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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Genesis narrative</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genesis_narrative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genesis narrative subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genesis_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquiring_birthright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquiring_birthright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Acquiring birthright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquiring_birthright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blessing_of_Isaac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blessing_of_Isaac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Blessing of Isaac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blessing_of_Isaac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jacob's_ladder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacob's_ladder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Jacob's ladder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacob's_ladder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Marriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journey_back_to_Canaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_back_to_Canaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Journey back to Canaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journey_back_to_Canaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Hebron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hebron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>In Hebron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hebron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seven-year_famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven-year_famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Seven-year famine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven-year_famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>In Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Final days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children_of_Jacob" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_of_Jacob"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Children of Jacob</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_of_Jacob-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious perspectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious perspectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nation_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nation_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Nation of Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nation_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacob</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabi_Ya%27qub" title="Nabi Ya'qub – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Nabi Ya'qub" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob" title="Jakob – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jakob" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%AB%E1%8B%95%E1%89%86%E1%89%A5" title="ያዕቆብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ያዕቆብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8" title="يعقوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يعقوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacob" title="Xacob – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xacob" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub" title="Yaqub – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaqub" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8" title="یعقوب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یعقوب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC" title="যাকোব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যাকোব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%85)" title="Якаў (патрыярх) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Якаў (патрыярх)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Якуб – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Якуб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Jacob" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Яков – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Яков" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡ་ཀོབ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡ་ཀོབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_(prorok)" title="Jakov (prorok) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jakov (prorok)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob" title="Jakob – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jakob" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jacob" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Jacob" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1kob" title="Jákob – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jákob" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakubu" title="Yakubu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Yakubu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_(patriark)" title="Jakob (patriark) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jakob (patriark)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob" title="Jakob – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jakob" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%B2" title="Ιακώβ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιακώβ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jacob" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobo" title="Jakobo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jakobo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob" title="Jakob – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jakob" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakob" title="Yakob – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Yakob" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8" title="یعقوب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یعقوب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacob" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_(aartsfaar)" title="Jakob (aartsfaar) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jakob (aartsfaar)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iac%C3%B3b" title="Iacób – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iacób" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacob" title="Xacob – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xacob" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EA%B3%B1" title="야곱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야곱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_(praotac)" title="Jakov (praotac) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jakov (praotac)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakub_(tokoh_Alkitab)" title="Yakub (tokoh Alkitab) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yakub (tokoh Alkitab)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacobbe" title="Giacobbe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giacobbe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%91" title="יעקב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יעקב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იაკობი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იაკობი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D9%97%D8%A8" title="یعقوٗب – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یعقوٗب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BF_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Жақып (пайғамбар) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жақып (пайғамбар)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakobo" title="Yakobo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Yakobo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakobo_Israeli" title="Yakobo Israeli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yakobo Israeli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaq%C3%BBb" title="Yaqûb – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yaqûb" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaakov" title="Yaakov – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Yaakov" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B1_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81" title="ЯгӀкъуб идавс – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЯгӀкъуб идавс" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacob_(patriarcha)" title="Iacob (patriarcha) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacob (patriarcha)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%93kabs_(patriarhs)" title="Jēkabs (patriarhs) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jēkabs (patriarhs)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jok%C5%ABbas" title="Jokūbas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jokūbas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1kob" title="Jákob – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jákob" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Јаков – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаков" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jak%C3%B4ba_(patriarka_hebreo)" title="Jakôba (patriarka hebreo) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jakôba (patriarka hebreo)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="യാക്കോബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യാക്കോബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8" title="يعقوب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يعقوب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_(aartsvader)" title="Jakob (aartsvader) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jakob (aartsvader)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%96_(%E6%97%A7%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8)" title="ヤコブ (旧約聖書) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤコブ (旧約聖書)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D3%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B1" title="ЯӀкъуб – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЯӀкъуб" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_(stamfar)" title="Jakob (stamfar) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jakob (stamfar)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarken_Jakob" title="Patriarken Jakob – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Patriarken Jakob" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jac%C3%B2b" title="Jacòb – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jacòb" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoqub" title="Yoqub – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yoqub" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AC" title="ਯਾਕੂਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਾਕੂਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8" title="حضرت یعقوب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حضرت یعقوب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8" title="يعقوب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يعقوب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_(posta%C4%87_biblijna)" title="Jakub (postać biblijna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jakub (postać biblijna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jac%C3%B3" title="Jacó – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jacó" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacob" title="Iacob – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iacob" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Jacob" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Иаков – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иаков" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BF" title="Дьаакып – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьаакып" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobi" title="Jakobi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jakobi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobbi" title="Jacobbi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jacobbi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jacob" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_(Izrael)" title="Jakub (Izrael) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jakub (Izrael)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabi_Yacquub_C.S." title="Nabi Yacquub C.S. – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nabi Yacquub C.S." data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A8" title="یەعقووب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەعقووب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Јаков – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јаков" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov" title="Jakov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jakov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakob_(Iisakin_poika)" title="Jaakob (Iisakin poika) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaakob (Iisakin poika)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_(patriark)" title="Jakob (patriark) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jakob (patriark)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jacob" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="யாக்கோபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யாக்கோபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A" title="ยาโคบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยาโคบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakub" title="Yakub – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yakub" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dakup" title="Ýakup – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýakup" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Яків (син Ісаака) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яків (син Ісаака)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8" title="یعقوب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یعقوب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%84" title="ئىسرائىل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسرائىل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jacob" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a 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semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Regarded Patriarch of the Israelites</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the patriarch. For the name, see <a href="/wiki/Jacob_(name)" title="Jacob (name)">Jacob (name)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jacob_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jacob (disambiguation)">Jacob (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jacob</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="he"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">יַעֲקֹב</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Victors_-_Jacob_Seeking_the_Forgiveness_of_Esau_-_79.330_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jan_Victors_-_Jacob_Seeking_the_Forgiveness_of_Esau_-_79.330_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jan_Victors_-_Jacob_Seeking_the_Forgiveness_of_Esau_-_79.330_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jan_Victors_-_Jacob_Seeking_the_Forgiveness_of_Esau_-_79.330_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jan_Victors_-_Jacob_Seeking_the_Forgiveness_of_Esau_-_79.330_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jan_Victors_-_Jacob_Seeking_the_Forgiveness_of_Esau_-_79.330_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Jan_Victors_-_Jacob_Seeking_the_Forgiveness_of_Esau_-_79.330_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1679" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Detail from <i>Jacob Seeking the Forgiveness of Esau</i> (1652), by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Victors" title="Jan Victors">Jan Victors</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Traditionally, the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a>, Hebron<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jacob&params=31.5247_N_35.1107_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°31′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°06′39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.5247°N 35.1107°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.5247; 35.1107</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Children_of_Jacob">Children of Jacob</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> (half-uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a> (twin brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_(Bible)" title="Laban (Bible)">Laban</a> (uncle, father-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jacob</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later given the name <b>Israel</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">patriarch</a> regarded as the forefather of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Jacob first appears in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, originating from the Hebrew tradition in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>. Described as the son of <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a>, and the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bethuel" title="Bethuel">Bethuel</a>, Jacob is presented as the second-born among Isaac's children. His <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_twin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal twin">fraternal twin</a> brother is the elder, named <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a>, according to the biblical account. Jacob is said to have bought Esau's <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">birthright</a> and, with his mother's help, deceived his aging father to bless him instead of Esau.