam_11._September_2001" title="Anschlääch vam 11. September 2001 – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Anschlääch vam 11. September 2001" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentatele_din_11_septembrie_2001" title="Atentatele din 11 septembrie 2001 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atentatele din 11 septembrie 2001" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attatgas_da_terror_dals_11_da_settember_2001" title="Attatgas da terror dals 11 da settember 2001 – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Attatgas da terror dals 11 da settember 2001" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B_11_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2001_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Террористические акты 11 сентября 2001 года – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Террористические акты 11 сентября 2001 года" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD_11_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%82%D2%AFh%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Балаҕан ыйын 11 саба түhүүлэрэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Балаҕан ыйын 11 саба түhүүлэрэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AD%DB%81_11_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1_(%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86)" title="سانحہ 11 ستمبر (نائن الیون) – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سانحہ 11 ستمبر (نائن الیون)" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentados_de_s%2711_de_cabudanni" title="Atentados de s'11 de cabudanni – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Atentados de s'11 de cabudanni" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_September_attacks" title="11 September attacks – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="11 September attacks" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulmet_e_11_shtatorit" title="Sulmet e 11 shtatorit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sulmet e 11 shtatorit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_11_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB" title="සැප්තැම්බර් 11 ප්‍රහාර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සැප්තැම්බර් 11 ප්‍රහාර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="September 11 attacks" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atoky_z_11._septembra_2001" title="Útoky z 11. septembra 2001 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Útoky z 11. septembra 2001" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teroristi%C4%8Dni_napadi_11._septembra_2001" title="Teroristični napadi 11. septembra 2001 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Teroristični napadi 11. septembra 2001" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorystyczne_angrify_ze_11_wrze%C5%9Bnia_2001" title="Terorystyczne angrify ze 11 września 2001 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Terorystyczne angrify ze 11 września 2001" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A1%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84" title="ھێرشەکانی ١١ی ئەیلوول – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێرشەکانی ١١ی ئەیلوول" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_11._%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0_2001." title="Напади 11. септембра 2001. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Напади 11. септембра 2001." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napadi_11._septembra_2001." title="Napadi 11. septembra 2001. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Napadi 11. septembra 2001." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syyskuun_11._p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4n_terroriteot" title="Syyskuun 11. päivän terroriteot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syyskuun 11. päivän terroriteot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_september-attackerna" title="11 september-attackerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="11 september-attackerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_pag-atake_noong_Setyembre_11" title="Mga pag-atake noong Setyembre 11 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga pag-atake noong Setyembre 11" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_11,_2001_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="செப்டம்பர் 11, 2001 தாக்குதல்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செப்டம்பர் 11, 2001 தாக்குதல்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="9/11 దాడులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="9/11 దాడులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1_11_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="วินาศกรรม 11 กันยายน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วินาศกรรม 11 กันยายน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97_11,_2001_%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%98%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Eyl%C3%BCl_sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1lar%C4%B1" title="11 Eylül saldırıları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="11 Eylül saldırıları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81%CC%B1ka%CC%B1tuk_nyia%CC%B1_11_Zwat_A%CC%B1kubunyiung_2001" title="Á̱ka̱tuk nyia̱ 11 Zwat A̱kubunyiung 2001 – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Á̱ka̱tuk nyia̱ 11 Zwat A̱kubunyiung 2001" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_11_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_2001_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Терористичний акт 11 вересня 2001 року – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Терористичний акт 11 вересня 2001 року" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AD%DB%81_11_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1_2001%D8%A1" title="سانحہ 11 ستمبر 2001ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سانحہ 11 ستمبر 2001ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentai_de_l%2711_de_setenbre_del_2001" title="Atentai de l'11 de setenbre del 2001 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Atentai de l'11 de setenbre del 2001" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_ki%E1%BB%87n_11_th%C3%A1ng_9" title="Sự kiện 11 tháng 9 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sự kiện 11 tháng 9" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._s%C3%BCk%C3%BCskuu_p%C3%A4%C3%A4v%C3%A4_terrorir%C3%BCnn%C3%A4guq" title="11. süküskuu päävä terrorirünnäguq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="11. süküskuu päävä terrorirünnäguq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacaedjes_terorisses_di_No%C3%BB_York_et_Wachintone_(2001)" title="Atacaedjes terorisses di Noû York et Wachintone (2001) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Atacaedjes terorisses di Noû York et Wachintone (2001)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%8B%E7%A6%8D" title="九一一之禍 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="九一一之禍" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_pag-atake_hadton_Septyembre_11" title="Mga pag-atake hadton Septyembre 11 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mga pag-atake hadton Septyembre 11" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%80%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="九一一袭击事件 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="九一一袭击事件" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8_11_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="סעפטעמבער 11 אטאקעס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סעפטעמבער 11 אטאקעס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%AC%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9%CC%80l%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_%C3%ACd%C3%A1nil%C3%B3r%C3%B3_September_11,_2001" title="Àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ìdánilóró September 11, 2001 – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ìdánilóró September 11, 2001" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/911%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="911事件 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="911事件" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ar%C4%B1%C5%9F%C3%AA_11%C3%AA_Ke%C5%9Fkeluni_2001" title="Êrışê 11ê Keşkeluni 2001 – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Êrışê 11ê Keşkeluni 2001" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anslaegen_op_11_september_2001" title="Anslaegen op 11 september 2001 – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Anslaegen op 11 september 2001" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%80%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="九一一袭击事件 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="九一一袭击事件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10806#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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For other attacks on the same date, see <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="September 11 attacks (disambiguation)">September 11 attacks (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nine eleven" and "9/11" redirect here. For the calendar date, see <a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a>. For the reverse, see <a href="/wiki/11/9_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="11/9 (disambiguation)">11/9 (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/911_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="911 (disambiguation)">911 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"9-11" redirects here. For the collection of interviews with Noam Chomsky, see <a href="/wiki/9-11_(book)" title="9-11 (book)">9-11 (book)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">September 11 attacks</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">terrorism in the United States</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:September_11_Photo_Montage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A montage of eight images depicting, from top to bottom, the World Trade Center towers burning, the collapsed section of the Pentagon, the impact explosion in the South Tower, a rescue worker standing in front of rubble of the collapsed towers, an excavator unearthing a smashed jet engine, three frames of video depicting American Airlines Flight 77 hitting the Pentagon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/September_11_Photo_Montage.jpg/250px-September_11_Photo_Montage.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/September_11_Photo_Montage.jpg/375px-September_11_Photo_Montage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/September_11_Photo_Montage.jpg/500px-September_11_Photo_Montage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="1821" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Top row: The Twin Towers of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> burning</div></li><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">2nd row, left to right: Collapsed section of <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Flight_175" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight 175">Flight 175</a> crashes into 2 WTC</div></li><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3rd row, left to right: A firefighter requests assistance at <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">World Trade Center site</a>; An engine from <a href="/wiki/Flight_93" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight 93">Flight 93</a> is recovered</div></li><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Bottom row: <a href="/wiki/Flight_77" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight 77">Flight 77</a>'s collision with the Pentagon as captured by three consecutive <a href="/wiki/CCTV" class="mw-redirect" title="CCTV">CCTV</a> frames</div></li></ul></div> <hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a>, New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington County">Arlington County</a>, Virginia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Stonycreek Township</a>, Pennsylvania<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">September 11, 2001; 23 years ago (2001-09-11) c. 08:13 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> – 10:03 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11" title="American Airlines Flight 11">AA 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/UA_175" class="mw-redirect" title="UA 175">UA 175</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> (<a href="/wiki/AA_77" class="mw-redirect" title="AA 77">AA 77</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol Building">U.S. Capitol Building</a> or the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> (<a href="/wiki/UA_93" class="mw-redirect" title="UA 93">UA 93</a>; unsuccessful due to <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93#Passenger_revolt" title="United Airlines Flight 93">passenger revolt</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">aircraft hijacking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Casualties of the September 11 attacks">2,996</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[d]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_victims_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Lists of victims of the September 11 attacks">2,977 victims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">19 Al-Qaeda terrorists</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">6,000–25,000+<a href="#cite_note-9">[e]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Responsibility for the September 11 attacks">responsibility</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of participants</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">19</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data">Several; see <a href="/wiki/Motives_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Motives for the September 11 attacks">Motives for the September 11 attacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatwas_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Fatwas of Osama bin Laden">Fatwas of Osama bin Laden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Convicted</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zacarias_Moussaoui" title="Zacarias Moussaoui">Zacarias Moussaoui</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Yarkas" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad Yarkas">Imad Yarkas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mounir_el-Motassadeq" title="Mounir el-Motassadeq">Mounir el-Motassadeq</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Trials_related_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Trials related to the September 11 attacks">Trials related to the September 11 attacks</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">September 11 attacks</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_(WTC_2)_-_B6019~11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/245px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/368px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/490px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="1830" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline of the September 11 attacks">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Planning of the September 11 attacks">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_for_the_day_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Collapse of the World Trade Center">World Trade Center collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_for_September_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline for September following the September 11 attacks">Remainder of September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_for_October_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline for October following the September 11 attacks">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_beyond_October_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline beyond October following the September 11 attacks">Post-October</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Victims</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Casualties of the September 11 attacks">Casualties</a></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_victims_of_the_September_11_attacks_(A%E2%80%93G)" title="List of victims of the September 11 attacks (A–G)">A–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_victims_of_the_September_11_attacks_(H%E2%80%93N)" title="List of victims of the September 11 attacks (H–N)">H–N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_victims_of_the_September_11_attacks_(O%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of victims of the September 11 attacks (O–Z)">O–Z</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Hijacked airliners</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11" title="American Airlines Flight 11">American Airlines Flight 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77" title="American Airlines Flight 77">American Airlines Flight 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a></li> <li>Suspected hijackings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_085" title="Korean Air Flight 085">Korean Air Flight 085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_1989" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 1989">Delta Air Lines Flight 1989</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Crash sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">site</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Stonycreek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shanksville,_Pennsylvania" title="Shanksville, Pennsylvania">Shanksville, Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Aftermath</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Aftermath of the September 11 attacks">Immediate repercussions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">artwork destroyed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closings_and_cancellations_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks">closings and cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detentions_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Detentions following the September 11 attacks">detentions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_during_the_September_11_attacks" title="Communication during the September 11 attacks">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-9/11" title="Post-9/11">Post-9/11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Economic effects of the September 11 attacks">economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_arising_from_the_September_11_attacks" title="Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks">local health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security_repercussions_due_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks">airport security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Reactions to the September 11 attacks">Reactions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_during_the_September_11_attacks" title="Rudy Giuliani during the September 11 attacks">Rudy Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_terrorist_plots_in_the_United_States_post-9/11" title="List of unsuccessful terrorist plots in the United States post-9/11">Unsuccessful terrorist plots</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Response</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._government_response_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks">U.S. government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._military_response_during_the_September_11_attacks" title="U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks">U.S. military response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">North-West Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_and_recovery_effort_after_the_September_11_attacks_on_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center">Rescue and recovery effort</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_response_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Maritime response following the September 11 attacks">maritime response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_assistance_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Financial assistance following the September 11 attacks">Financial assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Support" title="Operation Support">Operation SUPPORT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellow_Ribbon" title="Operation Yellow Ribbon">Operation Yellow Ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_and_services_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks">Memorials and services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_%26_Museum" title="National September 11 Memorial & Museum">9/11 Memorial and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_93_National_Memorial" title="Flight 93 National Memorial">Flight 93 National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Memorial" title="Pentagon Memorial">Pentagon Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Terrorist_Attack_on_the_Pentagon_Memorial" title="Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial">Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Health_Program" title="World Trade Center Health Program">World Trade Center Health Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perpetrators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Responsibility for the September 11 attacks">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Saudi_role_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Alleged Saudi role in the September 11 attacks">Alleged Saudi role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motives_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Motives for the September 11 attacks">Motives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">Hijackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_hijacker" title="20th hijacker">20th hijacker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_cell" title="Hamburg cell">Hamburg cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_related_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Trials related to the September 11 attacks">Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Inquiries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Inquiry_into_Intelligence_Community_Activities_before_and_after_the_Terrorist_Attacks_of_September_11,_2001" title="Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001">U.S. congressional inquiry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_28_pages" title="The 28 pages">the 28 pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_intelligence_before_the_attacks" title="September 11 intelligence before the attacks">September 11 intelligence before the attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Ladin_Determined_To_Strike_in_US" title="Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US">August 2001 CIA warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Memo" title="Phoenix Memo">Phoenix Memo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">Commission Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_9/11_Commission" title="Criticism of the 9/11 Commission">criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIST_World_Trade_Center_Disaster_Investigation" title="NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation">NIST investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PENTTBOM" title="PENTTBOM">PENTTBOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinThread" title="ThinThread">ThinThread</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Cultural influence of the September 11 attacks">Cultural effects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_references_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks">Cultural references</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of songs about the September 11 attacks">songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_about_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of comics about the September 11 attacks">comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of books about the September 11 attacks">books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonists_Remember_9/11" title="Cartoonists Remember 9/11">Cartoonists Remember 9/11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entertainment_affected_by_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks">Entertainment affected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humor_based_on_the_September_11_attacks" title="Humor based on the September 11 attacks">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">Lost artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Channel_memorandum" title="Clear Channel memorandum">Clear Channel memorandum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_government_operations_and_exercises_on_September_11,_2001" title="United States government operations and exercises on September 11, 2001">War games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day">Patriot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Falling_Man" title="The Falling Man">The Falling Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impending_Death" title="Impending Death">Impending Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust Lady">Dust Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_at_Ground_Zero" title="Raising the Flag at Ground Zero">Raising the Flag at Ground Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_from_Williamsburg,_Brooklyn,_on_Manhattan,_9/11" title="View from Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on Manhattan, 9/11">View from Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on Manhattan, 9/11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_guy" title="Tourist guy">Tourist Guy hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Towers_2" title="Twin Towers 2">Twin Towers II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Sneha_Anne_Philip" title="Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip">Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Michele_Anne_Harris" title="Disappearance of Michele Anne Harris">Disappearance of Michele Anne Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Balbir_Singh_Sodhi" title="Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi">Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Henryk_Siwiak" title="Killing of Henryk Siwiak">Killing of Henryk Siwiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Anthony_Stroman" title="Mark Anthony Stroman">Mark Anthony Stroman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larme_Price" title="Larme Price">Larme Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dekkers" title="Rudi Dekkers">Rudi Dekkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicia_Esteve_Head" title="Alicia Esteve Head">Alicia Esteve Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Girls" title="Jersey Girls">Jersey Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_E._Booker_Elementary_School" title="Emma E. Booker Elementary School">Emma E. Booker Elementary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_documentation_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Media documentation of the September 11 attacks">Media documentation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_al-Qaeda_attacks" title="Template:Campaignbox al-Qaeda attacks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_al-Qaeda_attacks" title="Template talk:Campaignbox al-Qaeda attacks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_al-Qaeda_attacks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox al-Qaeda attacks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="al-Qaeda_attacks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_al-Qaeda_attacks" title="Timeline of al-Qaeda attacks">al-Qaeda attacks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Aden_hotel_bombings" title="1992 Aden hotel bombings">Aden hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">US embassies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">USS Cole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">9/11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghriba_synagogue_bombing" title="Ghriba synagogue bombing">Ghriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faylaka_Island_attack" title="Faylaka Island attack">Faylaka Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">Bali (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Mombasa_attacks" title="2002 Mombasa attacks">Mombasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_compound_bombings" title="Riyadh compound bombings">Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Casablanca_bombings" title="2003 Casablanca bombings">Casablanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Marriott_Hotel_bombing" title="2003 Marriott Hotel bombing">Marriott Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Istanbul_bombings" title="2003 Istanbul bombings">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Khobar_massacre" title="2004 Khobar massacre">Khobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Amman_bombings" title="2005 Amman bombings">Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Yazidi_communities_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Yazidi communities bombings">Qahtaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Danish_embassy_bombing_in_Islamabad" title="2008 Danish embassy bombing in Islamabad">Islamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Chapman_attack" title="Camp Chapman attack">Camp Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Amenas_hostage_crisis" title="In Amenas hostage crisis">In Amenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The September 11 attacks,<a href="#cite_note-11">[f]</a> commonly known as 9/11,<a href="#cite_note-13">[g]</a> were four coordinated <a href="/wiki/Islamist_terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist terrorist">Islamist terrorist</a> suicide attacks carried out by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> against the United States in 2001. <a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks#Hijackers" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">Nineteen terrorists</a> hijacked four commercial airliners, crashing the first two into the Twin Towers of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> in New York City and the third into <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> (headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">fourth plane</a> crashed in rural <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> during a passenger revolt. The September 11 attacks killed 2,977 people, making it the deadliest terrorist attack in history. In response to the attacks, the United States waged the multi-decade global <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a> to eliminate hostile groups deemed terrorist organizations, as well as the foreign governments purported to support them. Ringleader <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta" title="Mohamed Atta">Mohamed Atta</a> flew <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11" title="American Airlines Flight 11">American Airlines Flight 11</a> into the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tenants_in_1_World_Trade_Center_(1971%E2%80%932001)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tenants in 1 World Trade Center (1971–2001)">North Tower</a> of the World Trade Center complex in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a> at 8:46 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-Time4-17">[h]</a> Seventeen minutes later,<a href="#cite_note-Time-23">[i]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a> hit the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tenants_in_2_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tenants in 2 World Trade Center">South Tower</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Collapse of the World Trade Center">Both collapsed</a> within an hour and forty-one minutes,<a href="#cite_note-Time1-27">[j]</a> bringing about the destruction of the remaining five structures in the complex and damaging or destroying nearby buildings. <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77" title="American Airlines Flight 77">American Airlines Flight 77</a> flew towards Washington, D.C. and crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37 a.m., causing a partial collapse. The fourth and final flight, <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a>, also changed course towards Washington, believed by investigators to target either the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> or the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. Alerted to the previous attacks, the passengers revolted against the hijackers who crashed the aircraft into a field near <a href="/wiki/Shanksville,_Pennsylvania" title="Shanksville, Pennsylvania">Shanksville, Pennsylvania</a>, at 10:03 a.m. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> ordered an indefinite <a href="/wiki/Ground_stop" title="Ground stop">ground stop</a> for all air traffic in U.S. airspace, preventing any further aircraft departures until September 13 and requiring all airborne aircraft to return to their point of origin or divert to Canada. The actions undertaken in Canada to support incoming aircraft and their occupants were collectively titled <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellow_Ribbon" title="Operation Yellow Ribbon">Operation Yellow Ribbon</a>. That evening, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> informed President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> that its <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterterrorism Center">Counterterrorism Center</a> had identified the attacks as having been the work of Al-Qaeda under <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._government_response_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks">The United States formally responded</a> by launching the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">invading Afghanistan</a> to depose the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, which rejected U.S. terms to expel Al-Qaeda from Afghanistan and extradite its leaders. The U.S.'s invocation of <a href="/wiki/Article_5_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty">Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty</a>—its only usage to date—called upon allies to fight al-Qaeda. As U.S. and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> invasion forces swept through Afghanistan, bin Laden <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora" title="Battle of Tora Bora">eluded them</a>. He denied any involvement <a href="/wiki/2004_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="2004 Osama bin Laden video">until 2004</a>, when excerpts of a taped statement in which he accepted <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Responsibility for the September 11 attacks">responsibility for the attacks</a> were released. <a href="/wiki/Motives_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Motives for the September 11 attacks">Al-Qaeda's cited motivations</a> included <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">U.S. support of Israel</a>, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch" title="Operation Southern Watch">U.S. military bases in Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">sanctions against Iraq</a>. The nearly decade-long <a href="/wiki/Manhunt_for_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Manhunt for Osama bin Laden">manhunt for bin Laden</a> concluded on May 2, 2011, when <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">he was killed during a U.S. military raid</a> on <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad" title="Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad">his compound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbottabad, Pakistan">Abbottabad, Pakistan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> continued for another eight years until the agreement was made in February 2020 for American and NATO troops to <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)">withdraw from the country</a>. Excluding the hijackers, the attacks <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Casualties of the September 11 attacks">killed 2,977 people, injured thousands more</a> and gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_arising_from_the_September_11_attacks" title="Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks">substantial long-term health consequences</a> while also causing at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage. It remains the deadliest terrorist attack in history as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_deadliest_firefighter_disasters_in_the_United_States" title="List of the deadliest firefighter disasters in the United States">deadliest incident for firefighters</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_officers_killed_in_the_line_of_duty_in_the_United_States" title="List of law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty in the United States">law enforcement</a> personnel in American history, killing 343 and 72 members, respectively. The loss of life stemming from the impact of Flight 11 made it <a href="/wiki/List_of_deadliest_aircraft_accidents_and_incidents#Table" title="List of deadliest aircraft accidents and incidents">the most lethal multi-plane crash in aviation history</a> followed by the death toll incurred by Flight 175. The destruction of the World Trade Center and its environs seriously harmed the U.S. economy and <a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Economic effects of the September 11 attacks">induced global market shocks</a>. Many other countries strengthened <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">anti-terrorism legislation</a> and expanded their powers of <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence agencies">intelligence agencies</a>. The total number of deaths caused by the attacks, combined with the death tolls from the conflicts they directly incited, has been estimated by the <a href="/wiki/Costs_of_War_Project" title="Costs of War Project">Costs of War Project</a> to be over 4.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-:2-28">[18]</a> Cleanup of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">World Trade Center site</a> (colloquially "Ground Zero") took eight months and was completed in May 2002, while the Pentagon was repaired within a year. After delays in the design of a replacement complex, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="World Trade Center (2001–present)">six new buildings</a> were planned to replace the lost towers, along with a museum and memorial dedicated to those who were killed or injured in the attacks. The tallest building, <a href="/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center" title="One World Trade Center">One World Trade Center</a>, began construction in November 2006; it opened in November 2014. <a href="/wiki/Memorials_and_services_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks">Memorials to the attacks</a> include the <a href="/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_%26_Museum" title="National September 11 Memorial & Museum">National September 11 Memorial & Museum</a> in New York City, the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Memorial" title="Pentagon Memorial">Pentagon Memorial</a> in Arlington County, Virginia, and the <a href="/wiki/Flight_93_National_Memorial" title="Flight 93 National Memorial">Flight 93 National Memorial</a> at the Pennsylvania crash site. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fatwas_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Fatwas of Osama bin Laden">Fatwas of Osama bin Laden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Political views of Osama bin Laden">Political views of Osama bin Laden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a></div> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> of the Islamist militant organization <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> issued his first <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwā</a>, which declared war against the United States and demanded the expulsion of all American soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[19]</a> In a second 1998 fatwā, bin Laden outlined his objections to <a href="/wiki/American_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="American foreign policy">American foreign policy</a> with respect to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, as well as the continued presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia after the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_2013-11-28-30">[20]</a> Bin Laden maintained that Muslims are obliged to attack American targets until the aggressive policies of the U.S. against Muslims were reversed.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_2013-11-28-30">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_cell" title="Hamburg cell">Hamburg cell</a> in Germany included Islamists who eventually came to be key operatives in the 9/11 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-32">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta" title="Mohamed Atta">Mohamed Atta</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marwan_al-Shehhi" title="Marwan al-Shehhi">Marwan al-Shehhi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ziad_Jarrah" title="Ziad Jarrah">Ziad Jarrah</a>; Ramzi bin al-Shibh; and <a href="/wiki/Said_Bahaji" title="Said Bahaji">Said Bahaji</a> were all members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell.<a href="#cite_note-33">[23]</a> Bin Laden asserted that all Muslims must wage a defensive war against the United States and combat American aggression. He further argued that military strikes against American assets would send a message to the <a href="/wiki/American_people" class="mw-redirect" title="American people">American people</a>, attempting to force the U.S. to re-evaluate its <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">support to Israel</a>, and other aggressive policies.<a href="#cite_note-34">[24]</a> In a 1998 interview with American journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Miller_(police_official)" title="John Miller (police official)">John Miller</a>, bin Laden stated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We do not differentiate between those dressed in military uniforms and civilians; they are all targets in this fatwa. American history does not distinguish between civilians and military, not even women and children. They are the ones who used bombs against Nagasaki. Can these bombs distinguish between infants and military? America does not have a religion that will prevent it from destroying all people. So we tell the Americans as people and we tell the mothers of soldiers and American mothers in general that if they value their lives and the lives of their children, to find a nationalistic government that will look after their interests and not the <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">interests of the Jews</a>. The continuation of tyranny will bring the fight to America, as <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">[the 1993 World Trade Center bomber]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramzi_Yousef" title="Ramzi Yousef">Ramzi [Yousef]</a> yourself and others did. This is my message to the American people: to look for a serious government that looks out for their interests and does not attack others, their lands, or their honor. My word to American journalists is not to ask why we did that but to ask what their government has done that forced us to defend ourselves.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, in his interview with <a href="/wiki/John_Miller_(police_official)" title="John Miller (police official)">John Miller</a>, May 1998, <a href="#cite_note-35">[25]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osama_bin_Laden">Osama bin Laden</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Militant_career_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Militant career of Osama bin Laden">Militant career of Osama bin Laden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osama_bin_Laden_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Osama_bin_Laden_portrait.jpg/220px-Osama_bin_Laden_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Osama_bin_Laden_portrait.jpg/330px-Osama_bin_Laden_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Osama_bin_Laden_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> in 1997 or 1998</figcaption></figure> Bin Laden orchestrated the September 11 attacks. He initially denied involvement, but later recanted his denial.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_2004-10-29-36">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC6Jul2011-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-ajNov2004-38">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a> broadcast a statement by him on September 16, 2001: "I stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation".<a href="#cite_note-39">[29]</a> In November 2001, U.S. forces recovered a videotape in which bin Laden, talking to <a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Harbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled al-Harbi">Khaled al-Harbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Osama_bin_Laden#December_13,_2001" title="Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden">admitted foreknowledge</a> of the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-40">[30]</a> On December 27, 2001, a second video of bin Laden was released in which he, stopping short of admitting responsibility for the attacks, said:<a href="#cite_note-41">[31]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It has become clear that the West in general and America in particular have an unspeakable hatred for Islam. ... It is the hatred of <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">crusaders</a>. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, which kills our people. ... We say that the end of the United States is imminent, whether Bin Laden or his followers are alive or dead, for the awakening of the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a> [nation] has occurred. ... It is important to hit the economy (of the United States), which is the base of its military power...If the economy is hit they will become reoccupied.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Osama bin Laden</cite></div></blockquote> Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/2004_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 U.S. presidential election">2004 U.S. presidential election</a>, bin Laden used a <a href="/wiki/2004_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="2004 Osama bin Laden video">taped statement</a> to publicly acknowledge al-Qaeda's involvement in the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_2004-10-29-36">[26]</a> He admitted his direct link to the attacks and said they were carried out because: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> The events that affected my soul in a direct way started in 1982 when America permitted the Israelis to invade Lebanon and the American Sixth Fleet helped them in that. This bombardment began and many were killed and injured and others were terrorised and displaced. I couldn't forget those moving scenes, blood and severed limbs, women and children sprawled everywhere. Houses were destroyed along with their occupants, high rises demolished over their residents, rockets raining down on our home without mercy...As I looked at those demolished towers in Lebanon, it entered my mind that we should punish the oppressor in kind and that we should destroy towers in America so that they taste some of what we tasted and so that they be deterred from killing our women and children. And that day, it was confirmed to me that oppression and the intentional killing of innocent women and children is a deliberate American policy. Destruction is freedom and democracy, while resistance is terrorism and intolerance.<a href="#cite_note-42">[32]</a></blockquote> Bin Laden personally directed his followers to attack the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> and the Pentagon.<a href="#cite_note-43">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[34]</a> Another video obtained by Al Jazeera in September 2006 showed bin Laden with one of the attacks' chief planners, <a href="/wiki/Ramzi_bin_al-Shibh" title="Ramzi bin al-Shibh">Ramzi bin al-Shibh</a>, as well as hijackers, <a href="/wiki/Hamza_al-Ghamdi" title="Hamza al-Ghamdi">Hamza al-Ghamdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wail_al-Shehri" title="Wail al-Shehri">Wail al-Shehri</a>, amidst making preparations for the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-45">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed_and_other_al-Qaeda_members">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and other al-Qaeda members</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalid_Shaikh_Mohammed_after_capture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Khalid_Shaikh_Mohammed_after_capture.jpg/220px-Khalid_Shaikh_Mohammed_after_capture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Khalid_Shaikh_Mohammed_after_capture.jpg/330px-Khalid_Shaikh_Mohammed_after_capture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Khalid_Shaikh_Mohammed_after_capture.jpg/440px-Khalid_Shaikh_Mohammed_after_capture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a> after his 2003 capture in <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, Pakistan</figcaption></figure> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Yosri_Fouda" title="Yosri Fouda">Yosri Fouda</a> of the Arabic television channel <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a> reported that in April 2002, al-Qaeda member <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a> admitted his involvement in the attacks, along with Ramzi bin al-Shibh.<a href="#cite_note-46">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2007-48">[38]</a> The 2004 <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">9/11 Commission Report</a> determined that the animosity which Mohammed, the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks, felt towards the United States had stemmed from his "violent disagreement with U.S. foreign policy favoring Israel".<a href="#cite_note-9/11_Commission_Report_2004_p147-49">[39]</a> Mohammed was also an adviser and financier of the <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a> and the uncle of <a href="/wiki/Ramzi_Yousef" title="Ramzi Yousef">Ramzi Yousef</a>, the lead bomber in that attack.