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href="#Outside_perspectives_on_the_Hornbostel–Sachs_classification_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Outside perspectives on the Hornbostel–Sachs classification system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_perspectives_on_the_Hornbostel–Sachs_classification_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_perspectives_on_the_classification_of_musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_perspectives_on_the_classification_of_musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alternative perspectives on the classification of musical instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_perspectives_on_the_classification_of_musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connections_to_ethnomusicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connections_to_ethnomusicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Connections to ethnomusicology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connections_to_ethnomusicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_organologists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_organologists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prominent organologists</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prominent_organologists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prominent organologists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prominent_organologists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethno-organologists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethno-organologists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ethno-organologists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethno-organologists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A9" title="علم الأرغنوة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأرغنوة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C9%99t%C5%9F%C3%BCnasl%C4%B1q" title="Alətşünaslıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alətşünaslıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Инструментознание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инструментознание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organologia" title="Organologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Organologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organologie_(v%C4%9Bda_o_hudebn%C3%ADch_n%C3%A1stroj%C3%ADch)" title="Organologie (věda o hudebních nástrojích) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Organologie (věda o hudebních nástrojích)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikinstrumentenkunde" title="Musikinstrumentenkunde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musikinstrumentenkunde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoloogia" title="Organoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Organoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Οργανολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οργανολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organolog%C3%ADa" title="Organología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Organología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentoscienco" title="Instrumentoscienco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Instrumentoscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سازشناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organologie" title="Organologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organolox%C3%ADa" title="Organoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Organoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Երաժշտական գործիքագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երաժշտական գործիքագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="वाद्यशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाद्यशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organologia" title="Organologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="אורגנולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורגנולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ganoloji" title="Òganoloji – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Òganoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_alat_muzik" title="Ilmu alat muzik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ilmu alat muzik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organologie_(muziek)" title="Organologie (muziek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Organologie (muziek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentologia" title="Instrumentologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Instrumentologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organologia" title="Organologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Organologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Инструментоведение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инструментоведение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organol%C3%B3gia_(hudba)" title="Organológia (hudba) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Organológia (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Органологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Органологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organologia" title="Organologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Organologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organolohiya" title="Organolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Organolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoloji" title="Organoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Organoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Інструментознавство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інструментознавство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%A1c_c%E1%BB%A5_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhạc cụ học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhạc cụ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Орґанолоґия – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Орґанолоґия" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the study of anatomical organs, see <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">Organ (anatomy)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Orgology" title="Orgology">orgology</a>.</div> <p><b>Organology</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄργανον</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">organon</i></span>) 'instrument' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λόγος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">logos</i></span>), 'the study of') is the science of <a href="/wiki/Musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical instruments">musical instruments</a> and their classifications.