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the narrative, following a severe drought in his homeland of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, Jacob and his descendants, with the help of his son <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a> (who had become a confidant of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>), moved to <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Egypt" title="Biblical Egypt">Egypt</a> where Jacob died at the age of 147. He is supposed to have been buried in the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Machpelah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Machpelah">Cave of Machpelah</a>. </p><p>Jacob had twelve sons through four women: his wives (and cousins), <a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a>, and his concubines, <a href="/wiki/Bilhah" title="Bilhah">Bilhah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zilpah" title="Zilpah">Zilpah</a>. His sons were, in order of their birth: <a href="/wiki/Reuben_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Reuben (son of Jacob)">Reuben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Judah (son of Jacob)">Judah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Dan (son of Jacob)">Dan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naphtali" title="Naphtali">Naphtali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Gad (son of Jacob)">Gad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asher" title="Asher">Asher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Issachar" title="Issachar">Issachar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zebulun" title="Zebulun">Zebulun</a>, Joseph, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a>, all of whom became the heads of their own family groups, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a>. He also had a daughter named <a href="/wiki/Dinah" title="Dinah">Dinah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Genesis, Jacob displayed favoritism among his wives and children, preferring Rachel and her sons, Joseph and Benjamin, causing tension within the family—culminating in Joseph's older brothers selling him into slavery. </p><p>Scholars have taken a mixed view as to Jacob's historicity, with archaeology so far producing no evidence for his existence.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William Albright</a> initially dated the narratives of Jacob to the 19th century BCE, but later scholars like John J. Bimson and <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Sarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahum Sarna">Nahum Sarna</a> argued against using archaeological evidence to support such claims due to limited knowledge of that period. Recent scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Thompson" title="Thomas L. Thompson">Thomas L. Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">William Dever</a> suggest that these narratives are late literary compositions with ideological purposes rather than historical accounts. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACU_Jacobs_Dream_artwork.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ACU_Jacobs_Dream_artwork.JPG/240px-ACU_Jacobs_Dream_artwork.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ACU_Jacobs_Dream_artwork.JPG/360px-ACU_Jacobs_Dream_artwork.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ACU_Jacobs_Dream_artwork.JPG/480px-ACU_Jacobs_Dream_artwork.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3643" data-file-height="2789" /></a><figcaption>Jacob's Dream statue and display on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Abilene_Christian_University" title="Abilene Christian University">Abilene Christian University</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 25:26, the name <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Yaʿaqōv</i></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יעקב</span></span> is derived from <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">ʿaqev</i></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עָקֵב</span></span> "heel", as Jacob was born grasping the heel of his twin brother <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FreedmanMyers2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreedmanMyers2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical origin of the name is uncertain, although similar names have been recorded. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></span> is recorded as a place name in a list by <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> (15th century BC), and later as the <i>nomen</i> of a <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> pharaoh. The hieroglyphs are ambiguous, and can be read as "Yaqub-Har", "Yaqubaal", or "Yaqub El". The same name is recorded earlier still, in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800 BC</span>, in cuneiform inscriptions (spelled <i>ya-ah-qu-ub-el</i>, <i>ya-qu-ub-el</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suggestion that the personal name may be shortened from this compound name, which would translate to "may <a href="/wiki/El_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (god)">El</a> protect", originates with Bright (1960).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, scholars had tended to find the more straightforward meaning of Yaqub-El, "Jacob is god."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Israel</i> given to Jacob following the episode of his <a href="/wiki/Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel" title="Jacob wrestling with the angel">wrestling with the angel</a> (Genesis 32:22–32) is etymologized as composition of <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֵל</span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/El_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (god)">el</a></i> "god" and the root <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׂרָה</span></span> <i>śarah</i> "to rule, contend, have power, prevail over":<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׂרִיתָ עִם־אֱלֹהִים</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>: "a prince hast thou power with <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">God</a>"); alternatively, the <i>el</i> can be read as the subject, for a translation of "El rules/contends/struggles".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> renders the name <i>Iákobos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἰάκωβος</span>), whence Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Jacobus</i></span>, English <i>Jacob</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genesis_narrative">Genesis narrative</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_-_Isaac_-_Jacob_-_Judah_by_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Abraham_-_Isaac_-_Jacob_-_Judah_by_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg/250px-Abraham_-_Isaac_-_Jacob_-_Judah_by_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Abraham_-_Isaac_-_Jacob_-_Judah_by_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg/375px-Abraham_-_Isaac_-_Jacob_-_Judah_by_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Abraham_-_Isaac_-_Jacob_-_Judah_by_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg/500px-Abraham_-_Isaac_-_Jacob_-_Judah_by_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Judah</i> by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo Buonarroti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>, Vatican City</figcaption></figure> <p>The biblical account of the life of Jacob is found in the Book of Genesis, chapters 25–50. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3></div> <p>Jacob and his twin brother, Esau, were born to <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a> after 20 years of marriage, when Isaac was 60 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebecca was uncomfortable during her pregnancy and went to inquire of God why she was suffering. She received the prophecy that <a href="/wiki/Twin" title="Twin">twins</a> were fighting in her womb and would continue to fight all their lives, even after they became two separate nations. The prophecy also said that "the one people shall be stronger than the other people; and the elder shall serve the younger" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2025:23&version=KJV">(Genesis 25:25 KJV)</a>. </p><p>When the time came for Rebecca to give birth, the firstborn, Esau, came out covered with red hair, as if he were wearing a hairy garment, and his heel was grasped by the hand of Jacob, the secondborn. According to Genesis 25, Isaac and Rebecca named the first son Esau (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עשו</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second son they named Jacob (Hebrew: יעקב, Ya'aqob or Ya'aqov, meaning "heel-catcher", "supplanter", "leg-puller", "he who follows upon the heels of one", from Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עקב</span>, <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>aqab</i> or <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>aqav</i>, "seize by the heel", "circumvent", "restrain", a wordplay upon Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עקבה</span>, <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>iqqebah</i> or <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>iqqbah</i>, "heel").<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boys displayed very different natures as they matured: "... and Esau was a cunning hunter, a man of the field; but Jacob was a simple man, dwelling in tents".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the attitudes of their parents toward them also differed: "And Isaac loved Esau, because he did eat of his venison: but Rebecca loved Jacob."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquiring_birthright">Acquiring birthright</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_and_Esau" title="Jacob and Esau">Jacob and Esau</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JacobBirthright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/JacobBirthright.jpg/220px-JacobBirthright.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/JacobBirthright.jpg/330px-JacobBirthright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/JacobBirthright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Jacob offering a bowl of <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a> to Esau for his birthright, 18th-century painting by <a href="/wiki/Zacarias_Gonzalez_Velazquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacarias Gonzalez Velazquez">Zacarias Gonzalez Velazquez</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Genesis 25:29–34 tells the account of Esau selling his <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">birthright</a> to Jacob.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This passage tells that Esau, returning famished from the fields, begged Jacob to give him some of the stew that Jacob had just made. (Esau referred to the dish as "that same red pottage", giving rise to his nickname, Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אדום</span> ('<i>Edom</i>, meaning "Red").) Jacob offered to give Esau a bowl of stew in exchange for his birthright, to which Esau agreed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blessing_of_Isaac">Blessing of Isaac</h3></div> <p>As Isaac aged, he became blind and was uncertain when he would die, so he decided to bestow Esau's birthright upon him. He requested that Esau go out to the fields with his weapons (quiver and bow) to kill some venison. Isaac then requested that Esau make "savory meat" for him out of the venison, according to the way he enjoyed it the most, so that he could eat it and bless Esau. </p><p>Rebecca overheard this conversation. It is suggested that she realized prophetically that Isaac's blessings would go to Jacob, since she was told before the twins' birth that the older son would serve the younger.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebecca blessed Jacob and she quickly ordered Jacob to bring her two kid goats from their flock so that he could take Esau's place in serving Isaac and receiving his blessing. Jacob protested that his father would recognize their deception since Esau was hairy and he himself was smooth-skinned. He feared his father would curse him as soon as he felt him, but Rebecca offered to take the curse herself, then insisted that Jacob obey her.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob did as his mother instructed and, when he returned with the kids, Rebecca made the savory meat that Isaac loved. Before she sent Jacob to his father, she dressed him in Esau's garments and laid goatskins on his arms and neck to simulate hairy skin. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Govert_Flinck_-_Isaac_Blessing_Jacob_-_WGA07930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Govert_Flinck_-_Isaac_Blessing_Jacob_-_WGA07930.jpg/250px-Govert_Flinck_-_Isaac_Blessing_Jacob_-_WGA07930.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Govert_Flinck_-_Isaac_Blessing_Jacob_-_WGA07930.jpg/375px-Govert_Flinck_-_Isaac_Blessing_Jacob_-_WGA07930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Govert_Flinck_-_Isaac_Blessing_Jacob_-_WGA07930.jpg/500px-Govert_Flinck_-_Isaac_Blessing_Jacob_-_WGA07930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An elderly Isaac blessing Jacob, oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/Govert_Flinck" title="Govert Flinck">Govert Flinck</a>, 1638</figcaption></figure> <p>Disguised as Esau, Jacob entered Isaac's room. Surprised that Esau was back so soon, Isaac asked how it could be that the hunt went so quickly. Jacob responded, "Because the LORD your God brought it to me." <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> says Isaac's suspicions were aroused even more, because Esau never used the personal name of God.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaac demanded that Jacob come close so he could feel him, but the goatskins felt just like Esau's hairy skin. Confused, Isaac exclaimed, "The voice is Jacob's voice, but the hands are the hands of Esau!"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still trying to get at the truth, Isaac asked him directly, "Art thou my very son Esau?" and Jacob answered simply, "I am." Isaac proceeded to eat the food and to drink the wine that Jacob gave him, and then told him to come close and kiss him. As Jacob kissed his father, Isaac smelled the clothes which belonged to Esau and finally accepted that the person in front of him was Esau. Isaac then blessed Jacob with the blessing that was meant for Esau. Genesis 27:28–29 states Isaac's blessing: "Therefore God give thee of the dew of heavens, and the fatness of the earth, and plenty of corn and wine: Let people serve thee: be lord over thy brethren, and let thy mother's sons bow down to thee: cursed be every one that curseth thee, and blessed be he that blesseth thee." </p><p>Jacob had scarcely left the room when Esau returned from the hunt to prepare his game and receive the blessing. The realization that he had been deceived shocked Isaac, yet he acknowledged that Jacob had received the blessings by adding, "Indeed, he will be [or remain] blessed!" (27:33). </p><p>Esau was heartbroken by the deception and begged for his own blessing. Having made Jacob a ruler over his brothers, Isaac could only promise, "By your sword you shall live, but your brother you shall serve; yet it shall be that when you are aggrieved, you may cast off his yoke from upon your neck" (27:39–40). </p><p>Although Esau sold Jacob his own birthright, which was his blessing, for "red pottage," Esau still hated Jacob for receiving his blessing that their father Isaac unknowingly had given to him. He vowed to kill Jacob as soon as Isaac died. When Rebecca heard about his murderous intentions,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she ordered Jacob to travel to her brother <a href="/wiki/Laban_(Bible)" title="Laban (Bible)">Laban</a>'s house in <a href="/wiki/Haran_(biblical_place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haran (biblical place)">Haran</a>, until Esau's anger subsided. She convinced Isaac to send Jacob away by telling him that she despaired of his marrying a local girl from the idol-worshipping families of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> (as Esau had done). After Isaac sent Jacob away to find a wife, Esau realized his own Canaanite wives were evil in his father's eyes and so he took a daughter of Isaac's half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>, as another wife. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacob's_ladder"><span id="Jacob.27s_ladder"></span>Jacob's ladder</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder" title="Jacob's Ladder">Jacob's Ladder</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blake_jacobsladder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Blake_jacobsladder.jpg/220px-Blake_jacobsladder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Blake_jacobsladder.jpg/330px-Blake_jacobsladder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Blake_jacobsladder.jpg/440px-Blake_jacobsladder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3564" data-file-height="4536" /></a><figcaption><i>Jacob's Dream</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>, British Museum, London)</figcaption></figure> <p>Near <a href="/wiki/Luz_(biblical_place)" title="Luz (biblical place)">Luz</a> en route to Haran, Jacob experienced a vision of a ladder, or staircase, reaching into heaven with angels going up and down it, subsequently referred to in popular culture as "<a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob's ladder">Jacob's ladder</a>." He heard the voice of God, who repeated many of the blessings upon him, coming from the top of the ladder. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pirkei_DeRabbi_Eliezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer">Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer</a>, the ladder signified the exiles that the Jewish people would suffer before the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_messianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish messianism">Jewish Messiah</a>: the angels that represented the exiles of Babylonia, Persia, and Greece each climbed up a certain number of steps, paralleling the years of the exile, before they "fell down"; but the angel representing the last exile, that of <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, kept climbing higher and higher into the clouds. Jacob feared that his descendants would never be free of Esau's domination, but God assured him that at the End of Days, Edom too would come falling down.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the morning, Jacob awakened and continued on his way to Haran, after naming the place where he had spent the night "<a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a>", "God's house." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages">Marriages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachel_WilliamDyce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rachel_WilliamDyce.jpg/220px-Rachel_WilliamDyce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Rachel_WilliamDyce.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption><i>Rachel and Jacob</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Dyce" title="William Dyce">William Dyce</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Arriving in Haran, Jacob saw a well where shepherds were gathering their flocks to water them and met <a href="/wiki/Laban_(Bible)" title="Laban (Bible)">Laban</a>'s younger daughter, <a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a>, Jacob's <a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">first cousin</a>; she was working as a shepherdess. Jacob was 77 years old,<sup id="cite_ref-Craig_Olson_p.13_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig_Olson_p.13-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he loved Rachel immediately. After spending a month with his relatives he asked for her hand in marriage in return for working seven years for Laban the <a href="/wiki/Aramean" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramean">Aramean</a>. Laban agreed to the arrangement. These seven years seemed to Jacob "but a few days, for the love he had for her." When they were complete and he was 84 years old<sup id="cite_ref-Craig_Olson_p.13_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig_Olson_p.13-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he asked for his wife, but Laban deceived him by switching Rachel for her older sister, <a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a>, as the veiled bride. In the morning, when the truth became known, Laban justified his action, saying that in his country it was unheard of to give a younger daughter before the older. However, he agreed to give Rachel in marriage as well if Jacob would work another seven years. After the week of wedding celebrations with Leah, Jacob married Rachel, and he continued to work for Laban for another seven years. </p><p>In those seven years, Jacob fathered twelve children.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig_Olson_p.13_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig_Olson_p.13-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He loved Rachel more than Leah, and Leah felt hated. God opened Leah's womb and she gave birth to four sons rapidly: <a href="/wiki/Reuben_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Reuben (son of Jacob)">Reuben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Judah (son of Jacob)">Judah</a>. Rachel, however, remained barren. Following the example of Sarah, who gave her handmaid to <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> after years of infertility, Rachel gave her handmaid <a href="/wiki/Bilhah" title="Bilhah">Bilhah</a> to Jacob so that Rachel could raise children through her. Bilhah gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Dan_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Dan (son of Jacob)">Dan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naphtali" title="Naphtali">Naphtali</a>. Seeing that she had left off childbearing temporarily, Leah then gave her handmaid <a href="/wiki/Zilpah" title="Zilpah">Zilpah</a> to Jacob so that Leah could raise more children through her. Zilpah gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Gad (son of Jacob)">Gad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asher" title="Asher">Asher</a>. Afterwards, Leah became fertile again and gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Issachar" title="Issachar">Issachar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zebulun" title="Zebulun">Zebulun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dinah" title="Dinah">Dinah</a>, Jacob's only daughter. God remembered Rachel, who gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a>, and later, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a>. </p><p>After Joseph was born, Jacob decided to return home to his parents. Laban <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">the Aramean</a> was reluctant to release him, as God had blessed his flock on account of Jacob. Laban asked what he could pay Jacob. Jacob suggested that all the spotted, speckled, and brown goats and sheep of Laban's flock, at any given moment, would be his wages. Jacob placed rods of poplar, hazel, and chestnut, all of which he peeled "white streaks upon them,"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the flocks' watering holes or troughs, associating the stripes of the rods with the growth of stripes on the livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this practicing of magic, later on Jacob says to his wives that it was God who made the livestock give birth to the convenient offspring, in order to turn the tide against the deceptive Laban.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time passed, Laban's sons noticed that Jacob was taking the better part of their flocks, and so Laban's friendly attitude towards Jacob began to change. The <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">angel of the Lord</a>, in a dream back during the breeding season, told Jacob "Now lift your eyes and see [that] all the he goats mounting the animals are ringed, speckled, and striped, for I have seen all that Laban is doing to you",<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he is the God whom Jacob met at Bethel,<sup id="cite_ref-Genesis_31:13_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genesis_31:13-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Jacob should leave and go back to the land where he was born,<sup id="cite_ref-Genesis_31:13_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genesis_31:13-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he and his wives and children did without informing Laban. Before they left, Rachel stole the <i><a href="/wiki/Teraphim" title="Teraphim">teraphim</a>,</i> considered to be household <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">idols</a>, from Laban's house. </p><p>Laban pursued Jacob for seven days. The night before he caught up to him, God appeared to Laban in a dream and warned him not to say anything good or bad to Jacob. When the two met, Laban said to Jacob, "What have you done, that you have tricked me and driven away my daughters like captives of the sword?"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also asked for his stolen <i>teraphim</i> back. Knowing nothing about Rachel's theft, Jacob told Laban that whoever stole them should die and stood aside to let him search. When Laban reached Rachel's tent, she hid the <i>teraphim</i> by sitting on them and stating she could not get up because she was <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruating</a>. Jacob and Laban then parted from each other with a pact to preserve the peace between them near <a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a>. Laban returned to his home and Jacob continued on his way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journey_back_to_Canaan">Journey back to Canaan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutte_de_Jacob_avec_l%27Ange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lutte_de_Jacob_avec_l%27Ange.jpg/220px-Lutte_de_Jacob_avec_l%27Ange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lutte_de_Jacob_avec_l%27Ange.jpg/330px-Lutte_de_Jacob_avec_l%27Ange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lutte_de_Jacob_avec_l%27Ange.jpg/440px-Lutte_de_Jacob_avec_l%27Ange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><i>Jacob Wrestling with the Angel</i> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel" title="Jacob wrestling with the angel">Jacob wrestling with the angel</a></div> <p>As Jacob neared the land of Canaan as he passed <a href="/wiki/Mahanaim" title="Mahanaim">Mahanaim</a>, he sent messengers ahead to his brother Esau. They returned with the news that Esau was coming to meet Jacob with an army of 400 men. With great apprehension, Jacob prepared for the worst. He engaged in earnest prayer to God, then sent on before him a tribute of flocks and herds to Esau, "A present to my lord Esau from thy servant Jacob." </p><p>Jacob then transported his family and flocks across the ford <a href="/wiki/Jabbok" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabbok">Jabbok</a> by night, then recrossed back to send over his possessions, being left alone in communion with God. There, a mysterious being appeared ("man," Genesis 32:24, 28; or "God," Genesis 32:28, 30, Hosea 12:3, 5; or "angel," Hosea 12:4), and the two wrestled until daybreak. When the being saw that he did not overpower Jacob, he touched Jacob on the sinew of his thigh (the <i><a href="/wiki/Gid_hanasheh" title="Gid hanasheh">gid hanasheh</a></i>, גיד הנשה), and, as a result, Jacob developed a limp (Genesis 32:31). Because of this, "to this day the people of Israel do not eat the sinew of the thigh that is on the hip socket"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incident is the source of the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nikkur" title="Nikkur">porging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jacob then demanded a blessing, and the being declared in Genesis 32:28 that, from then on, Jacob would be called יִשְׂרָאֵל, Israel (<i>Yisra'el</i>, meaning "one that struggled with the divine angel" (Josephus), "one who has prevailed with God" (Rashi), "a man seeing God" (Whiston), "he will rule as God" (Strong), or "a prince with God" (Morris), from Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שרה</span>, "prevail," "have power as a prince").<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he is still called Jacob in later texts, his name Israel makes some consider him the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. </p><p>Jacob asked the being's name, but he refused to answer. Afterwards, Jacob named the place <a href="/wiki/Penuel" title="Penuel">Penuel</a> (<i>Penuw'el</i>, <i>Peniy'el</i>, meaning "face of God"),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying: "I have seen God face to face and lived." </p><p>Because the terminology is ambiguous (<a href="/wiki/El_(deity)#Hebrew_Bible" title="El (deity)">"el"</a> in <i>Yisra'el</i>) and inconsistent, and because this being refused to reveal his name, there are varying views as to whether he was a man, an angel, or God. Josephus uses only the terms "angel", "divine angel," and "angel of God," describing the struggle as no small victory. According to Rashi, the being was the guardian angel of Esau himself, sent to destroy Jacob before he could return to the land of Canaan. Trachtenberg theorized that the being refused to identify itself for fear that, if its secret name was known, it would be conjurable by incantations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literal Christian interpreters like <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Morris" title="Henry M. Morris">Henry M. Morris</a> say that the stranger was "God Himself and, therefore, Christ in His preincarnate state", citing Jacob's own evaluation and the name he assumed thereafter, "one who fights victoriously with God", and adding that God had appeared in the human form of the <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a> to eat a meal with Abraham in Genesis 18.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geller wrote that, "in the context of the wrestling bout, the name implies that Jacob won this supremacy, linked to that of God's, by a kind of <a href="/wiki/Theomachy" title="Theomachy">theomachy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the morning, Jacob assembled his four wives and 11 sons, placing the maidservants and their children in front, Leah and her children next, and Rachel and Joseph in the rear. Some commentators cite this placement as proof that Jacob continued to favor Joseph over Leah's children, as presumably the rear position would have been safer from a frontal assault by Esau, which Jacob feared. Jacob himself took the foremost position. Esau's spirit of revenge, however, was apparently appeased by Jacob's bounteous gifts of camels, goats and flocks. Their reunion was an emotional one. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Hayez_061.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Francesco_Hayez_061.jpg/220px-Francesco_Hayez_061.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Francesco_Hayez_061.jpg/330px-Francesco_Hayez_061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Francesco_Hayez_061.jpg/440px-Francesco_Hayez_061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption><i>Esau and Jacob reconcile</i> (1844) by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Esau offered to accompany them on their way back to Israel, but Jacob protested that his children were still young and tender (born six to 13 years prior in the narrative); Jacob suggested eventually catching up with Esau at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Seir" title="Mount Seir">Mount Seir</a>. According to the Sages, this was a prophetic reference to the End of Days, when Jacob's descendants will come to Mount Seir, the home of Edom, to deliver judgment against Esau's descendants for persecuting them throughout the millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob actually diverted himself to Succoth and was not recorded as rejoining Esau until, at <a href="/wiki/Machpelah" class="mw-redirect" title="Machpelah">Machpelah</a>, the two bury their father Isaac, who lived to be 180, and was 60 years older than they were. </p><p>Jacob then arrived in <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a>, where he bought a parcel of land, now identified as <a href="/wiki/Joseph%27s_Tomb" title="Joseph's Tomb">Joseph's Tomb</a>. In Shechem, Jacob's daughter Dinah was kidnapped and raped by the ruler's son, who desired to marry the girl. Dinah's brothers, Simeon and Levi, agreed in Jacob's name to permit the marriage as long as all the men of Shechem first <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcised</a> themselves, ostensibly to unite the children of Jacob in Abraham's <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant</a> of familial harmony. On the third day after the circumcisions, when all the men of Shechem were still in pain, Simeon and Levi put them all to death by the sword and rescued their sister Dinah, and their brothers plundered the property, women, and children. Jacob condemned this act, saying: "You have brought trouble on me by making me a stench to the <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perizzites" title="Perizzites">Perizzites</a>, the people living in this land."