<a href="#cite_note-50">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[41]</a> In late 1994, Mohammed and Yousef moved on to plan a new terrorist attack called the <a href="/wiki/Bojinka_plot" title="Bojinka plot">Bojinka plot</a> planned for January 1995. Despite a failure and <a href="/wiki/Ramzi_Yousef#Arrest,_conviction_and_prison_life" title="Ramzi Yousef">Yousef's capture</a> by U.S. forces the following month, the Bojinka plot would influence the later 9/11 attacks.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-52">[42]</a> In "Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed" from the trial of <a href="/wiki/Zacarias_Moussaoui" title="Zacarias Moussaoui">Zacarias Moussaoui</a>, five people are identified as having been completely aware of the operation's details. They are bin Laden, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, <a href="/wiki/Ramzi_bin_al-Shibh" title="Ramzi bin al-Shibh">Ramzi bin al-Shibh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Turab_al-Urduni" title="Abu Turab al-Urduni">Abu Turab al-Urduni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Atef" title="Mohammed Atef">Mohammed Atef</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motives">Motives</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Motives_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Motives for the September 11 attacks">Motives for the September 11 attacks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fatwas_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Fatwas of Osama bin Laden">Fatwas of Osama bin Laden</a></div> Osama bin Laden's declaration of a <a href="/wiki/Holy_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy war">holy war</a> against the United States, and a <a href="/wiki/Fatwas_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Fatwas of Osama bin Laden">1998 fatwā signed by bin Laden</a> and others that called for the killing of Americans,<a href="#cite_note-PBS_2013-11-28-30">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-1996_text-54">[44]</a> are seen by investigators as evidence of his motivation.<a href="#cite_note-55">[45]</a> In November 2001, bin Laden defended the attacks as retaliatory strikes against American atrocities against Muslims across the world. He also maintained that the attacks were not directed against women and children, asserting that the targets of the strikes were symbols of America's "economic and military power".<a href="#cite_note-56">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[47]</a> In bin Laden's November 2002 <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_American_People" title="Letter to the American People">Letter to the American People</a>, he identified al-Qaeda's motives for the attacks: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">U.S. support of Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-bin_Laden-58">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Israel_sources-59">[49]</a></li> <li>Bin Laden's strategy to support and globally expand the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[53]</a></li> <li>Attacks against Muslims by <a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">U.S.-led coalition</a> in Somalia</li> <li>U.S. support of the government of <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> against Muslims in the <a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a></li> <li>U.S. support for the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon</a></li> <li>U.S. support of Russian atrocities against Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li>Pro-American governments in the Middle East (who "act as your agents") being against Muslim interests</li> <li>U.S. support of Indian oppression against Muslims in Kashmir</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch" title="Operation Southern Watch">presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[54]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">sanctions against Iraq</a><a href="#cite_note-bin_Laden-58">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental destruction">Environmental destruction</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[57]</a></li></ul> After the attacks, bin Laden and <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> released additional <a href="/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden">recordings</a>, some of which repeated the above reasons. Two relevant publications were bin Laden's 2002 Letter to the American People<a href="#cite_note-BLLTA-68">[58]</a> and a 2004 videotape by bin Laden.<a href="#cite_note-Full_Ladin-69">[59]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> [...] those young men, for whom God has cleared the way, didn't set out to kill children, but rather attacked the biggest centre of military power in the world, <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>, which contains more than 64,000 workers, a military base which has a big concentration of army and intelligence ... As for the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a>, the ones who were attacked and who died in it were part of a financial power. It wasn't a children's school! Neither was it a residence. The consensus is that most of the people who were in the towers were men who backed the biggest financial force in the world, which spreads mischief throughout the world. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Osama Bin Laden's interview with <a href="/wiki/Tayseer_Allouni" title="Tayseer Allouni">Tayseer Allouni</a>, October 21, 2001<a href="#cite_note-70">[60]</a></cite></div> </div> As an adherent of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, bin Laden believed that <a href="/wiki/Kuffar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuffar">non-Muslims</a> are forbidden from having a permanent presence in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[61]</a> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Fatwas_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Fatwas of Osama bin Laden">bin Laden issued</a> a fatwā calling for American troops to leave Saudi Arabia. One analysis of suicide terrorism suggested that without U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, Al-Qaeda likely would not have been able to get people to commit to suicide missions.<a href="#cite_note-72">[62]</a> In the 1998 fatwa, al-Qaeda identified the Iraq sanctions as a reason to kill Americans, condemning the "protracted blockade" among other actions that constitute a declaration of war against "Allah, his messenger, and Muslims".<a href="#cite_note-1998_Al_Qaeda_fatwa-73">[63]</a> In 2004, bin Laden claimed that the idea of destroying the towers had first occurred to him in 1982 when he witnessed Israel's bombardment of high-rise apartment buildings during the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a> Some analysts, including political scientists <a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walt" title="Stephen Walt">Stephen Walt</a>, also claimed that U.S. support of Israel was a motive for the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Israel_sources-59">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20010926-76">[66]</a> In 2004 and 2010, bin Laden again connected the September 11 attacks with U.S. support of Israel, although most of the letters expressed bin Laden's disdain for President Bush and bin Laden's hope to "destroy and bankrupt" the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-77">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[68]</a> Other motives have been suggested in addition to those stated by bin Laden and al-Qaeda. Some authors suggested the "humiliation" that resulted from the Islamic world falling behind the Western world—this discrepancy was rendered especially visible by globalization<a href="#cite_note-79">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[70]</a> and a desire to provoke the U.S. into a broader war against the Islamic world in the hope of motivating more allies to support al-Qaeda. Similarly, others have argued the 9/11 attacks were a strategic move to provoke America into a war that would incite a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Islamic">pan-Islamic</a> revolution.<a href="#cite_note-81">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning">Planning</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Planning_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Planning of the September 11 attacks">Planning of the September 11 attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:911_-_FEMA_-_WTC_impacts_(graphic).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ground zero and surrounding area as seen from directly above depicting where the two planes impacted the towers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/911_-_FEMA_-_WTC_impacts_%28graphic%29.svg/220px-911_-_FEMA_-_WTC_impacts_%28graphic%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/911_-_FEMA_-_WTC_impacts_%28graphic%29.svg/330px-911_-_FEMA_-_WTC_impacts_%28graphic%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/911_-_FEMA_-_WTC_impacts_%28graphic%29.svg/440px-911_-_FEMA_-_WTC_impacts_%28graphic%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Map of the attacks on the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Trade_Center,_NY_-_2001-09-11_-_Debris_Impact_Areas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/World_Trade_Center%2C_NY_-_2001-09-11_-_Debris_Impact_Areas.svg/220px-World_Trade_Center%2C_NY_-_2001-09-11_-_Debris_Impact_Areas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/World_Trade_Center%2C_NY_-_2001-09-11_-_Debris_Impact_Areas.svg/330px-World_Trade_Center%2C_NY_-_2001-09-11_-_Debris_Impact_Areas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/World_Trade_Center%2C_NY_-_2001-09-11_-_Debris_Impact_Areas.svg/440px-World_Trade_Center%2C_NY_-_2001-09-11_-_Debris_Impact_Areas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="2426" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the World Trade Center attacks</figcaption></figure> Documents seized during the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">2011 operation that killed bin Laden</a> included notes handwritten by bin Laden in September 2002 with the heading "The Birth of the Idea of September 11". He describes how he was inspired by the crash of <a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a> on October 31, 1999, which was deliberately crashed by co-pilot <a href="/wiki/Gameel_Al-Batouti" title="Gameel Al-Batouti">Gameel Al-Batouti</a>, killing over 200 passengers. "This is how the idea of 9/11 was conceived and developed in my head, and that is when we began the planning" bin Laden continued, adding that no one but <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Atef" title="Mohammed Atef">Abu Hafs</a> and Abu al-Khair knew about it at the time. The <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">9/11 Commission Report</a> identified Khalid Sheikh Mohammed as the architect of 9/11, but he is not mentioned in bin Laden's notes.<a href="#cite_note-83">[73]</a> The attacks were conceived by <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a>, who first presented it to <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-84">[74]</a> At that time, bin Laden and Al-Qaeda were in a period of transition, having just relocated back to Afghanistan from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-911-ch5-85">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 African embassy bombings</a> and bin Laden's February 1998 fatwā marked a turning point of al-Qaeda's terrorist operation,<a href="#cite_note-86">[76]</a> as bin Laden became intent on attacking the United States. In late 1998 or early 1999, bin Laden approved Mohammed to go forward with organizing the plot.<a href="#cite_note-87">[77]</a> Atef provided operational support, including target selections and helping arrange travel for the hijackers.<a href="#cite_note-911-ch5-85">[75]</a> Bin Laden overruled Mohammed, rejecting potential targets such as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bank_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bank Tower">U.S. Bank Tower</a> in Los Angeles for lack of time.<a href="#cite_note-88">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006308-89">[79]</a> Bin Laden provided leadership and financial support and was involved in selecting participants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen2006283-90">[80]</a> He initially selected <a href="/wiki/Nawaf_al-Hazmi" title="Nawaf al-Hazmi">Nawaf al-Hazmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Mihdhar" title="Khalid al-Mihdhar">Khalid al-Mihdhar</a>, both experienced jihadists who had fought in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian war">Bosnia</a>. Hazmi and Mihdhar arrived in the United States in mid-January 2000. In early 2000, Hazmi and Mihdhar took flying lessons in San Diego, California. Both spoke little English, performed poorly in flying lessons, and eventually served as secondary "muscle" hijackers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006309–315-91">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[82]</a> In late 1999, a group of men from <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany, arrived in Afghanistan. The group included <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta" title="Mohamed Atta">Mohamed Atta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marwan_al-Shehhi" title="Marwan al-Shehhi">Marwan al-Shehhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziad_Jarrah" title="Ziad Jarrah">Ziad Jarrah</a>, and Ramzi bin al-Shibh.<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a> Bin Laden selected these men because they were educated, could speak English, and had experience living in the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006304–307-94">[84]</a> New recruits were routinely screened for special skills and al-Qaeda leaders consequently discovered that <a href="/wiki/Hani_Hanjour" title="Hani Hanjour">Hani Hanjour</a> already had a commercial pilot's license.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006302-95">[85]</a> Hanjour arrived in San Diego on December 8, 2000, joining Hazmi.<a href="#cite_note-9/11_commission_staff_statement_No._16-96">[86]</a>: 6–7  They soon left for Arizona, where Hanjour took refresher training.<a href="#cite_note-9/11_commission_staff_statement_No._16-96">[86]</a>: 7  Marwan al-Shehhi arrived at the end of May 2000, while Atta arrived on June 3, 2000, and Jarrah arrived on June 27, 2000.<a href="#cite_note-9/11_commission_staff_statement_No._16-96">[86]</a>: 6  Bin al-Shibh applied several times for a visa to the United States, but as a Yemeni, he was rejected out of concerns he would overstay his visa.<a href="#cite_note-9/11_commission_staff_statement_No._16-96">[86]</a>: 4, 14  Bin al-Shibh stayed in Hamburg, providing coordination between Atta and Mohammed.<a href="#cite_note-9/11_commission_staff_statement_No._16-96">[86]</a>: 16  The three <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_cell" title="Hamburg cell">Hamburg cell</a> members all took pilot training in South Florida at <a href="/wiki/Huffman_Aviation" title="Huffman Aviation">Huffman Aviation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9/11_commission_staff_statement_No._16-96">[86]</a>: 6  In the spring of 2001, the secondary hijackers began arriving in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-97">[87]</a> In July 2001, Atta met with bin al-Shibh in <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, Catalonia, Spain, where they coordinated details of the plot, including final target selection. Bin al-Shibh passed along bin Laden's wish for the attacks to be carried out as soon as possible.<a href="#cite_note-irujo-98">[88]</a> Some of the hijackers received passports from corrupt Saudi officials who were family members or used fraudulent passports to gain entry.<a href="#cite_note-99">[89]</a> There have been a few theories that 9/11 was selected by the hijackers as the date of the attack because it resembled <a href="/wiki/9-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="9-1-1">9-1-1</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">phone number used to report emergencies</a> in the United States. However, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wright" title="Lawrence Wright">Lawrence Wright</a> wrote that the hijackers chose the date when <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a>, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a>, began the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">battle</a> that turned back the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s Muslim armies that were attempting to capture <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1683. Vienna was the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, both major powers in Europe at the time. For Osama bin Laden, this was a date when the West gained some dominance over Islam, and by attacking on this date, he hoped to make a step in Islam "winning" the war for worldwide power and influence.<a href="#cite_note-100">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_intelligence">Prior intelligence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/September_11_intelligence_before_the_attacks" title="September 11 intelligence before the attacks">September 11 intelligence before the attacks</a></div> In late 1999, al-Qaeda associate <a href="/wiki/Walid_bin_Attash" title="Walid bin Attash">Walid bin Attash</a> ("Khallad") contacted Mihdhar and told him to meet in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia; Hazmi and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bara_al_Yemeni" title="Abu Bara al Yemeni">Abu Bara al Yemeni</a> would also be in attendance. The <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> intercepted a telephone call mentioning the meeting, Mihdhar, and the name "Nawaf" (Hazmi); while the agency feared "Something nefarious might be afoot", it took no further action. The CIA had already been alerted by Saudi intelligence about Mihdhar and Hazmi being Al-Qaeda members. A CIA team broke into Mihdhar's <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> hotel room and discovered that Mihdhar had a U.S. visa. While <a href="/wiki/Alec_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Alec Station">Alec Station</a> alerted intelligence agencies worldwide, it did not share this information with the FBI. The <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Special_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Special Branch">Malaysian Special Branch</a> observed the January 5, 2000, meeting of the two al-Qaeda members and informed the CIA that Mihdhar, Hazmi, and Khallad were flying to <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, but the CIA never notified other agencies of this, nor did it ask the <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a> to put Mihdhar on its watchlist. An FBI liaison asked permission to inform the FBI of the meeting but was told: "This is not a matter for the FBI".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006310–312-101">[91]</a> By late June, senior counter-terrorism official <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Clarke" title="Richard A. Clarke">Richard Clarke</a> and CIA director <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> were "convinced that a major series of attacks was about to come", although the CIA believed the attacks would likely occur in Saudi Arabia or Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2004235–236-102">[92]</a> In early July, Clarke put domestic agencies on "full alert", telling them, "Something spectacular is going to happen here, and it's going to happen soon". He asked the FBI and the State Department to alert the embassies and police departments, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense Department</a> to go to "Threat Condition Delta".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006344-103">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2004236–237-104">[94]</a> Clarke later wrote: <blockquote>Somewhere in CIA there was information that two known al Qaeda terrorists had come into the United States. Somewhere in the FBI, there was information that strange things had been going on at flight schools in the United States. [...] They had specific information about individual terrorists from which one could have deduced what was about to happen. None of that information got to me or the White House.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2004242–243-105">[95]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> [...] by July [2001], with word spreading of a coming attack, a schism emerged among the senior leadership of al Qaeda. Several senior members reportedly agreed with <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a>. Those who reportedly sided with <a href="/wiki/Bin_Ladin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bin Ladin">bin Ladin</a> included <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Atef" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Atef">Atef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_Abu_Ghayth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulayman Abu Ghayth">Sulayman Abu Ghayth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">KSM</a>. But those said to have opposed him were weighty figures in the organization-including <a href="/wiki/Mahfouz_Ould_al-Walid" title="Mahfouz Ould al-Walid">Abu Hafs the Mauritanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saeed_al-Masri" title="Saeed al-Masri">Sheikh Saeed al Masri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al_Adl" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayf al Adl">Sayf al Adl</a>. One senior al Qaeda operative claims to recall Bin Ladin arguing that attacks against the United States needed to be carried out immediately to support <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">insurgency in the Israeli-occupied territories</a> and protest the presence of U.S. forces in Saudi Arabia. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">9/11 Commission Report</a>, p. 251<a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a></cite></div> </div> On July 13, Tom Wilshire, a CIA agent assigned to the FBI's international terrorism division, emailed his superiors at the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterterrorism Center">Counterterrorism Center</a> (CTC) requesting permission to inform the FBI that Hazmi was in the country and that Mihdhar had a U.S. visa. The CIA never responded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006340-107">[97]</a> The same day, Margarette Gillespie, an FBI analyst working in the CTC, was told to review material about the Malaysia meeting. She was not told of the participant's presence in the U.S. The CIA gave Gillespie surveillance photos of Mihdhar and Hazmi from the meeting to show to FBI counterterrorism but did not tell her their significance. The Intelink database informed her not to share intelligence material with criminal investigators. When shown the photos, the FBI refused more details on their significance, and they were not given Mihdhar's date of birth or passport number.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006340–343-108">[98]</a> In late August 2001, Gillespie told the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">INS</a>, the State Department, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a>, and the FBI to put Hazmi and Mihdhar on their watchlists, but the FBI was prohibited from using criminal agents in searching for the duo, hindering their efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006352–353-109">[99]</a> Also in July, a <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>-based FBI agent sent a message to FBI headquarters, Alec Station, and FBI agents in New York alerting them to "the possibility of a coordinated effort by Osama bin Laden to send students to the United States to attend civil aviation universities and colleges". The agent, Kenneth Williams, suggested the need to interview flight school managers and identify all Arab students seeking flight training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006350-110">[100]</a> In July, Jordan alerted the U.S. that al-Qaeda was planning an attack on the U.S.; "months later", Jordan notified the U.S. that the attack's codename was "The Big Wedding" and that it involved airplanes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYitzhak2016218-111">[101]</a> On August 6, 2001, the CIA's Presidential Daily Brief, designated "For the President Only", was entitled <a href="/wiki/Bin_Ladin_Determined_To_Strike_in_US" title="Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US">Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US</a>. The memo noted that FBI information "indicates patterns of suspicious activity in this country consistent with preparations for hijackings or other types of attacks".<a href="#cite_note-112">[102]</a> In mid-August, one <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> flight school alerted the FBI about <a href="/wiki/Zacarias_Moussaoui" title="Zacarias Moussaoui">Zacarias Moussaoui</a>, who had asked "suspicious questions". The FBI found that Moussaoui was a radical who had traveled to Pakistan, and the INS arrested him for overstaying his French visa. Their request to search his laptop was denied by FBI headquarters due to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006350–351-113">[103]</a> The failures in intelligence-sharing were attributed to 1995 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> policies limiting intelligence-sharing, combined with CIA and NSA reluctance to reveal "sensitive sources and methods" such as tapped phones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006342–343-114">[104]</a> Testifying before the <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a> in April 2004, then—<a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a> recalled that the "single greatest structural cause for the September 11th problem was the wall that segregated or separated criminal investigators and intelligence agents".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavorsekRoseMarshallLeitner2015742-115">[105]</a> Clarke also wrote: "[T]here were... failures to get information to the right place at the right time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2004238-116">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attacks">Attacks</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_for_the_day_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks">Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks</a>.</div> Early on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">nineteen hijackers</a> took control of four commercial airliners (two <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757s</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767s</a>).<a href="#cite_note-911-ch1-117">[107]</a> Large planes with long flights were selected for hijacking because they would have more fuel.<a href="#cite_note-Chap7-118">[108]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Key info about the four flights </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Operator </th> <th rowspan="2">Flight number </th> <th rowspan="2">Aircraft type </th> <th rowspan="2">Time of departure* </th> <th rowspan="2">Time of crash* </th> <th rowspan="2">Departed from </th> <th rowspan="2">En route to </th> <th rowspan="2">Crash site </th> <th colspan="5">Fatalities <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(There were no survivors from the flights) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Crew </th> <th>Passengers† </th> <th>Ground§ </th> <th>Hijackers </th> <th>Total‡ </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11" title="American Airlines Flight 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_767-223ER" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 767-223ER">Boeing 767-223ER</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7:59 a.m. </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8:46 a.m. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_tenants_in_1_World_Trade_Center_(1971%E2%80%932001)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tenants in 1 World Trade Center (1971–2001)">North Tower</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a>, floors 93 to 99 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" rowspan="2">2,606 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" rowspan="2">2,763 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">175</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a>–222 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8:14 a.m. </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9:03 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-Time-23">[i]</a> </td> <td>Logan International Airport </td> <td>Los Angeles International Airport </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_tenants_in_2_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tenants in 2 World Trade Center">South Tower</a> of the World Trade Center, floors 77 to 85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">51 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>American Airlines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77" title="American Airlines Flight 77">77</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757</a>–223 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8:20 a.m. </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9:37 a.m. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Dulles International Airport">Washington Dulles International Airport</a> </td> <td>Los Angeles International Airport </td> <td>West wall of <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">53 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">125 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">189 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Airlines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">93</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757</a>–222 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8:42 a.m. </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10:03 a.m. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newark_Int%27l_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Newark Int'l Airport">Newark Int'l Airport</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco International Airport</a> </td> <td>Field in <a href="/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Stonycreek Township</a> near <a href="/wiki/Shanksville" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanksville">Shanksville</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right" colspan="8">Totals </th> <td style="text-align:right;">33 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">213 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,731 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,996 </td></tr></tbody></table> * <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern Daylight Time</a> (UTC−04:00) † Excluding hijackers § Including emergency workers ‡ Including hijackers <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crashes">Crashes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_documentation_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Media documentation of the September 11 attacks">Media documentation of the September 11 attacks</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:563px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_North_Tower_burning_on_September_11,_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_North_Tower_burning_on_September_11%2C_2001.jpg/278px-The_North_Tower_burning_on_September_11%2C_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="563" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_North_Tower_burning_on_September_11%2C_2001.jpg/417px-The_North_Tower_burning_on_September_11%2C_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_North_Tower_burning_on_September_11%2C_2001.jpg/556px-The_North_Tower_burning_on_September_11%2C_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="2824" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The North Tower shortly after <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11" title="American Airlines Flight 11">American Airlines Flight 11</a> crashed. The first attack.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/WTC_2_plane_crash_%28Myers_clip6%29.webm/278px--WTC_2_plane_crash_%28Myers_clip6%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="278" height="209" data-durationhint="52" data-mwtitle="WTC_2_plane_crash_(Myers_clip6).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/WTC_2_plane_crash_%28Myers_clip6%29.webm/WTC_2_plane_crash_%28Myers_clip6%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/WTC_2_plane_crash_%28Myers_clip6%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/WTC_2_plane_crash_%28Myers_clip6%29.webm/WTC_2_plane_crash_%28Myers_clip6%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/WTC_2_plane_crash_%28Myers_clip6%29.webm/WTC_2_plane_crash_%28Myers_clip6%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/WTC_2_plane_crash_%28Myers_clip6%29.webm/WTC_2_plane_crash_%28Myers_clip6%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a> crashes into <a href="/wiki/2_World_Trade_Center" title="2 World Trade Center">2 World Trade Center</a>. The second attack.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pentagon_Security_Camera_1.ogv/278px--Pentagon_Security_Camera_1.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="278" height="189" data-durationhint="192" data-mwtitle="Pentagon_Security_Camera_1.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Pentagon_Security_Camera_1.ogv/Pentagon_Security_Camera_1.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="312" data-height="212" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Pentagon_Security_Camera_1.ogv/Pentagon_Security_Camera_1.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="312" data-height="212" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Pentagon_Security_Camera_1.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="312" data-height="212" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Pentagon_Security_Camera_1.ogv/Pentagon_Security_Camera_1.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="212" data-height="144" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APentagon_Security_Camera_1.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">Security camera footage of <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77" title="American Airlines Flight 77">American Airlines Flight 77</a> crashing into <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>;<a href="#cite_note-jw-119">[109]</a> the plane collides with the Pentagon approximately 86 seconds after the start of the recording. The third attack.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Crash_site_of_United_Airlines_flight_93.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A grassfield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Crash_site_of_United_Airlines_flight_93.jpg/278px-Crash_site_of_United_Airlines_flight_93.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Crash_site_of_United_Airlines_flight_93.jpg/417px-Crash_site_of_United_Airlines_flight_93.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Crash_site_of_United_Airlines_flight_93.jpg/556px-Crash_site_of_United_Airlines_flight_93.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The crash site of <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Stonycreek Township</a></div></div></div></div></div> At 7:59 a.m., <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11" title="American Airlines Flight 11">American Airlines Flight 11</a> took off from <a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a> Fifteen minutes into the flight, five hijackers armed with <a href="/wiki/Boxcutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxcutter">boxcutters</a> took over the plane, injuring at least three people (and possibly killing one)<a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a> before forcing their way into the cockpit. The terrorists also displayed an apparent explosive and sprayed <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">mace</a> into the cabin, to frighten the hostages into submission and further hinder resistance.<a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a> Back at Logan, <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a> took off at 8:14 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-We_have_some_planes-125">[115]</a> Hundreds of miles southwest at <a href="/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport" title="Dulles International Airport">Dulles International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77" title="American Airlines Flight 77">American Airlines Flight 77</a> left the runway at 8:20 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-We_have_some_planes-125">[115]</a> Flight 175's journey proceeded normally for 28 minutes until 8:42 am, when a group of five hijacked the plane, murdering both pilots and stabbing several crew members before assuming control of the aircraft. These hijackers also used bomb threats to instil fear into the passengers and crew,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE9/11_Commission2004a7–8-126">[116]</a> also spraying chemical weapons to disable any opposition.<a href="#cite_note-127">[117]</a> Concurrently, <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a> departed from <a href="/wiki/Newark_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Newark International Airport">Newark International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>;<a href="#cite_note-We_have_some_planes-125">[115]</a> originally scheduled to pull away from the gate at 8:00 a.m., the plane was running 42 minutes late. At 8:46 a.m., Flight 11 was deliberately crashed into the north face of the World Trade Center's North Tower between the 93rd and 99th floors.<a href="#cite_note-128">[118]</a> The initial presumption by many was that it was an accident.<a href="#cite_note-129">[119]</a> At 8:51 a.m., American Airlines Flight 77 was also taken over by five hijackers who forcibly entered the cockpit 31 minutes after take-off.<a href="#cite_note-130">[120]</a> Although they were equipped with knives,<a href="#cite_note-131">[121]</a> there were no reports of anyone on board being stabbed, nor did the two people who made phone calls mention the use of mace or a bomb threat. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_(WTC_2)_-_B6019~11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/220px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/330px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/440px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a> hitting the <a href="/wiki/2_World_Trade_Center_(1971%E2%80%932001)" title="2 World Trade Center (1971–2001)">South Tower</a></figcaption></figure> Flight 175 was flown into the South Tower's southern facade (2 WTC) between the 77th and 85th floors<a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> at 9:03 a.m.,<a href="#cite_note-Time-23">[i]</a> demonstrating that the first crash was a deliberate act of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-133">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a> Four men aboard Flight 93 struck suddenly, killing at least one passenger, after having waited 46 minutes—a holdup that proved disastrous for the terrorists when combined with the delayed takeoff.<a href="#cite_note-135">[125]</a> They stormed the cockpit and seized control of the plane at 9:28 a.m., turning the plane eastbound towards Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-136">[126]</a> Much like their counterparts on the first two flights, the fourth team used bomb threats and filled the cabin with mace.<a href="#cite_note-137">[127]</a> Nine minutes after Flight 93's hijacking, Flight 77 crashed into the west side of the Pentagon.<a href="#cite_note-138">[128]</a> Because of the two delays,<a href="#cite_note-139">[129]</a> the passengers and crew of Flight 93 had time to learn of the previous attacks through phone calls to the ground, and as a result an uprising was hastily organized to take control of the aircraft at 9:57 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-WP93-140">[130]</a> Within minutes, passengers had fought their way to the front of the cabin and began breaking down the cockpit door. Fearing their captives would gain the upper hand, the hijackers rolled the plane and pitched it into a nosedive,<a href="#cite_note-Flight93Xscript-141">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_Flight_93_Story-142">[132]</a> crashing into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, southeast of Pittsburgh, at 10:03 a.m. The plane was about twenty minutes away from reaching D.C. at the time of the crash, and its target is believed to have been either the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a> or the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chap7-118">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP93-140">[130]</a> Some passengers and crew who called from the aircraft using the cabin air phone service and mobile phones provided details: several hijackers were aboard each plane; they used <a href="/wiki/Mace_(spray)" title="Mace (spray)">mace</a>, tear gas, or pepper spray to overcome attendants; and some people aboard had been stabbed.<a href="#cite_note-93phone-143">[133]</a> Reports indicated hijackers stabbed and killed pilots, flight attendants, and one or more passengers.<a href="#cite_note-911-ch1-117">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[134]</a> According to the 9/11 Commission's final report, the hijackers had recently purchased multi-function hand tools and assorted <a href="/wiki/Leatherman" title="Leatherman">Leatherman</a>-type utility knives with locking blades (which were not forbidden to passengers at the time), but these were not found among the possessions left behind by the hijackers.<a href="#cite_note-commission-145">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[136]</a> A flight attendant on Flight 11, a passenger on Flight 175, and passengers on Flight 93 said the hijackers had bombs, but one of the passengers said he thought the bombs were fake. The FBI found no traces of explosives at the crash sites, and the 9/11 Commission concluded that the bombs were probably fake.<a href="#cite_note-911-ch1-117">[107]</a> On at least two of the hijacked flights—American 11 and United 93—the terrorists claimed over the PA system that they were taking hostages and were returning to the airport to have a ransom demand met, a clear attempt to prevent passengers from fighting back. Both attempts failed, however, as both hijacker pilots in these instances (Mohamed Atta<a href="#cite_note-147">[137]</a> and Ziad Jarrah,<a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> respectively) mistakenly transmitted their messages to ATC instead of the people on the plane as intended, tipping off the flight controllers that the planes had been hijacked. <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Collapse of the World Trade Center">Three buildings in the World Trade Center collapsed</a> due to fire-induced structural failure. Although the South Tower was struck 17 minutes after the North Tower, the plane's impact zone was far lower, at a much faster speed, and into a corner, with the unevenly-balanced additional structural weight causing it to collapse first at 9:59 a.m.,<a href="#cite_note-149">[139]</a>: 80 <a href="#cite_note-finalreport-150">[140]</a>: 322  having burned for 56 minutes<a href="#cite_note-152">[k]</a> in the fire caused by the crash of United Airlines Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel. The North Tower lasted another 29 minutes before collapsing at 10:28 a.m.,<a href="#cite_note-155">[l]</a> one hour and forty-two minutes<a href="#cite_note-Time1-27">[j]</a> after being struck by American Airlines Flight 11. When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby <a href="/wiki/7_World_Trade_Center_(1987%E2%80%932001)" title="7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)">7 World Trade Center</a> building (7 WTC), damaging the building and starting fires. These fires burned for nearly seven hours, compromising the building's structural integrity, and 7 WTC collapsed at 5:21 p.m.<a href="#cite_note-156">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Final_Report_on_the_Collapse_of_World_Trade_Center_Building_7''2008xxxvii-157">[145]</a> The west side of the Pentagon sustained significant damage. At 9:42 a.m., the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.<a href="#cite_note-158">[146]</a> All international civilian aircraft were either turned back or redirected to airports in Canada or Mexico, and were banned from landing on <a href="/wiki/United_States_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territory">United States territory</a> for three days.<a href="#cite_note-159">[147]</a> The attacks created widespread confusion among news organizations and air traffic controllers. Among unconfirmed and often contradictory news reports aired throughout the day, one of the most prevalent claimed a car bomb had been detonated at the U.S. State Department's headquarters in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-errors2-160">[148]</a> Another jet (<a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_1989" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 1989">Delta Air Lines Flight 1989</a>) was suspected of having been hijacked, but the aircraft responded to controllers and landed safely in Cleveland, Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-161">[149]</a> In an April 2002 interview, <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramzi_bin_al-Shibh" title="Ramzi bin al-Shibh">Ramzi bin al-Shibh</a>, who are believed to have organized the attacks, said Flight 93's intended target was the United States Capitol, not the White House.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoudaFielding2004158–159-162">[150]</a> During the planning stage of the attacks, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta" title="Mohamed Atta">Mohamed Atta</a> (Flight 11's hijacker and pilot) thought the White House might be too tough a target and sought an assessment from <a href="/wiki/Hani_Hanjour" title="Hani Hanjour">Hani Hanjour</a> (who hijacked and piloted Flight 77).<a href="#cite_note-The_Eleventh_Day_pp_323-163">[151]</a> Mohammed said Al-Qaeda initially planned to target nuclear installations rather than the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, but decided against it, fearing things could "get out of control".<a href="#cite_note-AlQaedaplotted2002-164">[152]</a> Final decisions on targets, according to Mohammed, were left in the hands of the pilots.<a href="#cite_note-The_Eleventh_Day_pp_323-163">[151]</a> If any pilot could not reach his intended target, he was to crash the plane.<a href="#cite_note-Chap7-118">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Casualties of the September 11 attacks">Casualties of the September 11 attacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_victims_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Lists of victims of the September 11 attacks">Lists of victims of the September 11 attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WONDER-R1-E008_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/WONDER-R1-E008_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-WONDER-R1-E008_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/WONDER-R1-E008_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-WONDER-R1-E008_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/WONDER-R1-E008_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-WONDER-R1-E008_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2645" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>One of three observable falls from the South Tower.<a href="#cite_note-165">[153]</a> A similar photograph of a victim from the North Tower titled <a href="/wiki/The_Falling_Man" title="The Falling Man">The Falling Man</a> gained wide acclamation.</figcaption></figure> The attack on the World Trade Center's North Tower alone<a href="#cite_note-167">[m]</a> made 9/11 the deadliest act of terrorism in history.<a href="#cite_note-ourworldindata-terrorism-2996-168">[155]</a> Taken together, the four crashes killed 2,996 people (including the hijackers) and injured thousands more.<a href="#cite_note-CBC-Winnipegger-169">[156]</a> The death toll included 265 on the four planes (from which there were no survivors); 2,606 in the World Trade Center and the surrounding area; and 125 at the Pentagon.<a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-170">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[158]</a> Most who died were civilians, as well as 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel, and the 19 terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-172">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[160]</a> More than 90 countries lost citizens in the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-countries_deaths-174">[161]</a> In New York City, more than 90% of those who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact. In the North Tower, between 1,344<a href="#cite_note-175">[162]</a> and 1,402 people were at, above or one floor below the point of impact and all died. Hundreds were killed instantly when the plane struck.<a href="#cite_note-176">[163]</a> The estimated 800 people<a href="#cite_note-102Mins-177">[164]</a> who survived the impact were trapped and died in the fires or from smoke inhalation; fell or jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames; or were killed in the building's collapse. The destruction of all three staircases in the North Tower when Flight 11 hit made it impossible for anyone from the impact zone upward to escape. 107 people not trapped by the impact died.<a href="#cite_note-NISTcasualties-178">[165]</a> When Flight 11 struck between floors 93 and 99, the 92nd floor was rendered inescapable: the crash severed all elevator shafts while falling debris blocked the stairwells, ensuring the deaths of all 69 workers on the floor. In the South Tower, around 600 people were on or above the 77th floor when Flight 175 struck; few survived. As with the North Tower, hundreds were killed at the moment of impact. Unlike those in the North Tower, the estimated 300 survivors<a href="#cite_note-102Mins-177">[164]</a> of the crash were not technically trapped, but most were either unaware that a means of escape still existed or were unable to use it. One stairway, <a href="/wiki/Stairwell_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Stairwell A">Stairwell A</a>, narrowly avoided being destroyed, allowing 14 people located on the floors of impact (including <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Praimnath" title="Stanley Praimnath">Stanley Praimnath</a>, a man who saw the plane coming at him) and four more from the floors above to escape. New York City <a href="/wiki/9-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="9-1-1">9-1-1</a> operators who received calls from people inside the tower were not well informed of the situation as it rapidly unfolded and as a result, told callers not to descend the tower on their own.