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It embraces study of instruments' history, instruments used in different cultures, technical aspects of how instruments produce sound, and <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">musical instrument classification</a>. There is a degree of overlap between organology, <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicology</a> (being subsets of <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a>) and the branch of the science of <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a> devoted to musical instruments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of ancient cultures left documents detailing the musical instruments used and their role in society; these documents sometimes included a classification system. The first major documents on the subjects from the west, however, date from the 16th century, with works such as <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Virdung" title="Sebastian Virdung">Sebastian Virdung</a>'s <i>Musica getuscht und ausgezogen</i> (1511), and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a>'s <i>Musica instrumentalis deudsch</i> (1529). </p><p>One of the most important organologists of the 17th century is <a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a>. His <i>Syntagma musicum</i> (1618) is one of the most quoted works from that time on the subject, and is the source of much of what we know about <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">renaissance</a> musical instruments. Praetorius's <i>Theatrum instrumentorium</i> (1620) contains possibly the first pictures of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> instruments in a European publication. </p><p>For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, little work was done on organology. Explorers returned to Europe with instruments from different cultures, however, so that by the end of the 19th century, some musical instrument collections were quite large. This led to a renewed interest in the subject. </p><p>One of the most important organologists of the 20th century was <a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Curt Sachs</a>, who, as well as writing <i>Real-Lexicon der Musikinstrumente</i> (1913) and <i>The History of Musical Instruments</i> (1940), devised with <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Hornbostel" title="Erich von Hornbostel">Erich von Hornbostel</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs</a> scheme of instrument classification, which was first published in 1914 in the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie(<a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs</a>). This system classified musical instruments into four distinct categories: idiophones, membranophones, chordophones, and aerophones.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system of classification was updated several times by Sachs and Hornbostel and still continues to be updated periodically.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One update to the system was made by Sachs in 1940 through the addition of a 5th category-electrophones, a category encompassing instruments which produce music electronically.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sachs' 1940 book, <i>The History of Musical Instruments</i> was meant to be a comprehensive compilation of descriptions of instruments from many cultures and their functions within their societies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is primarily divided into four chronological periods of instruments- early instruments, antiquity, the middle ages, and the modern occident. These periods are further subdivided into regions and then to significant time periods within those regions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andre_Schaeffner" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Schaeffner">Andre Schaeffner</a> introduced a system based on state-of-matter of the sound-producing mechanism, giving rise to two top-level categories: solid (containing strings and percussion), and gas (containing woodwind and brass).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the invention of <a href="/wiki/Hydraulophone" title="Hydraulophone">hydraulophone</a>, the physics-based organology has been expanded to use solid, liquid, and gas, wherein the top-level category is the state-of-matter of the material that makes the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of societies exist dedicated to the study of musical instruments. Among the more prominent are the <a href="/wiki/Galpin_Society" title="Galpin Society">Galpin Society</a>, based in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>; the <a href="/wiki/American_Musical_Instrument_Society" title="American Musical Instrument Society">American Musical Instrument Society</a>, based in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_der_Freunde_alter_Musikinstrumente" title="Gesellschaft der Freunde alter Musikinstrumente">Gesellschaft der Freunde alter Musikinstrumente</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_perspectives_on_the_Hornbostel–Sachs_classification_system"><span id="Outside_perspectives_on_the_Hornbostel.E2.80.93Sachs_classification_system"></span>Outside perspectives on the Hornbostel–Sachs classification system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outside perspectives on the Hornbostel–Sachs classification system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to one paper written by Henry M. Johnson published by the University of Oxford, “the universally used classification system established by musical instruments of Hornbostel and Sachs has become the paradigm of organology in many cultures”.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Eliot Bates states in a paper published in the Journal of the Society of Ethnomusicology that “The Hornbostel–Sachs system was not intended to classify the specificity of unique instruments, but rather to highlight commonalities across the world of instruments.” <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_perspectives_on_the_classification_of_musical_instruments">Alternative perspectives on the classification of musical instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alternative perspectives on the classification of musical instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Margaret_J._Kartomi" title="Margaret J. Kartomi">Margaret Kartomi</a>, professor and chairperson in the Department of Music at Monash University in Melbourne, approached the topic of musical instrument classification in 1990 with the intention of understanding how musical instruments are classified across cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach was justified by her observation that the concepts upon which an outside European researcher might classify musical instruments of a particular culture are likely different from the way that those native to the culture choose to classify their musical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her book emphasizes the complexity that underlies the process of classifying musical instruments, as the classification system is often shaped by “socially influenced or structured ideas or belief systems”.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connections_to_ethnomusicology">Connections to ethnomusicology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Connections to ethnomusicology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 8th edition of UCLA’s publication on Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology published in 1990 was devoted to Issues in Organology. The first paper in the journal written by Sue Carole DeVale entitled “Organizing Organology” attempted to provide a more comprehensive system for defining the study of organology, particularly within the context of ethnomusicology.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DeVale defines organology as “the science of sound instruments”.