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later rebuked his two sons for their anger in his deathbed blessing (Genesis 49:5–7). </p><p>Jacob returned to Bethel, where he had another vision of blessing. Although the death of Rebecca, Jacob's mother, is not explicitly recorded in the Bible, Deborah, Rebecca's nurse, died and was buried at Bethel, at a place that Jacob calls <i>Allon Bachuth</i> (אלון בכות), "Oak of Weepings" (Genesis 35:8). According to the Midrash,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the plural form of the word "weeping" indicates the double sorrow that Rebecca also died at this time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metz_Der_Tod_Rahels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Metz_Der_Tod_Rahels.jpg/220px-Metz_Der_Tod_Rahels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Metz_Der_Tod_Rahels.jpg/330px-Metz_Der_Tod_Rahels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Metz_Der_Tod_Rahels.jpg/440px-Metz_Der_Tod_Rahels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption><i>The death of Rachel after the birth of Benjamin</i> (c. 1847) by Gustav Ferdinand Metz</figcaption></figure> <p>Jacob then made a further move while Rachel was pregnant; near <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, Rachel went into labor and died as she gave birth to her second son, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a> (Jacob's twelfth son). Jacob buried her and erected a monument over her grave. <a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel's Tomb</a>, just outside Bethlehem, remains a popular site for pilgrimages and prayers to this day. Jacob then settled in <a href="/wiki/Migdal_Eder_(biblical_location)" title="Migdal Eder (biblical location)">Migdal Eder</a>, where his firstborn, <a href="/wiki/Reuben" title="Reuben">Reuben</a>, slept with Rachel's servant Bilhah; Jacob's response was not given at the time, but he did condemn Reuben for it later, in his deathbed blessing. Jacob was finally reunited with his father Isaac in <a href="/wiki/Mamre" title="Mamre">Mamre</a> (outside <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>). </p><p>When Isaac died at the age of 180, Jacob and Esau buried him in the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a>, which Abraham had purchased as a family <a href="/wiki/Grave_(burial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave (burial)">burial plot</a>. At this point in the biblical narrative, two genealogies of Esau's family appear under the headings "the generations of Esau". A conservative interpretation is that, at Isaac's burial, Jacob obtained the records of Esau, who had been married 80 years prior, and incorporated them into his own family records, and that Moses augmented and published them.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Hebron">In Hebron</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)#Plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Plot against Joseph</a></div> <p>The house of Jacob dwelt in <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the land of Canaan. His flocks were often fed in the pastures of <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Dothan_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dothan (ancient city)">Dothan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of all the children in his household, he loved Rachel's firstborn son, Joseph, the most. Thus Joseph's half brothers were jealous of him and they ridiculed him often. Joseph even told his father about all of his half brothers' misdeeds. When Joseph was 17 years old, Jacob made a long coat or <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_many_colors" title="Coat of many colors">tunic of many colors</a> for him. Seeing this, the half brothers began to hate Joseph. Then Joseph began to have dreams that implied that his family would bow down to him. When he told his brothers about such dreams, it drove them to conspire against him. When Jacob heard of these dreams, he rebuked his son for proposing the idea that the house of Jacob would even bow down to Joseph. Yet, he contemplated his son's words about these dreams.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Andrea_de_Ferrari_-_%27Joseph%27s_Coat_Brought_to_Jacob%27,_oil_on_canvas,_c._1640,_El_Paso_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Giovanni_Andrea_de_Ferrari_-_%27Joseph%27s_Coat_Brought_to_Jacob%27%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_c._1640%2C_El_Paso_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Andrea_de_Ferrari_-_%27Joseph%27s_Coat_Brought_to_Jacob%27%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_c._1640%2C_El_Paso_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Giovanni_Andrea_de_Ferrari_-_%27Joseph%27s_Coat_Brought_to_Jacob%27%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_c._1640%2C_El_Paso_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Giovanni_Andrea_de_Ferrari_-_%27Joseph%27s_Coat_Brought_to_Jacob%27%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_c._1640%2C_El_Paso_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Giovanni_Andrea_de_Ferrari_-_%27Joseph%27s_Coat_Brought_to_Jacob%27%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_c._1640%2C_El_Paso_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Giovanni_Andrea_de_Ferrari_-_%27Joseph%27s_Coat_Brought_to_Jacob%27%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_c._1640%2C_El_Paso_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2589" /></a><figcaption><i>Joseph's Coat Brought to Jacob</i><br />by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Andrea_de_Ferrari" title="Giovanni Andrea de Ferrari">Giovanni Andrea de Ferrari</a>, c. 1640</figcaption></figure> <p>Sometime afterward, the sons of Jacob by Leah, Bilhah and Zilpah, were feeding his flocks in Shechem. Jacob wanted to know how things were doing, so he asked Joseph to go down there and return with a report.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the last time he would ever see his son in Hebron. Later that day, the report that Jacob ended up receiving came from Joseph's brothers who brought before him a coat laden with blood. Jacob identified the coat as the one he made for Joseph. At that moment he cried "It is my son's tunic. A wild beast has devoured him. Without doubt Joseph is torn to pieces." He rent his clothes and put sackcloth around his waist mourning for days. No one from the house of Jacob could comfort him during this time of bereavement.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The truth was that Joseph's older brothers had turned on him, apprehended him and ultimately sold him into slavery on a caravan headed for Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven-year_famine">Seven-year famine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)#Brothers_sent_to_Egypt" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph's brothers sent to Egypt</a></div> <p>Twenty years later,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> throughout the Middle East a severe famine occurred like none other that lasted seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It crippled nations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word was that the only kingdom prospering was Egypt. In the second year of this great famine,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Israel (Jacob) was about 130 years old,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he told his 10 sons of Leah, Bilhah and Zilpah, to go to Egypt and buy grain. Israel's youngest son Benjamin, born from Rachel, stayed behind by his father's order to keep him safe.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nine of the sons returned to their father Israel from Egypt, stockpiled with grain on their donkeys. They relayed to their father all that had happened in Egypt. They spoke of being accused as spies and that their brother Simeon had been taken prisoner. When Reuben, the eldest, mentioned that they needed to bring Benjamin to Egypt to prove their word as honest men, their father became furious with them. He couldn't understand how they were put in a position to tell the Egyptians all about their family. When the sons of Israel opened their sacks, they saw their money that they used to pay for the grain. It was still in their possession, and so they all became afraid. Israel then became angry with the loss of Joseph, Simeon, and now possibly Benjamin.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It turned out that Joseph, who identified his brothers in Egypt, was able to secretly return the money that they used to pay for the grain, back to them.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the house of Israel consumed all the grain that they brought from Egypt, Israel told his sons to go back and buy more. This time, Judah spoke to his father in order to persuade him about having Benjamin accompany them, so as to prevent Egyptian retribution. In hopes of retrieving Simeon and ensuring Benjamin's return, Israel told them to bring the best fruits of their land, including: <a href="/wiki/Melissa_(plant)" title="Melissa (plant)">balm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, spices, <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachio</a> nuts and <a href="/wiki/Almonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds">almonds</a>. Israel also mentioned that the money that was returned to their money sacks was probably a mistake or an oversight on their part. So, he told them to bring that money back and use double that amount to pay for the new grain. Lastly, he let Benjamin go with them and said "may God Almighty give you mercy... If I am bereaved, I am bereaved!"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Egypt">In Egypt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(son_of_Jacob)#Family_reunited" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (son of Jacob)">Joseph's family reunited</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">West Asiatic visitors to Egypt (c.1900 BCE)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:440px;max-width:440px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:66px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Procession_of_the_Aamu,_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_(composite).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg/438px-Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="438" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg/657px-Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg/876px-Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5440" data-file-height="823" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:440px;max-width:440px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:63px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg/438px-Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg" decoding="async" width="438" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg/657px-Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg/876px-Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A group of West Asiatic foreigners, possibly <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a>, visiting the Egyptian official <a href="/wiki/Khnumhotep_II" title="Khnumhotep II">Khnumhotep II</a> c. 1900 BC. Tomb of <a href="/wiki/12th_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="12th dynasty">12th-dynasty</a> official <a href="/wiki/Khnumhotep_II" title="Khnumhotep II">Khnumhotep II</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hasan" title="Beni Hasan">Beni Hasan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_Joseph_and_His_Brethren_Welcomed_by_Pharaoh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tissot_Joseph_and_His_Brethren_Welcomed_by_Pharaoh.jpg/220px-Tissot_Joseph_and_His_Brethren_Welcomed_by_Pharaoh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tissot_Joseph_and_His_Brethren_Welcomed_by_Pharaoh.jpg/330px-Tissot_Joseph_and_His_Brethren_Welcomed_by_Pharaoh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tissot_Joseph_and_His_Brethren_Welcomed_by_Pharaoh.jpg/440px-Tissot_Joseph_and_His_Brethren_Welcomed_by_Pharaoh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>House of Israel welcomed by <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a>, watercolor by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a> (c. 1900)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG/220px-Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG/330px-Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Joseph with his father Jacob and brothers in Egypt (<i><a href="/wiki/Zubdat-al_Tawarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubdat-al Tawarikh">Zubdat-al Tawarikh</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>When the sons of Israel (Jacob) returned to Hebron from their second trip, they came back with 20 additional donkeys carrying all kinds of goods and supplies as well as Egyptian transport wagons. When their father came out to meet them, his sons told him that Joseph was still alive, that he was the governor over all of Egypt and that he wanted the house of Israel to move to Egypt. Israel's heart "stood still" and just couldn't believe what he was hearing. Looking upon the wagons he declared "Joseph my son is still alive. I will go and see him before I die."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israel and his entire house of 70,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gathered up with all their livestock and began their journey to Egypt. En route, Israel stopped at <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> for the night to make a sacrificial offering to his God, Yahweh. Apparently he had some reservations about leaving the land of his forefathers, but God reassured him not to fear that he would rise again. God also assured that he would be with him, he would prosper, and he would also see his son Joseph who would lay him to rest. Continuing their journey to Egypt, when they approached in proximity, Israel sent his son Judah ahead to find out where the caravans were to stop. They were directed to disembark at <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Goshen" title="Land of Goshen">Goshen</a>. It was here, after 22 years, that Jacob saw his son Joseph once again. They embraced each other and wept together for quite a while. Israel then said, "Now let me die, since I have seen your face, because you are still alive."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The time had come for Joseph's family to personally meet the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pharaohs">Pharaoh</a> of Egypt. After Joseph prepared his family for the meeting, the brothers came before the Pharaoh first, formally requesting to pasture in Egyptian lands. The Pharaoh honored their stay and even made the notion that if there were any competent men in their house, then they may elect a chief herdsman to oversee Egyptian livestock. Finally, Joseph's father was brought out to meet the Pharaoh. Because the Pharaoh had such a high regard for Joseph, practically making him his equal,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was an honor to meet his father. Thus, Israel was able to bless the Pharaoh. The two chatted for a bit, the Pharaoh even inquiring of Israel's age which happened to be 130 years old at that time. After the meeting, the families were directed to pasture in the land of Ramses where they lived in the province of Goshen. The house of Israel acquired many possessions and multiplied exceedingly during the course of 17 years, even through the worst of the seven-year famine.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_days">Final days</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_Jacob" title="Blessing of Jacob">Blessing of Jacob</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_with_Ephraim_and_Manasseh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jacob_with_Ephraim_and_Manasseh.JPG/220px-Jacob_with_Ephraim_and_Manasseh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jacob_with_Ephraim_and_Manasseh.JPG/330px-Jacob_with_Ephraim_and_Manasseh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jacob_with_Ephraim_and_Manasseh.JPG/440px-Jacob_with_Ephraim_and_Manasseh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Jacob blessing <a href="/wiki/Ephraim" title="Ephraim">Ephraim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)" title="Manasseh (tribal patriarch)">Manasseh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob%27s_funeral_procession.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacob%27s_funeral_procession.JPG/220px-Jacob%27s_funeral_procession.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacob%27s_funeral_procession.JPG/330px-Jacob%27s_funeral_procession.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacob%27s_funeral_procession.JPG/440px-Jacob%27s_funeral_procession.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Jacob's funeral procession</figcaption></figure> <p>Israel (Jacob) was 147 years old when he called to his favorite son Joseph and pleaded that he not be buried in Egypt. Rather, he requested to be carried to the land of Canaan to be buried with his forefathers. Joseph swore to do as his father asked of him. Not too long afterward, Israel had fallen ill, losing much of his vision. When Joseph came to visit his father, he brought with him his two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh. Israel declared that they would be heirs to the inheritance of the house of Israel, as if they were his own children, just as Reuben and Simeon were. Then Israel laid his right hand on the younger Ephraim's head and his left hand on the eldest Manasseh's head and blessed Joseph. However, Joseph was displeased that his father's right hand was not on the head of his firstborn, so he switched his father's hands. But Israel refused saying, "but truly his younger brother shall be greater than he." A declaration he made, just as Israel himself was to his firstborn brother Esau. Then Israel called all of his sons in and prophesied their blessings or curses to all twelve of them in order of their ages.