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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbolic_meaning_of_the_Faravahar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_meaning_of_the_Faravahar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Symbolic meaning of the Faravahar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_meaning_of_the_Faravahar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Near_Eastern_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Near_Eastern_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient Near Eastern religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_Eastern_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrian_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrian_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Zoroastrian tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrian_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_pan-Iranian_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_pan-Iranian_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern pan-Iranian usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_pan-Iranian_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Faravahar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="فارافاهار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فارافاهار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ফারাওয়াহার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফারাওয়াহার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Фаравахар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фаравахар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Фаравахар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фаравахар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Φραβαχάρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φραβαχάρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_(%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="فر کیانی (نماد فروهر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فر کیانی (نماد فروهر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ֆարավահար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆարավահար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="फ़रवहर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़रवहर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8" title="פרוהר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוהר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firawer" title="Firawer – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Firawer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravaharas" title="Faravaharas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Faravaharas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Фаравахар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фаравахар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1" title="فروهر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فروهر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB" title="ファラヴァハル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファラヴァハル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Фаравахар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фаравахар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="فرەوەھر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فرەوەھر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farvahar" title="Farvahar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Farvahar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Фараваһар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фараваһар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แฟแรแวแฮร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฟแรแวแฮร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Faravahar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Фаравахар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фаравахар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1rwehar" title="Fırwehar – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fırwehar" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88" title="法拉瓦哈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法拉瓦哈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q161942#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Faravahar-Gold.svg/220px-Faravahar-Gold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Faravahar-Gold.svg/330px-Faravahar-Gold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Faravahar-Gold.svg/440px-Faravahar-Gold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Rendition of the Faravahar, as imagined since the <a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_-_carved_Faravahar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Persepolis_-_carved_Faravahar.JPG/220px-Persepolis_-_carved_Faravahar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Persepolis_-_carved_Faravahar.JPG/330px-Persepolis_-_carved_Faravahar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Persepolis_-_carved_Faravahar.JPG/440px-Persepolis_-_carved_Faravahar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Relief</a> depicting the Faravahar in the city of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, which served as the ceremonial capital of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/220px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/330px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/440px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Primary topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Divine entities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scripture and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_literature" title="Zoroastrian literature">Zoroastrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adur_Farnbag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adur Farnbag (page does not exist)">Adur Farnbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rivayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rivayats">The Rivayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Accounts and legends</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navjote" title="Navjote">Initiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushti" title="Kushti">Kushti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedreh" title="Sedreh">Sedreh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Burial</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan" title="Zoroastrianism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan" title="Zoroastrianism in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranis_(India)" title="Iranis (India)">Iranis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Zoroastrianism" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Persecution of Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Criticism of Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Farāvahār</b> (<a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: <span lang="ae" dir="rtl"><span style="font-family:'Alphabetum', 'Ahuramazda', 'Avestan', 'Noto Sans Avestan';">𐬟𐬀𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فَرْوَهَر</span>), also called the <b>Foruhār</b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فروهر</span></span>) or the <b>Fārre Kiyâni</b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فرّ کیانی</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the most prominent symbols of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. There is no universal consensus on what it means or stands for, as a variety of interpretations exist. The most common belief is that it depicts the <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">fravaṣ̌i</a></i></span> (<span title="Avestan-language text"><span lang="ae" dir="rtl"><span style="font-family:'Alphabetum', 'Ahuramazda', 'Avestan', 'Noto Sans Avestan';">𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬴𐬌</span></span></span>), which is the Zoroastrian concept of the monotheistic god in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce2000195–199_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce2000195–199-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rooted in <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">ancient Near Eastern tradition</a>, the Faravahar was especially prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, correspondingly appearing in many works of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid architecture</a>. Although it is originally religious in nature, it has become a secular and cultural symbol among non-Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>), having been popularized in this capacity after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> and the subsequent fall of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, the Faravahar and other aspects of the Zoroastrian religion were at the forefront of a campaign by the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi dynasty</a> to revive the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">pre-Islamic Iranian identity</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> in 1979, it has remained a popular symbol among the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diaspora</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faravahar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> word <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فروهر</span></span> is read as <i>foruhar</i> or <i>faravahar</i> (pronounced as <i>furōhar</i> or <i>furūhar</i> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Persian">Classical Persian</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> forms were <i>frawahr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book Pahlavi</a>: plwʾhl, <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean alphabet">Manichaean</a>: prwhr), <i>frōhar</i> (recorded in <a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a> as <span title="Middle Persian-language text"><span lang="pal-Avst" dir="rtl">𐬟𐬭𐬋𐬵𐬀𐬭</span></span>; it is a later form of the previous form), and <i>fraward</i> (<a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book Pahlavi</a>: plwlt', <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean alphabet">Manichaean</a>: frwrd), which was directly from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>*fravarti-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce2000195–199_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce2000195–199-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan language</a> form was <i>fravaṣ̌i</i> (<span title="Avestan-language text"><span lang="ae" dir="rtl">𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬴𐬌</span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolic_meaning_of_the_Faravahar">Symbolic meaning of the Faravahar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faravahar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Symbolic meaning of the Faravahar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Faravahar</b> (or <b>Farvahar</b>) is a significant symbol in <b>Zoroastrianism</b> that conveys deep spiritual and moral meaning. Its elements are interpreted as follows: </p> <ul><li><b>Human Figure</b>: Represents the soul and human wisdom, symbolizing an individual's choice to follow the righteous path in life.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Wings</b>: Composed of three rows of feathers, each row stands for the core Zoroastrian principles of <b>Good Thoughts, Good Words, and Good Deeds</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Tail Feathers</b>: Divided into three sections, these signify <b>Bad Thoughts, Bad Words, and Bad Deeds</b>, highlighting what should be avoided to lead a virtuous life.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Two Streamers</b>: Extending from the central circle, these symbolize the duality of existence: good and evil. The right-hand streamer represents good, while the left-hand streamer points to evil, emphasizing the importance of choosing the right path.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Circle in the Middle</b>: Signifies the eternal nature of the universe and the soul, representing the cyclical essence of life.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Ring in the Figure's Hand</b>: Often interpreted as a ring of covenant or loyalty, it symbolizes a commitment to righteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Head Facing Forward</b>: Indicates progress and the continual pursuit of growth and improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <b>Faravahar</b> embodies moral integrity, spiritual progression, and the concept of choosing good over evil, encouraging individuals to live by the principles of wisdom and virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faravahar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_(Assur)_from_Nimrud..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_%28Assur%29_from_Nimrud..JPG/220px-Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_%28Assur%29_from_Nimrud..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_%28Assur%29_from_Nimrud..JPG/330px-Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_%28Assur%29_from_Nimrud..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_%28Assur%29_from_Nimrud..JPG/440px-Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_%28Assur%29_from_Nimrud..