<a href="#cite_note-179">[166]</a> In total, 630 people died in the South Tower, fewer than half the number killed in the North Tower.<a href="#cite_note-NISTcasualties-178">[165]</a> Of the 100–200 people witnessed jumping or falling to their deaths,<a href="#cite_note-180">[167]</a> only three recorded sightings were from the South Tower.<a href="#cite_note-181">[168]</a>: 86  Casualties in the South Tower were significantly reduced because some occupants decided to leave the building immediately following the first crash, and because Eric Eisenberg, an executive at <a href="/wiki/Aon_(company)" title="Aon (company)">AON Insurance</a>, decided to evacuate the floors occupied by AON (92 and 98–105) following the impact of Flight 11. The 17-minute gap allowed over 900 of the 1,100 AON employees present to evacuate from above the 77th floor before the South Tower was struck; Eisenberg was among the nearly 200 who did not escape. Similar pre-impact evacuations were carried out by <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary_Trust_Company_International" title="Fiduciary Trust Company International">Fiduciary Trust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporation_Service_Company" title="Corporation Service Company">CSC</a>, and Euro Brokers, all of whom had offices on floors above the point of impact. The failure to order a full evacuation of the South Tower after the first plane crash into the North Tower was described by <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> as "one of the day's great tragedies".<a href="#cite_note-Purpura_2007_p300-182">[169]</a> As exemplified in the photograph <a href="/wiki/The_Falling_Man" title="The Falling Man">The Falling Man</a>, more than 200 people fell to their deaths from the burning towers, most of whom were forced to <a href="/wiki/Jumper_(suicide)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumper (suicide)">jump</a> to escape the extreme heat, fire and smoke.<a href="#cite_note-horrificdecision-183">[170]</a> Some occupants of each tower above the point of impact made their way toward the roof in the hope of helicopter rescue, but the roof access doors were locked.<a href="#cite_note-184">[171]</a> No plan existed for helicopter rescues, and the combination of roof equipment, thick smoke and intense heat prevented helicopters from approaching.<a href="#cite_note-185">[172]</a> At the World Trade Center complex, 414 emergency workers died as they tried to rescue people and fight fires, while another law enforcement officer was killed when United 93 crashed. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">New York City Fire Department</a> (FDNY) lost 343 firefighters, including a chaplain and two <a href="/wiki/Paramedics" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramedics">paramedics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a> (NYPD) lost 23 officers.<a href="#cite_note-189">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Authority Police Department">Port Authority Police Department</a> (PAPD) lost 37 officers.<a href="#cite_note-190">[177]</a> Eight emergency medical technicians and paramedics from private emergency medical services units were killed.<a href="#cite_note-191">[178]</a> Almost all of the emergency personnel who died at the scene were killed as a result of the towers collapsing, with the exception of one who was struck by a civilian falling from the South Tower.<a href="#cite_note-192">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantor_Fitzgerald" title="Cantor Fitzgerald">Cantor Fitzgerald</a> L.P. (an investment bank on the North Tower's 101st–105th floors) lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer.<a href="#cite_note-193">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsh_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Marsh Inc.">Marsh Inc.</a>, located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93–100, lost 358 employees,<a href="#cite_note-194">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[182]</a> and 175 employees of <a href="/wiki/Aon_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aon Corporation">Aon Corporation</a> were killed.<a href="#cite_note-196">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST) estimated that about 17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAverill2005"Occupant_Behavior,_Egress,_and_Emergency_Communications"-197">[184]</a>: xxxiii  Turnstile counts from the Port Authority suggest 14,154 people were typically in the Twin Towers by 8:45 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyerFlynn2005266-198">[185]</a> Most people below the impact zone safely evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-199">[186]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>, 125 Pentagon workers died when Flight 77 crashed into the building's western side. 70 were civilians and 55 were military personnel, many of whom worked for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. The Army lost 47 civilian employees, six civilian contractors, and 22 soldiers, while the Navy lost six civilian employees, three civilian contractors, and 33 sailors. Seven <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> (DIA) civilian employees and one <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense" title="Office of the Secretary of Defense">Office of the Secretary of Defense</a> contractor died.<a href="#cite_note-national-200">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg_et_al.2007208–212-201">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Maude" title="Timothy Maude">Timothy Maude</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> and Army Deputy Chief of Staff, was the highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon.<a href="#cite_note-arlington-203">[190]</a> Weeks after the attack, the death toll was estimated to be over 6,000, more than twice the number of deaths eventually confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-204">[191]</a> The city was only able to identify remains for about 1,600 of the World Trade Center victims. The medical examiner's office collected "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead".<a href="#cite_note-CBS2-205">[192]</a> Bone fragments were still being found in 2006 by workers who were preparing to demolish the damaged <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_Building" title="Deutsche Bank Building">Deutsche Bank Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[193]</a> In 2010, a team of anthropologists and archaeologists searched for human remains and personal items at the <a href="/wiki/Fresh_Kills_Landfill" title="Fresh Kills Landfill">Fresh Kills Landfill</a>, where 72 more human remains were recovered, bringing the total found to 1,845. DNA profiling continues in an attempt to identify additional victims.<a href="#cite_note-207">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-DNAContinue-209">[196]</a> In 2014, three coffin-size cases carrying 7,930 unidentified remains were transferred to a medical examiner's repository located at the same site as the <a href="/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_%26_Museum" title="National September 11 Memorial & Museum">National September 11 Memorial & Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[197]</a> Victims' families are permitted to visit a private "reflection room" which is closed to the public. The choice to place the remains in an underground area attached to a museum has been controversial; families of some victims have attempted to have the remains instead interred in a separate, above-ground monument.<a href="#cite_note-211">[198]</a> In August 2017, the 1,641st victim was identified as a result of newly available DNA technology,<a href="#cite_note-212">[199]</a> and a 1,642nd during July 2018.<a href="#cite_note-no1642-213">[200]</a> Three more victims were identified in October 2019,<a href="#cite_note-214">[201]</a> two in September 2021<a href="#cite_note-2021-Sep-215">[202]</a> and an additional two in September 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:0-216">[203]</a> As of September 2023, 1,104 victims remain unidentified,<a href="#cite_note-:0-216">[203]</a> amounting to 40% of the deaths in the World Trade Center attacks.<a href="#cite_note-2021-Sep-215">[202]</a> On September 25, 2023, the FDNY reported that the department had now lost the same number of members to 9/11-related illnesses as it did on the day of the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-217">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damage">Damage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Collapse of the World Trade Center">Collapse of the World Trade Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Trade_Center_Site_After_9-11_Attacks_With_Original_Building_Locations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/World_Trade_Center_Site_After_9-11_Attacks_With_Original_Building_Locations.jpg/220px-World_Trade_Center_Site_After_9-11_Attacks_With_Original_Building_Locations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/World_Trade_Center_Site_After_9-11_Attacks_With_Original_Building_Locations.jpg/330px-World_Trade_Center_Site_After_9-11_Attacks_With_Original_Building_Locations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/World_Trade_Center_Site_After_9-11_Attacks_With_Original_Building_Locations.jpg/440px-World_Trade_Center_Site_After_9-11_Attacks_With_Original_Building_Locations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">World Trade Center site</a>, called <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">Ground Zero</a>, with an overlay showing the locations of the original buildings</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">Twin Towers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marriott_World_Trade_Center" title="Marriott World Trade Center">Marriott Hotel (3 WTC)</a>, 7 WTC, and <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Greek_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church">St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church</a> were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-wtcstudy-219">[206]</a> The U.S. Customs House (<a href="/wiki/6_World_Trade_Center" title="6 World Trade Center">6 World Trade Center</a>), <a href="/wiki/4_World_Trade_Center_(1975%E2%80%932001)" title="4 World Trade Center (1975–2001)">4 World Trade Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/5_World_Trade_Center" title="5 World Trade Center">5 World Trade Center</a>, and both pedestrian bridges connecting buildings were severely damaged. All surrounding streets were in ruins.<a href="#cite_note-220">[207]</a> The last fires at the World Trade Center site were extinguished on December 20.<a href="#cite_note-221">[208]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_Building" title="Deutsche Bank Building">Deutsche Bank Building</a> was damaged and was later condemned as uninhabitable because of toxic conditions; it was deconstructed starting in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-The_Eleventh_Day_pp_75-222">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-130_Liberty_Finally_Gone_from_Ground_Zero-223">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[212]</a> Buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Place_(New_York_City)" title="Brookfield Place (New York City)">World Financial Center</a> were damaged.<a href="#cite_note-The_Eleventh_Day_pp_75-222">[209]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Manhattan_Community_College" title="Borough of Manhattan Community College">Borough of Manhattan Community College</a>'s Fiterman Hall was condemned due to extensive damage, and then reopened in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-226">[213]</a> Other neighboring buildings (including <a href="/wiki/90_West_Street" title="90 West Street">90 West Street</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Building">Verizon Building</a>) suffered major damage but have been restored.<a href="#cite_note-nyconstruction-227">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Place_(New_York_City)" title="Brookfield Place (New York City)">World Financial Center</a> buildings, <a href="/wiki/One_Liberty_Plaza" title="One Liberty Plaza">One Liberty Plaza</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Millenium_Hilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Millenium Hilton">Millenium Hilton</a>, and 90 Church Street had moderate damage and have been restored.<a href="#cite_note-228">[215]</a> Communications equipment on top of the North Tower was also destroyed, with only <a href="/wiki/WCBS-TV" title="WCBS-TV">WCBS-TV</a> maintaining a backup transmitter on the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a>, but media stations were quickly able to reroute the signals and resume their broadcasts.<a href="#cite_note-wtcstudy-219">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_the_Pentagon_during_rescue_operations_post-September_11_attack.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aerial_view_of_the_Pentagon_during_rescue_operations_post-September_11_attack.JPEG/220px-Aerial_view_of_the_Pentagon_during_rescue_operations_post-September_11_attack.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aerial_view_of_the_Pentagon_during_rescue_operations_post-September_11_attack.JPEG/330px-Aerial_view_of_the_Pentagon_during_rescue_operations_post-September_11_attack.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aerial_view_of_the_Pentagon_during_rescue_operations_post-September_11_attack.JPEG/440px-Aerial_view_of_the_Pentagon_during_rescue_operations_post-September_11_attack.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>A September 14 aerial view of <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> during cleanup operations</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/PATH_(rail_system)" title="PATH (rail system)">PATH</a> train system's <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_station_(PATH)" title="World Trade Center station (PATH)">World Trade Center station</a> was located under the complex and was demolished when the towers collapsed. The tunnels leading to <a href="/wiki/Exchange_Place_station_(PATH)" title="Exchange Place station (PATH)">Exchange Place station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey City">Jersey City</a> were flooded with water.<a href="#cite_note-230">[217]</a> The station was rebuilt as the $4 billion <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Transportation_Hub" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Center Transportation Hub">World Trade Center Transportation Hub</a>, which reopened in March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-231">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/WTC_Cortlandt_station" title="WTC Cortlandt station">Cortlandt Street station</a> on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line">IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line</a> was also in close proximity to the World Trade Center complex, and the entire station, along with the surrounding track, was reduced to rubble.<a href="#cite_note-233">[220]</a> The station was rebuilt and reopened to the public on September 8, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-234">[221]</a> The Pentagon was extensively damaged, causing one section of the building to collapse.<a href="#cite_note-235">[222]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77" title="American Airlines Flight 77">plane</a> approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building.<a href="#cite_note-236">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-fdr-237">[224]</a> The plane hit the Pentagon at the first-floor level. The front part of the fuselage disintegrated on impact;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg_et_al.200717-238">[225]</a> debris from the tail section penetrated the furthest into the building, breaking through 310 feet (94 m) of the three outermost of the building's five rings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg_et_al.200717-238">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rescue_efforts">Rescue efforts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rescue_and_recovery_effort_after_the_September_11_attacks_on_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center">Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_emergency_and_first_responder_agencies_that_responded_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of emergency and first responder agencies that responded to the September 11 attacks">List of emergency and first responder agencies that responded to the September 11 attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USACE_Patrol_Boat_Hocking_heads_toward_lower_Manhattan_on_9-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/USACE_Patrol_Boat_Hocking_heads_toward_lower_Manhattan_on_9-11.jpg/220px-USACE_Patrol_Boat_Hocking_heads_toward_lower_Manhattan_on_9-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/USACE_Patrol_Boat_Hocking_heads_toward_lower_Manhattan_on_9-11.jpg/330px-USACE_Patrol_Boat_Hocking_heads_toward_lower_Manhattan_on_9-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/USACE_Patrol_Boat_Hocking_heads_toward_lower_Manhattan_on_9-11.jpg/440px-USACE_Patrol_Boat_Hocking_heads_toward_lower_Manhattan_on_9-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Patrol Boat Hocking of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> on its way to assist the site on September 11</figcaption></figure> The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) deployed more than 200 units (approximately half of the department) to the World Trade Center.<a href="#cite_note-mckinsey-exec-240">[227]</a> Their efforts were supplemented by off-duty firefighters and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">emergency medical technicians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mckinsey-ems-241">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-mckinsey-exec-240">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[229]</a> The New York City Police Department (NYPD) sent <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department_Emergency_Service_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Police Department Emergency Service Unit">its Emergency Service Units</a> and other police personnel and deployed its aviation unit,<a href="#cite_note-243">[230]</a> which determined that helicopter rescues from the towers were not feasible.<a href="#cite_note-244">[231]</a> Numerous police officers of the Port Authority Police Department (PAPD) also participated in rescue efforts.<a href="#cite_note-245">[232]</a> Once on the scene, the FDNY, the NYPD, and the PAPD did not coordinate efforts and performed redundant searches for civilians.<a href="#cite_note-mckinsey-ems-241">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlavosiusRodriquez2005666–680-246">[233]</a> As conditions deteriorated, the NYPD aviation unit relayed information to police commanders, who issued orders for personnel to evacuate the towers; most NYPD officers were able to evacuate before the buildings collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlavosiusRodriquez2005666–680-246">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-mckinsey-nypd-247">[234]</a> With separate command posts set up and incompatible radio communications between the agencies, warnings were not passed along to FDNY commanders.<a href="#cite_note-248">[235]</a> After the first tower collapsed, FDNY commanders issued evacuation warnings. Due to <a href="/wiki/Radio_communications_during_the_September_11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communications during the September 11 attacks">malfunctioning radio repeater systems</a>, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene.<a href="#cite_note-mckinsey-exec-240">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Reactions to the September 11 attacks">Reactions to the September 11 attacks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_for_September_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline for September following the September 11 attacks">Timeline for September following the September 11 attacks</a></div> The 9/11 attacks resulted in immediate responses, including <a href="/wiki/U.S._government_response_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks">domestic reactions</a>; <a href="/wiki/Closings_and_cancellations_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks">closings and cancellations</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Reactions to the September 11 attacks">international responses</a>; and <a href="/wiki/U.S._military_response_during_the_September_11_attacks" title="U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks">military responses</a>. Shortly after the attacks, the <a href="/wiki/September_11th_Victim_Compensation_Fund" title="September 11th Victim Compensation Fund">September 11th Victim Compensation Fund</a> was created by an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[237]</a> The purpose of the fund was to compensate the victims of the attacks and their families with their agreement not to file <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuits</a> against the airlines involved.<a href="#cite_note-251">[238]</a> Legislation authorizes the fund to disburse a maximum of $7.375 billion, including operational and administrative costs, of U.S. government funds.<a href="#cite_note-252">[239]</a> The fund was set to expire by 2020 but was in 2019 prolonged to allow claims to be filed until October 2090.<a href="#cite_note-253">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediate_response">Immediate response</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/U.S._military_response_during_the_September_11_attacks" title="U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks">U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Communication_during_the_September_11_attacks" title="Communication during the September 11 attacks">Communication during the September 11 attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_Receives_Information_Regarding_Terrorist_Attacks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/President_George_W._Bush_Receives_Information_Regarding_Terrorist_Attacks.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_Receives_Information_Regarding_Terrorist_Attacks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/President_George_W._Bush_Receives_Information_Regarding_Terrorist_Attacks.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_Receives_Information_Regarding_Terrorist_Attacks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/President_George_W._Bush_Receives_Information_Regarding_Terrorist_Attacks.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_Receives_Information_Regarding_Terrorist_Attacks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> is briefed in <a href="/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida" title="Sarasota, Florida">Sarasota, Florida</a>, where he learned of the attacks unfolding while visiting <a href="/wiki/Emma_E._Booker_Elementary_School" title="Emma E. Booker Elementary School">Emma E. Booker Elementary School</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/9_11_Terror_Attacks_Historical_Pentagon_Briefing.webm/220px-seek%3D136-9_11_Terror_Attacks_Historical_Pentagon_Briefing.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1059" data-mwtitle="9_11_Terror_Attacks_Historical_Pentagon_Briefing.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:9_11_Terror_Attacks_Historical_Pentagon_Briefing.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/9_11_Terror_Attacks_Historical_Pentagon_Briefing.webm#t=00:02:16" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="720" data-height="406" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/9_11_Terror_Attacks_Historical_Pentagon_Briefing.webm/9_11_Terror_Attacks_Historical_Pentagon_Briefing.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov#t=00:02:16" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/9_11_Terror_Attacks_Historical_Pentagon_Briefing.webm/9_11_Terror_Attacks_Historical_Pentagon_Briefing.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:02:16" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/9_11_Terror_Attacks_Historical_Pentagon_Briefing.webm/9_11_Terror_Attacks_Historical_Pentagon_Briefing.webm.360p.vp9.webm#t=00:02:16" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="638" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/9_11_Terror_Attacks_Historical_Pentagon_Briefing.webm/9_11_Terror_Attacks_Historical_Pentagon_Briefing.webm.360p.webm#t=00:02:16" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="638" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Eight hours after the attacks, U.S. Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> declares "The Pentagon is functioning".</figcaption></figure> At 8:32 a.m., <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a> officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they, in turn, notified the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">North American Aerospace Defense Command</a> (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two <a href="/wiki/F-15s" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15s">F-15s</a> from <a href="/wiki/Otis_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Otis Air National Guard Base">Otis Air National Guard Base</a> in Massachusetts; they were airborne by 8:53 a.m. Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had nine minutes' notice, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed. After both of the Twin Towers had been hit, more fighters were scrambled from <a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Langley%E2%80%93Eustis" title="Joint Base Langley–Eustis">Langley Air Force Base</a> in Virginia at 9:30 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-norad-255">[242]</a> At 10:20 am, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked. These instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action.<a href="#cite_note-norad-255">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[244]</a> Some fighters took to the air without live ammunition, knowing that to prevent the hijackers from striking their intended targets, the pilots might have to intercept and crash their fighters into the hijacked planes, possibly ejecting at the last moment.<a href="#cite_note-258">[245]</a> For the first time in U.S. history, the emergency preparedness plan <a href="/wiki/Security_Control_of_Air_Traffic_and_Air_Navigation_Aids" title="Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids">Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids</a> (SCATANA) was invoked,<a href="#cite_note-259">[246]</a> stranding tens of thousands of passengers across the world.<a href="#cite_note-Commission-260">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Sliney" title="Ben Sliney">Ben Sliney</a>, in his first day as the National Operations Manager of the <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-261">[248]</a> ordered that American airspace be closed to all international flights, causing about 500 flights to be turned back or redirected to other countries. Canada received 226 of the diverted flights and launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellow_Ribbon" title="Operation Yellow Ribbon">Operation Yellow Ribbon</a> to deal with the large numbers of grounded planes and stranded passengers.<a href="#cite_note-canadaflights-262">[249]</a> The 9/11 attacks had immediate effects on the American people.<a href="#cite_note-263">[250]</a> Police and rescue workers from around the country traveled to New York City to help recover bodies from the remnants of the Twin Towers.<a href="#cite_note-264">[251]</a> Over 3,000 children lost a parent in the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-265">[252]</a> Blood donations across the U.S. surged in the weeks after 9/11.<a href="#cite_note-266">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_reactions">Domestic reactions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/U.S._government_response_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks">U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Address_to_the_Nation_by_President_George_W._Bush_on_September_11%2C_2001.webm/197px--Address_to_the_Nation_by_President_George_W._Bush_on_September_11%2C_2001.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="197" height="111" data-durationhint="282" data-mwtitle="Address_to_the_Nation_by_President_George_W._Bush_on_September_11,_2001.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Address_to_the_Nation_by_President_George_W._Bush_on_September_11%2C_2001.webm/Address_to_the_Nation_by_President_George_W._Bush_on_September_11%2C_2001.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Address_to_the_Nation_by_President_George_W._Bush_on_September_11%2C_2001.webm/Address_to_the_Nation_by_President_George_W._Bush_on_September_11%2C_2001.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Address_to_the_Nation_by_President_George_W._Bush_on_September_11%2C_2001.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Address_to_the_Nation_by_President_George_W._Bush_on_September_11%2C_2001.webm/Address_to_the_Nation_by_President_George_W._Bush_on_September_11%2C_2001.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Address_to_the_Nation_by_President_George_W._Bush_on_September_11%2C_2001.webm/Address_to_the_Nation_by_President_George_W._Bush_on_September_11%2C_2001.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAddress_to_the_Nation_by_President_George_W._Bush_on_September_11%2C_2001.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">President Bush addressing the nation from the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> at 8:30 pm ET</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm/197px--Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="197" height="111" data-durationhint="139" data-mwtitle="Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14,_2001.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARemarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm&lang=bg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bg" label="български ‪(bg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARemarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bush speaking to rescue workers at <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">Ground Zero</a> on September 14</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:911-_President_George_W._Bush_Addresses_Joint_Session_of_Congress,_09-20-2001._(6124236009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/911-_President_George_W._Bush_Addresses_Joint_Session_of_Congress%2C_09-20-2001._%286124236009%29.jpg/220px-911-_President_George_W._Bush_Addresses_Joint_Session_of_Congress%2C_09-20-2001._%286124236009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/911-_President_George_W._Bush_Addresses_Joint_Session_of_Congress%2C_09-20-2001._%286124236009%29.jpg/330px-911-_President_George_W._Bush_Addresses_Joint_Session_of_Congress%2C_09-20-2001._%286124236009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/911-_President_George_W._Bush_Addresses_Joint_Session_of_Congress%2C_09-20-2001._%286124236009%29.jpg/440px-911-_President_George_W._Bush_Addresses_Joint_Session_of_Congress%2C_09-20-2001._%286124236009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="2058" data-mwtitle="Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg/Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div><div class="thumbcaption">During a speech to a joint session of Congress, President George W. Bush pledges "to defend freedom against terrorism". September 20, 2001 (audio only).</div></div></div></div></div> Following the attacks, President George W. Bush's approval rating increased to 90%.<a href="#cite_note-268">[255]</a> On September 20, 2001, he addressed the nation and a joint session of Congress regarding the events, the rescue and recovery efforts, and his intended response to the attacks. <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_during_the_September_11_attacks" title="Rudy Giuliani during the September 11 attacks">New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani's highly visible role</a> resulted in praise in New York and nationally.<a href="#cite_note-269">[256]</a> Many relief funds were immediately set up to provide <a href="/wiki/Financial_assistance_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Financial assistance following the September 11 attacks">financial assistance</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Casualties of the September 11 attacks">survivors of the attacks</a> and the victims' families. By the deadline for victims' compensation on September 11, 2003, 2,833 applications had been received from the families of those killed.<a href="#cite_note-270">[257]</a> Contingency plans for the <a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">continuity of government</a> and the evacuation of leaders were implemented soon after the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Commission-260">[247]</a> Congress was not told that the United States had been under a continuity of government status until February 2002.<a href="#cite_note-271">[258]</a> In the largest restructuring of the U.S. government in contemporary history, the United States enacted the <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002" title="Homeland Security Act of 2002">Homeland Security Act of 2002</a>, creating the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">U.S. Department of Homeland Security</a>. Congress also passed the <a href="/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">USA PATRIOT Act</a>, saying it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other crimes.<a href="#cite_note-272">[259]</a> Civil liberties groups have criticized the PATRIOT Act, saying it allows law enforcement to invade citizens' privacy and that it eliminates judicial oversight of law enforcement and domestic intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-ACLUAdv-273">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[262]</a> To effectively combat future acts of terrorism, the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) was given broad powers. The NSA commenced <a href="/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance controversy">warrantless surveillance</a> of telecommunications, which was sometimes criticized as permitting the agency "to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas without a warrant".<a href="#cite_note-276">[263]</a> In response to requests by intelligence agencies, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a> permitted an expansion of powers by the U.S. government in seeking, obtaining, and sharing information on U.S. citizens as well as non-Americans around the world.<a href="#cite_note-277">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hate_crimes">Hate crimes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamophobic_incidents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamophobic incidents (page does not exist)">Islamophobic incidents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></div> Six days after the attacks, President Bush made a public appearance at <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Center_of_Washington" title="Islamic Center of Washington">Washington, D.C.'s largest Islamic Center</a> where he acknowledged the "incredibly valuable contribution" of <a href="/wiki/American_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="American Muslims">American Muslims</a> and called for them "to be treated with respect".<a href="#cite_note-278">[265]</a> Numerous incidents of harassment and <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a> against Muslims and <a href="/wiki/South_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asians">South Asians</a> were reported in the days following the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-279">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hate-281">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> were also targeted due to their use of <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turbans</a>, which are stereotypically associated with Muslims. There were reports of attacks on mosques and other religious buildings (including the firebombing of a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a>), and assaults on individuals, including one murder: <a href="/wiki/Balbir_Singh_Sodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Balbir Singh Sodhi">Balbir Singh Sodhi</a>, a Sikh mistaken for a Muslim, who was fatally shot on September 15, 2001, in <a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hate-281">[268]</a> Two dozen members of Osama bin Laden's family were urgently evacuated out of the country on a private charter plane under FBI supervision three days after the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-282">[269]</a> According to an academic study, people perceived to be <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> were as likely to be victims of hate crimes as followers of Islam during this time. The study also found a similar increase in hate crimes against people who may have been perceived as Muslims, Arabs, and others thought to be of Middle Eastern origin.<a href="#cite_note-283">[270]</a> A report by the South Asian American advocacy group South Asian Americans Leading Together documented media coverage of 645 bias incidents against Americans of South Asian or Middle Eastern descent between September 11 and 17, 2001. Crimes such as vandalism, arson, assault, shootings, harassment, and threats in numerous places were documented.<a href="#cite_note-284">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[272]</a> Women wearing <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> were also targeted.<a href="#cite_note-HRW_not_enemy-286">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discrimination_and_racial_profiling">Discrimination and racial profiling</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Detentions_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Detentions following the September 11 attacks">Detentions following the September 11 attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flying_while_Muslim" title="Flying while Muslim">Flying while Muslim</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Airport_racial_profiling_in_the_United_States" title="Airport racial profiling in the United States">Airport racial profiling in the United States</a></div> A poll of <a href="/wiki/Arab-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Americans">Arab-Americans</a> in May 2002 found that 20% had personally experienced discrimination since September 11. A July 2002 poll of Muslim Americans found that 48% believed their lives had changed for the worse since September 11, and 57% had experienced an act of bias or discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-HRW_not_enemy-286">[273]</a> Following the September 11 attacks, many <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> identified themselves as Indians to avoid potential discrimination and obtain jobs.<a href="#cite_note-287">[274]</a> By May 2002, there were 488 complaints of <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment discrimination in the United States">employment discrimination</a> reported to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). 301 of those were complaints from people fired from their jobs. Similarly, by June 2002, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) had investigated 111 September 11th-related complaints from airline passengers purporting that their religious or ethnic appearance caused them to be singled out at security screenings, and an additional 31 complaints from people who alleged they were blocked from boarding airplanes on the same grounds.<a href="#cite_note-HRW_not_enemy-286">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muslim_American_response">Muslim American response</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_attitudes_towards_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim attitudes towards terrorism">Muslim attitudes towards terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace in Islamic philosophy</a></div> Muslim organizations in the United States were swift to condemn the attacks and called "upon <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Americans">Muslim Americans</a> to come forward with their skills and resources to help alleviate the sufferings of the affected people and their families".<a href="#cite_note-288">[275]</a> These organizations included the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_North_America" title="Islamic Society of North America">Islamic Society of North America</a>, American Muslim Alliance, <a href="/wiki/American_Muslim_Council" title="American Muslim Council">American Muslim Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_on_American-Islamic_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council on American-Islamic Relations">Council on American-Islamic Relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Circle_of_North_America" title="Islamic Circle of North America">Islamic Circle of North America</a>, and the Shari'a Scholars Association of North America. Along with monetary donations, many Islamic organizations launched blood drives and provided medical assistance, food, and shelter for victims.<a href="#cite_note-289">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interfaith_efforts">Interfaith efforts</h4></div> Curiosity about Islam increased after the attacks. As a result, many mosques and Islamic centers began holding open houses and participating in outreach efforts to educate non-Muslims about the faith. In the first 10 years after the attacks, <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">interfaith</a> community service increased from 8 to 20 percent and the percentage of U.S. congregations involved in interfaith worship doubled from 7 to 14 percent.<a href="#cite_note-292">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-54.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-54.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-54.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-54.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-54.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (right) with <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Putina" title="Lyudmila Putina">his wife</a> (center) at a commemoration service in New York City on November 16</figcaption></figure> The attacks were denounced by mass media and governments worldwide. Nations offered pro-American support and solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-293">[280]</a> Leaders in most Middle Eastern countries, as well as Libya and Afghanistan, condemned the attacks. Iraq was a notable exception, with an immediate official statement that "the American cowboys are reaping the fruit of their crimes against humanity".<a href="#cite_note-294">[281]</a> The government of Saudi Arabia officially condemned the attacks, but privately many Saudis favored bin Laden's cause.<a href="#cite_note-295">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Kingdom_and_the_Towers-296">[283]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> (PA) president <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> also condemned the attacks, there were reports of celebrations of disputed size in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[285]</a> Palestinian leaders discredited news broadcasters that justified the attacks or showed celebrations,<a href="#cite_note-fox1-299">[286]</a> and the Authority claimed such celebrations do not represent the Palestinians' sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-300">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOX_Quash-301">[288]</a> Footage by CNN[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] and other news outlets were suggested by a report originating at a Brazilian university to be from 1991; this was later proven to be a false accusation.<a href="#cite_note-302">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[290]</a> As in the United States, the aftermath of the attacks saw tensions increase in other countries between Muslims and non-Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-304">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1368" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368</a> condemned the attacks and expressed readiness to take all necessary steps to respond and combat terrorism in accordance with their <a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">Charter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SecCounc-305">[292]</a> Numerous countries introduced anti-terrorism legislation and froze bank accounts they suspected of al-Qaeda ties.<a href="#cite_note-306">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[294]</a> Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries arrested alleged terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-308">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[296]</a> British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> said Britain stood "shoulder to shoulder" with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-310">[297]</a> In a speech to Congress nine days after the attacks, which Blair attended as a guest, President Bush declared "America has no truer friend than Great Britain".<a href="#cite_note-311">[298]</a> Subsequently, Prime Minister Blair embarked on two months of diplomacy to rally international support for military action; he held 54 meetings with world leaders.<a href="#cite_note-312">[299]</a> The U.S. set up the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a> to hold inmates they defined as "<a href="/wiki/Illegal_enemy_combatants" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal enemy combatants">illegal enemy combatants</a>". The legitimacy of these detentions has been questioned by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and human rights organizations.<a href="#cite_note-313">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[302]</a> On September 25, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>'s president <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a>, meeting British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a>, said: "Iran fully understands the feelings of the Americans about the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on September 11". He said although the American administrations had been at best indifferent about terrorist operations in Iran, the Iranians felt differently and had expressed their sympathetic feelings with bereaved Americans in the tragic incidents in the two cities. He also stated that "Nations should not be punished in place of terrorists".<a href="#cite_note-316">[303]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Radio_Farda" title="Radio Farda">Radio Farda</a>'s website, when the news of the attacks was released, some Iranian citizens gathered in front of the Embassy of Switzerland in Tehran, which serves as the protecting power of the United States in Iran, to express their sympathy, and some of them lit candles as a symbol of mourning. Radio Farda's website also states that in 2011, on the anniversary of the attacks, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> published a post on its blog, in which the Department thanked the Iranian people for their sympathy and stated that it would never forget Iranian people's kindness.<a href="#cite_note-317">[304]</a> After the attacks, both the President<a href="#cite_note-318">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[306]</a> and the Supreme Leader of Iran condemned the attacks. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine published reports on holding candlelit vigils for the victims of Iranian citizens on their websites.<a href="#cite_note-320">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[308]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Politico_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Politico Magazine">Politico Magazine</a>, following the attacks, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, the Supreme Leader of Iran, "suspended the usual '<a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a>' chants at <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayers" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday prayers">Friday prayers</a>" temporarily.<a href="#cite_note-Politico_2013-11-19-322">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_operations">Military operations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> and <a href="/wiki/US_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="US invasion of Afghanistan">US invasion of Afghanistan</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Events <a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Prelude to the Iraq War">leading up</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IraqWarHeader.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/IraqWarHeader.jpg/250px-IraqWarHeader.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/IraqWarHeader.jpg/375px-IraqWarHeader.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/IraqWarHeader.jpg/500px-IraqWarHeader.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a> 1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> 1961–1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a> 1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> 1978–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">Ba'ath Party Purge</a> 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> 1980–1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">Iraqgate</a> 1982–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a> 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> 1990–1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iraq" title="International sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions against Iraq</a> 1990–2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">Iraqi uprisings</a> 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">Iraqi no-fly zones conflict</a> 1991–2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis" title="Iraq disarmament crisis">Iraq disarmament crisis</a> 1991–2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms-to-Iraq_affair" title="Arms-to-Iraq affair">Arms-to-Iraq affair</a> 1992–1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Liberation_Act" title="Iraq Liberation Act">Iraq Liberation Act</a> 1998</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">September 11 attacks</a> 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">U.S. anthrax attacks</a> 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">U.S. invasion of Afghanistan</a> 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection" title="Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection">Alleged Prague connection</a> 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_2002" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002">Iraq Resolution</a> 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Green_ricin_plot" title="Wood Green ricin plot">Wood Green ricin plot</a> 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell%27s_presentation_to_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Colin Powell's presentation to the United Nations Security Council">Colin Powell's UN presentation</a> 2003</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_leading_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Template:Events leading to the Iraq War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_leading_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Template talk:Events leading to the Iraq War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_leading_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events leading to the Iraq War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> At 2:40 pm on September 11, Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> was issuing orders to his aides to look for evidence of Iraqi involvement. According to notes taken by senior policy official <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cambone" title="Stephen Cambone">Stephen Cambone</a>, Rumsfeld asked for, "Best info fast. Judge whether they are good enough to hit S.H. [Saddam Hussein] at the same time. Not only UBL" [Osama bin Laden].