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word choice in this definition is very intentional- DeVale avoids the use of the term “music” or “musical” but rather "sound" because the function of some instruments, such as the Balinese slit drum, serves to signal an event rather than aid in a musical performance.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also defines three primary branches-classificatory, analytical, and applied- that serve as the basis for the study of organology.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classificatory branch essentially encompasses all of the ways in which musical instruments have been categorized, both cross-culturally and through cultural-specific systems.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The analytical branch contains the body of work done on analyzing specific aspects of sound instruments and the cultural context/implications of the instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The applied branch is the aspects of organology that exist within the realm of museum work that involves the preservation of musical instruments, as well as instrument making.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devale also emphasizes throughout the paper the importance of the connections which exist between the three branches, as it is often essential to consider aspects of organology within all of three branches when doing work or research of any kind within the field.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She states that “these branches are independent in theory, but in practice, research and processes conducted with and on instruments and their sounds continuously flow between them and permeate the whole.”<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another notable paper on the topic of the connection between ethnomusicology and organology was written by Henry M. Johnson and published in 1995 in the Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford. This paper sought to demonstrate the contribution that the field of ethnomusicology can make to the study of musical instruments. Johnson defines four facets of the connection between ethnomusicology and organology- form, context, performance environment, and the interrelationship between instrument, performer and sound object.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These categories were meant to provide a more detailed look at the cultural significance of musical instruments. Johnson states, “Ethnomusicology can… produce a study of the instruments that includes an examination of the interrelationship between the material object, its context and its music, together with an understanding of the meanings connected with each of these areas in specific and general environments (i.e. the contexts in which a sound-producing instrument is played or understood)”.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, Eliot Bates of Cornell University approached the topic of the ethnomusicological study of musical instruments by focusing specifically on what he terms “the social life of musical instruments”.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bates argues that “‘the social’ has not been adequately studied and theorized because of a paucity of attention given to how social relations are mobilized around material objects and the thing-power that they possess.”<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially, Bates states that material objects often hold significant social value. It is important to study the object not necessarily for the sake of categorization or understanding the way that it is played or how it works but the meaning that it holds for the musician and the audience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_organologists">Prominent organologists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prominent organologists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Darreg" title="Ivor Darreg">Ivor Darreg</a>, microtonal instrument builder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Fender" title="Leo Fender">Leo Fender</a>, innovator of several electric guitar constructions (bridges and electronic configurations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Hopkin" title="Bart Hopkin">Bart Hopkin</a>, founder of the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Musical_Instruments" title="Experimental Musical Instruments">Experimental Musical Instruments</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Hornbostel" title="Erich von Hornbostel">Erich von Hornbostel</a>, co-creator of the Hornbostel–Sachs musical instrument classification system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor-Charles_Mahillon" title="Victor-Charles Mahillon">Victor-Charles Mahillon</a>, organologist and museum curator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moog" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Moog">Bob Moog</a>, inventor of the first synthesizer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Harry Partch</a>, microtonal string division musical theorist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Curt Sachs</a>, musicologist and organologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Schaeffner" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Schaeffner">Andre Schaeffner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Theremin" title="Leon Theremin">Leon Theremin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Baines" title="Anthony Baines">Anthony Baines</a>, historical organologist and early authority on bagpipes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Waterhouse_(bassoonist)" title="William Waterhouse (bassoonist)">William Waterhouse</a>, author of The New Langwill Index, a Dictionary of Musical Wind Instrument Makers and Inventors</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethno-organologists">Ethno-organologists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethno-organologists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Chybinski" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf Chybinski">Adolf Chybinski</a> – Polish organologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnat_Khotkevych" title="Hnat Khotkevych">Hnat Khotkevych</a> – Ukrainian engineer and musicologist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filaret_Kolessa" title="Filaret Kolessa">Filaret Kolessa</a> – Ukrainian folklorist and ethno-organologist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Kushpet" title="Volodymyr Kushpet">Volodymyr Kushpet</a> – contemporary Ukrainian ethno-organologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klyment_Kvitka" title="Klyment Kvitka">Klyment Kvitka</a> – Russian and Ukrainian ethno-organologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Mykola Lysenko</a> – Ukrainian composer and founder of Ukrainian organology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Matsiyevsky" title="Igor Matsiyevsky">Igor Matsiyevsky</a> – Russian and Ukrainian ethno-organologist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_instrument_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music instrument technology">Music instrument technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Musical instrument classification</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205073645/http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texto/Organology.html">"Organology"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texto/Organology.html">the original</a> on 2008-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.music.vt.edu%2Fmusicdictionary%2Ftexto%2FOrganology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hornbostel, Erich M. von, and Curt Sachs. 