Emilio Aguinaldo | president of Philippines

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class="md-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="topic-header"> <div class="grid grid-gutter-right"> <div class=" grid-xs-auto"> <h1><span>Emilio Aguinaldo</span></h1> <div class="md-navigator hide-on-edit"> <div class="fa fa-bars fa-fw fa-2x" data-ytrk="586"></div> <ul class="md-navigator-dropdown font-sans"> <li> <strong>Article</strong> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/295" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Emilio-Aguinaldo/article-websites">External Links</a> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/292" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Emilio-Aguinaldo/article-contributors" rel="nofollow">Article Contributors</a> </li> </ul> </div> <br/><span class="md-topic-title-identifier">President of Philippines</span><div class="grid flex center-vertical"> <div class="grid-xs-auto"> <div class="subheading hide-on-edit"> <div class="md-horizontal-social-toolbar2 no-text"> <span class="md-horizontal-social-toolbar2-contributor">Written by: <a 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src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610160527im_/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/05/x13605-004-33077503.jpg.pagespeed.ic.XAp7Jf5Bsj.jpg"/> </a> <dl class="bio-data row"><dt class="title">born</dt><dd class="content"><p>March 22, 1869</p><p><a href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Cavite-Philippines">near Cavite</a><span>, </span><a href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines">Philippines</a></p></dd><dt class="title">died</dt><dd class="content"><p>February 6, 1964</p><p><a href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Quezon-City">Quezon City</a><span>, </span><a href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines">Philippines</a></p></dd></dl></div> </div> <section id="toc9892main" class="eb-topic-section" data-level="intro"><p><b><span class="srTitle">Emilio Aguinaldo</span></b><b>, </b> (born <span>March 22/23, 1869</span>, near <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Cavite-Philippines"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/100726/Cavite">Cavite</span></a>, <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Luzon"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/352414/Luzon">Luzon</span></a>, Philippines—died <span>February 6, 1964</span>, <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Quezon-City"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/487200/Quezon-City">Quezon City</span></a>) <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Filipino-people"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/206877/Filipino">Filipino</span></a> leader and politician who fought first against <a name="ref266076" id="ref266076"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Spain"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/557573/Spain">Spain</span></a> and later against the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/United-States"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/616563/United-States">United States</span></a> for the independence of the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/456399/Philippines">Philippines</span></a>.</p><p>Aguinaldo was of Chinese and <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Tagalog"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/580258/Tagalog">Tagalog</span></a> parentage. He completed his education at the University of Santo Tomás in <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Manila"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/362270/Manila">Manila</span></a>. In August 1896 he was mayor of Cavite Viejo (present-day Kawit; adjacent to <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Cavite-Philippines"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/100726/Cavite">Cavite</span></a> city) and was the local leader of the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Katipunan"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/313286/Katipunan">Katipunan</span></a>, a revolutionary society that fought bitterly and successfully against the Spanish. In December 1897 he signed an agreement called the Pact of Biac-na-Bató with the Spanish governor general. Aguinaldo agreed to leave the Philippines and to remain permanently in exile on condition of a substantial financial reward from <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Spain"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/557573/Spain">Spain</span></a> coupled with the promise of liberal reforms. While first in <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Hong-Kong"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/270971/Hong-Kong">Hong Kong</span></a> and then in <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Singapore"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/545725/Singapore">Singapore</span></a>, he made arrangements with representatives of the American consulates and of Commodore <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Dewey"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/160440/George-Dewey">George Dewey</span></a> to return to the Philippines to assist the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/United-States"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/616563/United-States">United States</span></a> in the war against Spain.</p><p>Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines May 19, 1898, and announced renewal of the struggle with Spain. The Filipinos, who declared their independence of Spain on June 12, 1898, proclaimed a provisional republic, of which Aguinaldo was to become president; and in September a revolutionary assembly met and ratified Filipino independence. However, the Philippines, along with <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Puerto-Rico"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/482879/Puerto-Rico">Puerto Rico</span></a> and <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Guam"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/247691/Guam">Guam</span></a>, were ceded by Spain to the <a name="ref266077" id="ref266077"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-United-States"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/617357/history-of-United-States">United States</span></a> by the <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Paris-1898"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/443799/Treaty-of-Paris">Treaty of Paris</span></a>, which was signed on December 10, 1898.