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afterward, Israel died and the family, including the Egyptians, mourned him 70 days. Israel was embalmed for 40 days and a great ceremonial journey to Canaan was prepared by Joseph. He led the servants of Pharaoh, and the elders of the houses Israel and Egypt beyond the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Atad" title="Atad">Atad</a> where they observed seven days of mourning. Their lamentation was so great that it caught the attention of surrounding Canaanites who remarked "This is a deep mourning of the Egyptians." This spot was then named <a href="/wiki/Abel_Mizraim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abel Mizraim">Abel Mizraim</a>. Then they buried him in the cave of <a href="/wiki/Machpelah" class="mw-redirect" title="Machpelah">Machpelah</a>, the property of Abraham when he bought it from the Hittite <a href="/wiki/Ephron_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephron (biblical figure)">Ephron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children_of_Jacob">Children of Jacob</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></div> <p>Jacob, through his two wives and his two concubines had 12 biological sons; <a href="/wiki/Reuben_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Reuben (son of Jacob)">Reuben</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Judah (son of Jacob)">Judah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dan_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Dan (son of Jacob)">Dan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Naphtali" title="Naphtali">Naphtali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Gad (son of Jacob)">Gad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asher" title="Asher">Asher</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Issachar" title="Issachar">Issachar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zebulun" title="Zebulun">Zebulun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scene of Jacob mourning Joseph makes mention of him having a number of daughters,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but no details are provided. Only one daughter, <a href="/wiki/Dinah" title="Dinah">Dinah</a>, is known by name.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Jacob also adopted the two sons of Joseph, <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)" title="Manasseh (tribal patriarch)">Manasseh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ephraim" title="Ephraim">Ephraim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The offspring of Jacob's sons became the <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes of Israel">tribes of Israel</a> following <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>, when the Israelites conquered and settled in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_perspectives">Religious perspectives</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Jacob/Israel</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_(Israel).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jacob_%28Israel%29.jpg/250px-Jacob_%28Israel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jacob_%28Israel%29.jpg/375px-Jacob_%28Israel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Jacob_%28Israel%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a> of St. Jacob, 18th century (<a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Kizhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizhi">Kizhi</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>, Russia</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Prophet, Patriarch</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a>, Hebron</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <p>There are two opinions in the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> as to how old Rebecca was at the time of her marriage and, consequently, at the twins' birth. According to the traditional counting cited by <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, Isaac was 37 years old at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">Binding of Isaac</a>, and news of Rebecca's birth reached Abraham immediately after that event.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that case, since Isaac was 60 when Jacob and Esau were born and they had been married for 20 years, then Isaac was 40 years old when he married Rebecca (Gen. 25:20), making Rebecca three years old at the time of her marriage, and 23 years old at the birth of Jacob and Esau. According to the second opinion, Rebecca was 14 years old at the time of their marriage, and 34 years old at the birth of Jacob and Esau. In either case, Isaac and Rebecca were married for 20 years before Jacob and Esau were born. The Midrash says that during Rebecca's pregnancy whenever she would pass a house of Torah study, Jacob would struggle to come out; whenever she would pass a house of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, Esau would agitate to come out.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rashi explained that Isaac, when blessing Jacob instead of Esau, smelled the heavenly scent of <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Gan Eden</a> (Paradise) when Jacob entered his room and, in contrast, perceived <a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a> opening beneath Esau when the latter entered the room, showing him that he had been deceived all along by Esau's show of piety.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Talmud, Jacob did not flee directly to Haran (as would seem from the Biblical text), but rather studied for 14 years at the <a href="/wiki/Shem_and_Eber_Cave" title="Shem and Eber Cave">study house of Shem and Eber</a> before continuing towards Haran.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Laban planned to deceive Jacob into marrying Leah instead of Rachel, the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> recounts that both Jacob and Rachel suspected that Laban would pull such a trick; Laban was known as the "Aramean" (deceiver), and changed Jacob's wages ten times during his employ (Genesis 31:7). The couple therefore devised a series of signs by which Jacob could identify the veiled bride on his wedding night. But when Rachel saw her sister being taken out to the wedding canopy, her heart went out to her for the public shame Leah would suffer if she were exposed. Rachel therefore gave Leah the signs so that Jacob would not realize the switch. </p><p>Jacob had still another reason for grieving the loss of Joseph. God had promised to him: "If none of your sons dies during your lifetime, you may look upon it as a token that you will not be put in (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> of) <a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a> after your death."<sup id="cite_ref-Ginzberg_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginzberg-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thinking Joseph to be dead, Jacob had his own destiny to lament because he considered that he was doomed to that Hell.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginzberg_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginzberg-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic literature</a> of the Hellenistic period includes many ancient texts with narratives about Jacob, many times with details different from Genesis. The more important are the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Biblical_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Biblical Antiquities">Book of Biblical Antiquities</a>. Jacob is also the protagonist of the <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Testament of Jacob</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Ladder_of_Jacob" title="Ladder of Jacob">Ladder of Jacob</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Joseph" title="Prayer of Joseph">Prayer of Joseph</a>, which interpret the experience of this Patriarch in the context of <a href="/wiki/Merkabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkabah">merkabah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and those <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> which follow the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> see Jacob's dream as a <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a>, whereby <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob's ladder">Jacob's ladder</a> is understood as a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> (Virgin Mary), who, according to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox theology</a>, united heaven and earth in her womb.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The biblical account of this vision<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the standard Old Testament readings at <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> on <a href="/wiki/Great_Feasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Feasts">Great Feasts</a> of the Theotokos. </p><p>The Eastern and Western Churches consider Jacob as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> along with other <a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical patriarchs">biblical patriarchs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with other patriarchs his feast day is celebrated in the Byzantine rite on the Second Sunday before the Advent (December 11–17), under the title <i>the Sunday of the Forefathers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Jacob in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenotaph_of_Jacob.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cenotaph_of_Jacob.JPG/220px-Cenotaph_of_Jacob.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cenotaph_of_Jacob.JPG/330px-Cenotaph_of_Jacob.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cenotaph_of_Jacob.JPG/440px-Cenotaph_of_Jacob.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Cenotaph of Jacob, <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Two further references to <a href="/wiki/Isra%27il" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra'il">Isra'il</a> (Arabic: إِسْرَآئِیل [<i>ˈisraāˈiyl</i>]; Classical/ Quranic Arabic: إِسْرَآءِیْل [<i>ˈisraāãˈiyl</i>]) are believed to be mention of Jacob. The Arabic form <a href="/wiki/Ya%27q%C5%ABb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ya'qūb">Ya'qūb</a> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">يَعْقُوب</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yaʿqūb</i></span>) may be direct from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> or indirect through <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is recognized in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">prophet</a> who received inspiration from God. He is acknowledged as a <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Muslims believe that he preached the same monotheistic faith as his forefathers <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">ʾIbrāhīm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">ʾIsḥāq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismā'īl</a>. Jacob is mentioned 16 times in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Islam_254_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Islam_254-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the majority of these references, Jacob is mentioned alongside fellow <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchs</a> as an ancient and pious prophet. According to the Quran, Jacob remained in the company of the elect throughout his life. (38:47) The Quran specifically mentions that Jacob was guided (6:84) and inspired (4:163) and was chosen to enforce the awareness of the Hereafter. (38:46) Jacob is described as a good-doer (21:72) and the Quran further makes it clear that God inspired Jacob to contribute towards purification and hold the contact prayer. (21:73) Jacob is further described as being resourceful and a possessor of great vision (38:45) and is further spoken of as being granted a "tongue [voice] of truthfulness to be heard." (19:50) </p><p>Of the life of Jacob, the Quran narrates two especially important events. The first is the role he plays in the story of his son <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Joseph">Joseph</a>. The Quran narrates the story of Joseph in detail, and Jacob, being Joseph's father, is mentioned thrice and is referenced another 25 times.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Islam_254_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Islam_254-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the narrative, Jacob does not trust some of his older sons (12: 11, 18, 23) because they do not respect him. (12: 8, 16–17) Jacob's prophetic nature is evident from his foreknowledge of Joseph's future greatness (12:6), his foreboding and response to the supposed death of Joseph (12: 13, 18) and in his response to the sons' plight in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. (12: 83, 86–87, 96) Islamic literature fleshes out the narrative of Jacob, and mentions that his wives included <a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob is later mentioned in the Quran in the context of the promise bestowed to <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (priest)">Zechariah</a>, regarding the birth of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>. (19:6) Jacob's second mention is in the Quran's second chapter. As Jacob lay on his deathbed, he asked his 12 sons to testify their faith to him before he departed from this world to the next. (2:132) Each son testified in front of Jacob that they would promise to remain Muslim (in submission to God) until the day of their death; that is they would surrender their wholeselves to God alone and would worship only Him. </p><p>In contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> view of Jacob, one main difference is that the story of Jacob's blessing, in which he deceives Isaac, is not accepted in Islam. The Quran makes it clear that Jacob was blessed by <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> as a prophet and, therefore, Muslims believe that his father, being a prophet as well, also knew of his son's greatness.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob is also cited in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i> as an example of one who was patient and trusting in God in the face of suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Islam_254_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Islam_254-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nation_of_Islam">Nation of Islam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yakub_(Nation_of_Islam)" title="Yakub (Nation of Islam)">Yakub (Nation of Islam)</a></div> <p>According to the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> (NOI), the original inhabitants of the world were black (referred to as the "Asiatic Blackman"), while the white race are "devils" who were created 6,000 years ago on what is today the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a> by the biblical and quranic Jacob, whom the group refers to as the "bigheaded scientist" Yakub.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though rejected by the vast majority of American Muslims, several NOI breakaway sects, including the <a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a>, subscribe to this narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a>, an NOI offshoot headed by <a href="/wiki/Dwight_York" title="Dwight York"> Malachi Z. York</a>, promotes an <a href="/wiki/Yakub_(Nation_of_Islam)#Nuwaubian_version" title="Yakub (Nation of Islam)">alternative version</a> of the Yakub story. In contrast to both the Bible and Qu’ran, the NOI and its offshoots teach that Yakub was born in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mike_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mike-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament#Historicity" title="Old Testament">Old Testament § Historicity</a></div> <p>Although archaeologist and biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a> maintained (c. 1961) that the narratives of Abraham and Jacob could be dated to about the 19th century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-bimson_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bimson-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John J. Bimson wrote in 1980: "Since then ... there has been a strong reaction against the use of archaeological evidence in support of the biblical traditions, and Albright's comment could not be repeated with any truth today."