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Relief depicting <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a> inside of a <a href="/wiki/Winged_sun" title="Winged sun">winged disk</a>, located at the North-West Palace of <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 865–850 BCE</span>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Near_Eastern_religion">Ancient Near Eastern religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faravahar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Near Eastern religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pre-Zoroastrian use of the symbol originates as the <a href="/wiki/Winged_sun" title="Winged sun">winged sun</a> used by various powers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>, primarily those of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The Zoroastrian adoption of the symbol comes from its prevalence in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> iconography. This Assyrian image often includes their <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Life">Tree of Life</a>, which includes the god <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a> on a winged disk.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrian_tradition">Zoroastrian tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faravahar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Zoroastrian tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahura_Mazda_on_V%C4%81dfrad%C4%81d_(Autophradates)_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ahura_Mazda_on_V%C4%81dfrad%C4%81d_%28Autophradates%29_I.jpg/330px-Ahura_Mazda_on_V%C4%81dfrad%C4%81d_%28Autophradates%29_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ahura_Mazda_on_V%C4%81dfrad%C4%81d_%28Autophradates%29_I.jpg/495px-Ahura_Mazda_on_V%C4%81dfrad%C4%81d_%28Autophradates%29_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ahura_Mazda_on_V%C4%81dfrad%C4%81d_%28Autophradates%29_I.jpg/660px-Ahura_Mazda_on_V%C4%81dfrad%C4%81d_%28Autophradates%29_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Engraved coin depicting the Faravahar, minted under <a href="/wiki/Wadfradad_I" title="Wadfradad I">Vadfradad I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a> (2nd century BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>The faravahar was depicted on the tombs of Achaemenid kings, such as <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 522–486 BC</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 358–338 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201693_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201693-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbol was also used on some of the coin mints of the <i><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">frataraka</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a> in the late 3rd and early 2nd BC centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201694_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201694-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab conquest of Iran">Arab conquest of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> continued to be part of Iranian culture. Throughout the year, festivities are celebrated such as <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehregan" title="Mehregan">Mehregan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaharshanbe_Suri" title="Chaharshanbe Suri">Chaharshanbe Suri</a> which relate to <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Zoroastrian festivals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">calendar</a>. These are remnants of Zoroastrian traditions. From the start of the 20th century, the faravahar icon found itself in public places and became a known icon among Iranians. The <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> is Iran's national epic and contains stories (partly historical and partly mythical) from <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Iranian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Islamic Iranian literature">pre-Islamic</a> Zoroastrian times. The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ferdowsi" title="Tomb of Ferdowsi">tomb of Ferdowsi</a> (built early 1930), which is visited by numerous Iranians every year, contains the faravahar icon as well.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst being used by both modern day Zoroastrians and Persians, it is important to note the symbol is neither Zoroastrian nor Persian in its origin. It originates as a <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> depiction of the wing deity <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenian dynasty</a>, the image of the farohar was no longer<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> present in Persian art or architecture. The <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Islamic kings</a> that followed did not use the image. It was not until the 20th century,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> over 2000 years later,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that the symbol re-emerged thanks to the work of Parsi scholar, Jamshedji Maneckji Unvala, who published two articles in 1925 and 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unvala's work was discredited by Irach Jehangir Sorabji Taraporewala, who refuted the idea that the winged figure represented <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>. Taraporewala suggested that the figures used in Persian reliefs were meant to depict <a href="/wiki/Khvarenah" title="Khvarenah">khvarenah</a> or royal glory to reflect the perceived divine empowerment of kings, and, therefore, has no true spiritual meaning. This view was later supported by <a href="/wiki/Alireza_Shapour_Shahbazi" title="Alireza Shapour Shahbazi">Alireza Shapour Shahbazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Mary Boyce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyce1982_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce1982-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_pan-Iranian_usage">Modern pan-Iranian usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faravahar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern pan-Iranian usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sun_Throne" title="Sun Throne">Sun Throne</a>, the imperial seat of Iran, has visual implications of the <i>Faravahar</i>. The sovereign would be seated in the middle of the throne, which is shaped like a platform or bed that is raised from the ground. This religious-cultural symbol was adapted by the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> to represent the Iranian nation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern Zoroastrianism, one of the interpretations of the faravahar is that it is a representation of the human soul and its development along with a visual guide of good conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another popular interpretation is that it is a visual representation of a <a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a>, though Fravashis are described in Zoroastrian literature as being feminine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce2000195–199_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce2000195–199-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most prevalent views in academia as to the meaning of the faravahar is that it represents <a href="/wiki/Khvarenah" title="Khvarenah">Khvarenah</a>, the divine power and royal glory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce2000195–199_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce2000195–199-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are a number of interpretations of the individual elements of the symbol, most are recent interpretations and there is still debate as to its meaning. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> of 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Lion_and_Sun" title="Lion and Sun">Lion and Sun</a>, which was part of Iran's original national flag, was banned by the government from public places. Nevertheless, faravahar icons were not removed and as a result, the faravahar icon became a national symbol for Iranians, and it became tolerated by the government as opposed to the Lion and Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The winged disc has a long history in the art, religion, and culture of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">ancient Near</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, being about 4000 years old in usage and noted as also symbolizing <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Shamash</a>, and other deities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faravahar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_cylinder_seal_showing_2_scenes._An_Achaemenid_king_before_2_sphinxes_(below_god_Ahura_Mazda)._Supernatural_creature_fighting_2_ibexes._6th-4th_century_BCE._From_Hillah,_Iraq._British_Museum_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achaemenid cylinder seal from the city of Hillah"><img alt="Achaemenid cylinder seal from the city of Hillah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Achaemenid_cylinder_seal_showing_2_scenes._An_Achaemenid_king_before_2_sphinxes_%28below_god_Ahura_Mazda%29._Supernatural_creature_fighting_2_ibexes._6th-4th_century_BCE._From_Hillah%2C_Iraq._British_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Achaemenid_cylinder_seal_showing_2_scenes._An_Achaemenid_king_before_2_sphinxes_%28below_god_Ahura_Mazda%29._Supernatural_creature_fighting_2_ibexes._6th-4th_century_BCE._From_Hillah%2C_Iraq._British_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Achaemenid_cylinder_seal_showing_2_scenes._An_Achaemenid_king_before_2_sphinxes_%28below_god_Ahura_Mazda%29._Supernatural_creature_fighting_2_ibexes._6th-4th_century_BCE._From_Hillah%2C_Iraq._British_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Achaemenid <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> from the city of <a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoroastrianism_Tomb_Sulaymaniyah_province_21.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Zoroastrian tomb in the city of Sulaymaniyah"><img alt="Zoroastrian tomb in the city of Sulaymaniyah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zoroastrianism_Tomb_Sulaymaniyah_province_21.JPG/180px-Zoroastrianism_Tomb_Sulaymaniyah_province_21.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zoroastrianism_Tomb_Sulaymaniyah_province_21.JPG/270px-Zoroastrianism_Tomb_Sulaymaniyah_province_21.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zoroastrianism_Tomb_Sulaymaniyah_province_21.JPG/360px-Zoroastrianism_Tomb_Sulaymaniyah_province_21.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zoroastrian tomb in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farvahar.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone-carved pillar in the city of Persepolis"><img alt="Stone-carved pillar in the city of Persepolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Farvahar.JPG/180px-Farvahar.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Farvahar.JPG/270px-Farvahar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Farvahar.JPG/360px-Farvahar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone-carved pillar in the city of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great"><img alt="The Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/180px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/270px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/360px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Froohar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Top of the Tomb of Ferdowsi in the city of Mashhad"><img alt="Top of the Tomb of Ferdowsi in the city of Mashhad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Froohar.jpg/180px-Froohar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Froohar.jpg/270px-Froohar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Froohar.jpg/360px-Froohar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Top of the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ferdowsi" title="Tomb of Ferdowsi">Tomb of Ferdowsi</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nationalbankofiranshowingfarohar1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance of the National Bank of Iran in the city of Tehran (1946)"><img alt="Entrance of the National Bank of Iran in the city of Tehran (1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nationalbankofiranshowingfarohar1946.jpg/137px-Nationalbankofiranshowingfarohar1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Nationalbankofiranshowingfarohar1946.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bank of Iran">National Bank of Iran</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> (1946)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar_on_Fire_Temple,_Yazd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Top of the Fire Temple of Yazd"><img alt="Top of the Fire Temple of Yazd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Faravahar_on_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd.jpg/180px-Faravahar_on_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Faravahar_on_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd.jpg/270px-Faravahar_on_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Faravahar_on_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd.jpg/360px-Faravahar_on_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3519" data-file-height="2346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Top of the <a href="/wiki/Fire_Temple_of_Yazd" title="Fire Temple of Yazd">Fire Temple of Yazd</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the Imperial State of Iran, prior to the Islamic Revolution of 1979"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Imperial State of Iran, prior to the Islamic Revolution of 1979" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_Iran.svg/180px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_Iran.svg/270px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_Iran.svg/360px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Iran#Imperial_State_of_Iran" title="Emblem of Iran">Coat of Arms of the Imperial State of Iran</a>, prior to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> of 1979</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farvahar001.