</p><p>Relations between the Americans and the Filipinos were unfriendly and grew steadily worse. On January 23, 1899, the Malolos Constitution—by virtue of which the Philippines was declared a republic and which had been approved by the assembly and by Aguinaldo—was proclaimed. Aguinaldo, who had been president of the provisional government, was elected president.</p><p>On the night of February 4 the inevitable conflict between the Americans and Filipinos surrounding <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Manila"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/362270/Manila">Manila</span></a> was precipitated. By the morning of February 5 the Filipinos, who had fought bravely, had been defeated at all points. While the fighting was in progress, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation of war against the United States, which immediately sent reinforcements to the Philippines. The Filipino government fled northward. In November 1899 the Filipinos resorted to <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/topic/guerrilla-warfare"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/248353/guerrilla-warfare">guerrilla warfare</span></a>.</p><p>After three years of costly fighting the insurrection was finally brought to an end when, in a daring operation on March 23, 1901, led by Gen. Frederick Funston, Aguinaldo was captured in his secret headquarters at Palanan in northern <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Luzon"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/352414/Luzon">Luzon</span></a>. Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United States, was granted a pension from the U.S. government, and retired to private life.</p><p>In 1935 the commonwealth government of the Philippines was established in preparation for independence. Aguinaldo ran for president, but he was decisively beaten. He returned to private life until the <a name="ref266078" id="ref266078"></a><a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Japan"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/300855/history-of-Japan">Japanese</span></a> invaded the Philippines in December 1941. The Japanese used Aguinaldo as an anti-American tool. He made speeches and signed articles. In early 1942 he addressed a radio appeal to U.S. Gen. <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Douglas-MacArthur"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/353669/Douglas-MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</span></a>—who at that time was with the U.S. garrison holding out against the Japanese on <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/place/Corregidor-Island"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/138628/Corregidor-Island">Corregidor Island</span></a>—to surrender (the troops there did surrender in May 1942, but MacArthur had already been evacuated).</p><p>The Americans returned to the Philippines in late 1944, and, after they had retaken Manila in 1945, Aguinaldo was arrested. He and others accused of collaboration with the Japanese were imprisoned for some months before they were released by presidential amnesty. In 1950 Aguinaldo was appointed by Pres. <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Elpidio-Quirino"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/487536/Elpidio-Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</span></a> as a member of the Council of State. In his later years he devoted much attention to veterans’ affairs, the promotion of <a class="md-crosslink" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/topic/nationalism"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/405644/nationalism">nationalism</span></a> and democracy in the Philippines, and the improvement of relations between the Philippines and the United States.</p></section></article> <div class="hide-on-edit"> <div class="md-horizontal-social-toolbar2 "> <ul class="md-toolbar after-content text-labels"> <li class="share" title="Share" data-ytrk="113"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-share-alt fa-stack-2x"></i></span> <span class="label">Share</span><div class="md-share-popover ui-hidden-opacity"> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle text-center inverted" title="Emilio Aguinaldo"> <div class="share-label">Share:</div> <a class="fas-facebook" data-provider="facebook" target="_blank"></a> <a class="fas-twitter" data-provider="twitter" target="_blank"></a> <a class="fas-google-plus" data-provider="googleplus" target="_blank"></a> <a class="fas-linkedin" data-provider="linkedin" target="_blank"></a> </div></div> </li> <li class="t-email" title="Email" data-ytrk="112"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-envelope fa-stack-2x"></i></span> <span class="label">Email</span></li> <li class="t-print" title="Print" data-ytrk="111"> <a href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/print/article/9892" target="_blank"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-print fa-stack-2x"></i></span> <span class="label">Print</span></a> </li> <li class="t-cite" title="Cite" data-ytrk="117"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-square-o fa-stack-2x"></i><i class="fa fa-quote-right fa-stack-1x"></i></span> <span class="label">Cite</span></li> <li class="last-modified" data-ytrk="/588"> <a href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Emilio-Aguinaldo/article-history">Last Updated <time>11-30-2015</time></a> </li> </ul> </div> <a class="footer-feedback-link" href="/web/20160610160527/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Emilio-Aguinaldo/article-feedback"> <div class="md-feedback-cta grid"> <div class="feedback grid-xs-fit flex center-vertical"> <div class="title"> <i class="fa fa-pencil-square-o"></i> Feedback </div> </div> <div class="description grid-xs-auto"> <span>Corrections? 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