<a href="#cite_note-323">[310]</a> In a meeting at <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a> on September 15 the Bush administration rejected the idea of attacking <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> in response to the September 11 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-324">[311]</a> Nonetheless, they later <a href="/wiki/2003_Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Invasion of Iraq">invaded the country</a> with allies, citing "<a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-325">[312]</a> At the time, as many as seven in ten Americans believed the Iraqi president played a role in the 9/11 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-326">[313]</a> Three years later, Bush conceded that he had not.<a href="#cite_note-327">[314]</a> The <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> council declared that the terrorist attacks on the United States were an attack on all NATO nations that satisfied <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty#Article_5" title="North Atlantic Treaty">Article 5</a> of the NATO charter. This marked the first invocation of Article 5, which had been written during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> with an attack by the Soviet Union in mind.<a href="#cite_note-328">[315]</a> Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a>, who was in Washington, D.C., during the attacks, invoked Article IV of the <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> treaty.<a href="#cite_note-329">[316]</a> The Bush administration announced a <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>, with the stated goals of bringing bin Laden and al-Qaeda to justice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks.<a href="#cite_note-330">[317]</a> These goals would be accomplished by imposing economic and military sanctions against states harboring terrorists, and increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing.<a href="#cite_note-331">[318]</a> On September 14, 2001, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_of_2001" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force of 2001">Authorization for the use of Military Force Against Terrorists</a>, which grants the President the authority to use all "necessary and appropriate force" against those whom he determined "planned, authorized, committed or aided" the September 11 attacks or who harbored said persons or groups. It is still in effect.<a href="#cite_note-332">[319]</a> On October 7, 2001, the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> began when U.S. and British forces initiated aerial bombing campaigns targeting <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and al-Qaeda camps, then later invaded Afghanistan with ground troops of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces">Special Forces</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This eventually led to the overthrow of the Taliban's rule of Afghanistan with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kandahar" title="Fall of Kandahar">Fall of Kandahar</a> on December 7, 2001, by U.S.-led <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">coalition forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[320]</a> Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, who went into hiding in the <a href="/wiki/Spin_Ghar" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin Ghar">White Mountains</a>, was targeted by U.S. coalition forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora" title="Battle of Tora Bora">Battle of Tora Bora</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2011-07-11-334">[321]</a> but he escaped across the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Pakistani border</a> and remained out of sight for almost ten years.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2011-07-11-334">[321]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Tayseer_Allouni" title="Tayseer Allouni">Tayseer Allouni</a> on October 21, 2001, bin Laden stated: <blockquote>The events proved the extent of terrorism that America exercises in the world. Bush stated that the world has to be divided in two: Bush and his supporters, and any country that doesn't get into the global crusade is with the terrorists. What terrorism is clearer than this? Many governments were forced to support this "new terrorism"... America wouldn't live in security until we live it truly in Palestine. This showed the reality of America, which puts Israel's interest above its own people's interest. America won't get out of this crisis until it gets out of the Arabian Peninsula, and until it stops its <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">support of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[322]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Aftermath of the September 11 attacks">Aftermath of the September 11 attacks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Post-9/11" title="Post-9/11">Post-9/11</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_issues">Health issues</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_arising_from_the_September_11_attacks" title="Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks">Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_covered_911_victims.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dust_covered_911_victims.jpg/220px-Dust_covered_911_victims.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dust_covered_911_victims.jpg/330px-Dust_covered_911_victims.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dust_covered_911_victims.jpg/440px-Dust_covered_911_victims.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="2571" /></a><figcaption>Survivors covered in dust after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade towers</a>; a photograph of another dust-covered victim, <a href="/wiki/Marcy_Borders" title="Marcy Borders">Marcy Borders</a>, subsequently gained much attention.<a href="#cite_note-336">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[324]</a></figcaption></figure> Hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic debris containing more than 2,500 contaminants and known carcinogens were spread across Lower Manhattan when the towers collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-338">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[326]</a> Exposure to the toxins in the debris is alleged to have contributed to <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_arising_from_the_September_11_attacks" title="Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks">fatal or debilitating illnesses</a> among people who were at Ground Zero.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_2007-05-24-340">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[328]</a> The Bush administration ordered the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks, citing national security, but the EPA did not determine that air quality had returned to pre-September 11 levels until June 2002.<a href="#cite_note-342">[329]</a> Health effects extended to residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Chinatown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-343">[330]</a> Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust, and victims' names were included in the World Trade Center memorial.<a href="#cite_note-344">[331]</a> An estimated 18,000 people have developed illnesses as a result of the toxic dust.<a href="#cite_note-345">[332]</a> There is also scientific speculation that exposure to toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung function.<a href="#cite_note-346">[333]</a> Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of related illnesses were still in the court system. On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York City's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers, allowing for the possibility of suits against the city.<a href="#cite_note-347">[334]</a> Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly after the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA in the attacks' aftermath, was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe.<a href="#cite_note-348">[335]</a> Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-349">[336]</a> The <a href="/wiki/James_L._Zadroga_9/11_Health_and_Compensation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act">James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act</a> (2010) allocated $4.2 billion to create the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Health_Program" title="World Trade Center Health Program">World Trade Center Health Program</a>, which provides testing and treatment for people with long-term health problems related to the 9/11 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-350">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-WTCHP_faq-351">[338]</a> The WTC Health Program replaced preexisting 9/11-related health programs such as the Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health Center program.<a href="#cite_note-WTCHP_faq-351">[338]</a> In 2020, the NYPD confirmed that 247 NYPD police officers had died due to 9/11-related illnesses. In September 2022, the FDNY confirmed that 299 firefighters had died due to 9/11-related illnesses. Both agencies believe that the death toll will rise dramatically in the coming years. The <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey_Police_Department" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department">Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department</a> (PAPD), the law enforcement agency with jurisdiction over the World Trade Center, confirmed that four of its police officers have died of 9/11-related illnesses. The chief of the PAPD at the time, Joseph Morris, made sure that industrial-grade respirators were provided to all PAPD police officers within 48 hours and decided that the same 30 to 40 police officers would be stationed at the World Trade Center pile, drastically lowering the number of total PAPD personnel who would be exposed to the air. The FDNY and NYPD had rotated hundreds, if not thousands, of different personnel from all over New York City to the pile without adequate respirators and breathing equipment that could have prevented future diseases.<a href="#cite_note-352">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Economic effects of the September 11 attacks">Economic effects of the September 11 attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2008.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2008.png/220px-Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2008.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2008.png/330px-Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2008.png/440px-Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2008.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">U.S. deficit</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="United States public debt">debt</a> increases in the seven years following the attacks from 2001 to 2008.</figcaption></figure> The attacks had a significant economic impact on the US and world markets.<a href="#cite_note-356">[343]</a> The stock exchanges did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17. Reopening, the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> (DJIA) fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8921, a record-setting one-day point decline.<a href="#cite_note-357">[344]</a> By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7 points (14.3%), at the time its largest one-week point drop in history. In 2001 dollars, U.S. stocks lost $1.4 trillion in valuation for the week.<a href="#cite_note-MarkDec-358">[345]</a> In New York City, about 430,000 job months and $2.8 billion in wages were lost in the first three months after the attacks. The economic effects were mainly on the economy's export sectors.<a href="#cite_note-359">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-IAGS_cost-360">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-PEARL9/11-361">[348]</a> The city's GDP was estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion for the last three months of 2001 and all of 2002. The U.S. government provided $11.2 billion in immediate assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City" title="Government of New York City">Government of New York City</a> in September 2001, and $10.5 billion in early 2002 for economic development and infrastructure needs.<a href="#cite_note-crs-5-362">[349]</a> Also hurt were small businesses in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a> near the World Trade Center (18,000 of which were destroyed or displaced), resulting in lost jobs and wages. Assistance was provided by <a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Administration" title="Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a> loans; federal government Community Development Block Grants; and Economic Injury Disaster Loans.<a href="#cite_note-crs-5-362">[349]</a> Some 31,900,000 square feet (2,960,000 m2) of Lower Manhattan office space was damaged or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-363">[350]</a> Many wondered whether these jobs would return, and if the damaged tax base would recover.<a href="#cite_note-364">[351]</a> Studies of 9/11's economic effects show the Manhattan office real-estate market and office employment were less affected than first feared, because of the financial services industry's need for face-to-face interaction.<a href="#cite_note-365">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[353]</a> North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.<a href="#cite_note-367">[354]</a> The September 11 attacks also led to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">wars in Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-368">[355]</a> as well as additional <a href="/wiki/Homeland_security" title="Homeland security">homeland security</a> spending, totaling at least $5 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-369">[356]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_in_Afghanistan">Effects in Afghanistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Aftermath of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> If Americans are clamouring to bomb Afghanistan back to the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, they ought to know that this nation does not have so far to go. This is a post-apocalyptic place of felled cities, parched land and downtrodden people. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Barry_Bearak" title="Barry Bearak">Barry Bearak</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, September 13, 2001<a href="#cite_note-TalibanPlead-370">[357]</a></cite></div> </div> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghan population</a> was already going hungry at the time of the September 11 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-371">[358]</a> In the aftermath of the attacks, tens of thousands of people attempted to flee Afghanistan due to the possibility of military retaliation by the US. Pakistan, already <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">home to many Afghan refugees</a> from previous conflicts, closed its border with Afghanistan on September 17, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-speechto-372">[359]</a> Thousands of Afghans also fled to the frontier with <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> but were denied entry.<a href="#cite_note-373">[360]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> leaders in Afghanistan pleaded against military action, saying "We appeal to the United States not to put Afghanistan into more misery because our people have suffered so much", referring to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_conflict_(1978-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan conflict (1978-present)">two decades of conflict</a> and the humanitarian crisis attached to it.<a href="#cite_note-TalibanPlead-370">[357]</a> All United Nations expatriates had left Afghanistan after the attacks and no national or international aid workers were at their post. Workers were instead preparing in bordering countries like Pakistan, China and Uzbekistan to prevent a potential "humanitarian catastrophe", amid a critically low food stock for the Afghan population.<a href="#cite_note-374">[361]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> stopped importing wheat to Afghanistan on September 12 due to security risks.<a href="#cite_note-375">[362]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg/197px-US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg/296px-US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg/394px-US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_American_Soldier_leaves_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Last_American_Soldier_leaves_Afghanistan.jpg/129px-Last_American_Soldier_leaves_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Last_American_Soldier_leaves_Afghanistan.jpg/194px-Last_American_Soldier_leaves_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Last_American_Soldier_leaves_Afghanistan.jpg/258px-Last_American_Soldier_leaves_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From left to right: U.S. soldiers engaged in the war on terror in Afghanistan in May 2006. • Army Major General <a href="/wiki/Chris_Donahue_(general)" title="Chris Donahue (general)">Chris Donahue</a> left Afghanistan as the final American soldier on August 30, 2021.</div></div></div></div> Approximately one month after the attacks, the United States led a broad <a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">coalition of international forces</a> to overthrow the Taliban regime from Afghanistan for their harboring of Al-Qaeda.<a href="#cite_note-speechto-372">[359]</a> Though Pakistani authorities were initially reluctant to align themselves with the US against the Taliban, they permitted the coalition access to their military bases, and arrested and handed over to the U.S. over 600 suspected al-Qaeda members.<a href="#cite_note-376">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[364]</a> In 2011, the U.S. and NATO under <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">President Obama</a> initiated a <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">drawdown of troops</a> in Afghanistan finalized in 2016. During the presidencies of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in 2020 and 2021, the United States alongside its NATO allies <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)">withdrew all troops from Afghanistan</a> completing the withdrawal of all regular U.S. troops on August 30, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-DOD_Cronk_Biden_Announces-154">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-White_House_2021-04-14-378">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time_2021-379">[366]</a> The withdrawal marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001–2021 War in Afghanistan</a>. Biden said that after nearly 20 years of war, it was clear that the U.S. military could not transform Afghanistan into a modern democracy.<a href="#cite_note-380">[367]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Cultural influence of the September 11 attacks">Cultural influence of the September 11 attacks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_references_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks">List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_affected_by_the_September_11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks">Entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_in_popular_culture" title="Osama bin Laden in popular culture">Osama bin Laden in popular culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_(elephant)" title="Osama bin Laden (elephant)">Osama bin Laden (elephant)</a></div> Immediate responses to 9/11 included greater focus on home life and time spent with family, higher church attendance, and increased expressions of patriotism such as the flying of American flags.<a href="#cite_note-Carducci2009b-381">[368]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clear_Channel_memorandum" title="Clear Channel memorandum">The radio industry responded by removing certain songs from playlists</a>, and the attacks have subsequently been used as background, narrative, or thematic elements in <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_September_11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films about the September 11 attacks">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of songs about the September 11 attacks">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of books about the September 11 attacks">literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humor_based_on_the_September_11_attacks" title="Humor based on the September 11 attacks">humour</a>. Already-running television shows as well as programs developed after 9/11 have reflected <a href="/wiki/Post-9/11" title="Post-9/11">post-9/11</a> cultural concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Pop_Culture_Guide-382">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a> have become a social phenomenon, despite a lack of support from expert scientists, engineers, and historians.<a href="#cite_note-383">[370]</a> 9/11 has also had a major impact on the religious faith of many individuals; for some it strengthened, to find <a href="/wiki/Consolation" title="Consolation">consolation</a> to cope with the loss of loved ones and overcome their grief; others started to question their faith or lose it entirely because they <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">could not reconcile it</a> with their view of religion.<a href="#cite_note-384">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[372]</a> The culture of America, after the attacks, is noted for heightened security and an increased demand thereof, as well as <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> regarding future terrorist attacks against most of the nation. Psychologists have also confirmed that there has been an increased amount of national anxiety in commercial air travel.<a href="#cite_note-386">[373]</a> Anti-Muslim hate crimes rose nearly ten-fold in 2001 and have subsequently remained "roughly five times higher than the pre-9/11 rate".<a href="#cite_note-387">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_policies_towards_terrorism">Government policies towards terrorism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airport_security_repercussions_due_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks">Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legal_issues_related_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Legal issues related to the September 11 attacks">Legal issues related to the September 11 attacks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_CIA_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture">Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_illegal_flights.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CIA_illegal_flights.svg/300px-CIA_illegal_flights.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CIA_illegal_flights.svg/450px-CIA_illegal_flights.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CIA_illegal_flights.svg/600px-CIA_illegal_flights.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Alleged "<a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">extraordinary rendition</a>" illegal flights of the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>, as reported by Polish newspaper <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)" title="Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)">Rzeczpospolita</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[375]</a></figcaption></figure> As a result of the attacks, many governments across the world passed legislation to combat terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-389">[376]</a> In Germany, where several of the 9/11 terrorists had resided and taken advantage of that country's liberal asylum policies, two major anti-terrorism packages were enacted. The first removed legal loopholes that permitted terrorists to live and raise money in Germany. The second addressed the effectiveness and communication of intelligence and law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-390">[377]</a> Canada passed the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Terrorism_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act">Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act</a>, their first anti-terrorism law.<a href="#cite_note-391">[378]</a> The United Kingdom passed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism,_Crime_and_Security_Act_2001" title="Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001">Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act_2005" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005">Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005</a>.<a href="#cite_note-392">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[380]</a> New Zealand enacted the <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Suppression_Act_2002" title="Terrorism Suppression Act 2002">Terrorism Suppression Act 2002</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[381]</a> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> was created by the <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002" title="Homeland Security Act of 2002">Homeland Security Act of 2002</a> to coordinate domestic anti-terrorism efforts. The <a href="/wiki/USA_Patriot_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA Patriot Act">USA Patriot Act</a> gave the federal government greater powers, including the authority to detain foreign terror suspects for a week without charge; to monitor terror suspects' telephone communications, e-mail, and Internet use; and to prosecute suspected terrorists without time restrictions. The FAA ordered that airplane cockpits be reinforced to prevent terrorists from gaining control of planes and assigned <a href="/wiki/Sky_marshals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky marshals">sky marshals</a> to flights. Further, the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_and_Transportation_Security_Act" title="Aviation and Transportation Security Act">Aviation and Transportation Security Act</a> made the federal government, rather than airports, responsible for <a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">airport security</a>. The law created the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> to inspect passengers and luggage, causing long delays and concern over passenger privacy.<a href="#cite_note-Modern_World_History-395">[382]</a> After suspected abuses of the USA Patriot Act were <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">brought to light</a> in June 2013 with articles about the collection of American call records by the <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a> program, Representative <a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">Jim Sensenbrenner</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>), who introduced the Patriot Act in 2001, said that the NSA overstepped its bounds.<a href="#cite_note-396">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[384]</a> <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a> has focused on its morality, efficiency, and cost. According to a 2021 report by the <a href="/wiki/Costs_of_War_Project" title="Costs of War Project">Costs of War Project</a>, the several post-9/11 wars participated in by the United States in its <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a> have caused the displacement, conservatively calculated, of 38 million people in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, and the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-398">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-Costs_of_War-400">[387]</a> They estimated these wars caused the deaths of 897,000 to 929,000 people directly and cost $8 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-Costs_of_War-400">[387]</a> In a 2023 report, the Costs of War Project estimated that there have been between 3.6 and 3.7 million indirect deaths in the post-9/11 war zones, with the total death toll being 4.5 to 4.6 million. The report defined post-9/11 war zones as conflicts that included significant United States counter-terrorism operations since 9/11, which in addition to the wars in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Pakistan</a>, also includes the civil wars in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-28">[18]</a> The report derived its estimate of indirect deaths using a calculation from the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Declaration_on_Armed_Violence_and_Development" title="Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development">Geneva Declaration of Secretariat</a> which estimates that for every person directly killed by war, four more die from the indirect consequences of war.<a href="#cite_note-:2-28">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._law" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. law">U.S. law</a> prohibits the use of <a href="/wiki/Torture_in_the_United_States" title="Torture in the United States">torture</a>, yet such <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_by_the_CIA" title="Human rights violations by the CIA">human rights violations occurred</a> during the war on terror under the euphemism "<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced interrogation">enhanced interrogation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-401">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[389]</a> In 2005, The Washington Post and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) published revelations concerning CIA flights and "<a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">black sites</a>", covert prisons operated by the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[391]</a> The term "torture by proxy" is used by some critics to describe situations in which the CIA and other U.S. agencies have <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">transferred suspected terrorists</a> to countries known to employ torture.<a href="#cite_note-405">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[393]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_proceedings">Legal proceedings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trials_related_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Trials related to the September 11 attacks">Trials related to the September 11 attacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a></div> As all 19 hijackers died in the attacks, they were never prosecuted. Osama bin Laden was never formally indicted; he was ultimately <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">killed</a> by U.S. special forces on May 2, 2011, in <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad" title="Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad">his compound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, Pakistan, after a <a href="/wiki/Manhunt_for_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Manhunt for Osama bin Laden">10-year manhunt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-407">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[394]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">main trial of the attacks</a> against Mohammed and his co-conspirators <a href="/wiki/Walid_bin_Attash" title="Walid bin Attash">Walid bin Attash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramzi_bin_al-Shibh" title="Ramzi bin al-Shibh">Ramzi bin al-Shibh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Baluchi" title="Ammar al-Baluchi">Ammar al-Baluchi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Ahmad_al_Hawsawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Ahmad al Hawsawi">Mustafa Ahmad al Hawsawi</a> remains unresolved. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was arrested on March 1, 2003, in <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, Pakistan, by Pakistani security officials working with the CIA. He was then held at multiple <a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">CIA secret prisons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay</a>, where he was interrogated and tortured with methods including <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[396]</a> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_al-Hawsawi" title="Mustafa al-Hawsawi">Mustafa al-Hawsawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Baluchi" title="Ammar al-Baluchi">Abd al-Aziz Ali</a> were arrested and transferred to U.S. custody. Both would later be accused of providing money and travel assistance to the hijackers.<a href="#cite_note-411">[397]</a> During U.S. hearings at Guantanamo Bay in March 2007, Mohammed again confessed his responsibility for the attacks, stating he "was responsible for the 9/11 operation from A to Z" and that his statement was not made under duress.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2007-48">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[398]</a> In January 2023, the US government opened up about a potential <a href="/wiki/Plea_deal" class="mw-redirect" title="Plea deal">plea deal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-413">[399]</a> with Biden giving up on the effort in September that year.<a href="#cite_note-414">[400]</a> To date, only peripheral persons have thus been convicted for charges in connection with the attacks. These include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zacarias_Moussaoui" title="Zacarias Moussaoui">Zacarias Moussaoui</a> who was indicted in December 2001 and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole in May 2006 by a U.S. federal jury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounir_El_Motassadeq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounir El Motassadeq">Mounir El Motassadeq</a> who was first convicted in February 2003 by a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice" title="Federal Court of Justice">Federal Court of Justice</a> in Germany and was deported to <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> in October 2018 after serving his sentence<a href="#cite_note-415">[401]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dahdah" title="Abu Dahdah">Abu Dahdah</a> who was arrested in November 2001, sentenced by a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish High Court">Spanish High Court</a> and released from prison in May 2013.<a href="#cite_note-416">[402]</a></li></ul> On July 31, 2024, The New York Times reported that Mohammed, Walid bin Attash and Mustafa al-Hawsawi agreed to plead guilty to conspiracy in exchange for life sentences, avoiding trial and execution. However, on August 2, 2024, U.S. Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a> revoked a plea agreement with Mohammed.<a href="#cite_note-417">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigations">Investigations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FBI">FBI</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">Hijackers in the September 11 attacks</a></div> Immediately after the attacks, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> started <a href="/wiki/PENTTBOM" title="PENTTBOM">PENTTBOM</a>, the largest criminal inquiry in US history. At its height, more than half of the FBI's agents worked on the investigation and followed a half-million leads.<a href="#cite_note-Pentbomb-418">[404]</a> The FBI concluded that there was "clear and irrefutable" evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-419">[405]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohamed_Atta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mohamed Atta headshot, expressionless, full face" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mohamed_Atta.jpg/170px-Mohamed_Atta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mohamed_Atta.jpg/255px-Mohamed_Atta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Mohamed_Atta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta" title="Mohamed Atta">Mohamed Atta</a> was one of the main planners of the attacks and the operational leader, responsible for crashing Flight 11 into the North Tower.</figcaption></figure> The FBI quickly identified the hijackers, including leader Mohamed Atta, when his luggage was discovered at Boston's Logan Airport. Atta had been forced to check two of his three bags due to space limitations on the 19-seat commuter flight he took to Boston. Due to a new policy instituted to prevent flight delays, the luggage failed to make it aboard American Airlines Flight 11 as planned. The luggage contained the hijackers' names, assignments, and Al-Qaeda connections. "It had all these Arab-language [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] papers that amounted to the Rosetta stone of the investigation", said one FBI agent.<a href="#cite_note-Unraveling_9-11_Was_in_the_Bags-420">[406]</a> Within hours of the attacks, the FBI released the names and in many cases the personal details of the suspected pilots and hijackers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200413–14-421">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-FBI_19-422">[408]</a> Abu Jandal, who served as bin Laden's chief bodyguard for years, confirmed the identity of seven hijackers as al-Qaeda members during interrogations with the FBI on September 17. He had been jailed in a Yemeni prison since 2000.<a href="#cite_note-423">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[410]</a> On September 27, 2001, photos of all 19 hijackers were released, along with information about possible nationalities and aliases.<a href="#cite_note-425">[411]</a> Fifteen of the men were from Saudi Arabia, two were from the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, one was from Egypt, and one was from Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-426">[412]</a> By midday, the U.S. National Security Agency and German intelligence agencies had intercepted communications pointing to Osama bin Laden.<a href="#cite_note-427">[413]</a> Two of the hijackers were known to have traveled with a bin Laden associate to Malaysia in 2000<a href="#cite_note-428">[414]</a> and hijacker <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta" title="Mohamed Atta">Mohamed Atta</a> had previously gone to Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-429">[415]</a> He and others were part of a terrorist cell in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-430">[416]</a> One of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_cell" title="Hamburg cell">Hamburg cell</a> in Germany was discovered to have been in communication with <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a> who was identified as a member of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-431">[417]</a> Authorities in the United States and the United Kingdom also obtained electronic intercepts, including telephone conversations and electronic bank transfers, which indicated that <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Atef" title="Mohammed Atef">Mohammed Atef</a>, a bin Laden deputy, was a key figure in the planning of the 9/11 attacks. Intercepts were also obtained of conversations that took place days before September 11 between bin Laden and an associate in Pakistan referring to "an incident that would take place in America on, or around, September 11" and discussing potential repercussions. In another conversation with an associate in Afghanistan, bin Laden discussed the "scale and effects of a forthcoming operation". These conversations did not specifically mention the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, or other specifics.<a href="#cite_note-432">[418]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>Origins of <a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">the 19 hijackers</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Nationality </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Number </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:15.8em;"></div>15</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.1em;"></div>2</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.1em;"></div>1</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.1em;"></div>1</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> In their annual violent crime index for the year 2001, the FBI recorded the deaths from the attacks as murder, in separate tables so as not to mix them with other reported crimes for that year.<a href="#cite_note-433">[419]</a> In a disclaimer, the FBI stated that "the number of deaths is so great that combining it with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Crime_statistics" title="Crime statistics">crime statistics</a> will have an <a href="/wiki/Outlier" title="Outlier">outlier</a> effect that falsely <a href="/wiki/Skewness" title="Skewness">skews</a> all types of measurements in the program's analyses".<a href="#cite_note-434">[420]</a> New York City also did not include the deaths in their annual crime statistics for 2001.<a href="#cite_note-HuffPost_story-435">[421]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CIA">CIA</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/September_11_intelligence_before_the_attacks" title="September 11 intelligence before the attacks">September 11 intelligence before the attacks</a></div> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Helgerson" title="John L. Helgerson">John L. Helgerson</a>, the Inspector General of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), conducted an internal review of the agency's pre-9/11 performance and was harshly critical of senior CIA officials for not doing everything possible to confront terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel_2009-436">[422]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Giraldi" title="Philip Giraldi">Philip Giraldi</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a>, Helgerson criticized their failure to stop two of the 9/11 hijackers, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, as they entered the United States and their failure to share information on the two men with the FBI.<a href="#cite_note-437">[423]</a> In May 2007, senators from both major U.S. political parties (the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> parties) drafted legislation to make the review public. One of the backers, Senator <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a> said, "The American people have a right to know what the Central Intelligence Agency was doing in those critical months before 9/11".<a href="#cite_note-438">[424]</a> The report was released in 2009 by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel_2009-436">[422]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional_inquiry">Congressional inquiry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Inquiry_into_Intelligence_Community_Activities_before_and_after_the_Terrorist_Attacks_of_September_11,_2001" title="Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001">Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001</a></div> In February 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Senate Select Committee on Intelligence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence</a> formed a joint inquiry into the performance of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Intelligence_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Intelligence Community">U.S. Intelligence Community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-439">[425]</a> Their 832-page report released in December 2002<a href="#cite_note-440">[426]</a> detailed failings of the FBI and CIA to use available information, including about terrorists the CIA knew were in the United States, to disrupt the plots.<a href="#cite_note-Theoharis_2006_p222–224-441">[427]</a> The joint inquiry developed its information about possible involvement of Saudi Arabian government officials from non-classified sources.<a href="#cite_note-McClatchy_DC_2013-08-12-442">[428]</a> The Bush administration demanded 28 related pages remain classified.<a href="#cite_note-Theoharis_2006_p222–224-441">[427]</a> In December 2002, the inquiry's chair <a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a> revealed in an interview that there was "evidence that there were foreign governments involved in facilitating the activities of at least some of the terrorists in the United States".<a href="#cite_note-443">[429]</a> September 11 victim families were frustrated by the unanswered questions and redacted material from the congressional inquiry and demanded an independent commission.<a href="#cite_note-Theoharis_2006_p222–224-441">[427]</a> September 11 victim families,<a href="#cite_note-444">[430]</a> members of Congress<a href="#cite_note-445">[431]</a> and the Saudi Arabian government are still seeking the release of the documents.<a href="#cite_note-446">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[433]</a> In June 2016, CIA chief <a href="/wiki/John_O._Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="John O. Brennan">John Brennan</a> said that he believes 28 redacted pages of a congressional inquiry into 9/11 will soon be made public, and that they will prove that the government of Saudi Arabia had no involvement in the September 11 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-448">[434]</a> In September 2016, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Against_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_Act" title="Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act">Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act</a> that would allow relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks to sue <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> for its government's <a href="/wiki/Alleged_Saudi_government_role_in_the_September_11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleged Saudi government role in the September 11 attacks">alleged role in the attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-449">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[437]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="9/11_Commission">9/11 Commission</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">9/11 Commission Report</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_9/11_Commission" title="Criticism of the 9/11 Commission">Criticism of the 9/11 Commission</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:911report_cover_HIGHRES.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/911report_cover_HIGHRES.png/220px-911report_cover_HIGHRES.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/911report_cover_HIGHRES.png/330px-911report_cover_HIGHRES.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/911report_cover_HIGHRES.png/440px-911report_cover_HIGHRES.png 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="2084" /></a><figcaption>The cover of the <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">9/11 Commission Report</a>, a 585-page report released in 2004, on events leading up to the September 11 attacks and steps recommended to avoid a future terrorist attack</figcaption></figure> The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kean" title="Thomas Kean">Thomas Kean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-456">[o]</a> was formed in late 2002 to prepare a thorough account of the circumstances surrounding the attacks, including preparedness for and the immediate response to the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-457">[442]</a> On July 22, 2004, the commission issued the <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">9/11 Commission Report</a>, a 585-page report based on its investigations. The report detailed the events leading up to the attacks, concluding that they were carried out by al-Qaeda.<a href="#cite_note-458">[443]</a> The commission also examined how security and intelligence agencies were inadequately coordinated to prevent the attacks. According to the report, "We believe the 9/11 attacks revealed four kinds of failures: in imagination, policy, capabilities, and management".<a href="#cite_note-459">[444]</a> The commission made numerous recommendations on how to prevent future attacks, and in 2011 was dismayed that several of its recommendations had yet to be implemented.<a href="#cite_note-460">[445]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NIST_World_Trade_Center_Disaster_Investigation" title="NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation">NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/7_World_Trade_Center_(1987%E2%80%932001)#9/11_and_collapse" title="7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)">7 World Trade Center (1987–2001) § 9/11 and collapse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WTC-Wreckage-exterior_shell_of_south_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/WTC-Wreckage-exterior_shell_of_south_tower.jpg/220px-WTC-Wreckage-exterior_shell_of_south_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/WTC-Wreckage-exterior_shell_of_south_tower.jpg/330px-WTC-Wreckage-exterior_shell_of_south_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/WTC-Wreckage-exterior_shell_of_south_tower.jpg/440px-WTC-Wreckage-exterior_shell_of_south_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The exterior support columns from the lower level of the South Tower remained standing after the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Collapse of the World Trade Center">building collapsed</a>.