<sup id="cite_ref-bimson_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bimson-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nahum_M._Sarna" title="Nahum M. Sarna">Nahum M. Sarna</a> (1978) noted that an inability to date the narratives of the patriarchs does not necessarily invalidate their historicity,<sup id="cite_ref-bimson_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bimson-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view supported by Bimson, who admitted that "Our knowledge of the centuries around 2000 BCE is very small, and our ignorance very great."<sup id="cite_ref-bimson_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bimson-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_von_Rad" title="Gerhard von Rad">Gerhard von Rad</a>, in his <i>Old Testament Theology</i> (1962) postulated that the patriarchal narratives describe actual events subsequently interpreted by the community through its own experience.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Thompson" title="Thomas L. Thompson">Thomas L. Thompson</a>, view the narratives as late literary compositions (6th and 5th centuries BCE) that have ideological and theological purposes but are unreliable for historical reconstruction of the pre-settlement period of the Israelites.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historicity_of_the_Patriarchal_Narratives" title="The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives">The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives</a></i> (1974), Thompson suggested that the narratives arose in a response to some emergent situation, expressed as an imaginative picture of the past to embody hope.<sup id="cite_ref-goldingay_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldingay-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ascent_of_Man" title="The Ascent of Man">The Ascent of Man</a></i> (1973), <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bronowski" title="Jacob Bronowski">Jacob Bronowski</a> pointed out similarities between Jacob and Bakhtyar, who lends his name to Iran's <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_people" title="Bakhtiari people">Bakhtiari people</a>. Both were herdsmen who had two wives, and are regarded as the ancestral patriarch of their nomadic people.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">William G. Dever</a> wrote in 2001: "After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob 'historical figures.'"<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations in the <a href="/wiki/Timna_Valley" title="Timna Valley">Timna Valley</a> produced what may be the earliest camel bones found in Israel or even outside the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, dating to around 930 BCE. This is seen by some as evidence that the stories of Abraham, Jacob, and Joseph (said to have taken place a thousand years earlier) were written no earlier than the 10th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-camels_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camels-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a> proposed the Jacob-Esau narratives could have originated from 8th century BCE <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> because the conflict with Edom fits well not only in a Judahite context but also in 8th century BCE Israelite context.<sup id="cite_ref-:106_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:106-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have suggested that the story could fit also in a 2nd millennium BCE context.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finkelstein suggests there is an archaeological evidence that 8th century Israel interacted with Edom: the graffiti of <a href="/wiki/Kuntillet_Ajrud" title="Kuntillet Ajrud">Kuntillet Ajrud</a> that mention both a "YHWH of Samaria" (center of Israel) and a "YHWH of Teman" (center of Edom).<sup id="cite_ref-:106_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:106-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed the Jacob-Laban narrative might stem from the 8th century BCE as Haran was then the western capital of the Assyrian empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:106_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:106-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also proposed that the earliest layer of Jacob cycle or the oldest Jacob tradition, which is the story of him and his uncle Laban establishing the border between them, might be a pre-monarchic tradition and could be originated from <a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:106_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:106-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_sheep" title="Jacob sheep">Jacob sheep</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יַעֲקֹב</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bc\/Yaakov.ogg\/Yaakov.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Ya\u02bfaq\u014dv"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Yaakov.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Yaakov.ogg/Yaakov.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Yaʿaqōv</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaakov.ogg" title="File:Yaakov.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></i></span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yaʿăqōḇ</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">يَعْقُوب</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a></i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ἰακώβ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Iakṓb</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יִשְׂרָאֵל</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yīsrāʾēl</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[jisʁaˈʔel]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lifehopeandtruth.com/bible/bible-study/bible-stories/esau-and-jacob-and-the-birthright/">"Esau and Jacob and the Birthright"</a>. <i>Life, Hope & Truth</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Life%2C+Hope+%26+Truth&rft.atitle=Esau+and+Jacob+and+the+Birthright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flifehopeandtruth.com%2Fbible%2Fbible-study%2Fbible-stories%2Fesau-and-jacob-and-the-birthright%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enumerations of the twelve tribes vary. Because Jacob effectively adopted two of his grandsons by Joseph and <a href="/wiki/Asenath" title="Asenath">Asenath</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Ephraim" title="Ephraim">Ephraim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)" title="Manasseh (tribal patriarch)">Manasseh</a>, the two grandsons were often substituted for the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Joseph" title="Tribe of Joseph">Tribe of Joseph</a>, yielding thirteen tribes, or twelve if Levi is set apart.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust2022" class="citation book cs1">Faust, Avraham (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4beREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">"Between the Biblical Story and History: Writing an Archaeological History of Ancient Israel"</a>. In Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.). <i>The Ancient Israelite World</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-77324-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-77324-8"><bdi>978-1-000-77324-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+the+Biblical+Story+and+History%3A+Writing+an+Archaeological+History+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Israelite+World&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-77324-8&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4beREAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2023" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William G. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGuwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT110">"Christian Fundamentalism, Faith, and Archaeology"</a>. In Elliott, Mark; Atkinson, Kenneth; Rezetko, Robert (eds.). <i>Misusing Scripture: What are Evangelicals Doing with the Bible?</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. PT110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85301-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85301-8"><bdi>978-1-000-85301-8</bdi></a>. <q>Abraham and the patriarchs may have been itinerant Amorites, but that is all we can say.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Fundamentalism%2C+Faith%2C+and+Archaeology&rft.btitle=Misusing+Scripture%3A+What+are+Evangelicals+Doing+with+the+Bible%3F&rft.pages=PT110&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-85301-8&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGuwEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יָדֹו אֹחֶזֶת בַּעֲקֵב עֵשָׂו</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>: "and his hand took hold on Esau's heel"). <i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H6119&t=WLC">H6119</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreedmanMyers2000-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FreedmanMyers2000_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Noel_FreedmanAllen_C._Myers2000" class="citation book cs1">David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers (31 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA666"><i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Amsterdam University Press. p. 666. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=666&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2000-12-31&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.au=David+Noel+Freedman&rft.au=Allen+C.+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor P. Hamilton, <i>The Book of Genesis, Chapters 18–50</i> (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlQ4chBCC5oC&pg=PA179">p. 179</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Z. Smith, <i>Map is Not Territory: Studies in the History of Religions</i>, University of Chicago Press (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8Vvzr7SeuwC&pg=PA33">p. 33</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wm M F Petrie, pg 38 Palestine and Israel, 1934. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׂרָה</span></span> <i>śarah</i> "to contend, have power, contend with, persist, exert oneself, persevere" (<i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H8323&t=KJV">H8323</a>); <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׂרַר</span></span> <i>śarar</i> "to be or act as prince, rule, contend, have power, prevail over, reign, govern" (<i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H8280&t=KJV">h8280</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Jewish Study Bible" of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (p. 68=) "The scientific etymology of <i>Israel</i> is uncertain, a good guess being '[The God] El rules.'"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Bibles/StudyBibles/TanakhJewishversion/~~/dmlldz11c2EmY2k9OTc4MDE5NTI5NzUxNQ==">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#20">Genesis 25:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#26">25:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#25">Genesis 25:25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Strong's Concordance</i> 3290, 6117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#27">Genesis 25:27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#28">Genesis 25:28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#29">Genesis 25:29–34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scherman, Rabbi Nosson (1993). <i>The Chumash</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>: Mesorah Publications, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginzberg, Louis (1909). <i><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_the_Jews" title="Legends of the Jews">Legends of the Jews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf">Vol I : Isaac blesses Jacob</a></i> (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0127.htm#21">Genesis 27:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0127.htm#22">Genesis 27:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2027:42">Genesis 27:42</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_DeRabbi_Eliezer.35.6">Pirkei Derabbi Eliezer 35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craig_Olson_p.13-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_Olson_p.13_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_Olson_p.13_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_Olson_p.13_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig Olson, "How Old was Father Abraham? Re-examining the Patriarchal Lifespans in Light of Archaeology", p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genesis 30:37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genesis 30:39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genesis 31:7-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genesis 31:12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genesis_31:13-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genesis_31:13_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genesis_31:13_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Genesis 31:13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genesis 31:26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Genesis+32:32">Genesis 32:32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenstein,_Judah_David1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eisenstein, Judah David (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=453&letter=P">"Porging"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/16014703">16014703</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Porging&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F16014703&rft.au=Eisenstein%2C+Judah+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D453%26letter%3DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Strong's Concordance</i> 3478, 8280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Strong's Concordance</i> 6439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trachtenberg 1939, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_Henry_M.1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Morris" title="Henry M. Morris">Morris, Henry M.</a> (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genesisrecordsc00morr"><i>The Genesis Record: A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Baker_Book_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Baker Book House">Baker Book House</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genesisrecordsc00morr/page/337">337</a>, 499–502. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801060045" title="Special:BookSources/9780801060045"><bdi>9780801060045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+Record%3A+A+Scientific+and+Devotional+Commentary+on+the+Book+of+Beginnings&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=337%2C+499-502&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780801060045&rft.au=Morris%2C+Henry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenesisrecordsc00morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeller1982" class="citation journal cs1">Geller, Stephen A. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814005141/http://jtsa.edu/Documents/pagedocs/JANES/1982%2014/Geller14.pdf">"The Struggle at the Jabbok: the Uses of Enigma in a Biblical Narrative"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society</i>. <b>14</b>: 37–60. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Society&rft.atitle=The+Struggle+at+the+Jabbok%3A+the+Uses+of+Enigma+in+a+Biblical+Narrative&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=37-60&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Geller&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jtsa.edu%2FDocuments%2Fpagedocs%2FJANES%2F1982%252014%2FGeller14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> Also in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeller1996" class="citation book cs1">Geller, Stephen A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2z_YYiKNJygC&q=%22THE+STRUGGLE+AT+THE+JABBOK+The+uses+of+enigma+in+biblical+religion%22&pg=PA9">"2 – The Struggle at the Jabbok. The uses of enigma in biblical religion (pp. 9ff.)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2z_YYiKNJygC"><i>Sacred Enigmas. Literary Religion in the Hebrew Bible</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2z_YYiKNJygC&dq=%22in+the+context+of+the+wresding+bout,+the+name+implies+that+Jacob+won+this+supremacy,+linked+to+that+of+God's,+by+a+kind+of+theomachy%22&pg=PA22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12771-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12771-4"><bdi>978-0-415-12771-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+%E2%80%93+The+Struggle+at+the+Jabbok.+The+uses+of+enigma+in+biblical+religion+%28pp.+9ff.%29&rft.btitle=Sacred+Enigmas.+Literary+Religion+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.place=London&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12771-4&rft.aulast=Geller&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2z_YYiKNJygC%26q%3D%2522THE%2BSTRUGGLE%2BAT%2BTHE%2BJABBOK%2BThe%2Buses%2Bof%2Benigma%2Bin%2Bbiblical%2Breligion%2522%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Obadiah%201:21&version=nrsv">Obadiah 1:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2034:30">Genesis 34:30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis Rabba">Bereshit Rabbah</a> 81:5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_Henry_M.1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Morris" title="Henry M. Morris">Morris, Henry M.