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone-carved artifact in the city of Persepolis"><img alt="Stone-carved artifact in the city of Persepolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Farvahar001.JPG/180px-Farvahar001.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Farvahar001.JPG/270px-Farvahar001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Farvahar001.JPG/360px-Farvahar001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="977" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone-carved artifact in the city of Persepolis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Zoroastrians_-_Kerman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum of Zoroastrians at the Fire Temple of Kerman"><img alt="Museum of Zoroastrians at the Fire Temple of Kerman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Museum_of_Zoroastrians_-_Kerman.jpg/180px-Museum_of_Zoroastrians_-_Kerman.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Museum_of_Zoroastrians_-_Kerman.jpg/270px-Museum_of_Zoroastrians_-_Kerman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Museum_of_Zoroastrians_-_Kerman.jpg/360px-Museum_of_Zoroastrians_-_Kerman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Museum of Zoroastrians at the <a href="/wiki/Fire_Temple_of_Kerman" title="Fire Temple of Kerman">Fire Temple of Kerman</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_Darius_Shaluf_Menant.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Suez Inscriptions at the Canal of the Pharaohs in Wadi Tumilat, written by Darius the Great in Persian, Elamite, Akkadian, and Egyptian"><img alt="The Suez Inscriptions at the Canal of the Pharaohs in Wadi Tumilat, written by Darius the Great in Persian, Elamite, Akkadian, and Egyptian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stele_Darius_Shaluf_Menant.png/141px-Stele_Darius_Shaluf_Menant.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stele_Darius_Shaluf_Menant.png/212px-Stele_Darius_Shaluf_Menant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stele_Darius_Shaluf_Menant.png/283px-Stele_Darius_Shaluf_Menant.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Suez_inscriptions_of_Darius_the_Great" title="Suez inscriptions of Darius the Great">Suez Inscriptions</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Canal_of_the_Pharaohs" title="Canal of the Pharaohs">Canal of the Pharaohs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Tumilat" title="Wadi Tumilat">Wadi Tumilat</a>, written by Darius the Great in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_The_Persian_Soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone-carved wall depicting Persians and Medes of the Achaemenid army under the Faravahar at the Apadana Hall in the city of Persepolis"><img alt="Stone-carved wall depicting Persians and Medes of the Achaemenid army under the Faravahar at the Apadana Hall in the city of Persepolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Persepolis_The_Persian_Soldiers.jpg/180px-Persepolis_The_Persian_Soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Persepolis_The_Persian_Soldiers.jpg/270px-Persepolis_The_Persian_Soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Persepolis_The_Persian_Soldiers.jpg/360px-Persepolis_The_Persian_Soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone-carved wall depicting <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid army">Achaemenid army</a> under the Faravahar at the <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana Hall</a> in the city of Persepolis</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faravahar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">book_rahnamaye_TakhteJamshid. Author: Shahpoor Shahbazi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce2000195–199-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce2000195–199_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce2000195–199_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce2000195–199_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce2000195–199_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce2000">Boyce 2000</a>, pp. 195–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fravasi-">"FRAVAŠI – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=FRAVA%C5%A0I+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffravasi-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/12/diaspora-the-identity-necklace-being-iranian-in-britain.html">"Europe | The Identity Necklace: Being Iranian in Britain"</a>. <i>FRONTLINE - Tehran Bureau</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FRONTLINE+-+Tehran+Bureau&rft.atitle=Europe+%7C+The+Identity+Necklace%3A+Being+Iranian+in+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Ftehranbureau%2F2011%2F12%2Fdiaspora-the-identity-necklace-being-iranian-in-britain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzanto2018" class="citation journal cs1">Szanto, Edith (15 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ic/22/1/article-p96_8.xml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Zoroaster was a Kurd!": Neo-Zoroastrianism among the Iraqi Kurds"</a>. <i>Iran and the Caucasus</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 96–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573384X-20180108">10.1163/1573384X-20180108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-384X">1573-384X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=%22Zoroaster+was+a+Kurd%21%22%3A+Neo-Zoroastrianism+among+the+Iraqi+Kurds&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-110&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573384X-20180108&rft.issn=1573-384X&rft.aulast=Szanto&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fic%2F22%2F1%2Farticle-p96_8.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzie1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Neil_MacKenzie" title="David Neil MacKenzie">MacKenzie, David Neil</a> (1986). <i>A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary</i>. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-713559-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-713559-5"><bdi>0-19-713559-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Pahlavi+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-19-713559-5&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=David+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1979" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Mary (1979). <i>Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415239028" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415239028"><bdi>978-0415239028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrians%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0415239028&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchesne-Guillemin1966" class="citation book cs1">Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques (1966). <i>Symbols and Values in Zoroastrianism</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415376236" title="Special:BookSources/9780415376236"><bdi>9780415376236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+and+Values+in+Zoroastrianism&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Duchesne-Guillemin&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: checksum (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnoli1985" class="citation journal cs1">Gnoli, Gherardo (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/zoroastrianism-i-historical-review">"Zoroastrianism"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Zoroastrianism&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Gnoli&rft.aufirst=Gherardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fzoroastrianism-i-historical-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi1987" class="citation book cs1">Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1987). <i>The History of the Idea of Dualism in Ancient Persia</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004092950" title="Special:BookSources/9789004092950"><bdi>9789004092950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Idea+of+Dualism+in+Ancient+Persia&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: checksum (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/symbols/faravahar.htm">"Faravahar Symbolism"</a>. <i>Heritage Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Institute&rft.atitle=Faravahar+Symbolism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageinstitute.com%2Fzoroastrianism%2Fsymbols%2Ffaravahar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1982" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Mary (1982). <i>A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume II</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004065299" title="Special:BookSources/9789004065299"><bdi>9789004065299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zoroastrianism%3A+Volume+II&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: checksum (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEduljee2013" class="citation book cs1">Eduljee, K. E. (2013). <i>Zoroastrian Beliefs and Practices</i>. Verlag nicht ermittelbar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1445150903" title="Special:BookSources/978-1445150903"><bdi>978-1445150903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrian+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Verlag+nicht+ermittelbar&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Eduljee&rft.aufirst=K.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: checksum (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoroastrianismfacts.org/symbols/faravahar">"Faravahar – Symbol of Zoroastrianism"</a>. <i>Zoroastrianism Facts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zoroastrianism+Facts&rft.atitle=Faravahar+%E2%80%93+Symbol+of+Zoroastrianism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzoroastrianismfacts.org%2Fsymbols%2Ffaravahar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola1993" class="citation journal cs1">Parpola, Simo (July 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atour.com/education/pdf/SimoParpola-TheAssyrianTreeOfLife.pdf">"The Assyrian Tree of Life: Tracing the Origins of Jewish Monotheism and Greek Philosophy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The University of Chicago Press</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 161–208<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.atitle=The+Assyrian+Tree+of+Life%3A+Tracing+the+Origins+of+Jewish+Monotheism+and+Greek+Philosophy&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=161-208&rft.date=1993-07&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Simo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atour.com%2Feducation%2Fpdf%2FSimoParpola-TheAssyrianTreeOfLife.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201693-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201693_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2016">Olbrycht 2016</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201694-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201694_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2016">Olbrycht 2016</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ferdowsi-iii">"FERDOWSI, ABU'L-QĀSEM iii. MAUSOLEUM – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=FERDOWSI%2C+ABU%27L-Q%C4%80SEM+iii.+MAUSOLEUM+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fferdowsi-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnvala,_Jamshedji_Maneckji_(1888-1961).c._1900" class="citation book cs1">Unvala, Jamshedji Maneckji (1888-1961). (c. 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/982616419"><i>The winged disk and the winged human figure on ancient Persian monuments</i></a>. s.n. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982616419">982616419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+winged+disk+and+the+winged+human+figure+on+ancient+Persian+monuments&rft.pub=s.n&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982616419&rft.au=Unvala%2C+Jamshedji+Maneckji+%281888-1961%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F982616419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEduljee,_K._E.2013" class="citation book cs1">Eduljee, K. E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/891516152"><i>Farohar / Fravahar motif: what does it represent? use of icons & symbols in Zoroastrism</i></a>. [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/891516152">891516152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farohar+%2F+Fravahar+motif%3A+what+does+it+represent%3F+use+of+icons+%26+symbols+in+Zoroastrism&rft.pub=%5BVerlag+nicht+ermittelbar%5D&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F891516152&rft.au=Eduljee%2C+K.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F891516152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaraporewala2006" class="citation book cs1">Taraporewala, Irach Jehangir Sorabji (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/154674597"><i>The religion of Zarathushtra</i></a>. Jain Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87573-092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87573-092-9"><bdi>978-0-87573-092-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/154674597">154674597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+religion+of+Zarathushtra&rft.pub=Jain+Pub.