</figcaption></figure> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST) investigated the collapses of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC. The investigations examined why the buildings collapsed and what fire protection measures were in place, and evaluated how fire protection systems might be improved in future construction.<a href="#cite_note-NISTInvest-461">[446]</a> The investigation into the collapse of 1 WTC and 2 WTC was concluded in October 2005 and that of 7 WTC was completed in August 2008.<a href="#cite_note-NIST_WTC_7_Investigation-462">[447]</a> NIST found that the fireproofing on the Twin Towers' steel infrastructures was blown off by the initial impact of the planes and that had this not occurred, the towers likely would have remained standing.<a href="#cite_note-NISTCollapse-463">[448]</a> A 2007 study of the north tower's collapse published by researchers of <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> determined that since the plane's impact had stripped off much of the structure's thermal insulation, the heat from a typical office fire would have softened and weakened the exposed girders and columns enough to initiate the collapse regardless of the number of columns cut or damaged by the impact.<a href="#cite_note-464">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-465">[450]</a> The director of the original investigation stated that "the towers did amazingly well. The terrorist aircraft didn't bring the buildings down; it was the fire that followed. It was proven that you could take out two-thirds of the columns in a tower and the building would still stand".<a href="#cite_note-TerrorProof-466">[451]</a> The fires weakened the trusses supporting the floors, making the floors sag. The sagging floors pulled on the exterior steel columns causing the exterior columns to bow inward. With the damage to the core columns, the buckling exterior columns could no longer support the buildings, causing them to collapse. Additionally, the report found the towers' stairwells were not properly reinforced to provide adequate <a href="/wiki/Fire_escape" title="Fire escape">emergency escape</a> for people above the impact zones.<a href="#cite_note-NIST-467">[452]</a> NIST concluded that uncontrolled fires in 7 WTC caused floor beams and girders to heat and subsequently "caused a critical support column to fail, initiating a fire-induced progressive collapse that brought the building down".<a href="#cite_note-NIST_WTC_7_Investigation-462">[447]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_Saudi_government_role">Alleged Saudi government role</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alleged_Saudi_government_role_in_the_September_11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleged Saudi government role in the September 11 attacks">Alleged Saudi government role in the September 11 attacks</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia–United States relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism">Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_28_pages" title="The 28 pages">The 28 pages</a></div> In July 2016, the Obama administration released a document compiled by U.S. investigators Dana Lesemann and Michael Jacobson, known as "File 17",<a href="#cite_note-468">[453]</a> which contains a list naming three dozen people, including the suspected <a href="/wiki/Saudi_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi intelligence">Saudi intelligence</a> officers attached to Saudi Arabia's embassy in Washington, D.C.,<a href="#cite_note-469">[454]</a> which connects Saudi Arabia to the hijackers.<a href="#cite_note-470">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[456]</a> In September 2016, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Against_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_Act" title="Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act">Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stempel-472">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-473">[458]</a> The practical effect of the legislation was to allow the continuation of a longstanding civil lawsuit brought by families of victims of the September 11 attacks against Saudi Arabia for its government's alleged role in the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-474">[459]</a> In March 2018, a U.S. judge formally allowed a suit to move forward against the government of Saudi Arabia brought by 9/11 survivors and victims' families.<a href="#cite_note-Stempel-472">[457]</a> In 2022, the families of some 9/11 victims obtained two videos and a notepad seized from Saudi national <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bayoumi" title="Omar al-Bayoumi">Omar al-Bayoumi</a> by the British courts. The first video showed him hosting a party in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> for Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, the first two hijackers to arrive in the U.S. The other video showed al-Bayoumi greeting the cleric <a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>, who was blamed for radicalizing Americans and later killed in a CIA drone strike. The notepad depicted a hand-drawn airplane and some mathematical equations that, according to a pilot's court statement, might have been used to calculate the rate of descent to get to a target. According to a 2017 FBI memo, from the late 1990s up until the 9/11 attack, al-Bayoumi was a paid cooptee of the Saudi <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">General Intelligence Presidency</a>. As of April 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=September_11_attacks&action=edit">[update]</a> he is believed to be living in Saudi Arabia, which has denied any involvement in 9/11.<a href="#cite_note-475">[460]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebuilding_and_memorials">Rebuilding and memorials</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rescue_and_recovery_effort_after_the_September_11_attacks_on_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center">Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction_of_One_World_Trade_Center" title="Construction of One World Trade Center">Construction of One World Trade Center</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="World Trade Center (2001–present)">World Trade Center (2001–present)</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">World Trade Center site</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR_panorama_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR_panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR_panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR_panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR_panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR_panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR_panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="World Trade Center (2001–present)">rebuilt World Trade Center</a>, September 2020</figcaption></figure> On the day of the attacks, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani stated: "We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again".<a href="#cite_note-476">[461]</a> Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002.<a href="#cite_note-477">[462]</a> The damaged section of the Pentagon was rebuilt and occupied within a year of the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-478">[463]</a> The temporary <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_PATH_station" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Center PATH station">World Trade Center PATH station</a> opened in late 2003 and construction of the new 7 World Trade Center was completed in 2006. Work on rebuilding the main World Trade Center site was delayed until late 2006 when leaseholder <a href="/wiki/Larry_Silverstein" title="Larry Silverstein">Larry Silverstein</a> and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed on financing.<a href="#cite_note-479">[464]</a> The construction of <a href="/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center" title="One World Trade Center">One World Trade Center</a> began on April 27, 2006, and reached its full height on May 20, 2013. The spire was installed atop the building at that date, putting One WTC's height at 1,776 feet (541 m) and thus claiming the title of the tallest building in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-480">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore_One_WTC-481">[466]</a> One WTC finished construction and opened on November 3, 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Moore_One_WTC-481">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-482">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-483">[468]</a> On the World Trade Center site, three more office towers were to be built one block east of where the original towers stood.<a href="#cite_note-484">[469]</a> <a href="/wiki/4_World_Trade_Center" title="4 World Trade Center">4 WTC</a>, meanwhile, opened in November 2013, making it the second tower on the site to open behind 7 World Trade Center, as well as the first building on the Port Authority property.<a href="#cite_note-485">[470]</a> 3 WTC opened on June 11, 2018, becoming the fourth skyscraper at the site to be completed.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday_2018-06-10-486">[471]</a> In December 2022, the Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church fully reopened for regular services<a href="#cite_note-CBS_News_20222-487">[472]</a> followed by the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_O._Perelman_Performing_Arts_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald O. Perelman Performing Arts Center">Ronald O. Perelman Performing Arts Center</a> in September 2023.<a href="#cite_note-488">[473]</a> With construction beginning in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-489">[474]</a> <a href="/wiki/2_World_Trade_Center" title="2 World Trade Center">2 World Trade Center</a> remains as of 2023 unfinished.<a href="#cite_note-490">[475]</a> Construction of a <a href="/wiki/5_World_Trade_Center" title="5 World Trade Center">5 World Trade Center</a> is planned to begin in 2024 and be finished by 2029.<a href="#cite_note-:02-491">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-newyorkyimby.com-492">[477]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Memorials_and_services_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks">Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9-11_Memorial_and_Museum_(28815276064).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/9-11_Memorial_and_Museum_%2828815276064%29.jpg/220px-9-11_Memorial_and_Museum_%2828815276064%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/9-11_Memorial_and_Museum_%2828815276064%29.jpg/330px-9-11_Memorial_and_Museum_%2828815276064%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/9-11_Memorial_and_Museum_%2828815276064%29.jpg/440px-9-11_Memorial_and_Museum_%2828815276064%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="National September 11 Memorial and Museum">National September 11 Memorial and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a>, August 2016</figcaption></figure> In the days immediately following the attacks, many memorials and vigils were held around the world, and photographs of the dead and missing were posted around <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">Ground Zero</a>. A witness described being unable to "get away from faces of innocent victims who were killed. Their pictures are everywhere, on phone booths, street lights, and walls of subway stations. Everything reminded me of a huge funeral, people were quiet and sad, but also very nice. Before, New York gave me a cold feeling; now people were reaching out to help each other".<a href="#cite_note-493">[478]</a> President Bush proclaimed Friday, September 14, 2001, as Patriot Day.<a href="#cite_note-494">[479]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR.jpg/220px-Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR.jpg/330px-Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR.jpg/440px-Lower_Manhattan_from_Jersey_City_September_2020_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5820" data-file-height="3880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tribute_in_Light" title="Tribute in Light">Tribute in Light</a>, featuring two columns of light representing the Twin Towers, September 2020</figcaption></figure> One of the first memorials was the <a href="/wiki/Tribute_in_Light" title="Tribute in Light">Tribute in Light</a>, an installation of 88 searchlights at the footprints of the World Trade Center towers.<a href="#cite_note-495">[480]</a> In New York City, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Site_Memorial_Competition" title="World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition">World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition</a> was held to design an appropriate memorial on the site.<a href="#cite_note-496">[481]</a> The winning design, <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_Absence" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflecting Absence">Reflecting Absence</a>, was selected in August 2006, and consists of a pair of reflecting pools in the footprints of the towers, surrounded by a list of the victims' names in an underground memorial space.<a href="#cite_note-497">[482]</a> The memorial was completed on September 11, 2011;<a href="#cite_note-498">[483]</a> a museum also opened on site on May 21, 2014.<a href="#cite_note-499">[484]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Sphere" title="The Sphere">The Sphere</a> by the German sculptor <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Koenig" title="Fritz Koenig">Fritz Koenig</a> is the world's largest bronze sculpture of modern times, and stood between the Twin Towers on the <a href="/wiki/Austin_J._Tobin_Plaza" title="Austin J. Tobin Plaza">Austin J. Tobin Plaza</a> from 1971 until the attacks. The sculpture, weighing more than 20 tons, was the only remaining work of art to be recovered largely intact from the ruins of the towers. Since then, the work of art, known in the U.S. as The Sphere, has been transformed into a symbolic monument of 9/11 commemoration. After being dismantled and stored near a hangar at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>, the sculpture was the subject of the 2001 documentary <a href="/wiki/The_Sphere" title="The Sphere">The Sphere</a> by filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Percy_Adlon" title="Percy Adlon">Percy Adlon</a>. On August 16, 2017, the work was installed at <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Park" title="Liberty Park">Liberty Park</a>, close to the new World Trade Center aerial and the <a href="/wiki/9/11_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 Memorial">9/11 Memorial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2017-11-29-500">[485]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_080904-N-5319A-008_The_Pentagon_Memorial_honoring_the_184_people_killed_at_the_Pentagon_and_on_American_Airlines_flight_77.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/US_Navy_080904-N-5319A-008_The_Pentagon_Memorial_honoring_the_184_people_killed_at_the_Pentagon_and_on_American_Airlines_flight_77.jpg/220px-US_Navy_080904-N-5319A-008_The_Pentagon_Memorial_honoring_the_184_people_killed_at_the_Pentagon_and_on_American_Airlines_flight_77.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/US_Navy_080904-N-5319A-008_The_Pentagon_Memorial_honoring_the_184_people_killed_at_the_Pentagon_and_on_American_Airlines_flight_77.jpg/330px-US_Navy_080904-N-5319A-008_The_Pentagon_Memorial_honoring_the_184_people_killed_at_the_Pentagon_and_on_American_Airlines_flight_77.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/US_Navy_080904-N-5319A-008_The_Pentagon_Memorial_honoring_the_184_people_killed_at_the_Pentagon_and_on_American_Airlines_flight_77.jpg/440px-US_Navy_080904-N-5319A-008_The_Pentagon_Memorial_honoring_the_184_people_killed_at_the_Pentagon_and_on_American_Airlines_flight_77.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_9/11_Pentagon_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="National 9/11 Pentagon Memorial">National 9/11 Pentagon Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>, September 2008</figcaption></figure> In Arlington County, the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Memorial" title="Pentagon Memorial">Pentagon Memorial</a> was completed and opened to the public on the seventh anniversary of the attacks in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-501">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-502">[487]</a> It consists of a landscaped park with 184 benches facing the Pentagon.<a href="#cite_note-dwyer-may2007-503">[488]</a> When the Pentagon was repaired in 2001–2002, a private chapel and indoor memorial were included at the spot where Flight 77 crashed into the building.<a href="#cite_note-504">[489]</a> In Shanksville, a <a href="/wiki/Flight_93_National_Memorial" title="Flight 93 National Memorial">concrete-and-glass visitor center</a> was opened on September 10, 2015,<a href="#cite_note-NPS_93_mem-505">[490]</a> situated on a hill overlooking the crash site and the white marble Wall of Names.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_FAQs-506">[491]</a> An observation platform at the visitor center and the white marble wall are both aligned beneath the path of Flight 93.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_FAQs-506">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2015-09-09-507">[492]</a> New York City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center and mounted on top of a platform shaped like the Pentagon.<a href="#cite_note-ap2008-08-24-508">[493]</a> It was installed outside the firehouse on August 25, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-509">[494]</a> Many other permanent memorials are elsewhere. Scholarships and charities have been established by the victims' families and by many other organizations and private figures.<a href="#cite_note-510">[495]</a> On every anniversary in New York City, the names of the victims who died there are read out over music. The President of the United States attends a memorial service at the Pentagon,<a href="#cite_note-511">[496]</a> and asks Americans to observe <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day">Patriot Day</a> with a moment of silence. Smaller services are held in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, which are usually attended by the First Lady. In September 2023, President Joe Biden did not attend services in the affected areas, instead marking the day in <a href="/wiki/Anchorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchorage">Anchorage</a>, Alaska, the first U.S. President to do so since the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-512">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[498]</a><a href="#cite_note-514">[499]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">9/11 Commission Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_8969" title="Air France Flight 8969">Air France Flight 8969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bojinka_plot" title="Bojinka plot">Bojinka plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta 1989">Delta 1989</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_085" title="Korean Air Flight 085">Korean 085</a>, two other flights that were falsely suspected of being hijacked as part of the September 11 attacks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_references_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks">List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_military_attacks_on_United_States_territory" title="List of foreign military attacks on United States territory">List of foreign military attacks on United States territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_incidents_involving_terrorism" title="List of aviation incidents involving terrorism">List of aviation incidents involving terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deadliest_terrorist_attacks_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of deadliest terrorist attacks in the United States">List of deadliest terrorist attacks in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamist_terrorist_attacks" title="List of Islamist terrorist attacks">List of Islamist terrorist attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_terrorist_incidents" title="List of major terrorist incidents">List of major terrorist incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_2001" title="List of terrorist incidents in 2001">List of terrorist incidents in 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_New_York_City" title="List of terrorist incidents in New York City">List of terrorist incidents in New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Outline of the September 11 attacks">Outline of the September 11 attacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellow_Ribbon" title="Operation Yellow Ribbon">Operation Yellow Ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_al-Qaeda_attacks" title="Timeline of al-Qaeda attacks">Timeline of al-Qaeda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline of the September 11 attacks">Timeline of the September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">USS Cole bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 United States embassy bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_transatlantic_aircraft_plot" title="2006 transatlantic aircraft plot">2006 transatlantic aircraft plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport_attack_plot" title="2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot">2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Bronx_terrorism_plot" title="2009 Bronx terrorism plot">2009 Bronx terrorism plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_transatlantic_aircraft_bomb_plot" title="2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot">2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">2004 Madrid train bombings</a> ("11M", abbr. of March 11)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Other, secondary attack locations include the airspaces of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The hijackers began their first attack at around 08:13 am, when a group of five took control of <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11" title="American Airlines Flight 11">American Airlines Flight 11</a>, injuring two people and murdering one before forcing their way into the cockpit. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">fourth and final hijacked plane</a> of the attacks crashed in a Pennsylvania field at 10:03 a.m., which concluded the attacks since all the attackers were now dead and all of the hijacked planes were destroyed. However, the attackers' damage continued as the North Tower kept burning for an additional 25 minutes until it ultimately collapsed by 10:28 a.m. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Thousands more are thought to have died of illnesses related to the attack;<a href="#cite_note-4">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[2]</a> however, the exact number is unknown as it is difficult to determine whether or not the illnesses were related or unrelated to the attack. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Sources vary regarding the number of injuries―some say 6,000<a href="#cite_note-7">[3]</a> while others go as high as 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Al-Qaeda's name for the events is the Manhattan Raid, though this name is rarely used by non-jihadist sources.<a href="#cite_note-10">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> The expression 9/11 is typically pronounced "nine eleven" in English,<a href="#cite_note-12">[6]</a> even in places that use the opposite date format. The slash is not pronounced. </li> <li id="cite_note-Time4-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Time4_17-0">^</a> The exact time is disputed. The <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">9/11 Commission Report</a> states that Flight 11 struck the North Tower at 08:46:40 a.m.,<a href="#cite_note-14">[7]</a> NIST reports 08:46:30 a.m.,<a href="#cite_note-15">[8]</a> and some other sources claim 08:46:26 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-102mins-16">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_23-2">c</a> The exact time is disputed. The 9/11 Commission Report states that Flight 175 struck the South Tower at 09:03:11 a.m.,<a href="#cite_note-18">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[11]</a> NIST reports 09:02:59 a.m.,<a href="#cite_note-20">[12]</a> and some other sources claim 09:03:02 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-21">[13]</a> In any case, the 16-minute gap between each impact is rounded to 17.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE9/11_Commission2004a302-22">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time1-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time1_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time1_27-1">b</a> While NIST and the 9/11 Commission give differing accounts of the exact second of the North Tower's collapse initiation, with NIST placing it at 10:28:22 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-24">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[16]</a> and the commission at 10:28:25 a.m.,<a href="#cite_note-26">[17]</a> it is generally accepted that Flight 11 did not strike the North Tower any sooner than 8:46:26 a.m.,<a href="#cite_note-102mins-16">[9]</a> so the time it took for the North Tower to collapse was just shy of 102 minutes either way. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> NIST and the 9/11 Commission both state that the collapse began at 9:58:59 a.m., which is rounded to 9:59<a href="#cite_note-151">[141]</a>: 84 <a href="#cite_note-finalreport-150">[140]</a>: 322  for simplicity. If the commission's claim that the South Tower was struck at 9:03:11 is to be believed, then the collapse began 55 minutes and 48 seconds after the crash, not 56 minutes. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> The exact time of the North Tower's collapse initiation is disputed, with NIST dubbing the moment it began to collapse as being 10:28:22 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-153">[142]</a> and the 9/11 Commission recording the time as 10:28:25.<a href="#cite_note-DOD_Cronk_Biden_Announces-154">[143]</a>: 329  </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Camp_Speicher_massacre" title="Camp Speicher massacre">massacre at Camp Speicher</a>―often described as the second deadliest act of terrorism in history after 9/11―is said to have killed between 1,095 and 1,700 people.<a href="#cite_note-166">[154]</a> The upper estimate would tie it with the attack on the World Trade Center's North Tower, but until the true death toll of the massacre becomes known, then the hijacking and crash of Flight 11 was the deadliest act of terrorism on record. </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> announced his death on May 1. At the time of the raid, it was early morning of May 2 in Pakistan and late afternoon of May 1 in the U.S. </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> Former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> was initially appointed to head the commission<a href="#cite_note-452">[438]</a> but resigned only weeks after being appointed, to avoid conflicts of interest.<a href="#cite_note-453">[439]</a> Former U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George Mitchell</a> was originally appointed as the vice chairman, but he stepped down on December 10, 2002, not wanting to sever ties to his law firm.<a href="#cite_note-454">[440]</a> On December 15, 2002, Bush appointed former New Jersey governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kean" title="Thomas Kean">Thomas Kean</a> to head the commission.<a href="#cite_note-455">[441]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2023/09/11/us/new-york-firefighters-911-illness-death">"First responder deaths from post-9/11 illnesses nearly equals number of firefighters who died that day"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=First+responder+deaths+from+post-9%2F11+illnesses+nearly+equals+number+of+firefighters+who+died+that+day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.cnn.com%2Fcnn%2F2023%2F09%2F11%2Fus%2Fnew-york-firefighters-911-illness-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asbestos.com/featured-stories/9-11-lingering-health-effects/#:~:text=The%20toxic%20cloud%20of%20dangerous,1%2C366%20died%20from%20related%20cancers.">"20 Years Later: The Lingering Health Effects of 9/11"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20+Years+Later%3A+The+Lingering+Health+Effects+of+9%2F11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asbestos.com%2Ffeatured-stories%2F9-11-lingering-health-effects%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520toxic%2520cloud%2520of%2520dangerous%2C1%252C366%2520died%2520from%2520related%2520cancers.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ge.usembassy.gov/a-day-of-remembrance/">"A Day of Remembrance"</a>. U.S. Embassy in Georgia. September 11, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024074052/https://ge.usembassy.gov/a-day-of-remembrance/">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Day+of+Remembrance&rft.pub=U.S.+Embassy+in+Georgia&rft.date=2022-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fge.usembassy.gov%2Fa-day-of-remembrance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStempel2019" class="citation news cs1">Stempel, Jonathan (July 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-sept-11-saudi-ksmohammed/accused-9-11-mastermind-open-to-role-in-victims-lawsuit-if-not-executed-idUSKCN1UO27M">"Accused 9/11 mastermind open to role in victims' lawsuit if not executed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200405122413/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-sept-11-saudi-ksmohammed/accused-9-11-mastermind-open-to-role-in-victims-lawsuit-if-not-executed-idUSKCN1UO27M">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2020. 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August 19, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530031910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2349195.stm">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Hamburg+connection&rft.date=2005-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2349195.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch5.htm">5 Al Qaeda Aims at the American Homeland</a>". <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816215318/http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch5.htm">Archived</a> August 16, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation news cs1">Miller, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/miller.html">""Greetings, America. My name is Osama Bin Laden...""</a>. Frontline. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231124171126/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/miller.html#:~:text=%22The%20American%20imposes%20himself%20on,the%20future%20of%20these%20children.">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=%22Greetings%2C+America.+My+name+is+Osama+Bin+Laden...%22&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fbinladen%2Fwho%2Fmiller.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation news cs1">Miller, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010211145335/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/miller.html">""Greetings, America. My name is Osama Bin Laden...""</a>. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/miller.html#:~:text=%22The%20American%20imposes%20himself%20on,the%20future%20of%20these%20children">the original</a> on February 11, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=%22Greetings%2C+America.+My+name+is+Osama+Bin+Laden...%22&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fbinladen%2Fwho%2Fmiller.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%2522The%2520American%2520imposes%2520himself%2520on%2Cthe%2520future%2520of%2520these%2520children&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_2004-10-29-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_2004-10-29_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_2004-10-29_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654">"Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11"</a>. CBC News. October 29, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100218142044/http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2004/10/29/binladen_message041029.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2011. <q>Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden appeared in a new message aired on an Arabic TV station Friday night, for the first time claiming direct responsibility for the 2001 attacks against the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+claims+responsibility+for+9%2F11&rft.date=2004-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC6Jul2011-37"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC6Jul2011_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14041604">"Pakistan inquiry orders Bin Laden family to remain"</a>. BBC News. July 6, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130003148/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14041604">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pakistan+inquiry+orders+Bin+Laden+family+to+remain&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-14041604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajNov2004-38"><a href="#cite_ref-ajNov2004_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613014620/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=7403">"Full transcript of bin Laden's speech"</a>. Al Jazeera. November 2, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=7403">the original</a> on June 13, 2007. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Full+transcript+of+bin+Laden%27s+speech&rft.date=2004-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2FEnglish%2Farchive%2Farchive%3FArchiveId%3D7403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/pakistan-to-demand-taliban-give-up-bin-laden-as-iran-seals-afghan-border">"Pakistan to Demand Taliban Give Up Bin Laden as Iran Seals Afghan Border"</a>. Fox News. September 16, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523082548/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,34440,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Pakistan+to+Demand+Taliban+Give+Up+Bin+Laden+as+Iran+Seals+Afghan+Border&rft.date=2001-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fpakistan-to-demand-taliban-give-up-bin-laden-as-iran-seals-afghan-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227125232/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/ret.bin.laden.videotape/">"Bin Laden on tape: Attacks 'benefited Islam greatly'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. December 14, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/ret.bin.laden.videotape/">the original</a> on December 27, 2007. Retrieved November 24, 2013. <q>Reveling in the details of the fatal attacks, bin Laden brags in Arabic that he knew about them beforehand and said the destruction went beyond his hopes. He says the attacks "benefited Islam greatly".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+on+tape%3A+Attacks+%27benefited+Islam+greatly%27&rft.date=2001-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cnn.com%2F2001%2FUS%2F12%2F13%2Fret.bin.laden.videotape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1729882.stm">"Transcript: Bin Laden video excerpts"</a>. BBC News. December 27, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727043659/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1729882.stm">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Transcript%3A+Bin+Laden+video+excerpts&rft.date=2001-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F1729882.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbin_Laden2004" class="citation news cs1">bin Laden, Osama (November 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/11/1/full-transcript-of-bin-ladins-speech">"Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101175357/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/11/1/full-transcript-of-bin-ladins-speech">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Full+transcript+of+bin+Ladin%27s+speech&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft.aulast=bin+Laden&rft.aufirst=Osama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F11%2F1%2Ffull-transcript-of-bin-ladins-speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-dead-911-perpetrators-now/story?id=13511484">"Bin Laden Dead – Where Are Other 9/11 Planners?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. 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Retrieved February 2, 2019. <q>While initially denying responsibility for the 9/11 attacks, Bin Laden took responsibility for them in a 2004 taped statement, saying that he had personally directed the hijackers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+Dead+%E2%80%93+Where+Are+Other+9%2F11+Planners%3F&rft.date=2011-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBlotter%2Fosama-bin-laden-dead-911-perpetrators-now%2Fstory%3Fid%3D13511484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654">"Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. October 29, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100218142044/http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2004/10/29/binladen_message041029.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved February 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+claims+responsibility+for+9%2F11&rft.date=2004-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013183902/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-9-11-planning-video-aired-1.618703">"Bin Laden 9/11 planning video aired"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. September 7, 2006. 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Retrieved September 3, 2011. <q>Yosri Fouda of the Arabic television channel al-Jazeera is the only journalist to have interviewed Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the al-Qaeda military commander arrested at the weekend.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=We+left+out+nuclear+targets%2C+for+now&rft.date=2003-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Finternational%2Fstory%2F0%2C3604%2C906911%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardSpillius2008" class="citation news cs1">Leonard, Tom; Spillius, Alex (October 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3685099/Alleged-911-mastermind-wants-to-confess-to-plot.html">"Alleged 9/11 mastermind wants to confess to plot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. 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Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=September+11+suspect+%27confesses%27&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Famericas%2F2007%2F03%2F200852512026300115.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9/11_Commission_Report_2004_p147-49"><a href="#cite_ref-9/11_Commission_Report_2004_p147_49-0">^</a> 9/11 Commission Report (2004), p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/aug/26/white-house-power-grabs/">"White House power grabs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. August 26, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205144643/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/aug/26/white-house-power-grabs/">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=White+House+power+grabs&rft.date=2009-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Faug%2F26%2Fwhite-house-power-grabs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_VorisHurtado2011" class="citation news cs1">Van Voris, Bob; Hurtado, Patricia (April 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417023034/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-04-04/khalid-sheikh-mohammed-terror-indictment-unsealed-dismissed.html">"Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Terror Indictment Unsealed, Dismissed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg BusinessWeek">Bloomberg BusinessWeek</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-04-04/khalid-sheikh-mohammed-terror-indictment-unsealed-dismissed.html">the original</a> on April 17, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=Khalid+Sheikh+Mohammed+Terror+Indictment+Unsealed%2C+Dismissed&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft.aulast=Van+Voris&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Hurtado%2C+Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2011-04-04%2Fkhalid-sheikh-mohammed-terror-indictment-unsealed-dismissed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2006">Wright 2006</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026151908/http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/defense/941.pdf">"Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia</a>. 2006. p. 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/defense/941.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 26, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Substitution+for+Testimony+of+Khalid+Sheikh+Mohammed&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=United+States+District+Court+for+the+Eastern+District+of+Virginia&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaed.uscourts.gov%2Fnotablecases%2Fmoussaoui%2Fexhibits%2Fdefense%2F941.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1996_text-54"><a href="#cite_ref-1996_text_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="August_23,_1996" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/military-july-dec96-fatwa_1996/">"[Text of] Bin Laden's [1996] Fatwa"</a>. NewsHour. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419014901/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/military-july-dec96-fatwa_1996/">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewsHour&rft.atitle=%5BText+of%5D+Bin+Laden%27s+%5B1996%5D+Fatwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fupdates%2Fmilitary-july-dec96-fatwa_1996%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Gunarathna, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbin_Laden2005" class="citation book cs1">bin Laden, Osama (2005). "Declaration of Jihad". In Lawrence, Bruce (ed.). Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden. London: Verso. pp. 139–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84467-045-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84467-045-7"><bdi>1-84467-045-7</bdi></a>. <q>The targets of September 11 were not women and children. The main targets were the symbol of the United States: their economic and military power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Declaration+of+Jihad&rft.btitle=Messages+to+the+World%3A+The+Statements+of+Osama+bin+Laden&rft.place=London&rft.pages=139-141&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84467-045-7&rft.aulast=bin+Laden&rft.aufirst=Osama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825215127/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/11/terrorism.afghanistan1">"Muslims have the right to attack America"</a>. The Guardian. November 10, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/11/terrorism.afghanistan1">the original</a> on August 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Muslims+have+the+right+to+attack+America&rft.date=2001-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Fnov%2F11%2Fterrorism.afghanistan1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bin_Laden-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bin_Laden_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bin_Laden_58-1">b</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101093303/http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html">"Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech"</a>. Al Jazeera. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html">the original</a> on January 1, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Full+transcript+of+bin+Ladin%27s+speech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Farchive%2F2004%2F11%2F200849163336457223.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbin_Laden2002" class="citation news cs1">bin Laden, Osama (November 24, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver">"Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728133223/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Full+text%3A+bin+Laden%27s+%27letter+to+America%27&rft.date=2002-11-24&rft.aulast=bin+Laden&rft.aufirst=Osama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F24%2Ftheobserver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israel_sources-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_sources_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_sources_59-1">b</a> See: <ul><li>Mearsheimer (2007), p. 67.</li> <li>Kushner (2003), p. 389.</li> <li>Murdico (2003), p. 64.</li> <li>Kelley (2006), p. 207.</li> <li>Ibrahim (2007), p. 276.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBerner2007">Berner (2007)</a>, p. 80</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver">"Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'"</a>. The Guardian. November 24, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008120001/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2019. <q>The blood pouring out of Palestine must be equally revenged. You must know that the Palestinians do not cry alone; their women are not widowed alone; their sons are not orphaned alone... American people have chosen, consented to, and affirmed their support for the Israeli oppression of the Palestinians, the occupation and usurpation of their land, and its continuous killing, torture, punishment and expulsion of the Palestinians. The American people have the ability and choice to refuse the policies of their government and even to change them if they want. (b) The American people are the ones who pay the taxes that fund the planes that bomb us in Afghanistan, the tanks that strike and destroy our homes in Palestine, the armies that occupy our lands in the Arabian Gulf, and the fleets that ensure the blockade of Iraq.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Full+text%3A+bin+Laden%27s+%27letter+to+America%27&rft.date=2002-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F24%2Ftheobserver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2008" class="citation book cs1">Riedel, Bruce (2008). "The Manhattan Raid". The Search for Al Qaeda. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0451-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0451-5"><bdi>978-0-8157-0451-5</bdi></a>. <q>The Palestinian intifada, the fierce uprising in the fall of 2000 on the West Bank and Gaza, was a particularly powerful motivating event for.. bin Laden... The intifada's power over bin Laden's thinking about the 9/11 raid is underscored by his repeated attempts to push KSM to advance the timing of the crashes. In September of 2000, he urged KSM to tell Atta to attack immediately to respond to the Sharon visit to the holy sites in Jerusalem; Atta told bin Laden he was not ready yet. When bin Laden learned that Sharon, who had become Israel's prime minister in March 2001, was going to visit the White House early that summer, he again pressed Atta to attack immediately. And again Atta demurred, arguing he needed more time to get the plan and the team ready to go.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Manhattan+Raid&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Al+Qaeda&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-0451-5&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbrook2014" class="citation book cs1">Holbrook, Donald (2014). The Al-Qaeda Doctrine. New York: Bloomsbury. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62356-314-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62356-314-1"><bdi>978-1-62356-314-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Al-Qaeda+Doctrine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62356-314-1&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Karen J. (2005). "October 21, 2001 – Interview with Tayseer Alouni". Al Qaeda Now. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 192–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85911-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85911-0"><bdi>978-0-521-85911-0</bdi></a>. <q>Last year's blessed intifada helped us to push more for the Palestinian issue. This push helps the other cause. Attacking America helps the cause of Palestine and vice versa. No conflict between the two; on the contrary, one serves the other.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=October+21%2C+2001+%E2%80%93+Interview+with+Tayseer+Alouni&rft.btitle=Al+Qaeda+Now&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=192-206&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85911-0&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Karen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlotz2001" class="citation news cs1">Plotz, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/09/what-does-osama-bin-laden-want.html">"What Does Osama Bin Laden Want?"</a>. Slate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=What+Does+Osama+Bin+Laden+Want%3F&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Plotz&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2001%2F09%2Fwhat-does-osama-bin-laden-want.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBergen2001">Bergen (2001)</a>, p. 3</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYusufzai2001" class="citation news cs1">Yusufzai, Rahimullah (September 26, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119011449/http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0%2C3604%2C558075%2C00.html">"Face to face with Osama"</a>. The Guardian. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,558075,00.html">the original</a> on January 19, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Face+to+face+with+Osama&rft.date=2001-09-26&rft.aulast=Yusufzai&rft.aufirst=Rahimullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fg2%2Fstory%2F0%2C3604%2C558075%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2984547.stm">"US pulls out of Saudi Arabia"</a>. BBC News. April 29, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172742/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2984547.stm">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+pulls+out+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2003-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F2984547.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1025558570331929960">"Saga of Dr. Zawahri Sheds Light on the Roots of al Qaeda Terror"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. July 2, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230220026/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1025558570331929960">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Saga+of+Dr.