</a> (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genesisrecordsc00morr"><i>The Genesis Record: A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Baker_Book_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Baker Book House">Baker Book House</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genesisrecordsc00morr/page/524">524–25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801060045" title="Special:BookSources/9780801060045"><bdi>9780801060045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+Record%3A+A+Scientific+and+Devotional+Commentary+on+the+Book+of+Beginnings&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=524-25&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780801060045&rft.au=Morris%2C+Henry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenesisrecordsc00morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0137.htm#14">Genesis 37:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0137.htm#12">Genesis 37:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus. <i>The Antiquities of the Jews</i>, Book II, 2.4.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0137.htm#16">Genesis 37:16,17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0137.htm#1">Genesis 37:1–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0137.htm#12">Genesis 37:12–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0137.htm#31">Genesis 37:31–35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0137.htm#36">Genesis 37:36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2037:2">Genesis 37:2,41:46</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0141.htm#53">Genesis 41:53</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0141.htm#54">Genesis 41:54–57,47:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0145.htm#9">Genesis 45:9–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0147.htm#9">Genesis 47:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0142.htm#1">Genesis 42:1–5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0142.htm#26">Genesis 42:26–38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0142.htm#25">Genesis 42:25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0143.htm#1">Genesis 43:1–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMieroop2010" class="citation book cs1">Mieroop, Marc Van De (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JADDYAZ9GIIC&pg=PA131"><i>A History of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6070-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6070-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-6070-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6070-4&rft.aulast=Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc+Van+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJADDYAZ9GIIC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBard2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_A._Bard" title="Kathryn A. Bard">Bard, Kathryn A.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFscBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188"><i>An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-89611-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-89611-2"><bdi>978-1-118-89611-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-89611-2&rft.aulast=Bard&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlFscBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamrin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kamrin, Janice (2009). "The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan". <i>Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections</i>. <b>1</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199601200">199601200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Interconnections&rft.atitle=The+Aamu+of+Shu+in+the+Tomb+of+Khnumhotep+II+at+Beni+Hassan&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199601200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kamrin&rft.aufirst=Janice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2018" class="citation journal cs1">Curry, Andrew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309-1809/features/6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty">"The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine"</a>. <i>www.archaeology.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.archaeology.org&rft.atitle=The+Rulers+of+Foreign+Lands+-+Archaeology+Magazine&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fissues%2F309-1809%2Ffeatures%2F6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0145.htm#16">Genesis 45:16–28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0146.htm#27">Genesis 46:27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0146.htm#1">Genesis 46:1–30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0144.htm#18">Genesis 44:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0146.htm#31">Genesis 46:31–47:28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0147.htm#29">Genesis 47:29–49:32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0149.htm#33">Genesis 49:33–50:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0129.htm#32">Genesis 29:32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0129.htm#33">Genesis 29:33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0129.htm#34">Genesis 29:34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0129.htm#35">Genesis 29:35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0130.htm#5">Genesis 30:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0130.htm#7">Genesis 30:7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0130.htm#10">Genesis 30:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0130.htm#12">Genesis 30:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0130.htm#17">Genesis 30:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0130.htm#19">Genesis 30:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0130.htm#23">Genesis 30:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0135.htm#18">Genesis 35:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0137.htm#35">Genesis 37:35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0130.htm#21">Genesis 30:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0148.htm#5">Genesis 48:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> writes, "The Holy One, blessed be He, announced to him [Abraham] that Rebecca, his [Isaac's] mate, had been born." Commentary on Gen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8217/showrashi/true">22:20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis Rabba">Bereshit Rabbah</a> 63:6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pirkei d'Rav Kahana</i>, quoted in Scherman, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Talmud_Bavli" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmud Bavli">Talmud Bavli</a>, Megillah 17a; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.alhatorah.org/Dual/Rashi/Bereshit/28.9#m7e3n7">Rashi, Breishit 28:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ginzberg-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ginzberg_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ginzberg_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginzberg, Louis (1909). <i>Legends of the Jews Vol I : Joseph's Coat Brought to His Father</i> (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0128.htm#10">Genesis 28:10–17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The patriarchs, prophets and certain other Old Testament figures have been and always will be honored as saints in all the Church's liturgical traditions.</i> – Catechism of the Catholic Church 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metropolitancantorinstitute.org/liturgy/Christmas_Fast.html">Liturgy > Liturgical year >The Christmas Fast</a> – Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">Jane Dammen McAuliffe</a> (General Editor) <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%E2%80%99an" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qur’an">Encyclopaedia of the Qur’an</a> Volume Three : J-O</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Islam_254-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Islam_254_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Islam_254_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Islam_254_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jacob", <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i> Vol. XI, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathir, Ibn. "Jacob," <i>Stories of the Prophets</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azzam, Leila. "Isaac and Jacob," <i>Lives of the Prophets</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Muhammad2010" class="citation web cs1">Alan Muhammad (October 24, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/Perspectives_1/article_7371.shtml">"Myth or high science? Is there evidence of Mr. Yakub?"</a>. <i>The Final Call (Nation of Islam)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Final+Call+%28Nation+of+Islam%29&rft.atitle=Myth+or+high+science%3F+Is+there+evidence+of+Mr.+Yakub%3F&rft.date=2010-10-24&rft.au=Alan+Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finalcall.com%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2FPerspectives_1%2Farticle_7371.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Pamela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8737494">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ain't No Spook God": Religiosity in the Nation of Gods and Earths"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=%22Ain%27t+No+Spook+God%22%3A+Religiosity+in+the+Nation+of+Gods+and+Earths&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8737494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mike-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mike_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Angelo Gomez, <i>Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bimson-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bimson_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bimson_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bimson_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bimson_102-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bimson, John J. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/epn_3_bimson.html">"Archaeological Data and the Dating of the Patriarchs," <i>Essays on the Patriarchal Narratives</i>, pp. 59–92, (A.R. Millard & D.J. Wiseman, eds., Leicester: IVP. Hbk.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851117430" title="Special:BookSources/0851117430">0851117430</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Rad, Gerhard. <i>Old Testament Theology</i>, vol. 1, pp. 106–08, New York: Harper, 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Megan Bishop Moore, Brad E. Kelle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC">Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History</a>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2011, pp. 57–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rainer Albertz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC">Israel in exile: the history and literature of the sixth century B.C.E.</a>, Society of Biblical Literature, 2003, p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldingay-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goldingay_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Goldingay" title="John Goldingay">Goldingray, John</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/epn_1_goldingay.html">"The Patriarchs in Scripture and History", <i>Essays on the Patriarchal Narratives</i>, pp. 11–42, (A.R. Millard & D.J. Wiseman, eds., Leicester: IVP. Hbk.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851117430" title="Special:BookSources/0851117430">0851117430</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronowski1990" class="citation book cs1">Bronowski, Jacob (1990) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ascentofman0000bron_y1z2"><i>The Ascent of Man</i></a>. London: BBC Books. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-20900-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-20900-3"><bdi>978-0-563-20900-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+Man&rft.place=London&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=BBC+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-563-20900-3&rft.aulast=Bronowski&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fascentofman0000bron_y1z2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2001" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&pg=PA98"><i>What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Grand Rapids, MI: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing">Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</a>. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2126-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2126-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-2126-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Did+the+Biblical+Writers+Know+and+When+Did+They+Know+It%3F%3A+What+Archeology+Can+Tell+Us+About+the+Reality+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-VxwC5rQtwC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camels-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-camels_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasson2014" class="citation news cs1">Hasson, Nir (Jan 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/.premium-1.569091">"Hump stump solved: Camels arrived in region much later than biblicalreference"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Hump+stump+solved%3A+Camels+arrived+in+region+much+later+than+biblicalreference&rft.date=2014-01-17&rft.aulast=Hasson&rft.aufirst=Nir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fweekend%2Fweek-s-end%2F.premium-1.569091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:106-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:106_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:106_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:106_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:106_110-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinRömer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Römer, Thomas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/22081309">"Comments on the Historical Background of the Jacob Narrative in Genesis"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft</i>. <b>126</b> (3): 317–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzaw-2014-0020">10.1515/zaw-2014-0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-0103">1613-0103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170305826">170305826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+alttestamentliche+Wissenschaft&rft.atitle=Comments+on+the+Historical+Background+of+the+Jacob+Narrative+in+Genesis&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=317-338&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170305826%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-0103&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzaw-2014-0020&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=R%C3%B6mer%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F22081309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmeierJanzen2022" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmeier, James K.; Janzen, Mark (2022). "Towards a Diplomatic, Contextual Reading of the Encounter Between Jacob and Esau in Genesis 33". In Averbeck, R. E.; Hoffmeier, J. K.; Howard, J. C.; Zwickel, W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VneJzwEACAAJ"><i><span></span>'Now These Records are Ancient': Studies in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical History, Language and Culture in Honor of K. Lawson Younger, Jr</i></a>. Zaphon. pp. 201–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96327-190-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96327-190-8"><bdi>978-3-96327-190-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Diplomatic%2C+Contextual+Reading+of+the+Encounter+Between+Jacob+and+Esau+in+Genesis+33&rft.btitle=%27Now+These+Records+are+Ancient%27%3A+Studies+in+Ancient+Near+Eastern+and+Biblical+History%2C+Language+and+Culture+in+Honor+of+K.