1961. “Classi cation of Musical Instruments.” Translated by A. Baines and K. Wachsmann. <i>The Galpin Society Journal</i> 14:3–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kartomi, Margaret J. “Part One: On the Nature of Classification of Musical Instruments.” In <i>On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments</i>, 1-31. London: Univ. of Chicago, 1990. Pp.172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kartomi, Margaret J. “Part One: On the Nature of Classification of Musical Instruments.” In <i>On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments</i>, 1-31. London: Univ. of Chicago, 1990. Pp.172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachs, Curt.<i>The History of Musical Instruments</i>. New York: Norton, 1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachs, Curt.<i>The History of Musical Instruments</i>. New York: Norton, 1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kartomi (1990) On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, xix + 329 pp</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMann2007" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Steve (2007-06-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/1279740.1279761">"Natural interfaces for musical expression"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 7th international conference on New interfaces for musical expression - NIME '07</i>. NIME '07. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. <span class="nowrap">118–</span>123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1279740.1279761">10.1145/1279740.1279761</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-7837-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-7837-6"><bdi>978-1-4503-7837-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4486909">4486909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Natural+interfaces+for+musical+expression&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+7th+international+conference+on+New+interfaces+for+musical+expression+-+NIME+%2707&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=NIME+%2707&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2007-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4486909%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1279740.1279761&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-7837-6&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%2F1279740.1279761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Henry M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso26_3_1995_257_269.pdf">“An Ethnomusicology of Musical Instruments: Form, Function, and Meaning.”</a> <i>Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford</i> 26, no. 3 (1995): 257-69. Pp.261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bates, Eliot. “The Social Life of Musical Instruments.” <i>Ethnomusicology</i> 56, no. 3 (2012): 363-395. Pp.379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kartomi, Margaret J. “Part One: On the Nature of Classification of Musical Instruments.” In <i>On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments</i>, 1-31. London: Univ. of Chicago, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kartomi, Margaret J. “Part One: On the Nature of Classification of Musical Instruments.” In <i>On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments</i>, 1-31. London: Univ. of Chicago, 1990. Pp.xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kartomi, Margaret J. “Part One: On the Nature of Classification of Musical Instruments.” In <i>On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments</i>, 1-31. London: Univ. of Chicago, 1990. Pp.271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVale, Sue Carole. “Organizing Organology.” ‘’Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology’’ 8 (1990): 1-34. Pp.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVale, Sue Carole. “Organizing Organology.” <i>Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology</i> 8 (1990): 1-34. Pp.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVale, Sue Carole. “Organizing Organology.” <i>Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology</i> 8 (1990): 1-34. Pp.4-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVale, Sue Carole. “Organizing Organology.” <i>Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology</i> 8 (1990): 1-34. Pp.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVale, Sue Carole. “Organizing Organology.” <i>Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology</i> 8 (1990): 1-34. Pp.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVale, Sue Carole. “Organizing Organology.” <i>Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology</i> 8 (1990): 1-34. Pp.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVale, Sue Carole. “Organizing Organology.” <i>Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology</i> 8 (1990): 1-34. Pp.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVale, Sue Carole. “Organizing Organology.” <i>Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology</i> 8 (1990): 1-34. Pp.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVale, Sue Carole. “Organizing Organology.” <i>Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology</i> 8 (1990): 1-34. Pp.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Henry M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso26_3_1995_257_269.pdf">“An Ethnomusicology of Musical Instruments: Form, Function, and Meaning.”</a> <i>Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford</i> 26, no. 3 (1995): 257-69. Pp.258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Henry M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso26_3_1995_257_269.pdf">“An Ethnomusicology of Musical Instruments: Form, Function, and Meaning.”</a> <i>Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford</i> 26, no. 3 (1995): 257-69. Pp.258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bates, Eliot. “The Social Life of Musical Instruments.” Ethnomusicology 56, no. 3 (2012): 363-395. Pp.364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bates, Eliot. “The Social Life of Musical Instruments.” Ethnomusicology 56, no. 3 (2012): 363-395. Pp.364</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galpinsociety.org">The Galpin Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amis.org/">The American Musical Instrument Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gefam.ch">Gesellschaft der Freunde alter Musikinstrumente</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402182103/http://windworld.com/">Experimental Musical Instruments</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/department.asp?dep=18&vW=1">Department of Musical Instruments</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> home to a large collection of historic musical instruments</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mircat.org">Musical Instrument Research Catalog</a> A suite of online research resources including archives and databases of makers and instruments.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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