+Zawahri+Sheds+Light+on+the+Roots+of+al+Qaeda+Terror&rft.date=2002-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB1025558570331929960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing10/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-04-13.htm">"Tenth Public Hearing, Testimony of Louis Freeh"</a>. 9/11 Commission. April 13, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172014/https://9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing10/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-04-13.htm%20">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tenth+Public+Hearing%2C+Testimony+of+Louis+Freeh&rft.pub=9%2F11+Commission&rft.date=2004-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.9-11commission.gov%2Farchive%2Fhearing10%2F9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-04-13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm">"Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: World Islamic Front Statement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a>. February 23, 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421110549/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jihad+Against+Jews+and+Crusaders%3A+World+Islamic+Front+Statement&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft.date=1998-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fworld%2Fpara%2Fdocs%2F980223-fatwa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver">"Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'"</a>. The Guardian. London. November 24, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100418164357/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Full+text%3A+bin+Laden%27s+%27letter+to+America%27&rft.date=2002-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F24%2Ftheobserver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511161707/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/2008/04/23/osama-bin-laden-s-aide-ayman-al-zawahiri-rants-on-global-warming-89520-20391770/">"Osama bin Laden's aide Ayman al-Zawahiri rants on global warming – Mirror.co.uk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/2008/04/23/osama-bin-laden-s-aide-ayman-al-zawahiri-rants-on-global-warming-89520-20391770/">the original</a> on May 11, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=Osama+bin+Laden%27s+aide+Ayman+al-Zawahiri+rants+on+global+warming+%E2%80%93+Mirror.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftopstories%2F2008%2F04%2F23%2Fosama-bin-laden-s-aide-ayman-al-zawahiri-rants-on-global-warming-89520-20391770%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKates2010" class="citation news cs1">Kates, Brian (January 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/01/29/2010-01-29_al_qaeda_leader_osama_bin_laden_blasts_us_in_tape_for_global_warming.html">"Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden blasts U.S. in audiotape spewing hate for... global warming"</a>. New York Daily News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100201222703/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/01/29/2010-01-29_al_qaeda_leader_osama_bin_laden_blasts_us_in_tape_for_global_warming.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Al+Qaeda+leader+Osama+Bin+Laden+blasts+U.S.+in+audiotape+spewing+hate+for...+global+warming&rft.date=2010-01-30&rft.aulast=Kates&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2010%2F01%2F29%2F2010-01-29_al_qaeda_leader_osama_bin_laden_blasts_us_in_tape_for_global_warming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLLTA-68"><a href="#cite_ref-BLLTA_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426123409/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver">"Full transcript of bin Laden's 'Letter to America'"</a>. The Guardian. London. November 24, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver">the original</a> on April 26, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Full+transcript+of+bin+Laden%27s+%27Letter+to+America%27&rft.date=2002-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F24%2Ftheobserver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Full_Ladin-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Full_Ladin_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbin_Laden" class="citation news cs1">bin Laden, Osama. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101093303/http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html">"Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech"</a>. Al Jazeera. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html">the original</a> on January 1, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2012. <q>So I shall talk to you about the story behind those events and shall tell you truthfully about the moments in which the decision was taken, for you to consider</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Full+transcript+of+bin+Ladin%27s+speech&rft.aulast=bin+Laden&rft.aufirst=Osama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Farchive%2F2004%2F11%2F200849163336457223.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2005" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Bruce, ed. (2005). Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden. London: Verso. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84467-045-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84467-045-7"><bdi>1-84467-045-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Messages+to+the+World%3A+The+Statements+of+Osama+bin+Laden&rft.place=London&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84467-045-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergen2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Bergen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter L. Bergen">Bergen, Peter L.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRhZDrJb0zgC&pg=PP1">Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama Bin Laden</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-3467-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-3467-2"><bdi>978-0-7432-3467-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+War%2C+Inc.%3A+Inside+the+Secret+World+of+Osama+Bin+Laden&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-3467-2&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRhZDrJb0zgC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPape2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pape" title="Robert Pape">Pape, Robert A.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate00pape">Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7338-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7338-9"><bdi>978-0-8129-7338-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+to+Win%3A+The+Strategic+Logic+of+Suicide+Terrorism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-7338-9&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdyingtowinstrate00pape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1998_Al_Qaeda_fatwa-73"><a href="#cite_ref-1998_Al_Qaeda_fatwa_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm">"1998 Al Qaeda fatwā"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a> (FAS). February 23, 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421110549/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1998+Al+Qaeda+fatw%C4%81&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists+%28FAS%29&rft.date=1998-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fworld%2Fpara%2Fdocs%2F980223-fatwa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Summers and Swan (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/211/mode/1up">pp. 211</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/506/mode/1up">506n</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Lawrence (2005), p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-20010926-76"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian-20010926_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYusufzai2001" class="citation news cs1">Yusufzai, Rahimullah (September 26, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/26/afghanistan.terrorism3">"Face to face with Osama"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119011449/http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,558075,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Face+to+face+with+Osama&rft.date=2001-09-26&rft.aulast=Yusufzai&rft.aufirst=Rahimullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Fsep%2F26%2Fafghanistan.terrorism3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114080708/http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html%20online%20here">"Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech"</a>. Al Jazeera. November 4, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html%20online%20here">the original</a> on November 14, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Full+transcript+of+bin+Ladin%27s+speech&rft.date=2004-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Farchive%2F2004%2F11%2F200849163336457223.html%2520online%2520here&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> In his taped broadcast from January 2010, bin Laden said "Our attacks against you [the United States] will continue as long as U.S. support for Israel continues. ... The message sent to you with the attempt by the hero Nigerian <a href="/wiki/Umar_Farouk_Abdulmutallab" title="Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab">Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab</a> is a confirmation of our previous message conveyed by the heroes of September 11". Quoted from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/bin-laden-attacks-on-u-s-to-go-on-as-long-as-it-supports-israel-1.265770">"Bin Laden: Attacks on U.S. to go on as long as it supports Israel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161216081625/http://www.haaretz.com/news/bin-laden-attacks-on-u-s-to-go-on-as-long-as-it-supports-israel-1.265770">Archived</a> December 16, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Haaretz.com </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Bernard Lewis, 2004. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>'s 2004 book <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_Islam:_Holy_War_and_Unholy_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror">The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror</a>, he argues that animosity toward the West is best understood with the decline of the once powerful <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman empire</a>, compounded by the import of western ideas – <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_movements_within_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal movements within Islam">Arab liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in the Middle East">Arab secularism</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> In "The spirit of terrorism", <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a> described 9/11 as the first global event that "questions the very process of globalization". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaudrillard" class="citation web cs1">Baudrillard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~ikalmar/illustex/baudriterror.htm">"The spirit of terrorism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528231925/http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ikalmar/illustex/baudriterror.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+spirit+of+terrorism&rft.au=Baudrillard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomes.chass.utoronto.ca%2F~ikalmar%2Fillustex%2Fbaudriterror.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> In an essay entitled "Somebody Else's Civil War", <a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_Doran" title="Michael Scott Doran">Michael Scott Doran</a> argues the attacks are best understood as part of a religious conflict within the Muslim world and that bin Laden's followers "consider themselves an island of true believers surrounded by a sea of iniquity". Hoping that U.S. retaliation would unite the faithful against the West, bin Laden sought to spark revolutions in Arab nations and elsewhere. Doran argues the <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_videos" class="mw-redirect" title="Osama bin Laden videos">Osama bin Laden videos</a> attempt to provoke a visceral reaction in the Middle East and ensure that Muslim citizens would react as violently as possible to an increase in U.S. involvement in their region. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran" class="citation magazine cs1">Doran, Michael Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2002-01-01/somebody-elses-civil-war">"Somebody Else's Civil War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. No. January/February 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423172939/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/57618/michael-scott-doran/somebody-elses-civil-war">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Somebody+Else%27s+Civil+War&rft.issue=January%2FFebruary+2002&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Michael+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Funited-states%2F2002-01-01%2Fsomebody-elses-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> Reprinted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogeRose2005" class="citation book cs1">Hoge, James F.; Rose, Gideon (2005). Understanding the War on Terror. New York: Norton. pp. 72–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-347-4"><bdi>978-0-87609-347-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+War+on+Terror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=72-75&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87609-347-4&rft.aulast=Hoge&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft.au=Rose%2C+Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> In The Osama bin Laden I Know, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergen" title="Peter Bergen">Peter Bergen</a> argues the attacks were part of a plan to cause the United States to increase its military and cultural presence in the Middle East, thereby forcing Muslims to confront the idea of a non-Muslim government and to eventually establish conservative Islamic governments in the region.(<a href="#CITEREFBergen2006">Bergen (2006)</a>, p. 229) </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahoud2022" class="citation book cs1">Lahoud, Nelly (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eoppEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">The Bin Laden Papers: How the Abbottabad Raid Revealed the Truth about al-Qaeda, Its Leader and His Family</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 16–19, 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26063-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26063-2"><bdi>978-0-300-26063-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bin+Laden+Papers%3A+How+the+Abbottabad+Raid+Revealed+the+Truth+about+al-Qaeda%2C+Its+Leader+and+His+Family&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=16-19%2C+307&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26063-2&rft.aulast=Lahoud&rft.aufirst=Nelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeoppEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/8F/8F496071D25B831EFBFD5299FBC0DF62_msoB4938.jpg">"The Birth of the Idea of September 11"</a> (in Arabic). Central Intelligence Agency. September 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415162318/https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/8F/8F496071D25B831EFBFD5299FBC0DF62_msoB4938.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Idea+of+September+11&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fabbottabad-compound%2F8F%2F8F496071D25B831EFBFD5299FBC0DF62_msoB4938.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3128802.stm">"Suspect 'reveals 9/11 planning'"</a>. BBC News. September 22, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3128802.stm%20">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Suspect+%27reveals+9%2F11+planning%27&rft.date=2003-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F3128802.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-911-ch5-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-911-ch5_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-911-ch5_85-1">b</a> 9/11 Commission Report (2004), Chapter 5, pp. ??[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> 9/11 Commission Report (2004), p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> 9/11 Commission Report (2004), p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtblau2003" class="citation news cs1">Lichtblau, Eric (March 20, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/20/us/threats-and-responses-the-plot-bin-laden-chose-9-11-targets-al-qaeda-leader-says.html">"Bin Laden Chose 9/11 Targets, Al Qaeda Leader Says"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830215929/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/20/us/threats-and-responses-the-plot-bin-laden-chose-9-11-targets-al-qaeda-leader-says.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+Chose+9%2F11+Targets%2C+Al+Qaeda+Leader+Says&rft.date=2003-03-20&rft.aulast=Lichtblau&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F03%2F20%2Fus%2Fthreats-and-responses-the-plot-bin-laden-chose-9-11-targets-al-qaeda-leader-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006308-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2006308_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2006">Wright (2006)</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen2006283-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergen2006283_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergen2006">Bergen (2006)</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006309–315-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2006309–315_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2006">Wright (2006)</a>, pp. 309–315. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> McDermott (2005), pp. 191–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2002" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, Richard (September 10, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/10/national/10PLOT.html">"On Path to the U.S. Skies, Plot Leader Met bin Laden"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512010444/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/10/national/10PLOT.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Path+to+the+U.S.+Skies%2C+Plot+Leader+Met+bin+Laden&rft.date=2002-09-10&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F09%2F10%2Fnational%2F10PLOT.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006304–307-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2006304–307_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2006">Wright (2006)</a>, pp. 304–307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006302-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2006302_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2006">Wright (2006)</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-9/11_commission_staff_statement_No._16-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-9/11_commission_staff_statement_No._16_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9/11_commission_staff_statement_No._16_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9/11_commission_staff_statement_No._16_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9/11_commission_staff_statement_No._16_96-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9/11_commission_staff_statement_No._16_96-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9/11_commission_staff_statement_No._16_96-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_16.pdf">"9/11 commission staff statement No. 16"</a> (PDF). 9/11 Commission. June 16, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320032738/https://9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_16.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=9%2F11+commission+staff+statement+No.+16&rft.date=2004-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.9-11commission.gov%2Fstaff_statements%2Fstaff_statement_16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_Monograph.pdf">"Staff Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel"</a> (PDF). 9/11 Commission. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172706/https://9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_Monograph.pdf%20">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staff+Monograph+on+9%2F11+and+Terrorist+Travel&rft.pub=9%2F11+Commission&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.9-11commission.gov%2Fstaff_statements%2F911_TerrTrav_Monograph.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-irujo-98"><a href="#cite_ref-irujo_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrujo2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Irujo, Jose María (March 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpais.com/diario/2004/03/21/espana/1079823611_850215.html">"Atta recibió en Tarragona joyas para que los miembros del 'comando' del 11-S se hiciesen pasar por ricos saudíes"</a> [Atta received jewellery in Tarragona so that members of the 9/11 'commando' could pass themselves off as wealthy Saudis.]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved April 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Atta+recibi%C3%B3+en+Tarragona+joyas+para+que+los+miembros+del+%27comando%27+del+11-S+se+hiciesen+pasar+por+ricos+saud%C3%ADes&rft.date=2004-03-21&rft.aulast=Irujo&rft.aufirst=Jose+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F2004%2F03%2F21%2Fespana%2F1079823611_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/staff_statement_1.pdf">"Entry of the 9/11 Hijackers into the United States Staff Statement No. 1"</a> (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon The United States. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414204904/https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/staff_statement_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entry+of+the+9%2F11+Hijackers+into+the+United+States+Staff+Statement+No.+1&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=National+Commission+on+Terrorist+Attacks+Upon+The+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgovinfo.library.unt.edu%2F911%2Fstaff_statements%2Fstaff_statement_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Hudson, John (May 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/03/how-jihadists-schedule-terrorist-attacks/">"How jihadists schedule terrorist attacks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404042748/https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/03/how-jihadists-schedule-terrorist-attacks/">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=How+jihadists+schedule+terrorist+attacks&rft.date=2013-05-03&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2013%2F05%2F03%2Fhow-jihadists-schedule-terrorist-attacks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006310–312-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2006310–312_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2006">Wright (2006)</a>, pp. 310–312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2004235–236-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke2004235–236_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke2004">Clarke (2004)</a>, pp. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006344-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2006344_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2006">Wright (2006)</a>, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2004236–237-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke2004236–237_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke2004">Clarke (2004)</a>, pp. 236–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2004242–243-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke2004242–243_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke2004">Clarke (2004)</a>, pp. 242–243. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeanHamilton2004" class="citation book cs1">Kean, Thomas; Hamilton, Lee (2004). 9/11 Commission Report (Official Government ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-072304-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-072304-3"><bdi>0-16-072304-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=9%2F11+Commission+Report&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=251&rft.edition=Official+Government&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-16-072304-3&rft.aulast=Kean&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006340-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2006340_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2006">Wright (2006)</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006340–343-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2006340–343_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2006">Wright (2006)</a>, pp. 340–343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006352–353-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2006352–353_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2006">Wright (2006)</a>, pp. 352–353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006350-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2006350_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2006">Wright (2006)</a>, p. 350. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYitzhak2016218-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYitzhak2016218_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYitzhak2016">Yitzhak (2016)</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB343/">"The Osama bin Laden File: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 343"</a>. The National Security Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713182539/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB343/">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Osama+bin+Laden+File%3A+National+Security+Archive+Electronic+Briefing+Book+No.+343&rft.pub=The+National+Security+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB343%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006350–351-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2006350–351_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2006">Wright (2006)</a>, pp. 350–351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2006342–343-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2006342–343_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2006">Wright (2006)</a>, pp. 342–343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavorsekRoseMarshallLeitner2015742-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavorsekRoseMarshallLeitner2015742_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJavorsekRoseMarshallLeitner2015">Javorsek et al. 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Retrieved December 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27United+93%27+and+the+politics+of+heroism&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=Jere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F26%2Farts%2Funited-93-and-the-politics-of-heroism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStout2006" class="citation news cs1">Stout, David (April 12, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/12/us/12cnd-moussaoui.html?hp&ex=1144900800&en=f6fc83f83a632d06&ei=5094&partner=homepage">"Recording From Flight 93 Played at Trial"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904030034/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/12/us/12cnd-moussaoui.html?hp&ex=1144900800&en=f6fc83f83a632d06&ei=5094&partner=homepage">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Recording+From+Flight+93+Played+at+Trial&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F12%2Fus%2F12cnd-moussaoui.html%3Fhp%26ex%3D1144900800%26en%3Df6fc83f83a632d06%26ei%3D5094%26partner%3Dhomepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0604/12/pzn.01.html">"Transcript: Paula Zahn Now"</a>. CNN. April 12, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021015137/http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0604/12/pzn.01.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Transcript%3A+Paula+Zahn+Now&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0604%2F12%2Fpzn.01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc02.pdf">"Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 77"</a> (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. February 19, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060824050511/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 24, 2006. Retrieved June 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flight+Path+Study+%E2%80%93+American+Airlines+Flight+77&rft.pub=National+Transportation+Safety+Board&rft.date=2002-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB196%2Fdoc02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/09/09/flight-93-target-capitol/">"What was Flight 93's target on 9/11?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. September 9, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110042815/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/09/09/flight-93-target-capitol/">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=What+was+Flight+93%27s+target+on+9%2F11%3F&rft.date=2021-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2021%2F09%2F09%2Fflight-93-target-capitol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP93-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP93_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP93_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2002" class="citation news cs1">Snyder, David (April 19, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602123513/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-351703.html">"Families Hear Flight 93's Final Moments"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-351703.html">the original</a> on June 2, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Families+Hear+Flight+93%27s+Final+Moments&rft.date=2002-04-19&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-351703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flight93Xscript-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Flight93Xscript_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Flight_93_Cockpit_Transcript">Flight 93 Cockpit Transcript </a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flight+93+Cockpit+Transcript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS_Flight_93_Story-142"><a href="#cite_ref-NPS_Flight_93_Story_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/flni/historyculture/index.htm">"The Flight 93 Story"</a>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112214156/http://www.nps.gov/flni/historyculture/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Flight+93+Story&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fflni%2Fhistoryculture%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93phone-143"><a href="#cite_ref-93phone_143-0">^</a> See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2001" class="citation news cs1">McKinnon, Jim (September 16, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001003507/http://old.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010916phonecallnat3p3.asp">"The phone line from Flight 93 was still open when a GTE operator heard Todd Beamer say: 'Are you guys ready? Let's roll'"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010916phonecallnat3p3.asp">the original</a> on October 1, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=The+phone+line+from+Flight+93+was+still+open+when+a+GTE+operator+heard+Todd+Beamer+say%3A+%27Are+you+guys+ready%3F+Let%27s+roll%27&rft.date=2001-09-16&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.post-gazette.com%2Fheadlines%2F20010916phonecallnat3p3.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europe.cnn.com/2001/US/09/12/family.reacts/index.html">"Relatives wait for news as rescuers dig"</a>. CNN. September 13, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111213433/http://europe.cnn.com/2001/US/09/12/family.reacts/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Relatives+wait+for+news+as+rescuers+dig&rft.date=2001-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurope.cnn.com%2F2001%2FUS%2F09%2F12%2Ffamily.reacts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Summers and Swan (2011), pp. 58, 463n, 476n.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilgorenWong2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Rudoren" title="Jodi Rudoren">Wilgoren, Jodi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wong" title="Edward Wong">Wong, Edward</a> (September 13, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/13/us/after-attacks-united-flight-93-doomed-flight-passengers-vowed-perish-fighting.html">"On Doomed Flight, Passengers Vowed To Perish Fighting"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820221831/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/13/us/after-attacks-united-flight-93-doomed-flight-passengers-vowed-perish-fighting.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Doomed+Flight%2C+Passengers+Vowed+To+Perish+Fighting&rft.date=2001-09-13&rft.aulast=Wilgoren&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft.au=Wong%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F09%2F13%2Fus%2Fafter-attacks-united-flight-93-doomed-flight-passengers-vowed-perish-fighting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerrano2006" class="citation news cs1">Serrano, Richard A. (April 11, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-apr-11-na-moussa11-story.html">"Moussaoui Jury Hears the Panic From 9/11"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172359/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/apr/11/nation/na-moussa11">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Moussaoui+Jury+Hears+the+Panic+From+9%2F11&rft.date=2006-04-11&rft.aulast=Serrano&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2006-apr-11-na-moussa11-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooEggen2004" class="citation news cs1">Goo, Sara Kehaulani; Eggen, Dan (January 28, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Hijackers-used-Mace-knives-to-take-over-2805009.php">"Hijackers used Mace, knives to take over airplanes"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112202350/http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Hijackers-used-Mace-knives-to-take-over-2805009.php">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Hijackers+used+Mace%2C+knives+to+take+over+airplanes&rft.date=2004-01-28&rft.aulast=Goo&rft.aufirst=Sara+Kehaulani&rft.au=Eggen%2C+Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fdefault%2Farticle%2FHijackers-used-Mace-knives-to-take-over-2805009.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlers2004" class="citation news cs1">Ahlers, Mike M. (January 27, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/01/27/911.commis.knife/">"9/11 panel: Hijackers may have had utility knives"</a>. CBS News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100604231807/http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/01/27/911.commis.knife/">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=9%2F11+panel%3A+Hijackers+may+have+had+utility+knives&rft.date=2004-01-27&rft.aulast=Ahlers&rft.aufirst=Mike+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2004%2FUS%2F01%2F27%2F911.commis.knife%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0201/06/lklw.00.html">"Encore Presentation: Barbara Olson Remembered"</a>. CNN. January 6, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172447/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0201/06/lklw.00.html%20">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Encore+Presentation%3A+Barbara+Olson+Remembered&rft.date=2002-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0201%2F06%2Flklw.00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-commission-145"><a href="#cite_ref-commission_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing7/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-01-27.htm">"National Commission Upon Terrorist Attacks in the United States"</a>. National Commission Upon Terrorist Attacks in the United States. January 27, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905073043/http://www.9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing7/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-01-27.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2011. 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Retrieved November 13, 2013. <q>A total of 2,996 people died: 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Winnipegger+heads+to+NY+for+9%2F11+memorial&rft.date=2011-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmanitoba%2Fwinnipegger-heads-to-ny-for-9-11-memorial-1.991431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-edition.cnn.com-170"><a href="#cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/13/khalid.sheikh.mohammed/index.html">"Accused 9/11 plotter Khalid Sheikh Mohammed faces New York trial"</a>. CNN. November 13, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028165022/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/13/khalid.sheikh.mohammed/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Accused+9%2F11+plotter+Khalid+Sheikh+Mohammed+faces+New+York+trial&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FCRIME%2F11%2F13%2Fkhalid.sheikh.mohammed%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/05/16/pentagon.video/index.html">"First video of Pentagon 9/11 attack released"</a>. CNN. May 16, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923103317/http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/05/16/pentagon.video/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved September 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=First+video+of+Pentagon+9%2F11+attack+released&rft.date=2006-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FUS%2F05%2F16%2Fpentagon.video%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2002" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Andrea (August 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm">"Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627082049/http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Military%27s+aid+and+comfort+ease+9%2F11+survivors%27+burden&rft.date=2002-08-20&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fsept11%2F2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326025722/http://www.orgsites.com/va/asis151/Sep11Memorial.pdf">"September 11, 2001 Memorial"</a> (PDF). New York State Intelligence Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orgsites.com/va/asis151/Sep11Memorial.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+State+Intelligence+Center&rft.atitle=September+11%2C+2001+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orgsites.com%2Fva%2Fasis151%2FSep11Memorial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-countries_deaths-174"><a href="#cite_ref-countries_deaths_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411152231/http://usinfo.state.gov/is/img/assets/4756/9_11onepager1.pdf">"A list of the countries whose citizens died as a result of the attacks on September 11, 2001"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Information_Programs" title="Bureau of International Information Programs">U.S. Department of State, Office of International Information Programs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usinfo.state.gov/is/img/assets/4756/9_11onepager1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 11, 2008. Retrieved March 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+list+of+the+countries+whose+citizens+died+as+a+result+of+the+attacks+on+September+11%2C+2001&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State%2C+Office+of+International+Information+Programs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusinfo.state.gov%2Fis%2Fimg%2Fassets%2F4756%2F9_11onepager1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/10/us/two-years-later-the-91st-floor-the-line-between-life-and-death-still-indelible.html">"Two Years Later: The 91st Floor; The Line Between Life and Death, Still Indelible"</a>. The New York Times. September 10, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205201711/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/10/us/two-years-later-the-91st-floor-the-line-between-life-and-death-still-indelible.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Two+Years+Later%3A+The+91st+Floor%3B+The+Line+Between+Life+and+Death%2C+Still+Indelible&rft.date=2003-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F09%2F10%2Fus%2Ftwo-years-later-the-91st-floor-the-line-between-life-and-death-still-indelible.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch9.htm">"Heroism and Horror"</a>. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070815141749/http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch9.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heroism+and+Horror&rft.pub=National+Commission+on+Terrorist+Attacks+upon+the+United+States&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.9-11commission.gov%2Freport%2F911Report_Ch9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102Mins-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-102Mins_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-102Mins_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyerLipton,_Eric2002" class="citation news cs1">Dwyer, Jim; Lipton, Eric (May 26, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/nyregion/102-minutes-last-words-at-the-trade-center-fighting-to-live-as-the-towers-die.html">"102 Minutes: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114063928/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/nyregion/102-minutes-last-words-at-the-trade-center-fighting-to-live-as-the-towers-die.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=102+Minutes%3A+Last+Words+at+the+Trade+Center%3B+Fighting+to+Live+as+the+Towers+Die&rft.date=2002-05-26&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Lipton%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F05%2F26%2Fnyregion%2F102-minutes-last-words-at-the-trade-center-fighting-to-live-as-the-towers-die.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NISTcasualties-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NISTcasualties_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NISTcasualties_178-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSunder2005">Sunder (2005)</a>, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/911commissionrep00nati/page/294">The 9/11 Commission Report</a> (first ed.). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, W. W. Norton. July 22, 2004. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/911commissionrep00nati/page/294">294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32671-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32671-0"><bdi>978-0-393-32671-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+9%2F11+Commission+Report&rft.pages=294&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=National+Commission+on+Terrorist+Attacks%2C+W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2004-07-22&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32671-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F911commissionrep00nati%2Fpage%2F294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-09-02-jumper_x.htm">"Desperation forced a horrific decision"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906201041/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-09-02-jumper_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Desperation+forced+a+horrific+decision&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fsept11%2F2002-09-02-jumper_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf">"Final Reports from the NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation"</a> (PDF). NIST. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911011051/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIST&rft.atitle=Final+Reports+from+the+NIST+World+Trade+Center+Disaster+Investigation&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvlpubs.nist.gov%2Fnistpubs%2FLegacy%2FNCSTAR%2Fncstar1-5av1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purpura_2007_p300-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Purpura_2007_p300_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurpura2007" class="citation book cs1">Purpura, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ir4gbdZLlOEC&pg=PA300">"Life safety, fire protection, and emergencies"</a>. Security and Loss Prevention: An Introduction (5th ed.). Elsevier. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055400-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055400-6"><bdi>978-0-08-055400-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 16, 2017. <q>Almost all the 600 people in the top floors of the south tower died after a second hijacked airliner crashed in the 80th floor shortly after 9 am The failure to evacuate the building was one of the day's great tragedies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+safety%2C+fire+protection%2C+and+emergencies&rft.btitle=Security+and+Loss+Prevention%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=300&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-08-055400-6&rft.aulast=Purpura&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dir4gbdZLlOEC%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-horrificdecision-183"><a href="#cite_ref-horrificdecision_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCauchonMoore2002" class="citation news cs1">Cauchon, Dennis; Moore, Martha (September 2, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-09-02-jumper_x.htm">"Desperation forced a horrific decision"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120901152537/http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-09-02-jumper_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Desperation+forced+a+horrific+decision&rft.date=2002-09-02&rft.aulast=Cauchon&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Moore%2C+Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fsept11%2F2002-09-02-jumper_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaltrow2001" class="citation news cs1">Paltrow, Scot (October 23, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1003784754436648720">"Could Helicopters Have Saved People From the Top of the Trade Center?"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813051841/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1003784754436648720">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Could+Helicopters+Have+Saved+People+From+the+Top+of+the+Trade+Center%3F&rft.date=2001-10-23&rft.aulast=Paltrow&rft.aufirst=Scot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB1003784754436648720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poor-info-hindered-9-11-rescue/">"Poor Info Hindered 9/11 Rescue"</a>. CBS News. May 18, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172234/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poor-info-hindered-9-11-rescue/">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Poor+Info+Hindered+9%2F11+Rescue&rft.date=2004-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fpoor-info-hindered-9-11-rescue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyfd.com/9_11_wtc.html">"The Unofficial Home Page of FDNY"</a>. New York City Fire Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408020920/https://nyfd.com/9_11_wtc.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2023. 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Retrieved December 7, 2023. <q><a href="/wiki/Joel_Hefley" title="Joel Hefley">Mr. Hefley</a>: That fateful Tuesday we lost 72 police officers, the largest single loss of law enforcement personnel in a single day in the history of our country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Record%2C+Vol.+148%2C+No.+76&rft.pages=H3312&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2002-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2F107%2Fcrec%2F2002%2F06%2F11%2FCREC-2002-06-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002-08-19-nypd-nyfd-report_x.htm">"Post-9/11 report recommends police, fire response changes"</a>. 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Rosen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-4467-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-4467-5"><bdi>978-0-8239-4467-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osama+Bin+Laden&rft.pub=Rosen&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-4467-5&rft.aulast=Murdico&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSSHiERbJuKMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721055255/http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build03/PDF/b03017.pdf">"The Pentagon Building Performance Report"</a> (PDF). American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build03/PDF/b03017.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pentagon+Building+Performance+Report&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Civil+Engineers+%28ASCE%29&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fire.nist.gov%2Fbfrlpubs%2Fbuild03%2FPDF%2Fb03017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummersSwan2011" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Anthony; Swan, Robbyn (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ">The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama Bin Laden</a>. New York: Ballantine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6659-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6659-9"><bdi>978-1-4000-6659-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eleventh+Day%3A+The+Full+Story+of+9%2F11+and+Osama+Bin+Laden&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Swan%2C+Robbyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feleventhdayfulls0000summ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunder2005" class="citation book cs1">Sunder, Shyam S. (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=909017">Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. NIST NCSTAR 1. Retrieved September 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Report+on+the+Collapse+of+the+World+Trade+Center+Towers&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=2005-09&rft.aulast=Sunder&rft.aufirst=Shyam+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftsapps.nist.gov%2Fpublication%2Fget_pdf.cfm%3Fpub_id%3D909017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch6.pdf">"World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Bankers Trust Building"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a>. May 2002. Retrieved July 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Trade+Center+Building+Performance+Study+%E2%80%93+Bankers+Trust+Building&rft.pub=Federal+Emergency+Management+Agency&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fpdf%2Flibrary%2Ffema403_ch6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch7.pdf">"World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Peripheral Buildings"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a>. May 2002. Retrieved September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Trade+Center+Building+Performance+Study+%E2%80%93+Peripheral+Buildings&rft.pub=Federal+Emergency+Management+Agency&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fpdf%2Flibrary%2Ffema403_ch7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch5.pdf">"World Trade Center Building Performance Study"</a> (PDF). Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2002. Retrieved September 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Trade+Center+Building+Performance+Study&rft.pub=Federal+Emergency+Management+Agency&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fpdf%2Flibrary%2Ffema403_ch5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wright" title="Lawrence Wright">Wright, Lawrence</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig">The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41486-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41486-2"><bdi>978-0-375-41486-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Looming+Tower%3A+Al-Qaeda+and+the+Road+to+9%2F11&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41486-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Floomingtoweralqa00wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYitzhak2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yitzhak, Ronen (Summer 2016). "The War Against Terrorism and For Stability of the Hashemite Regime: Jordanian Intelligence Challenges in the 21st Century". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 29 (2): 213–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08850607.2016.1121038">10.1080/08850607.2016.1121038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155138286">155138286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Intelligence+and+CounterIntelligence&rft.atitle=The+War+Against+Terrorism+and+For+Stability+of+the+Hashemite+Regime%3A+Jordanian+Intelligence+Challenges+in+the+21st+Century&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-235&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08850607.2016.1121038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155138286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yitzhak&rft.aufirst=Ronen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TjKODEaahVQC&pg=PP1">9/11 Commission Report</a>. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks. July 30, 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61640-219-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61640-219-8"><bdi>978-1-61640-219-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=9%2F11+Commission+Report&rft.pub=National+Commission+on+Terrorist+Attacks&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft.isbn=978-1-61640-219-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTjKODEaahVQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2011" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Stephen E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PP1">The 9/11 Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-921-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-921-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-921-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+9%2F11+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-921-9&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDDIgWRN_HQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2006" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, M. Kent (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IETboc9ajpQC&pg=PP1">U.S. National Security and Foreign Policymaking After 9/11: Present at the Re-creation</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5900-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5900-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-5900-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+National+Security+and+Foreign+Policymaking+After+9%2F11%3A+Present+at+the+Re-creation&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5900-4&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=M.+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIETboc9ajpQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaraley2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_James_Caraley" title="Demetrios James Caraley">Caraley, Demetrios</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xMCGStzPzooC&pg=PP1">September 11, terrorist attacks, and U.S. foreign policy</a>. Academy of Political Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884853-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884853-01-2"><bdi>978-1-884853-01-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=September+11%2C+terrorist+attacks%2C+and+U.S.+foreign+policy&rft.pub=Academy+of+Political+Science&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-884853-01-2&rft.aulast=Caraley&rft.aufirst=Demetrios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxMCGStzPzooC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernick2005" class="citation book cs1">Chernick, Howard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GL6vOpKbFygC&pg=PP1">Resilient city: the economic impact of 9/11</a>. Russell Sage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-170-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-170-3"><bdi>978-0-87154-170-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resilient+city%3A+the+economic+impact+of+9%2F11&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87154-170-3&rft.aulast=Chernick&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGL6vOpKbFygC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamicoQuay2010" class="citation book cs1">Damico, Amy M.; Quay, Sara E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgtSLkKxIpEC&pg=PP1">September 11 in Popular Culture: A Guide</a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35505-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35505-9"><bdi>978-0-313-35505-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=September+11+in+Popular+Culture%3A+A+Guide&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35505-9&rft.aulast=Damico&rft.aufirst=Amy+M.&rft.au=Quay%2C+Sara+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgtSLkKxIpEC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hampton, Wilborn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/september112001a00wilb">September 11, 2001: attack on New York City</a>. Candlewick. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7636-1949-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7636-1949-7"><bdi>978-0-7636-1949-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=September+11%2C+2001%3A+attack+on+New+York+City&rft.pub=Candlewick&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7636-1949-7&rft.aulast=Hampton&rft.aufirst=Wilborn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseptember112001a00wilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangley2006" class="citation book cs1">Langley, Andrew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/september11attac0000lang">September 11: Attack on America</a>. Compass Point. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-1620-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-1620-8"><bdi>978-0-7565-1620-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=September+11%3A+Attack+on+America&rft.pub=Compass+Point&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-1620-8&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseptember11attac0000lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeriaGrossMarshallSusser2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Neria" title="Yuval Neria">Neria, Yuval</a>; Gross, Raz; Marshall, Randall D.; Susser, Ezra S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kADL4ymHsY8C&pg=PP1">9/11: mental health in the wake of terrorist attacks</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83191-8"><bdi>978-0-521-83191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=9%2F11%3A+mental+health+in+the+wake+of+terrorist+attacks&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83191-8&rft.aulast=Neria&rft.aufirst=Yuval&rft.au=Gross%2C+Raz&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Randall+D.&rft.au=Susser%2C+Ezra+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkADL4ymHsY8C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2015" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Allan A. (2015). The 9/11 Terror Cases: Constitutional Challenges in the War against Al Qaeda. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2132-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2132-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-2132-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+9%2F11+Terror+Cases%3A+Constitutional+Challenges+in+the+War+against+Al+Qaeda&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2132-3&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Allan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrasserWhitney2004" class="citation book cs1">Strasser, Steven; Whitney, Craig R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLCn_D7lX5kC&pg=PP1">The 9/11 investigations: staff reports of the 9/11 Commission: excerpts from the House-Senate joint inquiry report on 9/11: testimony from fourteen key witnesses, including Richard Clarke, George Tenet, and Condoleezza Rice</a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-279-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-279-4"><bdi>978-1-58648-279-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+9%2F11+investigations%3A+staff+reports+of+the+9%2F11+Commission%3A+excerpts+from+the+House-Senate+joint+inquiry+report+on+9%2F11%3A+testimony+from+fourteen+key+witnesses%2C+including+Richard+Clarke%2C+George+Tenet%2C+and+Condoleezza+Rice&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-279-4&rft.aulast=Strasser&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Whitney%2C+Craig+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLCn_D7lX5kC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptember+11+attacks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> September 11 attacks at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/9/11" class="extiw" title="wikt:9/11">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:September_11_attacks" class="extiw" title="c:Category:September 11 attacks">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:9/11" class="extiw" title="n:Category:9/11">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/September_11_attacks" class="extiw" title="q:September 11 attacks">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:September_11th_attacks" class="extiw" title="s:Category:September 11th attacks">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10806" class="extiw" title="d:Q10806">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9-11commission.gov/">National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States</a> official commission website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.911memorial.org/visit/memorial/names-911-memorial/">List of victims</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/911_archive/">September 11, 2001, Documentary Project</a> from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Memory.loc.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/lcwa/html/sept11/sept11-overview.html">September 11, 2001, Web Archive</a> from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Minerva</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/sept11/index.html">National Security Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://911digitalarchive.org/">September 11 Digital Archive: Saving the Histories of September 11, 2001</a>, from the Center for History and New Media and the American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Verbatim_Transcript_of_Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal_Hearing_for_ISN_10024" class="extiw" title="s:Verbatim Transcript of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10024">DoD: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Verbatim Transcript of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10024</a>, from Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://911legacies.com/">The 9/11 Legacies Project</a>, Oriental Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://responsiblestatecraft.org/tag/911at20/">9/11 at 20: A Week of Reflection</a>, Responsible Statecraft, The Quincy Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learninglab.si.edu/collections/subject-september-11-2001-related-photography-nmahphc/3T8uqT3trKhRappW">September 11, 2001 collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian National Museum of American History">Smithsonian National Museum of American History</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 28 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="5263" data-mwtitle="En-September-11-attacks.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/En-September-11-attacks.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/En-September-11-attacks.ogg/En-September-11-attacks.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-September-11-attacks.ogg" title="File:En-September-11-attacks.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 11 September 2019 (2019-09-11), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> Multimedia <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html">Day of Terror Video Archive</a> – CNN.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="September_11_attacks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:September_11_attacks" title="Template:September 11 attacks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:September_11_attacks" title="Template talk:September 11 attacks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:September_11_attacks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:September 11 attacks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="September_11_attacks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">September 11 attacks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline of the September 11 attacks">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Planning of the September 11 attacks">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_for_the_day_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Collapse of the World Trade Center">World Trade Center collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_7_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of 7 World Trade Center">7 World Trade Center collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_for_September_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline for September following the September 11 attacks">Remainder of September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_for_October_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline for October following the September 11 attacks">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_beyond_October_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline beyond October following the September 11 attacks">Post-October</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Casualties of the September 11 attacks">Casualties</a></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_victims_of_the_September_11_attacks_(A%E2%80%93G)" title="List of victims of the September 11 attacks (A–G)">A–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_victims_of_the_September_11_attacks_(H%E2%80%93N)" title="List of victims of the September 11 attacks (H–N)">H–N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_victims_of_the_September_11_attacks_(O%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of victims of the September 11 attacks (O–Z)">O–Z</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hijacked airliners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11" title="American Airlines Flight 11">American Airlines Flight 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77" title="American Airlines Flight 77">American Airlines Flight 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a></li> <li>Suspected hijackings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_085" title="Korean Air Flight 085">Korean Air Flight 085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_1989" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 1989">Delta Air Lines Flight 1989</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crash sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">site</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Stonycreek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shanksville,_Pennsylvania" title="Shanksville, Pennsylvania">Shanksville, Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Aftermath of the September 11 attacks">Immediate repercussions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">artwork destroyed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">buildings destroyed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closings_and_cancellations_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks">closings and cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detentions_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Detentions following the September 11 attacks">detentions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_during_the_September_11_attacks" title="Communication during the September 11 attacks">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-9/11" title="Post-9/11">Post-9/11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Economic effects of the September 11 attacks">economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_arising_from_the_September_11_attacks" title="Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks">local health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security_repercussions_due_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks">airport security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Reactions to the September 11 attacks">Reactions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_during_the_September_11_attacks" title="Rudy Giuliani during the September 11 attacks">Rudy Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_terrorist_plots_in_the_United_States_post-9/11" title="List of unsuccessful terrorist plots in the United States post-9/11">Unsuccessful terrorist plots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._government_response_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks">U.S. government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._military_response_during_the_September_11_attacks" title="U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks">U.S. military response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">North-West Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_and_recovery_effort_after_the_September_11_attacks_on_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center">Rescue and recovery effort</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_response_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Maritime response following the September 11 attacks">maritime response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_assistance_following_the_September_11_attacks" title="Financial assistance following the September 11 attacks">Financial assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Support" title="Operation Support">Operation SUPPORT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellow_Ribbon" title="Operation Yellow Ribbon">Operation Yellow Ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_and_services_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks">Memorials and services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_%26_Museum" title="National September 11 Memorial & Museum">9/11 Memorial and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_93_National_Memorial" title="Flight 93 National Memorial">Flight 93 National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Memorial" title="Pentagon Memorial">Pentagon Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Terrorist_Attack_on_the_Pentagon_Memorial" title="Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial">Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Health_Program" title="World Trade Center Health Program">World Trade Center Health Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Responsibility for the September 11 attacks">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Saudi_role_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Alleged Saudi role in the September 11 attacks">Alleged Saudi role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motives_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Motives for the September 11 attacks">Motives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">Hijackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_hijacker" title="20th hijacker">20th hijacker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_cell" title="Hamburg cell">Hamburg cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_related_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Trials related to the September 11 attacks">Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inquiries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Inquiry_into_Intelligence_Community_Activities_before_and_after_the_Terrorist_Attacks_of_September_11,_2001" title="Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001">U.S. congressional inquiry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_28_pages" title="The 28 pages">the 28 pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_intelligence_before_the_attacks" title="September 11 intelligence before the attacks">September 11 intelligence before the attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Ladin_Determined_To_Strike_in_US" title="Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US">August 2001 CIA warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Memo" title="Phoenix Memo">Phoenix Memo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">Commission Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_9/11_Commission" title="Criticism of the 9/11 Commission">criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIST_World_Trade_Center_Disaster_Investigation" title="NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation">NIST investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PENTTBOM" title="PENTTBOM">PENTTBOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinThread" title="ThinThread">ThinThread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Cultural influence of the September 11 attacks">Cultural effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_references_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks">Cultural references</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of songs about the September 11 attacks">songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_about_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of comics about the September 11 attacks">comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of books about the September 11 attacks">books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonists_Remember_9/11" title="Cartoonists Remember 9/11">Cartoonists Remember 9/11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entertainment_affected_by_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks">Entertainment affected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humor_based_on_the_September_11_attacks" title="Humor based on the September 11 attacks">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">Lost artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Channel_memorandum" title="Clear Channel memorandum">Clear Channel memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_Digital_Archive" title="September 11 Digital Archive">Digital Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Cintr%C3%B3n" title="Edna Cintrón">Edna Cintrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_government_operations_and_exercises_on_September_11,_2001" title="United States government operations and exercises on September 11, 2001">War games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day">Patriot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Falling_Man" title="The Falling Man">The Falling Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impending_Death" title="Impending Death">Impending Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust Lady">Dust Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_at_Ground_Zero" title="Raising the Flag at Ground Zero">Raising the Flag at Ground Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_from_Williamsburg,_Brooklyn,_on_Manhattan,_9/11" title="View from Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on Manhattan, 9/11">View from Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on Manhattan, 9/11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_(sculpture)" title="Blind (sculpture)">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_guy" title="Tourist guy">Tourist Guy hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Towers_2" title="Twin Towers 2">Twin Towers II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Sneha_Anne_Philip" title="Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip">Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Michele_Anne_Harris" title="Disappearance of Michele Anne Harris">Disappearance of Michele Anne Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Balbir_Singh_Sodhi" title="Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi">Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Henryk_Siwiak" title="Killing of Henryk Siwiak">Killing of Henryk Siwiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Anthony_Stroman" title="Mark Anthony Stroman">Mark Anthony Stroman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larme_Price" title="Larme Price">Larme Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dekkers" title="Rudi Dekkers">Rudi Dekkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicia_Esteve_Head" title="Alicia Esteve Head">Alicia Esteve Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Girls" title="Jersey Girls">Jersey Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_E._Booker_Elementary_School" title="Emma E. Booker Elementary School">Emma E. Booker Elementary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_documentation_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Media documentation of the September 11 attacks">Media documentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:September_11_attacks" title="Category:September 11 attacks">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_September_11,_2001" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject September 11, 2001">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Template:Casualties of the September 11 attacks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Template talk:Casualties of the September 11 attacks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Casualties of the September 11 attacks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Casualties of the September 11 attacks">Casualties of the September 11 attacks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1_World_Trade_Center_(1971%E2%80%932001)" title="1 World Trade Center (1971–2001)">North Tower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Biggart" title="Bill Biggart">Bill Biggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Cintr%C3%B3n" title="Edna Cintrón">Edna Cintrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marisa_DiNardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marisa DiNardo">Marisa DiNardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nezam_Hafiz" title="Nezam Hafiz">Nezam Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Harrington" class="mw-redirect" title="Melissa Harrington">Melissa Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_De_Martini" title="Frank De Martini">Frank De Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_David_Levin" title="Neil David Levin">Neil David Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_McEneaney" title="Eamon McEneaney">Eamon McEneaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Ortiz" title="Pablo Ortiz">Pablo Ortiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacey_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Stacey Peak">Stacey Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Richards_(sculptor)" title="Michael Richards (sculptor)">Michael Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Trant" title="Dan Trant">Dan Trant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zelmanowitz" title="Abraham Zelmanowitz">Abraham Zelmanowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhe_Zeng" title="Zhe Zeng">Zhe Zeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2_World_Trade_Center_(1971%E2%80%932001)" title="2 World Trade Center (1971–2001)">South Tower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roko_Camaj" title="Roko Camaj">Roko Camaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Clark_(chef)" title="Benjamin Clark (chef)">Benjamin Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Cosgrove" title="Kevin Cosgrove">Kevin Cosgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welles_Crowther" title="Welles Crowther">Welles Crowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Doi" title="Melissa Doi">Melissa Doi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Egan" title="Christine Egan">Christine Egan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_A._Glascoe" title="Keith A. Glascoe">Keith A. Glascoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._O%27Neill" title="John P. O'Neill">John P. O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Rescorla" title="Rick Rescorla">Rick Rescorla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Maude" title="Timothy Maude">Timothy Maude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11" title="American Airlines Flight 11">American Airlines Flight 11</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Angell" title="David Angell">David Angell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Berenson" title="Berry Berenson">Berry Berenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Beug" title="Carolyn Beug">Carolyn Beug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Jones" title="Charles Edward Jones">Charles Edward Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lewin" title="Daniel Lewin">Daniel Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ogonowski" title="John Ogonowski">John Ogonowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ong" title="Betty Ong">Betty Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeline_Amy_Sweeney" title="Madeline Amy Sweeney">Madeline Amy Sweeney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garnet_Bailey" title="Garnet Bailey">Garnet Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bavis" title="Mark Bavis">Mark Bavis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77" title="American Airlines Flight 77">American Airlines Flight 77</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burlingame" title="Charles Burlingame">Charles Burlingame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Caswell" title="William E. Caswell">William E. Caswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Flagg" title="Wilson Flagg">Wilson Flagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Olson" title="Barbara Olson">Barbara Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari-Rae_Sopper" title="Mari-Rae Sopper">Mari-Rae Sopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Beamer" title="Todd Beamer">Todd Beamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bingham" title="Mark Bingham">Mark Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Burnett_(Flight_93_passenger)" title="Tom Burnett (Flight 93 passenger)">Tom Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Glick" title="Jeremy Glick">Jeremy Glick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Grandcolas" title="Lauren Grandcolas">Lauren Grandcolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Homer_Jr." title="LeRoy Homer Jr.">LeRoy Homer Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Trade_Center" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Center" title="Template:World Trade Center"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Center" title="Template talk:World Trade Center"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Trade_Center" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Trade Center"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Trade_Center" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="World Trade Center (2001–present)">World Trade Center</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">First WTC (1973–2001)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Construction of the World Trade Center">Construction</a></li> <li>Towers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_World_Trade_Center_(1971%E2%80%932001)" title="1 World Trade Center (1971–2001)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_World_Trade_Center_(1971%E2%80%932001)" title="2 World Trade Center (1971–2001)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriott_World_Trade_Center" title="Marriott World Trade Center">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_World_Trade_Center_(1975%E2%80%932001)" title="4 World Trade Center (1975–2001)">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_World_Trade_Center_(1970%E2%80%932001)" title="5 World Trade Center (1970–2001)">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_World_Trade_Center" title="6 World Trade Center">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_World_Trade_Center_(1987%E2%80%932001)" title="7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_J._Tobin_Plaza" title="Austin J. Tobin Plaza">Austin J. Tobin Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_on_the_World" title="Windows on the World">Windows on the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mall_at_the_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Mall at the World Trade Center">Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bathtub" title="The Bathtub">The Bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tenants_in_the_World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="Lists of tenants in the World Trade Center (1973–2001)">Tenants</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artwork_at_the_World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="Artwork at the World Trade Center (1973–2001)">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_Bombing_Memorial" title="1993 World Trade Center Bombing Memorial">1993 World Trade Center Bombing Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_Propeller" title="Bent Propeller">Bent Propeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(sculpture)" title="Ideogram (sculpture)">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Gate,_New_York" title="Sky Gate, New York">Sky Gate, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sphere" title="The Sphere">The Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Trade_Center_Tapestry" title="The World Trade Center Tapestry">The World Trade Center Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Plaza_Sculpture" title="World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture">World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">February 26, 1993 bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Bank_of_America_robbery" title="1998 Bank of America robbery">January 14, 1998 robbery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">September 11, 2001 attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Collapse of the World Trade Center">Collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Timeline of the September 11 attacks">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Casualties of the September 11 attacks">Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Aftermath of the September 11 attacks">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_and_recovery_effort_after_the_September_11_attacks_on_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center">Rescue and recovery effort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIST_World_Trade_Center_Disaster_Investigation" title="NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation">NIST report on collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_Building" title="Deutsche Bank Building">Deutsche Bank Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Greek_Orthodox_Church_(Manhattan)" title="St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church (Manhattan)">St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="World Trade Center (2001–present)">Second WTC (2001–present)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">Site, towers, and structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center" title="One World Trade Center">One</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_of_One_World_Trade_Center" title="Construction of One World Trade Center">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tenants_in_One_World_Trade_Center" title="List of tenants in One World Trade Center">Tenants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_World_Trade_Center" title="2 World Trade Center">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_World_Trade_Center" title="3 World Trade Center">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_World_Trade_Center" title="4 World Trade Center">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_World_Trade_Center" title="5 World Trade Center">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_World_Trade_Center" title="7 World Trade Center">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perelman_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Perelman Performing Arts Center">Perelman Performing Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_Security_Center" title="Vehicular Security Center">Vehicular Security Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Park" title="Liberty Park">Liberty Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Greek_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church">St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_World_Trade_Center" title="Westfield World Trade Center">Westfield Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_at_the_World_Trade_Center_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="Artwork at the World Trade Center (2001–present)">Artwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ONE:_Union_of_the_Senses" title="ONE: Union of the Senses">ONE: Union of the Senses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sphere" title="The Sphere">The Sphere</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rapid transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PATH_(rail_system)" title="PATH (rail system)">PATH</a> stations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_station_(PATH)" title="World Trade Center station (PATH)">Transportation Hub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> stations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambers_Street%E2%80%93World_Trade_Center/Park_Place/Cortlandt_Street_station" title="Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street station">Chambers Street–WTC/Park Place/Cortlandt Street</a> (2, 3, A, C, E, N, R, and W trains)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTC_Cortlandt_station" title="WTC Cortlandt station">WTC Cortlandt</a> (1 train)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Street_station_(New_York_City_Subway)" title="Fulton Street station (New York City Subway)">Fulton Street</a> (2, 3, 4, 5, A, C, J, and Z trains)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Center" title="Fulton Center">Fulton Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbin_Building" title="Corbin Building">Corbin Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dey_Street_Passageway" title="Dey Street Passageway">Dey Street Passageway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memorials_and_services_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks">9/11 memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9/11_Tribute_Museum" title="9/11 Tribute Museum">9/11 Tribute Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_%26_Museum" title="National September 11 Memorial & Museum">National September 11 Memorial & Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Site_Memorial_Competition" title="World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Foundations" title="Memory Foundations">Memory Foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribute_in_Light" title="Tribute in Light">Tribute in Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Response_Monument" title="America's Response Monument">America's Response Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Sky_(memorial)" title="Empty Sky (memorial)">Empty Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Struggle_Against_World_Terrorism" title="To the Struggle Against World Terrorism">To the Struggle Against World Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcards_(memorial)" title="Postcards (memorial)">Postcards memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_(memorial)" title="The Rising (memorial)">The Rising memorial</a></li> <li>Relics from the original WTC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sphere" title="The Sphere">The Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_cross" title="World Trade Center cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivors%27_Staircase" title="Survivors' Staircase">Survivors' Staircase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoru_Yamasaki" title="Minoru Yamasaki">Minoru Yamasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emery_Roth" title="Emery Roth">Emery Roth & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_J._Tobin" title="Austin J. Tobin">Austin J. Tobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_O._Ward" title="Christopher O. Ward">Christopher O. Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Silverstein" title="Larry Silverstein">Larry Silverstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Childs" title="David Childs">David Childs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Arad" title="Michael Arad">Michael Arad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THINK_Team" title="THINK Team">THINK Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Libeskind" title="Daniel Libeskind">Daniel Libeskind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_E._Robertson" title="Leslie E. Robertson">Leslie E. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welles_Crowther" title="Welles Crowther">Welles Crowther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority of New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverstein_Properties" title="Silverstein Properties">Silverstein Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Rebirth" title="Project Rebirth">Project Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_Back_The_Memorial" title="Take Back The Memorial">Take Back The Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_in_popular_culture" title="World Trade Center in popular culture">WTC in popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of songs about the September 11 attacks">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_references_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks">9/11-related media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Tower_Silver_Dollar" title="Freedom Tower Silver Dollar">Silver dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site#Exclusive_ZIP_code" title="World Trade Center site">10048 ZIP code</a></li> <li>Former: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Center" title="International Freedom Center">IFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Towers_2" title="Twin Towers 2">Twin Towers 2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Place_(New_York_City)" title="Brookfield Place (New York City)">Brookfield Place</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/200_Liberty_Street" title="200 Liberty Street">200 Liberty Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/225_Liberty_Street" title="225 Liberty Street">225 Liberty Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_Vesey_Street" title="200 Vesey Street">200 Vesey Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/250_Vesey_Street" title="250 Vesey Street">250 Vesey Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Garden_Atrium" title="Winter Garden Atrium">Winter Garden Atrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_North_End_Avenue" title="One North End Avenue">One North End Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other nearby structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/90_Church_Street" title="90 Church Street">90 Church Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/90_West_Street" title="90 West Street">90 West Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_West_Street" title="200 West Street">200 West Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barclay%E2%80%93Vesey_Building" title="Barclay–Vesey Building">Barclay–Vesey Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park51" title="Park51">Park51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Street_pedestrian_bridges" title="West Street pedestrian bridges">West Street pedestrian bridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_on_terror" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism of terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror" class="extiw" title="commons:War on terror">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_W._Bush" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush" title="Template talk:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (1995–2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2001)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2001)">2001</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2002)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2002)">2002</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2003)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2003)">2003</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2004)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2004)">2004</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2005)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2005)">2005</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2006)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2006)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2007)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2007)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)#January_2009" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">January 2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Russia summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Corps" title="USA Freedom Corps">USA Freedom Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">"War on Terror"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Service_and_Civic_Participation" title="President's Council on Service and Civic Participation">President's Council on Service and Civic Participation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Volunteer_Service_Award" title="President's Volunteer Service Award">award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nomination">John Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Childhood_Home" title="George W. Bush Childhood Home">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_portraits_of_George_W._and_Laura_Bush" title="Presidential portraits of George W. and Laura Bush">Presidential portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Military service controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">authenticity issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch" title="Prairie Chapel Ranch">Prairie Chapel Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2004 State of the Union Address">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames used by George W. Bush">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_films_about_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books and films about George W. Bush">As the subject of books and films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Me_Yet%3F" title="Miss Me Yet?">Miss Me Yet?