+Lawson+Younger%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=201-211&rft.pub=Zaphon&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-96327-190-8&rft.aulast=Hoffmeier&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rft.au=Janzen%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVneJzwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrachtenberg1939" class="citation cs2">Trachtenberg, Joshua (1939), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452031"><i>Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion</i></a>, New York: Behrman's Jewish Book house, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452031">1452031</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Magic+and+Superstition%3A+A+Study+in+Folk+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Behrman%27s+Jewish+Book+house&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1452031%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Trachtenberg&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1452031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Buechner" title="Frederick Buechner">Buechner, Frederick</a> (1993), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Son_of_Laughter_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Son of Laughter (novel)">The Son of Laughter</a></i>, New York: HarperSanFrancisco</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jacob_(Biblical_figure)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jacob (Biblical figure)">Jacob (Biblical figure)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li>"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Jacob" class="extiw" title="s:Jacob">Jacob</a>" – a poem by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hugh_Clough" title="Arthur Hugh Clough">Arthur Hugh Clough</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Arthur_Cook" title="Stanley Arthur Cook">Cook, Stanley Arthur</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jacob" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jacob">Jacob</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacob&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Jacob" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Jacob">Jacob</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacob&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Jacob" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Jacob">Jacob</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacob&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></b></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primeval_history" title="Primeval history">Primeval history</a> (1–11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narratives</a> (1:1–2:3, 2:4–25)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> (3) </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a> (4)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_Genesis" title="Genealogies of Genesis">Genealogies of Genesis</a> (5:1–6:8, 11:10–26)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a> (6:1–9:28)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">Curse of Ham</a> (9:20–27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">Generations of Noah</a> and the origin of nations (10:1–11:9)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> (11:1–9)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_age" title="Patriarchal age">Patriarchal age</a> (12–50)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (12–23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_and_Lot%27s_conflict" title="Abraham and Lot's conflict">Abraham and Lot's conflict</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siddim" title="Battle of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</a> (14:1–17)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">Covenant of the pieces</a> (15)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> (19:1–28)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> (21–35)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">Binding of Isaac</a> (22)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Jacob" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Jacob">his sons</a> (25–50)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder" title="Jacob's Ladder">Jacob's Ladder</a> (28)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel" title="Jacob wrestling with the angel">Jacob wrestling with the angel</a> (32:22–32)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_many_colors" title="Coat of many colors">coat of many colors</a> (37–50)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_Jacob" title="Blessing of Jacob">Blessing of Jacob</a> (49)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:1" title="Genesis 1:1">1:1</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:2" title="Genesis 1:2">1:2</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:3" title="Genesis 1:3">1:3</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:4" title="Genesis 1:4">1:4</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:5" title="Genesis 1:5">1:5</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Torah readings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bereshit_(parashah)" title="Bereshit (parashah)">Bereshit</a> (1:1–6:8)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noach_(parashah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noach (parashah)">Noach</a> (6:9–11:32)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech-Lecha" title="Lech-Lecha">Lech-Lecha</a> (12:1–17:27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayeira" title="Vayeira">Vayeira</a> (18:1–22:24)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chayei_Sarah" title="Chayei Sarah">Chayei Sarah</a> (23:1–25:18)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toledot" title="Toledot">Toledot</a> (25:19–28:9)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayetze" title="Vayetze">Vayetze</a> (28:10–32:3)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayishlach" title="Vayishlach">Vayishlach</a> (32:4–36:43)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayeshev" title="Vayeshev">Vayeshev</a> (37:1–40:23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miketz" title="Miketz">Miketz</a> (41:1–44:17)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayigash" title="Vayigash">Vayigash</a> (44:18–47:27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaychi" title="Vaychi">Vayechi</a> (47:28–50:26)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Framework_interpretation_(Genesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework interpretation (Genesis)">Framework interpretation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wife%E2%80%93sister_narratives_in_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis">Wife–sister narratives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Arcana_C%C5%93lestia" title="Arcana Cœlestia">Arcana Cœlestia</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pesher_on_Genesis" title="Pesher on Genesis">Pesher on Genesis</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Berlin_17213" title="Papyrus Berlin 17213">Papyrus Berlin 17213</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_656" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1007" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Textual variants in the Book of Genesis">Textual variations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible_/_Old_Testament" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Template:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Template talk:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible_/_Old_Testament" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Category:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible">Prophets in the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Patriarchal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></i><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Noah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Noah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)#Matriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Israelite prophets<br />in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Moses in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldad_and_Medad" title="Eldad and Medad">Eldad and Medad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phinehas" title="Phinehas">Phinehas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mentioned in the<br /><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former Prophets</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah" title="Deborah">Deborah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elkanah" title="Elkanah">Elkanah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_(biblical_figure)" title="Hannah (biblical figure)">Hannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail" title="Abigail">Abigail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(prophet)" title="Gad (prophet)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_(prophet)" title="Nathan (prophet)">Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeduthun" title="Jeduthun">Jeduthun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahijah_the_Shilonite" title="Ahijah the Shilonite">Ahijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemaiah_(prophet)" title="Shemaiah (prophet)">Shemaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddo_(prophet)" title="Iddo (prophet)">Iddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanani" title="Hanani">Hanani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu_(prophet)" title="Jehu (prophet)">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micaiah" title="Micaiah">Micaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahaziel" title="Jahaziel">Jahaziel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer#Eliezer_the_prophet" title="Eliezer">Eliezer ben Dodavah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_ben_Jehoiada" title="Zechariah ben Jehoiada">Zechariah ben Jehoiada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldah" title="Huldah">Huldah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaiah_in_rabbinic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Daniel in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Jonah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beor_(biblical_figure)" title="Beor (biblical figure)">Beor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Job in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amoz" title="Amoz">Amoz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beeri" title="Beeri">Beeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agur" title="Agur">Agur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_(prophet)" title="Uriah (prophet)">Uriah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buzi" title="Buzi">Buzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esther_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Esther in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oded_(prophet)" title="Oded (prophet)">Oded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariah_(prophet)" title="Azariah (prophet)">Azariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate persons whose status as <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> is not universally accepted.</li> <li>‡ indicates persons whose status as prophets is exclusive to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adam_to_David_according_to_the_Hebrew_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adam_to_David" title="Template:Adam to David"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adam_to_David" title="Template talk:Adam to David"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adam_to_David" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adam to David"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adam_to_David_according_to_the_Hebrew_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Adam" title="Generations of Adam">Adam</a> to <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Flood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_(biblical_figure)" title="Enos (biblical figure)">Enos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenan" title="Kenan">Kenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalalel" title="Mahalalel">Mahalalel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_(biblical_figure)" title="Jared (biblical figure)">Jared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah" title="Methuselah">Methuselah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Lamech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a> after <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Flood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpachshad" title="Arpachshad">Arpachshad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cainan" title="Cainan">Cainan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salah (biblical figure)">Shelah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg" title="Peleg">Peleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reu" title="Reu">Reu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serug" title="Serug">Serug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Serug" title="Nahor, son of Serug">Nahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terah" title="Terah">Terah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Judah (son of Jacob)">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perez_(son_of_Judah)" title="Perez (son of Judah)">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezron" title="Hezron">Hezron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_(biblical_figure)" title="Ram (biblical figure)">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amminadab" title="Amminadab">Amminadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahshon" title="Nahshon">Nahshon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_(biblical_figure)" title="Salmon (biblical figure)">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boaz" title="Boaz">Boaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obed_(biblical_figure)" title="Obed (biblical figure)">Obed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)" title="Jesse (biblical figure)">Jesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Names in <i>italics</i> only appear in the Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> version</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Children_of_Jacob" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Children_of_Jacob" title="Template:Children of Jacob"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Children_of_Jacob" title="Template talk:Children of Jacob"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Children_of_Jacob" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Children of Jacob"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Children_of_Jacob" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Children of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacob</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With <a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Reuben (son of Jacob)">Reuben</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Judah (son of Jacob)">Judah</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issachar" title="Issachar">Issachar</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebulun" title="Zebulun">Zebulun</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinah" title="Dinah">Dinah</a> (11)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With <a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a> (12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a> (13)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With <a href="/wiki/Bilhah" title="Bilhah">Bilhah</a>, Rachel's servant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Dan (son of Jacob)">Dan</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphtali" title="Naphtali">Naphtali</a> (6)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With <a href="/wiki/Zilpah" title="Zilpah">Zilpah</a>, Leah's servant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Gad (son of Jacob)">Gad</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher" title="Asher">Asher</a> (8)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adopted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim" title="Ephraim">Ephraim</a> (12.1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)" title="Manasseh (tribal patriarch)">Manasseh</a> (12.2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289957#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289957#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289957#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000105349672">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/202148389276110710871">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/87721/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjHdCDQbDFq7ymX6d9kXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118556746">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jacob (Biblical patriarch)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82025275">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11947614q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11947614q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0143333&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000116218&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1281792">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000678366">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810660080605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007313515605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620054506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118556746.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118556746">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cp0jfk">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob&oldid=1259143533">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob&oldid=1259143533</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Category:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible">Prophets in the Hebrew Bible</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jacob" 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