+Co&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F154674597&rft.isbn=978-0-87573-092-9&rft.aulast=Taraporewala&rft.aufirst=Irach+Jehangir+Sorabji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F154674597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce1982-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce1982_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1982" class="citation cs2">Boyce (1 January 1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AOh5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104"><i>A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under the Achaemenians</i></a>, BRILL, pp. 104–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29390-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29390-8"><bdi>978-90-04-29390-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zoroastrianism%2C+Zoroastrianism+under+the+Achaemenians&rft.pages=104-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1982-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29390-8&rft.au=Boyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAOh5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ShahbaziA.S.1974AnAchaemenidSymbolIAFarewellToFravahrAndAhuramazda.AMI7135144"><i>Shahbazi, A. S. 1974 An Achaemenid Symbol, I A Farewell To ' Fravahr' And ' Ahuramazda.' AMI 7 135 144</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shahbazi%2C+A.+S.+1974+An+Achaemenid+Symbol%2C+I+A+Farewell+To+%27+Fravahr%27+And+%27+Ahuramazda.%27+AMI+7+135+144&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShahbaziA.S.1974AnAchaemenidSymbolIAFarewellToFravahrAndAhuramazda.AMI7135144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kerman-13-zoroastrians">"ZOROASTRIANS OF 19TH-CENTURY YAZD AND KERMAN – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=ZOROASTRIANS+OF+19TH-CENTURY+YAZD+AND+KERMAN+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkerman-13-zoroastrians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052223/http://altreligion.about.com/od/symbols/a/faravahar.htm">"What Does the Winged Symbol of Zoroastrianism Mean?"</a>. <i>About.com Religion & Spirituality</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altreligion.about.com/od/symbols/a/faravahar.htm">the original</a> on 19 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=About.com+Religion+%26+Spirituality&rft.atitle=What+Does+the+Winged+Symbol+of+Zoroastrianism+Mean%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faltreligion.about.com%2Fod%2Fsymbols%2Fa%2Ffaravahar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajmabadi2005" class="citation book cs1">Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2005). <i>Gender and sexual anxieties of Iranian Modernity</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24262-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24262-9"><bdi>0-520-24262-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+sexual+anxieties+of+Iranian+Modernity&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-520-24262-9&rft.aulast=Najmabadi&rft.aufirst=Afsaneh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faravahar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, M.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fravasi-">"Fravaši"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. X, Fasc. 2. pp. 195–199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frava%C5%A1i&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=195-199&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffravasi-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6186849">"Religious iconography on ancient Iranian coins"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Late Antiquity</i>. London: 413–434.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Religious+iconography+on+ancient+Iranian+coins&rft.pages=413-434&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Vesta+Sarkhosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6186849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2016" class="citation journal cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33754166">"The Sacral Kingship of the early Arsacids. I. Fire Cult and Kingly Glory"</a></span>. <i>Anabasis. Studia Classica et Orientalia</i>: 91–106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anabasis.+Studia+Classica+et+Orientalia&rft.atitle=The+Sacral+Kingship+of+the+early+Arsacids.+I.+Fire+Cult+and+Kingly+Glory&rft.pages=91-106&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33754166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaravahar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faravahar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Faravahar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Faravahar">Faravahar</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_symbols_of_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_symbols_of_Iran" title="Template:National symbols of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_symbols_of_Iran" title="Template talk:National symbols of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_symbols_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National symbols of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_symbols_of_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Iran" title="National symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flag</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iran" title="Flag of Iran">The Three-Color Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emblems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lion_and_Sun" title="Lion and Sun">Lion and Sun</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1846–1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Iran" title="Emblem of Iran">I.R.I. Emblem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1980)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Faravahar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anthems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Sal%C4%81m-e_Sh%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Salām-e Shāh">The Royal Salute</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1873–1909)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">The Imperial Anthem</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933–1979)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Payandeh_Bada_Iran" title="Payandeh Bada Iran">Long Live Iran</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980–1990)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Sorude Melli</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–present)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Iran">World Heritage Sites in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Intangible_Heritage_Iran" title="Template:Intangible Heritage Iran">Intangible Cultural Heritage of Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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