</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">Yo, Blair</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep">A Charge to Keep</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Many,_One:_Portraits_of_America%27s_Immigrants" title="Out of Many, One: Portraits of America's Immigrants">Out of Many, One</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11">Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)">W. (2008 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin Bush</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_(dog)" title="Barney (dog)">Barney</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Beazley" title="Miss Beazley">Miss Beazley</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(cat)" title="India (cat)">India</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Fetcher" title="Spot Fetcher">Spot Fetcher</a> (dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">← Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" title="Category:George W. Bush">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Al-Qaeda" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Al-Qaeda" title="Template:Al-Qaeda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Al-Qaeda" title="Template talk:Al-Qaeda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Al-Qaeda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Al-Qaeda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Al-Qaeda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_al-Qaeda_members" title="List of al-Qaeda members">Leadership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Adel" title="Saif al-Adel">Saif al-Adel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Maghribi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Maghribi">Abd al-Rahman al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_bin_Atef_al-Awlaki" title="Sa'ad bin Atef al-Awlaki">Sa'ad bin Atef al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Umar_Abu_Ubaidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah">Ahmad Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil" title="Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil">Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_Youssef_al-Annabi" title="Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi">Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sayyid_Muhamed_Mustafa_al-Bakri" title="Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri">Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Banna" title="Ibrahim al-Banna">Ibrahim al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al_Qosi" title="Ibrahim al Qosi">Ibrahim al Qosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Walid_al-Masri" title="Abu Walid al-Masri">Abu Walid al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Showqi_Al-Islambouli" title="Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli">Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdukadir_Mohamed_Abdukadir" title="Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir">Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Qalaf" title="Fuad Qalaf">Fuad Qalaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehad_Mostafa" title="Jehad Mostafa">Jehad Mostafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Humam_al-Shami" title="Abu Humam al-Shami">Abu Humam al-Shami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Oraydi" title="Sami al-Oraydi">Sami al-Oraydi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Killed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">killing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">killing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Atef" title="Mohammed Atef">Mohammed Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaed_Salim_Sinan_al-Harethi" title="Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi">Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Mohamed_Fadhil" title="Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil">Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Yemeni" title="Haitham al-Yemeni">Haitham al-Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Rabia" title="Abu Hamza Rabia">Abu Hamza Rabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Musa_Matwalli_Atwah" title="Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah">Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Faruq" title="Omar al-Faruq">Omar al-Faruq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Badri" title="Haitham al-Badri">Haitham al-Badri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Masri" title="Abu Yaqub al-Masri">Abu Yaqub al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Talha_al-Sudani" title="Abu Talha al-Sudani">Abu Talha al-Sudani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Laith_al-Libi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Laith al-Libi">Abu Laith al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Al-Jazairi" title="Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi">Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midhat_Mursi" title="Midhat Mursi">Midhat Mursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Moumou" title="Mohamed Moumou">Mohamed Moumou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Habib" title="Khalid Habib">Khalid Habib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghadiya" title="Abu Ghadiya">Abu Ghadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zubair_al-Masri" title="Abu Zubair al-Masri">Abu Zubair al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rauf" title="Rashid Rauf">Rashid Rauf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hasan_Khalil_al-Hakim" title="Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim">Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahid_Mohammed_Ally_Msalam" title="Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam">Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmed_Salim_Swedan" title="Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan">Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_bin_Laden" title="Saad bin Laden">Saad bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Ali_Saleh_Nabhan" title="Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan">Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Said_al_Libi" title="Abdullah Said al Libi">Abdullah Said al Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Somali" title="Saleh al-Somali">Saleh al-Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_al-Masri" title="Saeed al-Masri">Saeed al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_al-Jawfi" title="Hamza al-Jawfi">Hamza al-Jawfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohammed_Hamed_Ali" title="Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali">Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abul-Khair" title="Mohamed Abul-Khair">Mohamed Abul-Khair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Fateh" title="Sheikh Fateh">Sheikh Fateh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huthaifa_al-Batawi" title="Huthaifa al-Batawi">Huthaifa al-Batawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Kashmiri" title="Ilyas Kashmiri">Ilyas Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazul_Abdullah_Mohammed" title="Fazul Abdullah Mohammed">Fazul Abdullah Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyah_Abd_al-Rahman" title="Atiyah Abd al-Rahman">Atiyah Abd al-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Khan" title="Samir Khan">Samir Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_al-Dahab" title="Tariq al-Dahab">Tariq al-Dahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_Ali_Hasan" title="Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan">Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_al-Quso" title="Fahd al-Quso">Fahd al-Quso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yahya_al-Libi" title="Abu Yahya al-Libi">Abu Yahya al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ghul" title="Hassan Ghul">Hassan Ghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Zaid_al_Kuwaiti" title="Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti">Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Ali_al-Shihri" title="Said Ali al-Shihri">Said Ali al-Shihri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farman_Ali_Shinwari" title="Farman Ali Shinwari">Farman Ali Shinwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abou_Zeid" title="Abdelhamid Abou Zeid">Abdelhamid Abou Zeid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Haji_Jama_Mee%27aad" title="Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad">Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansoor_Al-Amriki" title="Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki">Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Bahaji" title="Said Bahaji">Said Bahaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khalid_al-Suri" title="Abu Khalid al-Suri">Abu Khalid al-Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ould_Hamaha" title="Omar Ould Hamaha">Omar Ould Hamaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Abdi_Godane" title="Ahmed Abdi Godane">Ahmed Abdi Godane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Al-Turki" title="Abu Yusuf Al-Turki">Abu Yusuf Al-Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Gulshair_el_Shukrijumah" title="Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah">Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Yahiye_Gadahn" title="Adam Yahiye Gadahn">Adam Yahiye Gadahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harith_bin_Ghazi_al-Nadhari" title="Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari">Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othman_Ahmad_Othman_al-Ghamdi" title="Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi">Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Sulayman_Muhammad_al-Rubaysh" title="Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh">Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_bin_Ali_al-Ansi" title="Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi">Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Wuhayshi" title="Nasir al-Wuhayshi">Nasir al-Wuhayshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_al-Fadhli" title="Muhsin al-Fadhli">Muhsin al-Fadhli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khalil_al-Madani" title="Abu Khalil al-Madani">Abu Khalil al-Madani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiur_Rehman" title="Matiur Rehman">Matiur Rehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Firas_al-Suri" title="Abu Firas al-Suri">Abu Firas al-Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Refai_Taha" title="Ahmed Refai Taha">Ahmed Refai Taha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokhtar_Belmokhtar" title="Mokhtar Belmokhtar">Mokhtar Belmokhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khayr_al-Masri" title="Abu Khayr al-Masri">Abu Khayr al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Asiri" title="Ibrahim al-Asiri">Ibrahim al-Asiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari_Shihab" title="Sari Shihab">Sari Shihab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asim_Umar" title="Asim Umar">Asim Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasim_al-Raymi" title="Qasim al-Raymi">Qasim al-Raymi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmalek_Droukdel" title="Abdelmalek Droukdel">Abdelmalek Droukdel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Aruri" title="Khalid al-Aruri">Khalid al-Aruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmed_Abdullah" title="Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah">Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhsin_al-Masri" title="Abu Muhsin al-Masri">Abu Muhsin al-Masri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captured</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamdouh_Mahmud_Salim" title="Mamdouh Mahmud Salim">Mamdouh Mahmud Salim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadih_el-Hage" title="Wadih el-Hage">Wadih el-Hage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Fawwaz" title="Khalid al-Fawwaz">Khalid al-Fawwaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahim_al-Nashiri" title="Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri">Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walid_bin_Attash" title="Walid bin Attash">Walid bin Attash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riduan_Isamuddin" title="Riduan Isamuddin">Riduan Isamuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Bahlul" title="Ali al-Bahlul">Ali al-Bahlul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ghailani" title="Ahmed Ghailani">Ahmed Ghailani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Faraj_al-Libbi" title="Abu Faraj al-Libbi">Abu Faraj al-Libbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Setmariam_Nasar" title="Mustafa Setmariam Nasar">Mustafa Setmariam Nasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hadi_al_Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hadi al Iraqi">Abdul Hadi al Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jafar_Jamal_al-Kahtani" title="Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani">Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atiq_Awayd_Al_Harbi" title="Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi">Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younis_al-Mauritani" title="Younis al-Mauritani">Younis al-Mauritani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Abu_Ghaith" title="Sulaiman Abu Ghaith">Sulaiman Abu Ghaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Anas_al-Libi" title="Abu Anas al-Libi">Abu Anas al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhanad_Mahmoud_Al_Farekh" title="Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh">Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Haq" title="Amin al-Haq">Amin al-Haq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_al-Banshiri" title="Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri">Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri</a> (died)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_al-Masri" title="Abu Ubaidah al-Masri">Abu Ubaidah al-Masri</a> (died)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahfouz_Ould_al-Walid" title="Mahfouz Ould al-Walid">Mahfouz Ould al-Walid</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a> (expelled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">Abu Mohammad al-Julani</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Maria_al-Qahtani" title="Abu Maria al-Qahtani">Abu Maria al-Qahtani</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Salama_Mabruk" title="Ahmad Salama Mabruk">Ahmad Salama Mabruk</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Turkistani" title="Abu Omar al-Turkistani">Abu Omar al-Turkistani</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_al-Muhajir" title="Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir">Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Batarfi" title="Khalid Batarfi">Khalid Batarfi</a> (died)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Al-Qaeda_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Al-Qaeda attacks">Timeline of attacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 United States embassy bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">2000 USS Cole bombing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2001 September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">2002 Bali bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">2004 Madrid train bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">2005 London bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11,_2007_Algiers_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="December 11, 2007 Algiers bombings">2007 Algiers bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Danish_embassy_bombing_in_Islamabad" title="2008 Danish embassy bombing in Islamabad">2008 Islamabad Danish embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Marriott_Hotel_bombing" title="Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing">2008 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Amenas_hostage_crisis" title="In Amenas hostage crisis">2013 In Amenas hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack" title="Westgate shopping mall attack">2013 Westgate shopping mall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garissa_University_College_attack" title="Garissa University College attack">2015 Garissa University College attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Bamako_hotel_attack" title="2015 Bamako hotel attack">2015 Bamako hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ouagadougou_attacks" title="2016 Ouagadougou attacks">2016 Ouagadougou attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Grand-Bassam_shootings" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Grand-Bassam shootings">2016 Grand-Bassam shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bamako_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Bamako attack">2016 Bamako attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola_shooting" title="Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting">2019 Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">drone strikes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> (Somalia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a> (Yemen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> (North Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a> (Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent">Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent</a> (Indian subcontinent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a> (Mali)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a> (Syria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charity organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevolence_International_Foundation" title="Benevolence International Foundation">Benevolence International Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haramain_Foundation" title="Al-Haramain Foundation">Al-Haramain Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda_Handbook" title="Al Qaeda Handbook">Al Qaeda Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Neda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Neda">Al Neda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sahab" title="As-Sahab">As-Sahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fataw%C4%81_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatawā of Osama bin Laden">Fatawā of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspire_(magazine)" title="Inspire (magazine)">Inspire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_(magazine)" title="Al-Khansaa (magazine)">Al-Khansaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_al-Qaeda_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit">Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Savagery" title="Management of Savagery">Management of Savagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Jihad" title="Voice of Jihad">Voice of Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaedat_al-Jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaedat al-Jihad">Qaedat al-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Islamic_Media_Front" title="Global Islamic Media Front">Global Islamic Media Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden">Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">USS Cole bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_safe_house" title="Al-Qaeda safe house">Safe houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy allegations">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Al-Qaeda" title="Category:Al-Qaeda">Category:Al-Qaeda</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Osama_bin_Laden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Osama_bin_Laden" title="Template:Osama bin Laden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Osama_bin_Laden" title="Template talk:Osama bin Laden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osama_bin_Laden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Osama bin Laden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Osama_bin_Laden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Personal life of Osama bin Laden">Childhood, education, and personal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_activity_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant activity of Osama bin Laden">Militant activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_ideology_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs and ideology of Osama bin Laden">Beliefs and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_for_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Manhunt for Osama bin Laden">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_house_in_Khartoum" title="Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum">Khartoum compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad" title="Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad">Abbottabad compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Reactions to the killing of Osama bin Laden">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name_Geronimo_controversy" title="Code name Geronimo controversy">code name controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bin_Laden_family" title="Bin Laden family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Ladin" title="Muhammad bin Ladin">Muhammad bin Ladin</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamida_al-Attas" title="Hamida al-Attas">Hamida al-Attas</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najwa_Ghanhem" class="mw-redirect" title="Najwa Ghanhem">Najwa Ghanhem</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_bin_Laden" title="Abdallah bin Laden">Abdallah bin Laden</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_bin_Laden" title="Saad bin Laden">Saad bin Laden</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_bin_Laden" title="Omar bin Laden">Omar bin Laden</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al_Aqiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi al Aqiq">Wadi al Aqiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_to_the_World" title="Messages to the World">Messages to the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fataw%C4%81_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatawā of Osama bin Laden">Fatawā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden">Videos and audio recordings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="2004 Osama bin Laden video">2004 video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_January_2006_Osama_bin_Laden_tape" title="19 January 2006 Osama bin Laden tape">19 January 2006 tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="September 6, 2007, Osama bin Laden video">6 September 2007 video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="September 11, 2007, Osama bin Laden video">11 September 2007 video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="September 20, 2007, Osama bin Laden video">20 September 2007 tape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_American_People" title="Letter to the American People">Letter to the American People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_in_popular_culture" title="Osama bin Laden in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growing_Up_bin_Laden" title="Growing Up bin Laden">Growing Up bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_War,_Inc." title="Holy War, Inc.">Holy War, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Looming_Tower" title="The Looming Tower">The Looming Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Easy_Day" title="No Easy Day">No Easy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_in_the_World_Is_Osama_bin_Laden%3F" title="Where in the World Is Osama bin Laden?">Where in the World Is Osama bin Laden?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Dark_Thirty" title="Zero Dark Thirty">Zero Dark Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interviews_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Interviews of Osama bin Laden">Interviews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_a_support_system_in_Pakistan_for_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of a support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden">Allegations of a support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_bodyguards" title="Osama bin Laden's bodyguards">Bodyguards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Laden_Issue_Station" title="Bin Laden Issue Station">Issue Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy allegations">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Brooks_Faulkner" title="Gary Brooks Faulkner">Gary Brooks Faulkner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_2001_(2001)" style="white-space:nowrap;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_2001" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2001"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_2001" title="Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2001"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_2001" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2001"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_2001_(2001)" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">Aviation accidents and incidents</a> in 2001 (2001) </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 23</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Yemenia_Flight_448" title="Yemenia Flight 448">Yemenia Flight 448</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 25</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/RUTACA_Airlines_Flight_225" title="RUTACA Airlines Flight 225">RUTACA Airlines Flight 225</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 27</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2001_Omsk_An-70_crash" title="2001 Omsk An-70 crash">Omsk An-70 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 27</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_basketball_team_plane_crash" title="Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball team plane crash">Oklahoma State basketball team crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 31</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2001_Japan_Airlines_mid-air_incident" title="2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident">Japan Airlines mid-air incident</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Feb 7</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Iberia_Flight_1456" title="Iberia Flight 1456">Iberia Flight 1456</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Feb 27</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Loganair_Flight_670A" title="Loganair Flight 670A">Loganair Flight 670A</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 3</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Thai_Airways_International_Flight_114" title="Thai Airways International Flight 114">Thai Airways International Flight 114</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 15</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Vnukovo_Airlines_Flight_2806" title="Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2806">Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2806</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 24</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Air_Cara%C3%AFbes_Flight_1501" title="Air Caraïbes Flight 1501">Air Caraïbes Flight 1501</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 29</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2001_Avjet_Gulfstream_III_crash" title="2001 Avjet Gulfstream III crash">Avjet Gulfstream III crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Apr 1</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Apr 20</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2001_Peru_shootdown" title="2001 Peru shootdown">Peru shootdown</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">May 17</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2001_Faraz_Qeshm_Airlines_Yak-40_crash" title="2001 Faraz Qeshm Airlines Yak-40 crash">Faraz Qeshm Airlines Yak-40 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 4</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Air_Flight_352" title="Vladivostok Air Flight 352">Vladivostok Air Flight 352</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 24</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Air_Transat_Flight_236" title="Air Transat Flight 236">Air Transat Flight 236</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 25</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2001_Marsh_Harbour_Cessna_402_crash" title="2001 Marsh Harbour Cessna 402 crash">Marsh Harbour Cessna 402 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 29</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Binter_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_Flight_8261" title="Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261">Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 11</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11" title="American Airlines Flight 11">American Airlines Flight 11</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 11</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 11</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77" title="American Airlines Flight 77">American Airlines Flight 77</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 11</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 11</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_1989" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 1989">Delta Air Lines Flight 1989</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 11</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_085" title="Korean Air Flight 085">Korean Air Flight 085</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 15</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/TAM_Airlines_Flight_9755" title="TAM Airlines Flight 9755">TAM Airlines Flight 9755</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 17</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2001_Grozny_Mi-8_crash" title="2001 Grozny Mi-8 crash">Grozny Mi-8 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 21</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_521" title="Aeroflot Flight 521">Aeroflot Flight 521</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 4</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Siberia_Airlines_Flight_1812" title="Siberia Airlines Flight 1812">Siberia Airlines Flight 1812</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 8</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2001_Linate_Airport_runway_collision" title="2001 Linate Airport runway collision">2001 Linate Airport runway collision</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 10</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Flightline_Flight_101" title="Flightline Flight 101">Flightline Flight 101</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 12</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_587" title="American Airlines Flight 587">American Airlines Flight 587</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 12</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/2001_Fishtail_Air_Eurocopter_AS350_crash" title="2001 Fishtail Air Eurocopter AS350 crash">Fishtail Air Eurocopter AS350 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 19</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/IRS_Aero_Flight_9601/02" title="IRS Aero Flight 9601/02">IRS Aero Flight 9601/02</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 24</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Crossair_Flight_3597" title="Crossair Flight 3597">Crossair Flight 3597</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 2</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_Flight_9064" title="Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Flight 9064">AFRF Flight 9064</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 22</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_63_(2001)" title="American Airlines Flight 63 (2001)">American Airlines Flight 63</a></div></div> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_2000" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2000">2000   ◄</a>    <a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_2002" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2002">►   2002</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Saudi_Arabia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Saudi Arabia–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Saudi Arabia–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi Arabia–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Saudi_Arabia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States">Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia">Ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_House_(U.S._Ambassador_residence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quincy House (U.S. Ambassador residence)">Quincy House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hajji_Baba" title="Operation Hajji Baba">Operation Hajji Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Training_Mission" title="United States Military Training Mission">United States Military Training Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Program_Manager,_Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard_Modernization_Program" title="Office of the Program Manager, Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program">Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._support_for_Saudi-led_operations_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen">U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal" title="2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal">2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit" title="2017 Riyadh summit">2017 Riyadh summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jeddah_(2023)" title="Treaty of Jeddah (2023)">Treaty of Jeddah (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Saudi_Embassy_in_Khartoum" title="Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum">1973 attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_AWACS_Sale" title="US–Saudi Arabia AWACS Sale">US–Saudi Arabia AWACS Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_v._Nelson" title="Saudi Arabia v. Nelson">Saudi Arabia v. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">September 11 attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Saudi_role_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Alleged Saudi role in the September 11 attacks">Alleged Saudi role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_re_Terrorist_Attacks_on_September_11,_2001" title="In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001">In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Against_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_Act" title="Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act">Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saudi_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Saudi detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Saudi Guantanamo Bay detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homaidan_Al-Turki" title="Homaidan Al-Turki">Homaidan Al-Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Saudi Arabia)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos_phone_hacking_incident" title="Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident">Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi">Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola_shooting" title="Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting">Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_gimmick" title="Golden gimmick">Golden gimmick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roush" title="Patricia Roush">Patricia Roush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States">Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_American_Public_Relation_Affairs_Committee" title="Saudi American Public Relation Affairs Committee">Saudi American Public Relation Affairs Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="WWE in Saudi Arabia">WWE in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sultan_Air_Base" title="Prince Sultan Air Base">Prince Sultan Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_Air_Base" title="King Abdulaziz Air Base">King Abdulaziz Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_Military_City" title="King Khalid Military City">King Khalid Military City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_Military_College" title="King Khalid Military College">King Khalid Military College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_International_School_of_Jeddah" title="American International School of Jeddah">American International School of Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_International_School_%E2%80%93_Riyadh" title="American International School – Riyadh">American International School – Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhahran_School" title="Dhahran School">Dhahran School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISG_Dammam" class="mw-redirect" title="ISG Dammam">ISG Dammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Saudi_Academy" title="Islamic Saudi Academy">Islamic Saudi Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Academy" title="King Abdullah Academy">King Abdullah Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bush,_House_of_Saud" title="House of Bush, House of Saud">House of Bush, House of Saud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Category:Saudi Arabia–United States relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deadliest_terrorist_attacks_in_the_United_States" style="white-space: nowrap;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorist_attacks_in_the_United_States_by_deaths" title="Template:Terrorist attacks in the United States by deaths"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorist_attacks_in_the_United_States_by_deaths" title="Template talk:Terrorist attacks in the United States by deaths"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorist_attacks_in_the_United_States_by_deaths" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorist attacks in the United States by deaths"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deadliest_terrorist_attacks_in_the_United_States" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Deadliest terrorist attacks in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">September 11 attacks</a> (2001) (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_victims_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Lists of victims of the September 11 attacks">2,977 deaths</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995) (168 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Meadows_Massacre" title="Mountain Meadows Massacre">Mountain Meadows Massacre</a> (1857) (120 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a> (1921) (75–300 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Pulse nightclub shooting</a> (2016) (49 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a> (1927) (44 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_bombing" title="Wall Street bombing">Wall Street bombing</a> (1920) (38 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UpStairs_Lounge_arson_attack" title="UpStairs Lounge arson attack">UpStairs Lounge arson attack</a> (1973) (32 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso Walmart shooting</a> (2019) (23 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_massacre" title="Wilmington massacre">Wilmington insurrection</a> (1898) (22 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_bombing" title="Los Angeles Times bombing">Los Angeles Times bombing</a> (1910) (21 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Fort_Hood_shooting" title="2009 Fort Hood shooting">Fort Hood shooting</a> (2009) (14 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack" title="2015 San Bernardino attack">San Bernardino attack</a> (2015) (14 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a> (1886) (12 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_LaGuardia_Airport_bombing" title="1975 LaGuardia Airport bombing">LaGuardia Airport bombing</a> (1975) (11 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> (2018) (11 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparedness_Day_bombing" title="Preparedness Day bombing">Preparedness Day bombing</a> (1916) (10 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Buffalo_shooting" title="2022 Buffalo shooting">Buffalo supermarket shooting</a> (2022) (10 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Police_Department_bombing" title="Milwaukee Police Department bombing">Milwaukee Police Department bombing</a> (1917) (10 deaths)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Death counts do not include deceased perpetrator(s). This navbox reflects information from <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States#Deadliest_attacks" title="Terrorism in the United States">this list</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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Virginia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000s_in_Manhattan" title="Category:2000s in Manhattan">2000s in Manhattan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2001_deaths" title="Category:2001 deaths">2001 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2001_in_international_relations" title="Category:2001 in international relations">2001 in international relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2001_in_New_York_City" title="Category:2001 in New York City">2001 in New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2001_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:2001 in Pennsylvania">2001 in Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2001_in_Virginia" title="Category:2001 in Virginia">2001 in Virginia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2001_murders_in_the_United_States" title="Category:2001 murders in the United States">2001 murders in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Al-Qaeda_attacks" title="Category:Al-Qaeda attacks">Al-Qaeda attacks</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFBarrettEpstein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaudrillard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBearak2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaulieu2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhadraTexter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloomfield2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBush2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaraley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarducci2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCauchonMoore2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaban2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChernick2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoatesSchechter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorera2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorera2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCronk2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuza2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamicoQuay2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDePalma2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDolfmanWasser2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoran\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlap2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunleavy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyerFlynn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyerLipton,_Eric2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyerLiptonFlynnGlanz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEggen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandez2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFessenden2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinal_Report_on_the_Collapse_of_World_Trade_Center_Building_72008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoudaFielding2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuerst2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaskell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGates2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlynnBuschSchreiberMurphy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGooEggen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrady2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraff2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGregor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunaratna2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHampton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanrahan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilprin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrix2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHensell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerridge2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertzberg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschkorn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogeRose2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolbrook2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorsleyChang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutzler2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahimbin_Laden2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngraham2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrfanogluHoffmann2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrujo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIyengar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJavorsekRoseMarshallLeitner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudd2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKates2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeanHamilton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeppelMilelliGhazaleh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhimm2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahoud2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLemre2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonardSpillius2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichtblau2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogevall2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclean2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakinen2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinnon2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKirdy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMearsheimer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendez2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikoFroehlich2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiroff2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMondics2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdico2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNISTb2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagleSchulzeWinsor2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNephin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeriaGrossMarshallSusser2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeumeister2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOglesby2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtterman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaltrow2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaolicelli2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPape2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPareles2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParrott2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilkington2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlotz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPooley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurpura2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuayDamico2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiechmann2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchieHasellMathieuAppel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRizzi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatia2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavagePoitras2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayej2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidtWinters2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrader2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScobell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerrano2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShannonWeisskopf2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheehy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrader2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShukman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigmund\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigmund2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlavin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSottileSgueglia2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoufanFreedman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStempel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStempel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStout2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrasserWhitney2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummersSwan2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSunder2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagliabueBonner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTally2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTapper2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThayil2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheoharis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_VorisHurtado2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandeHeiEggen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVine2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVineCoffmanKhouryLovasz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerkhäuser2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitlock2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilgorenWong2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitham2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYitzhak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYusufzai2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZucchino2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFbin_Laden\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFbin_Laden2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFbin_Laden2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFbin_Laden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"Origins\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Al-Qaeda\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Aviation accidents and incidents in 2001\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Campaignbox al-Qaeda attacks\"] = 1,\n [\"Casualties of the September 11 attacks\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite SSRN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 256,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 116,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 18,\n [\"Events leading to the Iraq War\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 14,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox civilian attack\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 19,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Osama bin Laden\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 9,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidency of George W. Bush\"] = 1,\n [\"Prone to spam\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 3,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reference page\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 12,\n [\"Saudi Arabia–United States relations\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 13,\n [\"September 11 attacks\"] = 1,\n [\"September 11th attacks\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 29,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 6,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 36,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Terrorist attacks in the United States by deaths\"] = 1,\n [\"Title missing\"] = 4,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 5,\n [\"US War on Terror\"] = 1,\n [\"US history\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"United States topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vague\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"World Trade Center\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","640","16.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","500","12.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","420","10.7"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","260","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","160","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","4.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","4.1"],["type","120","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","120","3.1"],["[others]","1180","30.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-4wb89","timestamp":"20241130105951","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/September_11_attacks","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10806","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10806","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-21T16:01:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-29T03:33:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7a\/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg","headline":"2001 al-Qaeda attacks in the United States"}</script> </body> </html>